1
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Orbay-Cerrato ME, Nilsen RA, Gottdenker N, McManamon R, Elbert JA, Stilwell JM, Ard MB, Ritchie BW, McHale B. Detection of skunk adenovirus-1 in domestic ferrets ( Mustela putorius). Vet Pathol 2024; 61:135-139. [PMID: 37545123 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231189722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe gross pathology, histopathology, ultrastructure, and molecular characterization of skunk adenovirus 1 (SkAdV-1) in 3 ferrets (Mustela putorius) submitted to the Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Zoo and Exotic Animal Pathology Service at the University of Georgia. Case 1 came from a cohort with a 6-week history of multiple ferrets with respiratory disease and mortality. Cases 2 and 3 were submitted 19 days later; they died 3 days after arrival at the vendor's facility. Histopathological evaluation found evidence of suppurative bronchopneumonia, with intralesional gram-positive cocci in case 1. The others had evidence of subacute multifocal histiocytic and lymphoplasmacytic interstitial pneumonia. Viral isolation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and DNA sequencing identified SkAdV-1 in lung tissue. In situ hybridization confirmed adenovirus within the lung lesion, and adenovirus particles were visible under an electron microscope. This is the seventh species in which SkAdV-1 has been identified. Cross-species transmission events have important implications for wildlife management and multispecies facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger Alan Nilsen
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Nicole Gottdenker
- Zoo and Exotic Animal Pathology Service, Infectious Diseases Laboratory and the Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Rita McManamon
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Jessica A Elbert
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Justin M Stilwell
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - Mary B Ard
- Georgia Electron Microscopy, Office of Research, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Branson W Ritchie
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Zoo and Exotic Animal Pathology Service, Infectious Diseases Laboratory and the Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Brittany McHale
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Zoo and Exotic Animal Pathology Service, Infectious Diseases Laboratory and the Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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2
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Stephens PR, Sundaram M, Ferreira S, Gottdenker N, Nipa KF, Schatz AM, Schmidt JP, Drake JM. Drivers of African Filovirus (Ebola and Marburg) Outbreaks. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2022; 22:478-490. [PMID: 36084314 PMCID: PMC9508452 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2022.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of African filoviruses often have high mortality, including more than 11,000 deaths among 28,562 cases during the West Africa Ebola outbreak of 2014-2016. Numerous studies have investigated the factors that contributed to individual filovirus outbreaks, but there has been little quantitative synthesis of this work. In addition, the ways in which the typical causes of filovirus outbreaks differ from other zoonoses remain poorly described. In this study, we quantify factors associated with 45 outbreaks of African filoviruses (ebolaviruses and Marburg virus) using a rubric of 48 candidate causal drivers. For filovirus outbreaks, we reviewed >700 peer-reviewed and gray literature sources and developed a list of the factors reported to contribute to each outbreak (i.e., a "driver profile" for each outbreak). We compare and contrast the profiles of filovirus outbreaks to 200 background outbreaks, randomly selected from a global database of 4463 outbreaks of bacterial and viral zoonotic diseases. We also test whether the quantitative patterns that we observed were robust to the influences of six covariates, country-level factors such as gross domestic product, population density, and latitude that have been shown to bias global outbreak data. We find that, regardless of whether covariates are included or excluded from models, the driver profile of filovirus outbreaks differs from that of background outbreaks. Socioeconomic factors such as trade and travel, wild game consumption, failures of medical procedures, and deficiencies in human health infrastructure were more frequently reported in filovirus outbreaks than in the comparison group. Based on our results, we also present a review of drivers reported in at least 10% of filovirus outbreaks, with examples of each provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R. Stephens
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Mekala Sundaram
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Susana Ferreira
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Nicole Gottdenker
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Kaniz Fatema Nipa
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Annakate M. Schatz
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - John Paul Schmidt
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - John M. Drake
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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3
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Erwood EC, Mulder AT, Lieske D, Gottdenker N. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 259:1-3. [PMID: 35394934 DOI: 10.2460/javma.20.09.0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In collaboration with the American College of Veterinary Pathologists.
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4
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Pineda VJ, González KA, Perea M, Rigg C, Calzada JE, Chaves LF, Vásquez V, Samudio F, Gottdenker N, Saldaña A. Surveillance and genotype characterization of zoonotic trypanosomatidae in Didelphis marsupialis in two endemic sites of rural Panama. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 17:20-25. [PMID: 34917470 PMCID: PMC8668424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Didelphis marsupialis has been reported as a competent reservoir for trypanosomatid parasites infections. The aim of this study was to measure Trypanosoma cruzi, T. rangeli, and Leishmania spp. infection rates and to characterize discrete typing units (DTUs) of T. cruzi in D. marsupialis from two Chagas disease endemic sites in Panama. Blood from 57 wild-caught D. marsupialis were examined from two rural communities, Las Pavas (N = 18) and Trinidad de las Minas (N = 39). Twenty-two (38.60%) opossums were positive for flagellates by general hemoculture. T. cruzi infection was confirmed by positive hemoculture and/or kDNA based PCR performed in 31/57 (54.39%) blood samples from opossums. T. rangeli infection was confirmed by hemoculture and/or TrF/R2-Primer PCR assay applied on 12/57 (21.05%) blood samples. Nine (15.79%) D. marsupialis harbored T. cruzi/T. rangeli coinfections. All opossums tested negative for Leishmania spp. by PCR assays based on kDNA and HSP70 gene amplification. There was a significant association between T. cruzi infection and site (Fisher exact test, p = 0.02), with a higher proportion of T. cruzi infected opossums in Las Pavas (77.78%, n = 14/18) compared to Trinidad de las Minas (43.59%, n = 17/39). A significant association was found between habitat type and T. cruzi infection in opossums across both communities, (X2 = 6.91, p = 0.01, df = 1), with a higher proportion of T. cruzi infection in opossums captured in forest remnants (76%, 19/25) compared to peridomestic areas (37.5%, 12/32). T. rangeli detection, but not T. cruzi detection, may be improved by culture followed by PCR. TcI was the only DTU detected in 22 T. cruzi samples using conventional and real-time PCR. Eight T. rangeli positive samples were characterized as KP1(-)/lineage C. Trypanosome infection data from this common synanthropic mammal provides important information for improved surveillance and management of Chagas disease in endemic regions of Panama. Trypanosoma cruzi infection is common in Didelphis marsupialis from the studied sites. T. rangeli infection was confirmed in many opossums. All opossums tested negative for Leishmania infection. A higher proportion of T. cruzi infected opossums came from forest remnants. T. cruzi parasites were characterized as TcI and T. rangeli as KP1(-)/lineage C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa J. Pineda
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Avenida Justo Arosemena, Panama, Panama
| | - Kadir A. González
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Avenida Justo Arosemena, Panama, Panama
| | - Milixa Perea
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Avenida Justo Arosemena, Panama, Panama
| | - Chystrie Rigg
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Avenida Justo Arosemena, Panama, Panama
| | - José E. Calzada
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Avenida Justo Arosemena, Panama, Panama
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Panamá, Panama
| | - Luis F. Chaves
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Avenida Justo Arosemena, Panama, Panama
| | - Vanessa Vásquez
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Avenida Justo Arosemena, Panama, Panama
| | - Franklyn Samudio
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Avenida Justo Arosemena, Panama, Panama
| | - Nicole Gottdenker
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Azael Saldaña
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Avenida Justo Arosemena, Panama, Panama
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Parasitarias (CIDEP), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panamá, Panama
- Corresponding author. Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Avenida Justo Arosemena, Calle 35, Calidonia, 0816-02593, Panama.
