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Locklear TR, Videla R, Breuer RM, Mulon PY, Passmore M, Mochel JP, Gerhold R, Schaefer JJ, Smith JS. Presentation, Clinical Pathology Abnormalities, and Identification of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Camels ( Camelus bactrianus and Camelus dromedarius) Presenting to Two North American Veterinary Teaching Hospitals. A Retrospective Study: 1980-2020. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:651672. [PMID: 33829053 PMCID: PMC8019911 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.651672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Old World Camelids (OWC) represent two species (Camelus bactrianus and Camelus dromedarius) with increasing numbers in North America. Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitism is a major cause of clinical disease in camelids and leads to significant economic impacts. Literature reporting on clinical parasitism of camels is localized to India, Africa, and the Middle East, with limited information available on OWCs in North America. Objectives of this study were to report on clinical presentation and diagnostic findings in Camelus bactrianus and Camelus dromedarius with GI parasitism and provide a comparative analysis between geographic regions. Medical records of OWCs presenting to two veterinary teaching hospitals (of the University of Tennessee and University of Wisconsin) were evaluated. Thirty-one camels including 11 Bactrians and six dromedaries (14 species not recorded) were included for the clinical component of this study, reporting on signalment, presenting complaint, and clinical pathology. Anorexia, weight loss, and diarrhea were the most common presenting complaint. Clinical pathology findings included eosinophilia, hypoproteinemia, and hyponatremia. For the second component of this study, a total of 77 fecal parasite examination results were evaluated for parasite identification and regional variation. Trichuris, Capillaria, Strongyloides, Nematodirus, Dictyocaulus, Moniezia, and protozoan parasites (Eimeria, Cryptosporidium, Giardia) were recorded. Strongyle-type eggs predominated, followed by Trichuris and Eimeria spp. There was a statistically significant variation in prevalence of coccidia between the two regions, with fecal examinations from Tennessee more likely to contain Eimeria (P = 0.0193). Clinicians treating camels in North America should recognize anorexia, weight loss, and diarrhea combined with clinical pathologic changes of hypoproteinemia, eosinophilia and hyponatremia as possible indications of GI parasitism. Clinicians should also consider the potential for regional variation to exist for GI parasites of camels in different areas of North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor R Locklear
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Ricardo Videla
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Ryan M Breuer
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Pierre-Yves Mulon
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Mary Passmore
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Jonathon P Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rick Gerhold
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - John J Schaefer
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Joe S Smith
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Keel MK, Keeler S, Brown J, Fenton H, Munk B, Gerhold R, Gottdenker N, Ruder M, Elsmo E, Nemeth N. Granulomatous Inflammation of the Muzzle in White-Tailed Deer ( Odocoileus virginianus) and Mule Deer ( Odocoileus hemionus) Associated With Mannheimia granulomatis. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:838-844. [PMID: 32812508 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820948825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Since 2002, reports of deer with swollen muzzles from throughout the United States have resulted in significant interest by wildlife biologists and wildlife enthusiasts. The condition was identified in 25 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and 2 mule deer (O. hemionus). Microscopic lesions consisted of severe, granulomatous or pyogranulomatous inflammation of the muzzle, nasal planum, and upper lip, as well as similar but less severe inflammation of the hard palate. Lymphadenitis of regional lymph nodes was common and granulomatous pneumonia was present in one individual. Splendore-Hoeppli material was typical in the center of inflammatory foci. Other than the single instance of pneumonia, systemic disease was not evident. Various bacterial species were isolated in culture, most of which were not morphologically consistent with the colonies of small, gram-negative bacteria observed in the center of the granulomas. Amplification and sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene from tissues of affected deer resulted in the identification of Mannheimia granulomatis. Laser capture microdissection was used to confirm that the colonies in the inflammatory foci were M. granulomatis. The cases described here are reminiscent of a bovine disease in Brazil and Argentina, locally called lechiguana. Although the inflammation of lechiguana is mostly truncal, the microscopic lesions are very similar and are also attributed to M. granulomatis. It is unclear if this is an emerging infectious disease of deer, or if it is a sporadic, uncommon condition that has only recently been recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shamus Keeler