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5
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Stephens PR, Gottdenker N, Schatz AM, Schmidt JP, Drake JM. Characteristics of the 100 largest modern zoonotic disease outbreaks. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200535. [PMID: 34538141 PMCID: PMC8450623 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic disease outbreaks are an important threat to human health and numerous drivers have been recognized as contributing to their increasing frequency. Identifying and quantifying relationships between drivers of zoonotic disease outbreaks and outbreak severity is critical to developing targeted zoonotic disease surveillance and outbreak prevention strategies. However, quantitative studies of outbreak drivers on a global scale are lacking. Attributes of countries such as press freedom, surveillance capabilities and latitude also bias global outbreak data. To illustrate these issues, we review the characteristics of the 100 largest outbreaks in a global dataset (n = 4463 bacterial and viral zoonotic outbreaks), and compare them with 200 randomly chosen background controls. Large outbreaks tended to have more drivers than background outbreaks and were related to large-scale environmental and demographic factors such as changes in vector abundance, human population density, unusual weather conditions and water contamination. Pathogens of large outbreaks were more likely to be viral and vector-borne than background outbreaks. Overall, our case study shows that the characteristics of large zoonotic outbreaks with thousands to millions of cases differ consistently from those of more typical outbreaks. We also discuss the limitations of our work, hoping to pave the way for more comprehensive future studies. This article is part of the theme issue 'Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R. Stephens
- Odum School of Ecology and Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602 GA, USA
| | - N. Gottdenker
- Odum School of Ecology and Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602 GA, USA
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602 GA, USA
| | - A. M. Schatz
- Odum School of Ecology and Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602 GA, USA
| | - J. P. Schmidt
- Odum School of Ecology and Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602 GA, USA
| | - John M. Drake
- Odum School of Ecology and Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602 GA, USA
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6
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Kirejczyk SGM, Goodwin C, Gyimesi ZS, Zachariah TT, Sturgeon GL, Armwood AR, Frontera-Acevedo K, Kokosinksa A, Seguel M, Fogelson SB, Burnum AL, Miller D, Sakamoto K, Howerth EW, McManamon R, Gottdenker N. A Retrospective Study of Pathology in Bats Submitted to an Exotic and Zoo Animal Diagnostic Service in Georgia, USA (2008-2019). J Comp Pathol 2021; 185:96-107. [PMID: 34119238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pathology records of bats submitted to the University of Georgia from managed care settings were reviewed to identify naturally occurring diseases. Fifty-nine cases were evaluated during an 11-year period (2008-2019), including representatives from four families: Pteropodidae (Yinpterochiroptera), Phyllostomidae, Vespertilionidae and Molossidae (Yangochiroptera). Pathology reports were reviewed to determine the primary pathological process resulting in death or the decision to euthanize. Cases were categorized as non-infectious (34/59; 58%), infectious/inflammatory (17/59; 29%) or undetermined due to advanced autolysis (8/59; 14%). Musculoskeletal diseases and reproductive losses were the most frequent pathological processes. Among the infectious processes identified, bacterial infections of the reproductive and haemolymphatic systems were most frequently observed. The first two reports of neoplasia in small flying foxes (Pteropus hypomelanus) are described. Bats under managed care present with a wide range of histopathological lesions. In this cohort, non-infectious disease processes were common.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Doris Miller
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Rita McManamon
- Zoo and Exotic Animal Pathology Service, Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, Athens, Georgia, USA
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7
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Keel MK, Keeler S, Brown J, Fenton H, Munk B, Gerhold R, Gottdenker N, Ruder M, Elsmo E, Nemeth N. Granulomatous Inflammation of the Muzzle in White-Tailed Deer ( Odocoileus virginianus) and Mule Deer ( Odocoileus hemionus) Associated With Mannheimia granulomatis. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:838-844. [PMID: 32812508 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820948825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Since 2002, reports of deer with swollen muzzles from throughout the United States have resulted in significant interest by wildlife biologists and wildlife enthusiasts. The condition was identified in 25 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and 2 mule deer (O. hemionus). Microscopic lesions consisted of severe, granulomatous or pyogranulomatous inflammation of the muzzle, nasal planum, and upper lip, as well as similar but less severe inflammation of the hard palate. Lymphadenitis of regional lymph nodes was common and granulomatous pneumonia was present in one individual. Splendore-Hoeppli material was typical in the center of inflammatory foci. Other than the single instance of pneumonia, systemic disease was not evident. Various bacterial species were isolated in culture, most of which were not morphologically consistent with the colonies of small, gram-negative bacteria observed in the center of the granulomas. Amplification and sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene from tissues of affected deer resulted in the identification of Mannheimia granulomatis. Laser capture microdissection was used to confirm that the colonies in the inflammatory foci were M. granulomatis. The cases described here are reminiscent of a bovine disease in Brazil and Argentina, locally called lechiguana. Although the inflammation of lechiguana is mostly truncal, the microscopic lesions are very similar and are also attributed to M. granulomatis. It is unclear if this is an emerging infectious disease of deer, or if it is a sporadic, uncommon condition that has only recently been recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shamus Keeler
- 8789University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Current address: Drug Discovery Program, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 7548Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Justin Brown
- 311285The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Heather Fenton
- 1355The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Current address: Ross University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Brandon Munk
- Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, CA, USA
| | - Rick Gerhold
- 4292The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Nicole Gottdenker
- 1355The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Current address: Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1355The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Mark Ruder
- 1355The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Elsmo
- 1355The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Current address: Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA
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8