- 8789University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Current address: Drug Discovery Program, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 7548Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Justin Brown
- 311285The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Heather Fenton
- 1355The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Current address: Ross University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Brandon Munk
- Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, CA, USA
| | - Rick Gerhold
- 4292The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Nicole Gottdenker
- 1355The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Current address: Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1355The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Mark Ruder
- 1355The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Elsmo
- 1355The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Current address: Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA
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Alrefaei AF, Low R, Hall N, Jardim R, Dávila A, Gerhold R, John S, Steinbiss S, Cunningham AA, Lawson B, Bell D, Tyler K. Multilocus Analysis Resolves the European Finch Epidemic Strain of Trichomonas gallinae and Suggests Introgression from Divergent Trichomonads. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 11:2391-2402. [PMID: 31364699 PMCID: PMC6735722 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In Europe, Trichomonas gallinae recently emerged as a cause of epidemic disease in songbirds. A clonal strain of the parasite, first found in the United Kingdom, has become the predominant strain there and spread to continental Europe. Discriminating this epidemic strain of T. gallinae from other strains necessitated development of multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Development of the MLST was facilitated by the assembly and annotation of a 54.7 Mb draft genome of a cloned stabilate of the A1 European finch epidemic strain (isolated from Greenfinch, Chloris chloris, XT-1081/07 in 2007) containing 21,924 protein coding genes. This enabled construction of a robust 19 locus MLST based on existing typing loci for Trichomonas vaginalis and T. gallinae. Our MLST has the sensitivity to discriminate strains within existing genotypes confidently, and resolves the American finch A1 genotype from the European finch epidemic A1 genotype. Interestingly, one isolate we obtained from a captive black-naped fruit dove Ptilinopsus melanospilus, was not truly T. gallinae but a hybrid of T. gallinae with a distant trichomonad lineage. Phylogenetic analysis of the individual loci in this fruit dove provides evidence of gene flow between distant trichomonad lineages at 2 of the 19 loci examined and may provide precedence for the emergence of other hybrid trichomonad genomes including T. vaginalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom.,Department of Zoology, King Saud University, College of Science, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ross Low
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park Innovation Centre, Colney Ln, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Hall
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom.,Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park Innovation Centre, Colney Ln, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Rodrigo Jardim
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alberto Dávila
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rick Gerhold
- University of Tennessee, Center for Wildlife Health, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Shinto John
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sascha Steinbiss
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Parasite Genomics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew A Cunningham
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Becki Lawson
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Bell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Tyler
- University of East Anglia, School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Centre, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
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Grunenwald C, Sidor I, Mickley R, Dwyer C, Gerhold R. Tetratrichomonas and Trichomonas spp.-Associated Disease in Free-Ranging Common Eiders ( Somateria mollissima) from Wellfleet Bay, MA and Description of ITS1 Region Genotypes. Avian Dis 2019; 62:117-123. [PMID: 29620469 DOI: 10.1637/11742-080817-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
During an outbreak of Wellfleet Bay virus (WFBV) in common eiders ( Somateria mollissima) from the Cape Cod region of Massachusetts, several birds were diagnosed with trichomonosis consisting of multiple trichomonad species. Six birds were examined, with trichomonads found in ceca in four birds and associated typhlitis in three of these four birds. PCR and DNA sequencing utilizing trichomonad-specific primers targeting the ITS1 region of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) revealed the presence of Tetratrichomonas gallinarum in the gastrointestinal tracts of five birds and Trichomonas spp. in the livers of two birds, one of which had a dual Te. gallinarum-Trichomonas gallinae infection. Sequence analysis revealed no variation between Te. gallinarum sequences whereas the ITS1 sequences obtained from the other Trichomonas spp. demonstrated the presence of multiple genotypes. One sequence had 100% identity to a Trichomonas sp. previously isolated from a Cooper's hawk ( Accipiter cooperii) and the other sequence was 100% identical to a previously described Tr. gallinae isolate obtained from a Pacific Coast band-tailed pigeon ( Patagioenas fasciata monilis). These findings suggest Te. gallinarum and other Trichomonas spp. possibly contributed to morbidity and mortality in this species. Furthermore, to the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of trichomonad-associated disease in a free-ranging sea duck.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Grunenwald
- A Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, 1406 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996.,B Center for Wildlife Health, The University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - I Sidor
- C New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of New Hampshire, 21 Botanical Lane, Durham, NH 03824
| | - R Mickley
- D United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Sutton, MA 01590
| | - C Dwyer
- E United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Birds, 300 Westgate Center, Hadley, MA 01035
| | - R Gerhold
- B Center for Wildlife Health, The University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996.,F Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996
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Gwynn AD, Sharkey L, Gerhold R, Holland A, Isaac EJ, Michalski S, Teigen L. What is your diagnosis? Blood film from a Black bear (Ursus americanus). Vet Clin Pathol 2017; 46:643-644. [PMID: 28745834 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela D Gwynn
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Leslie Sharkey
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Rick Gerhold
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Anthony Holland
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, College of Letters and Science, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI, USA
| | - Edmund J Isaac
- Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, Grand Portage, MN, USA
| | - Shelly Michalski
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, College of Letters and Science, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI, USA
| | - Laura Teigen
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, College of Letters and Science, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI, USA
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Mittelman NS, Divers TJ, Engiles JB, Gerhold R, Ness S, Scrivani PV, Southard T, Johnson AL. Parelaphostrongylus tenuis Cerebrospinal Nematodiasis in a Horse with Cervical Scoliosis and Meningomyelitis. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:890-893. [PMID: 28317172 PMCID: PMC5435076 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There are reports of horses with acute onset acquired cervical scoliosis and cutaneous analgesia. The underlying dorsal gray column myelitis that produces these neurologic signs has been only presumptively attributed to migration of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis within the spinal cord. Despite previous confirmation brain by polymerase chain reaction testing, of P. tenuis within the brain of horses by polymerase chain reaction testing, genetic testing has failed to definitively identify the presence of this parasite in cases of equine myelitis. This case report provides molecular confirmation via polymerase chain reaction of P. tenuis within the cervical spinal cord of a horse with scoliosis and cutaneous analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Mittelman
- New Bolton Center at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine Kennett Square, PA
| | - T J Divers
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Equine and Farm Animal Hospital, Ithaca, NY
| | - J B Engiles
- New Bolton Center at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine Kennett Square, PA
| | - R Gerhold
- University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN
| | - S Ness
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Equine and Farm Animal Hospital, Ithaca, NY
| | - P V Scrivani
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Equine and Farm Animal Hospital, Ithaca, NY
| | - T Southard
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Equine and Farm Animal Hospital, Ithaca, NY
| | - A L Johnson
- New Bolton Center at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine Kennett Square, PA