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Cazzini P, Watson MK, Gottdenker N, Mayer J, Reavill D, Fox JG, Parry N, Sakamoto K. Proposed grading scheme for inflammatory bowel disease in ferrets and correlation with clinical signs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 32:17-24. [PMID: 31884894 PMCID: PMC7003233 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719896555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic, chronic, inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract of companion animals, including ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). Clinical signs of IBD are nonspecific, and intestinal biopsies are necessary for a definitive diagnosis. A grading scheme has not been established for ferrets. Additionally, the association between histologic severity and clinical signs in ferrets is unknown. We evaluated enteric samples from ferrets diagnosed with IBD, compared histologic grading schemes, and correlated the results with the severity of clinical signs. Enteric sections from 23 ferrets with IBD were analyzed using grading schemes for intestinal inflammation in cats and dogs, and a correlation with clinical signs was evaluated. After dividing the histologic samples into groups based on the severity of clinical signs, main histologic differences were identified. Age and sex were also assessed for correlation with clinical signs. No significant correlation was found between the 2 grading schemes and clinical signs (rho = 0.02, p = 0.89; rho = 0.26, p = 0.18, respectively). Degree of villus fusion, hemorrhage and/or fibrin, epithelial damage, inflammation density, and crypt abscess formation were used retrospectively to create a ferret IBD grading scheme, which was significantly correlated with the severity of clinical signs (rho = 0.48, p = 0.01). A positive correlation was observed between age (p = 0.04) and females (p = 0.007) with severity of clinical signs. Our ferret grading scheme may have clinical utility in providing a more objective, consistent evaluation of IBD in ferrets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cazzini
- Departments of Pathology (Cazzini, Gottdenker, Sakamoto), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Mayer), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Department of Animal Health and Conservation, Zoo New England, Boston, MA (Watson).,Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA (Reavill).,Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (Fox, Parry).,Current address: Easter Bush Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (Cazzini)
| | - Megan K Watson
- Departments of Pathology (Cazzini, Gottdenker, Sakamoto), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Mayer), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Department of Animal Health and Conservation, Zoo New England, Boston, MA (Watson).,Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA (Reavill).,Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (Fox, Parry).,Current address: Easter Bush Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (Cazzini)
| | - Nicole Gottdenker
- Departments of Pathology (Cazzini, Gottdenker, Sakamoto), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Mayer), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Department of Animal Health and Conservation, Zoo New England, Boston, MA (Watson).,Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA (Reavill).,Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (Fox, Parry).,Current address: Easter Bush Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (Cazzini)
| | - Joerg Mayer
- Departments of Pathology (Cazzini, Gottdenker, Sakamoto), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Mayer), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Department of Animal Health and Conservation, Zoo New England, Boston, MA (Watson).,Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA (Reavill).,Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (Fox, Parry).,Current address: Easter Bush Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (Cazzini)
| | - Drury Reavill
- Departments of Pathology (Cazzini, Gottdenker, Sakamoto), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Mayer), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Department of Animal Health and Conservation, Zoo New England, Boston, MA (Watson).,Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA (Reavill).,Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (Fox, Parry).,Current address: Easter Bush Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (Cazzini)
| | - James G Fox
- Departments of Pathology (Cazzini, Gottdenker, Sakamoto), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Mayer), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Department of Animal Health and Conservation, Zoo New England, Boston, MA (Watson).,Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA (Reavill).,Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (Fox, Parry).,Current address: Easter Bush Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (Cazzini)
| | - Nicola Parry
- Departments of Pathology (Cazzini, Gottdenker, Sakamoto), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Mayer), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Department of Animal Health and Conservation, Zoo New England, Boston, MA (Watson).,Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA (Reavill).,Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (Fox, Parry).,Current address: Easter Bush Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (Cazzini)
| | - Kaori Sakamoto
- Departments of Pathology (Cazzini, Gottdenker, Sakamoto), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Mayer), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Department of Animal Health and Conservation, Zoo New England, Boston, MA (Watson).,Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA (Reavill).,Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (Fox, Parry).,Current address: Easter Bush Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (Cazzini)
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9
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Roegner AF, Daniels ME, Smith WA, Gottdenker N, Schwartz LM, Liu J, Campbell A, Fiorello CV. Giardia Infection and Trypanosoma Cruzi Exposure in Dogs in the Bosawás Biosphere Reserve, Nicaragua. Ecohealth 2019; 16:512-522. [PMID: 31414319 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01434-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Indigenous Mayangna and Miskitu inhabit Nicaragua's remote Bosawás Biosphere Reserve, located in the North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region. They are sedentary horticulturists who supplement their diet with wild game, hunting with the assistance of dogs. To test whether hunting dogs increased the risk of human exposure to protozoal zoonotic neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), we sampled dogs from three communities varying in population size and level of contact with other communities. We screened dog feces (n = 58) for Giardia and Cryptosporidium DNA and sera (n = 78) for Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies and DNA. Giardia DNA was detected in 22% (13/58) of samples; sequencing revealed the presence of both zoonotic genotypes (assemblages A and B) and dog-specific genotypes (assemblages C and D). Giardia shedding was associated with community and age. Older dogs and those in the two, more accessible communities had greater odds of shedding parasites. Seroprevalence of T. cruzi antibodies, indicating prior exposure, was 9% (7/78). These results contribute to the limited literature on NTDs in indigenous populations, and suggest hunting dogs can both serve as sentinels of environmental NTDs and pose zoonotic risk for their owners and communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber F Roegner
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Miles E Daniels
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Woutrina A Smith
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Gottdenker
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Laura M Schwartz
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - James Liu
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- The Turtle Conservancy, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amanda Campbell
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christine V Fiorello
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- Albuquerque BioPark, 2000 Mountain Road NW, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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10
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Peterson JK, Yoshioka K, Hashimoto K, Caranci A, Gottdenker N, Monroy C, Saldaña A, Rodriguez S, Dorn P, Zúniga C. Chagas Disease Epidemiology in Central America: an Update. Curr Trop Med Rep 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-019-00176-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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11
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Seguel M, Muñoz F, Perez-Venegas D, Müller A, Paves H, Howerth E, Gottdenker N. The life history strategy of a fur seal hookworm in relation to pathogenicity and host health status. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2018; 7:251-260. [PMID: 30069428 PMCID: PMC6067062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The strategies that parasites use to exploit their hosts can lead to adverse effects on human and animal populations. Here, we describe the life cycle, epidemiology, and consequences of hookworm (Uncinaria sp.) disease in South American fur seals (Arctocephalus australis), and propose that hookworm adaptation to fur seal life history traits has led to maximizing transmission at high levels of parasite-induced anemia and mortality. Fur seal pups acquire hookworms during their first days of life through their mothers' colostrum and most adult hookworms are expelled from the pups' intestine 30-65 days later. This gives hookworms little time to feed and reproduce. However, despite reaching high within-host densities, female hookworms do not decrease egg output, therefore pups with high hookworm burden contribute disproportionately to parasite egg shedding. These heavily infected pups also suffer severe anemia and high levels of hookworm-induced mortality. Alternative strategies to maximize total egg shedding and/or transmission, such as increased environmental survival of larval stages or avoidance of clearance, have not been developed by this hookworm. We propose that fur seal hookworms exploit a live fast-die young life history strategy, which translates to the highest levels of host anemia and mortality recorded among hookworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Seguel
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Dr, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Francisco Muñoz
- Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Isla Teja s/n, Valdivia, 509000, Chile
| | - Diego Perez-Venegas
- PhD Program in Conservation Medicine, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 239, Santiago, 8370134, Chile
| | - Ananda Müller
- Instituto de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Isla Teja s/n, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile
| | - Hector Paves
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Los Carrera 753, Osorno, 5310431, Chile
| | - Elizabeth Howerth
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Dr, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Nicole Gottdenker
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Dr, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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12
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Seguel M, Montalva F, Perez-Venegas D, Gutiérrez J, Paves HJ, Müller A, Valencia-Soto C, Howerth E, Mendiola V, Gottdenker N. Immune-mediated hookworm clearance and survival of a marine mammal decrease with warmer ocean temperatures. eLife 2018; 7:38432. [PMID: 30398149 PMCID: PMC6245726 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increases in ocean temperature are associated with changes in the distribution of fish stocks, and the foraging regimes and maternal attendance patterns of marine mammals. However, it is not well understood how these changes affect offspring health and survival. The maternal attendance patterns and immunity of South American fur seals were assessed in a rookery where hookworm disease is the main cause of pup mortality. Pups receiving higher levels of maternal attendance had a positive energy balance and a more reactive immune system. These pups were able to expel hookworms through a specific immune mediated mechanism and survived the infection. Maternal attendance was higher in years with low sea surface temperature, therefore, the mean hookworm burden and mortality increased with sea surface temperature over a 10-year period. We provide a mechanistic explanation regarding how changes in ocean temperature and maternal care affect infectious diseases dynamics in a marine mammal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Seguel
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
| | - Felipe Montalva
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Perez-Venegas
- PhD Program in Conservation Medicine, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Josefina Gutiérrez
- Programa de Investigación Aplicada en Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Hector J Paves
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Santo Tomas, Osorno, Chile
| | - Ananda Müller
- Instituto de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carola Valencia-Soto
- Programa de Investigación Aplicada en Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Elizabeth Howerth
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
| | - Victoria Mendiola
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
| | - Nicole Gottdenker
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
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13
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Hwang J, Gottdenker N, Oh DH, Lee H, Chun MS. Infections by pathogens with different transmission modes in feral cats from urban and rural areas of Korea. J Vet Sci 2018; 18:541-545. [PMID: 28385003 PMCID: PMC5746448 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.4.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examine prevalences of three infectious pathogens with different transmission modes (Bartonella henselae, hemoplasma, and Toxoplasma gondii) in feral cats from urban and rural habitats. Infection status of the three pathogens in blood samples (n = 117) was determined through molecular or serological diagnostic methods. Overall prevalence of hemoplasma, Toxoplasma gondii, and Bartonella henselae was 47.9%, 50%, and 35.7%, respectively. Comparing the two habitats, only seroprevalence of Bartonella henselae was significantly higher in urban cats. Based on the results, we discuss how pathogens with distinct transmission modes may show different prevalence between urban and rural habitat types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jusun Hwang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA30602, USA.,Research institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Nicole Gottdenker
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA30602, USA
| | - Dae-Hyun Oh
- Research institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hang Lee
- Research institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Myung-Sun Chun
- Research institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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14
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Hwang J, Kim Y, Lee S, Kim N, Chun M, Lee H, Gottdenker N. Anthropogenic food provisioning and immune phenotype: Association among supplemental food, body condition, and immunological parameters in urban environments. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:3037-3046. [PMID: 29531715 PMCID: PMC5838038 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct or indirect supplemental feeding of free-ranging animals occurs worldwide, resulting in significant impacts on population density or altered demographic processes. Another potential impact of increased energy intake from supplemental feeding is altered immunocompetence. As immune system maintenance is energetically costly, there may be trade-offs between immune responses and other energy-demanding physiological processes in individual animals. Although increased availability of food sources through supplemental feeding is expected to increase the overall immunocompetence of animals, empirical data verifying the association between supplemental feeding and different immune parameters are lacking. Understanding the potential influence of supplemental feeding on immune phenotypes is critical, as it may also impact host-pathogen dynamics in free-ranging animals. Using urban stray cats as a study model, we tested for associations between the intensity of supplemental feeding due to cat caretaker activity (CCA); body condition; and immune phenotype (bacterial killing assay (BKA), immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration, and leukocyte counts). Significantly higher bacterial killing ability was observed in cats from high CCA districts, whereas higher IgG concentration and eosinophil counts were observed in cats from low CCA districts. Other leukocyte counts and body condition indices showed no significant association with CCA. We observed varying patterns of different immune components in relation to supplemental feeding. Out data suggest that supplemental feeding influences immune phenotype, not only by means of energy provisioning, but also by potentially reducing exposure rates to parasite infections through stray cat behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jusun Hwang