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Smith LN, Waltzek TB, Rotstein DS, Francis-Floyd R, Walsh MT, Wellehan JFX, Gerhold R, Chapman AE, de Wit M. Disseminated toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma gondii in a wild Florida manatee Trichechus manatus latirostris and seroprevalence in two wild populations. Dis Aquat Organ 2016; 122:77-83. [PMID: 27901507 DOI: 10.3354/dao03055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Marine mammals are important indicators for ecosystem health and serve as sentinel species for infectious agents including zoonoses. Histological examination of tissues from a stranded Florida manatee Trichechus manatus latirostris revealed protozoal cysts in the cerebrum and intrahistiocytic tachyzoites in the liver and caudal mesenteric lymph node. Disseminated Toxoplasma gondii infection was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and sequencing of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region of formalin-fixed tissues. The lack of baseline information on Florida manatees' exposure to this pathogen prompted a study into the seroprevalence of T. gondii in 2 separate geographic habitats in Florida, USA, during the winters from 2011-2014. Serum was collected during routine health assessments of 44 apparently healthy manatees from Crystal River (n = 26) on the west central coast of Florida and Brevard County (n = 18) on the east coast of Florida. Serum was screened for detection of T. gondii immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies via the modified agglutination test. Two animals from Crystal River from 2011 and 2012 (7.7%) and one animal from Brevard County from 2011 (5.6%) tested positive for T. gondii antibodies. Overall seroprevalence for T. gondii was low in the 2 sampled populations and may reflect a low seroprevalence or animal susceptibility. However, continued monitoring of this pathogen in aquatic ecosystems is warranted due to both possible anthropogenic sources and zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Smith
- Tampa's Lowry Park Zoo, 1101 W Sligh Avenue, Tampa, FL 33604, USA
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Stimmelmayr R, Stefani LM, Thrall MA, Landers K, Revan F, Miller A, Beckstead R, Gerhold R. Trichomonosis in Free-Ranging Eurasian Collared Doves (Streptopelia decaocto) and African Collared Dove Hybrids (Streptopelia risoria) in the Caribbean and Description of ITS-1 Region Genotypes. Avian Dis 2012; 56:441-5. [DOI: 10.1637/9905-082311-case.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
The value of wildlife has been widely ignored or under-rated in the past by the international community. At most, wildlife was considered from the limited aesthetic and touristic aspects. This situation has changed somewhat. In the majority of the veterinary profession, which is largely livestock-oriented, wildlife is increasingly considered in terms of wild animal production and occupies just as relevant a position as domestic animal production. Some economists are now trying to quantify the informal nature of a large portion of the wildlife sector. The importance of wildlife to local communities is now globally recognised in community-based or participatory natural resources management programmes. The authors highlight not only the economic importance of wildlife (which amounts to billions of United States dollars world-wide), through consumptive and non-consumptive uses, but also the present and potential nutritional value, the ecological role as well as the socio-cultural significance of wildlife for human societies of both the developed and the developing worlds. Also addressed in this chapter is a discussion on one of the main threats to wildlife conservation which consists of the reduction or even retrieval of the different values wildlife can offer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ph Chardonnet
- International Foundation for the Conservation of Wildlife (IGF), 15 rue de Téhéran, 75008 Paris, France
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Rippon JW, Gerhold R, Heath M. Thermophillic and thermotolerant fungi isolated from the thermal effluent of nuclear power generating reactors: dispersal of human opportunistic and veterinary pathogenic fungi. Mycopathologia 1980; 70:169-79. [PMID: 7374746 DOI: 10.1007/bf00443028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Over a period of a year, samples of water, foam, microbial mat, soil and air were obtained from areas associated with the cooling canal of a nuclear power station. The seventeen sample sites included water in the cooling canal that was thermally enriched and soil and water adjacent to, upstream, downstream and at a distance from the generator. Air samples were taken at the plant and at various distances from the plant. Fifty-two species of thermotolerant and thermophilic fungi were isolated. Of these, eleven species are grouped as opportunistic Mucorales or opportunistic Aspergillus sp. One veterinary pathogen was also isolated (Dactylaria gallopava). The opportunistic/pathogenic fungi were found primarily in the intake bay, the discharge bay and the cooling canal. Smaller numbers were obtained at both upstream and downstream locations. Soil samples near the cooling canal reflected an enrichment of thermophilous organisms, the previously mentioned opportunistic Mucorales and Aspergillus spp. Their numbers were found to be greater than that usually encountered in a mesophilic environment. However, air and soil samples taken at various distances from the power station indicated no greater abundance of these thermophilous fungi than would be expected from a thermal enriched environment. Our results indicate that there was no significant dissemination of thermophilous fungi from the thermal enriched effluents to the adjacent environment. These findings are consistent with the results of other investigators.
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