- Department of Veterinary PathologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
- College of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Yongbaek Kim
- College of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Sang‐Won Lee
- College of Veterinary MedicineKon‐Kuk UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Na‐Yon Kim
- College of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Myung‐Sun Chun
- College of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Hang Lee
- College of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Nicole Gottdenker
- Department of Veterinary PathologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
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15
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Faust CL, Dobson AP, Gottdenker N, Bloomfield LSP, McCallum HI, Gillespie TR, Diuk-Wasser M, Plowright RK. Null expectations for disease dynamics in shrinking habitat: dilution or amplification? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0173. [PMID: 28438921 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As biodiversity declines with anthropogenic land-use change, it is increasingly important to understand how changing biodiversity affects infectious disease risk. The dilution effect hypothesis, which points to decreases in biodiversity as critical to an increase in infection risk, has received considerable attention due to the allure of a win-win scenario for conservation and human well-being. Yet some empirical data suggest that the dilution effect is not a generalizable phenomenon. We explore the response of pathogen transmission dynamics to changes in biodiversity that are driven by habitat loss using an allometrically scaled multi-host model. With this model, we show that declining habitat, and thus declining biodiversity, can lead to either increasing or decreasing infectious-disease risk, measured as endemic prevalence. Whether larger habitats, and thus greater biodiversity, lead to a decrease (dilution effect) or increase (amplification effect) in infection prevalence depends upon the pathogen transmission mode and how host competence scales with body size. Dilution effects were detected for most frequency-transmitted pathogens and amplification effects were detected for density-dependent pathogens. Amplification effects were also observed over a particular range of habitat loss in frequency-dependent pathogens when we assumed that host competence was greatest in large-bodied species. By contrast, only amplification effects were observed for density-dependent pathogens; host competency only affected the magnitude of the effect. These models can be used to guide future empirical studies of biodiversity-disease relationships across gradients of habitat loss. The type of transmission, the relationship between host competence and community assembly, the identity of hosts contributing to transmission, and how transmission scales with area are essential factors to consider when elucidating the mechanisms driving disease risk in shrinking habitat.This article is part of the themed issue 'Conservation, biodiversity and infectious disease: scientific evidence and policy implications'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Faust
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Andrew P Dobson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Nicole Gottdenker
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Laura S P Bloomfield
- Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hamish I McCallum
- Environmental Futures Research Institute and Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health; Program In Population, Biology, Ecology and Evolution; Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health; Program In Population, Biology, Ecology and Evolution; Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Maria Diuk-Wasser
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Raina K Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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16
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Stimmelmayr R, Rotstein D, Seguel M, Gottdenker N. Hepatic lipomas and myelolipomas in subsistence-harvested bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus, Alaska (USA): a case review 1980-2016. Dis Aquat Organ 2017; 127:71-74. [PMID: 29256430 DOI: 10.3354/dao03186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe a case series of benign hepatic fatty tumors in 10 subsistence-harvested bowhead whales. Microscopic features included lipomatous and myelolipomatous masses. Extensive atrophy and/or destruction of hepatic parenchyma was not observed. No other significant disease was present except in an animal with unrelated chronic pleuritis. Based on our longitudinal case series (1980-2016) which identified 1-2 hepatic lipomas and myelolipomas in landed whales annually at Barrow, Alaska (USA), since 2012, hepatic lipomas and myelolipomas are occasionally seen in hunter-harvested bowhead whales. A conservative estimate for the percentage of bowhead whales with hepatic fatty tumors in landed whales in Barrow from 2012 to 2016 was 6% (7/111). The pathogenesis and exact cell origin of these benign fatty tumors in bowhead whales is undetermined. Assessment of further cases is warranted to better define the tissue distribution and pathogenesis of these tumors in bowhead whale liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaela Stimmelmayr
- North Slope Borough Department of Wildlife Management, Barrow, Alaska 99723, USA
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17
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Seguel M, Gottdenker N. The diversity and impact of hookworm infections in wildlife. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2017; 6:177-194. [PMID: 28765810 PMCID: PMC5526439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Hookworms are blood-feeding nematodes that parasitize the alimentary system of mammals. Despite their high pathogenic potential, little is known about their diversity and impact in wildlife populations. We conducted a systematic review of the literature on hookworm infections of wildlife and analyzed 218 studies qualitative and quantitatively. At least 68 hookworm species have been described in 9 orders, 24 families, and 111 species of wild mammals. Black bears, red foxes, and bobcats harbored the highest diversity of hookworm species and Ancylostoma pluridentatum, A. tubaeforme, Uncinaria stenocephala and Necator americanus were the hookworm species with the highest host diversity index. Hookworm infections cause anemia, retarded growth, tissue damage, inflammation and significant mortality in several wildlife species. Anemia has been documented more commonly in canids, felids and otariids, and retarded growth only in otariids. Population- level mortality has been documented through controlled studies only in canines and eared seals although sporadic mortality has been noticed in felines, bears and elephants. The main driver of hookworm pathogenic effects was the hookworm biomass in a population, measured as prevalence, mean burden and hookworm size (length). Many studies recorded significant differences in prevalence and mean intensity among regions related to contrasts in local humidity, temperature, and host population density. These findings, plus the ability of hookworms to perpetuate in different host species, create a dynamic scenario where changes in climate and the domestic animal-human-wildlife interface will potentially affect the dynamics and consequences of hookworm infections in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Seguel
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Dr, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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18
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Seguel M, Muñoz F, Montalva F, Perez-Venegas D, Pavés H, Gottdenker N. Kelp and dolphin gulls cause perineal wounds in South American fur seal pups ( Arctocephalus australis) at Guafo Island, Chilean Patagonia. R Soc Open Sci 2017; 4:170638. [PMID: 28791178 PMCID: PMC5541573 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
During five reproductive seasons, we documented the presence, extent and origin of perineal wounds in South American fur seal pups (Arctocephalus australis) on Guafo Island, Northern Chilean Patagonia. The seasonal prevalence of perineal wounds ranged from 5 to 9%, and new cases were more common at the end of the breeding season (February), when pups were on average two months old and were actively expelling hookworms (Uncinaria sp). Histologically, wounds corresponded to marked ulcerative lymphoplasmacytic and histiocytic dermatitis with granulation tissue and mixed bacterial colonies. In 2015 and 2017, kelp gulls (Larus dominicanus) and dolphin gulls (Leucophaeus scoresbii) were observed picking and wounding the perineal area of marked pups. This behaviour occurred more frequently after the pups' defecation, when sea gulls engaged in consumption of pups' faeces. The affected pups usually had moderate to marked hookworm infections along with bloody diarrhoea and anaemia. Pups with severe wounds (23% of affected animals) had swollen perineal areas and signs of secondary systemic bacterial infection. We propose that seagulls on Guafo Island have learned to consume remains of blood and parasites in the faeces of pups affected by hookworm infection, causing perineal wounds during this process. We conclude that this perineal wounding is an unintentional, occasional negative effect of an otherwise commensal gull-fur seal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Seguel
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Francisco Muñoz
- Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Felipe Montalva
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Marina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Perez-Venegas
- Conservation Medicine Program and Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, 252 Republica St., Santiago, Chile
| | - Héctor Pavés
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Santo Tomas, Los Carrera 753, Osorno, Chile
| | - Nicole Gottdenker
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
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19
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20
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Bermúdez SE, Gottdenker N, Krishnvajhala A, Fox A, Wilder HK, González K, Smith D, López M, Perea M, Rigg C, Montilla S, Calzada JE, Saldaña A, Caballero CM, Lopez JE. Synanthropic Mammals as Potential Hosts of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Panama. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169047. [PMID: 28060928 PMCID: PMC5218486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Synanthropic wild mammals can be important hosts for many vector-borne zoonotic pathogens. The aim of this study was determine the exposure of synanthropic mammals to two types of tick-borne pathogens in Panama, spotted fever group Rickettsia (SFGR) and Borrelia relapsing fever (RF) spirochetes. One hundred and thirty-one wild mammals were evaluated, including two gray foxes, two crab-eating foxes (from zoos), four coyotes, 62 opossum and 63 spiny rats captured close to rural towns. To evaluate exposure to SFGR, serum samples from the animals were tested by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) using Rickettsia rickettsii and Candidatus Rickettsia amblyommii antigen. Immunoblotting was performed using Borrelia turicatae protein lysates and rGlpQ, to assess infection caused by RF spirochetes. One coyote (25%) and 27 (43%) opossums showed seroreactivity to SFGR. Of these opossums, 11 were seroreactive to C. R. amblyommii. Serological reactivity was not detected to B. turicatae in mammal samples. These findings may reflect a potential role of both mammals in the ecology of tick-borne pathogens in Panama.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio E. Bermúdez
- Departamento de Investigación en Entomología Médica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Nicole Gottdenker
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aparna Krishnvajhala
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amy Fox
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hannah K. Wilder
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kadir González
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | | | | | - Milixa Perea
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Chystrie Rigg
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Santiago Montilla
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - José E. Calzada
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Azael Saldaña
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | | | - Job E. Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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21
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Seguel M, Muñoz F, Navarrete MJ, Paredes E, Howerth E, Gottdenker N. Hookworm Infection in South American Fur Seal ( Arctocephalus australis) Pups. Vet Pathol 2016; 54:288-297. [PMID: 28207376 DOI: 10.1177/0300985816677151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tissues of South American fur seal pups naturally infected with hookworms ( Uncinaria sp) were examined. Hookworm infection was found in nearly all pups examined (132/140, 94%), and hookworm enteritis with secondary bacteremia was considered the cause of death in 46 (35%) pups. Common findings in these pups included severe hemorrhagic enteritis and numerous (mean intensity = 761.8) hookworms in the jejunum. Hookworms were recovered from the abdominal cavity in 12 of 55 pups (22%) examined through peritoneal wash; these pups had an average of 1343.3 intestinal hookworms and marked fibrinohemorrhagic peritonitis. In all pups that died as a consequence of hookworm infection, the intestinal villi were short, blunt, and fused, and there were variable numbers of free and intrahistiocytic gram-negative bacteria in submucosal hookworm feeding tracks, mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, blood vessels, and liver sinusoids. Pups that died of causes unrelated to the hookworm infection (trauma) had hookworm feeding tracks confined to the apical portions of the mucosa, and moderate to marked catarrhal eosinophilic enteritis. The number of hookworms was negatively correlated with intestinal villous length and number of leukocytes in the intestine. Pups with hookworm peritoneal penetration had nematodes with little or no blood in the hookworm intestine, suggesting that lack of food for the nematode could be associated with peritoneal penetration. Findings suggest that the initial burden of larval infection, the level of the host tissue response, or a combination determine the number of nematodes in the intestine, the severity of hookworm tissue damage, and pup mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Seguel
- 1 Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - F Muñoz
- 2 Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - M J Navarrete
- 2 Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - E Paredes
- 2 Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - E Howerth
- 1 Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - N Gottdenker
- 1 Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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Watson MK, Cazzini P, Mayer J, Gottdenker N, Reavill D, Parry N, Fox JG, Sakamoto K. Histology and immunohistochemistry of severe inflammatory bowel disease versus lymphoma in the ferret (Mustela putorius furo). J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:198-206. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638716641156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common disorder of ferrets ( Mustela putorius furo) that may progress to lymphoma. Although routine histology is used to distinguish between these diseases, misclassifications may occur. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is commonly used to distinguish between IBD and lymphoma in small animals. The objective of our study was to determine the agreement in the diagnosis reached solely using hematoxylin and eosin (HE)-stained, full-thickness sections versus using a combination of HE and IHC. Enteric sections from 44 ferrets previously diagnosed with IBD or intestinal lymphoma and 3 control ferrets were analyzed by pathologists with expertise in ferrets. A pathologist blinded to the original diagnosis assessed the same HE-stained sections. Analysis was then repeated using HE sections in parallel with sections stained using antibodies against CD3 and CD79a. No significant difference was found between the original HE diagnosis and the HE diagnosis reached by the blinded pathologist ( p = 0.91) or between the blinded pathologist’s HE versus HE with IHC diagnosis ( p = 0.16). In the 2 cases where disagreement was present, IHC was pivotal in reaching a final diagnosis. There was no significant age ( p = 0.29) difference between diagnoses; however, significantly more male ferrets were affected with IBD than females ( p = 0.004). Immunophenotype of the lymphoma was not correlated with predilection for location in the intestinal wall ( p = 0.44). Results suggest that although IHC is not necessary to distinguish IBD from intestinal lymphoma in ferrets, it can be useful a definitive diagnosis in cases of severe IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K. Watson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL (Watson)
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Cazzini)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Sakamoto, Gottdenker, Mayer)
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (Fox, Parry)
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, West Sacramento, CA (Reavill)
| | - Paola Cazzini
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL (Watson)
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Cazzini)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Sakamoto, Gottdenker, Mayer)
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (Fox, Parry)
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, West Sacramento, CA (Reavill)
| | - Joerg Mayer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL (Watson)
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Cazzini)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Sakamoto, Gottdenker, Mayer)
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (Fox, Parry)
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, West Sacramento, CA (Reavill)
| | - Nicole Gottdenker
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL (Watson)
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Cazzini)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Sakamoto, Gottdenker, Mayer)
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (Fox, Parry)
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, West Sacramento, CA (Reavill)
| | - Drury Reavill
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL (Watson)
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Cazzini)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Sakamoto, Gottdenker, Mayer)
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (Fox, Parry)
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, West Sacramento, CA (Reavill)
| | - Nicola Parry
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL (Watson)
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Cazzini)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Sakamoto, Gottdenker, Mayer)
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (Fox, Parry)
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, West Sacramento, CA (Reavill)
| | - James G. Fox
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL (Watson)
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Cazzini)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Sakamoto, Gottdenker, Mayer)
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (Fox, Parry)
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, West Sacramento, CA (Reavill)
| | - Kaori Sakamoto
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL (Watson)
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Cazzini)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Sakamoto, Gottdenker, Mayer)
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (Fox, Parry)
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, West Sacramento, CA (Reavill)
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Yamada K, Valderrama A, Gottdenker N, Cerezo L, Minakawa N, Saldaña A, Calzada JE, Chaves LF. Macroecological patterns of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis transmission across the health areas of Panamá (1980-2012). Parasite Epidemiol Control 2016; 1:42-55. [PMID: 29988197 PMCID: PMC5991822 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) is a neglected vector-borne zoonosis that persists despite increasing socio-economic development and urbanization in Panamá. Here, we investigate the association between environmental changes and spatio-temporal ACL transmission in the Republic of Panamá (1980-2012). We employ a macroecological approach, where patterns of variation in ACL incidence at the spatially coarse-grained scale of health areas are studied considering factors linked to the ecology of ACL transmission. We specifically study impacts of climatic variability, measured by the different phases of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), within diverse ecosystems and sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) vector species, as well as heterogeneous local climatic patterns, deforestation, population growth rates, and changes in social marginalization. We found that over the study period, patterns of ACL incidence: (i) were asynchronous with clusters changing from east to west of the Panamá Canal, (ii) trends increased in the west, and decreased or remained nearly constant in the east, independent of human population growth, (iii) generally increased in years following El Niño, and (iv) decreased as forest cover increased. We found no significant association between changes in socio-economic indicators and ACL transmission. Regarding vector abundance and presence, we found that studies had been biased to locations east of the Panamá canal, and that, in general, the abundance of dominant vector species decreased during the cold phase of ENSO. Finally, our results indicate that a macroecological approach is useful to understand heterogeneities related to environmental change impacts on ACL transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yamada
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Sakamoto 1-12-4, 852-8523 Nagasaki, Japan.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto 1-12-4, 852-8523 Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Anayansi Valderrama
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Apartado Postal No. 0816-02593, Ciudad de Panamá, Panama
| | - Nicole Gottdenker
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lizbeth Cerezo
- Departamento de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, Panama
| | - Noboru Minakawa
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Sakamoto 1-12-4, 852-8523 Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Azael Saldaña
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Apartado Postal No. 0816-02593, Ciudad de Panamá, Panama
| | - José E Calzada
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Apartado Postal No. 0816-02593, Ciudad de Panamá, Panama
| | - Luis Fernando Chaves
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Sakamoto 1-12-4, 852-8523 Nagasaki, Japan.,Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Apartado Postal 304-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica
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Hwang J, Gottdenker N, Min MS, Lee H, Chun MS. Evaluation of biochemical and haematological parameters and prevalence of selected pathogens in feral cats from urban and rural habitats in South Korea. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 18:443-51. [PMID: 26018551 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15587572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we evaluated the potential association between the habitat types of feral cats and the prevalence of selected infectious pathogens and health status based on a set of blood parameters. METHODS We live-trapped 72 feral cats from two different habitat types: an urban area (n = 48) and a rural agricultural area (n = 24). We compared blood values and the prevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) and haemotropic Mycoplasma infection in feral cats from the two contrasting habitats. RESULTS Significant differences were observed in several blood values (haematocrit, red blood cells, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine) depending on the habitat type and/or sex of the cat. Two individuals from the urban area were seropositive for FIV (3.0%), and eight (12.1%) were positive for FeLV infection (five from an urban habitat and three from a rural habitat). Haemoplasma infection was more common. Based on molecular analysis, 38 cats (54.3%) were positive for haemoplasma, with a significantly higher infection rate in cats from rural habitats (70.8%) compared with urban cats (47.8%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Our study recorded haematological and serum biochemical values, and prevalence of selected pathogens in feral cat populations from two different habitat types. A subset of important laboratory parameters from rural cats showed values under or above the corresponding reference intervals for healthy domestic cats, suggesting potential differences in the health status of feral cats depending on the habitat type. Our findings provide information about the association between 1) blood values (haematological and serum biochemistry parameters) and 2) prevalence of selected pathogen infections and different habitat types; this may be important for veterinarians who work with feral and/or stray cats and for overall cat welfare management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jusun Hwang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nicole Gottdenker
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Mi-Sook Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hang Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Sun Chun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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25
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Seguel M, Howerth EW, Ritter J, Paredes E, Colegrove K, Gottdenker N. Encephalitozoonosis in 2 South American Fur Seal (Arctocephalus australis) Pups. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:720-3. [PMID: 25248519 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814551424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral and disseminated encephalitozoonosis was diagnosed by histopathology, electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry in 2 free-ranging South American fur seal pups found dead at Guafo Island (43°33'S 74°49'W) in southern Chile. In the brain, lesions were characterized by random foci of necrosis with large numbers of macrophages containing numerous microsporidial organisms within parasitophorous vacuoles. In addition, occasional histiocytes loaded with numerous mature and immature microsporidia spores consistent with Encephalitozoon sp were observed in pulmonary alveolar septa, splenic red pulp, glomerular capillaries, and proximal renal tubules by Gram and immunohistochemical stains. To our knowledge, microsporidial infection in a marine mammal species has not been previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Seguel
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - E W Howerth
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - J Ritter
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - E Paredes
- Department of Animal Pathology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - K Colegrove
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - N Gottdenker
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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26
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Fung H, Calzada J, Saldaña A, Santamaria A, Pineda V, Gonzalez K, Chaves L, Garner B, Gottdenker N. Domestic dog health worsens with socio-economic deprivation of their home communities. Acta Trop 2014; 135:67-74. [PMID: 24681221 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dogs play an important role in infectious disease transmission as reservoir hosts of many zoonotic and wildlife pathogens. Nevertheless, unlike wildlife species involved in the life cycle of pathogens, whose health status might be a direct reflection of their fitness and competitive abilities, dog health condition could be sensitive to socio-economic factors impacting the well-being of their owners. Here, we compare several dog health indicators in three rural communities of Panama with different degrees of socio-economic deprivation. From a total of 78 individuals, we collected blood and fecal samples, and assessed their body condition. With the blood samples, we performed routine hematologic evaluation (complete blood counts) and measured cytokine levels (Interferon-γ and Interleukin-10) through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. With the fecal samples we diagnosed helminthiases. Dogs were also serologically tested for exposure to Trypanosoma cruzi and canine distemper virus, and molecular tests were done to assess T. cruzi infection status. We found significant differences between dog health measurements, pathogen prevalence, parasite richness, and economic status of the human communities where the dogs lived. We found dogs that were less healthy, more likely to be infected with zoonotic pathogens, and more likely to be seropositive to canine distemper virus in the communities with lower economic status. This study concludes that isolated communities of lower economic status in Panama may have less healthy dogs that could become major reservoirs in the transmission of diseases to humans and sympatric wildlife.
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Rabinovich JE, Kitron UD, Obed Y, Yoshioka M, Gottdenker N, Chaves LF. Ecological patterns of blood-feeding by kissing-bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 106:479-94. [PMID: 21739038 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762011000400016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Host use by vectors is important in understanding the transmission of zoonotic diseases, which can affect humans, wildlife and domestic animals. Here, a synthesis of host exploitation patterns by kissing-bugs, vectors of Chagas disease, is presented. For this synthesis, an extensive literature review restricted to feeding sources analysed by precipitin tests was conducted. Modern tools from community ecology and multivariate statistics were used to determine patterns of segregation in host use. Rather than innate preferences for host species, host use by kissing-bugs is influenced by the habitats they colonise. One of the major limitations of studies on kissing-bug foraging has been the exclusive focus on the dominant vector species. We propose that expanding foraging studies to consider the community of vectors will substantially increase the understanding of Chagas disease transmission ecology. Our results indicate that host accessibility is a major factor that shapes the blood-foraging patterns of kissing-bugs. Therefore, from an applied perspective, measures that are directed at disrupting the contact between humans and kissing-bugs, such as housing improvement, are among the most desirable strategies for Chagas disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Eduardo Rabinovich
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Merkel J, Jones HI, Whiteman NK, Gottdenker N, Vargas H, Travis EK, Miller RE, Parker PG. Microfilariae in Galápagos penguins (Spheniscus mendiculus) and flightless cormorants (Phalacrocorax harrisi): genetics, morphology, and prevalence. J Parasitol 2007; 93:495-503. [PMID: 17626340 DOI: 10.1645/ge-1009r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Galapagos penguins (Spheniscus mendiculus) and flightless cormorants (Phalacrocorax harrisi) live in small, isolated populations on the westernmost islands of Isabela and Fernandina in the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Between August 2003 and February 2005, 4 field trips, 2 in the cool, dry season (August 2003 and August 2004) and 2 in the hot, rainy season (March 2004 and February 2005), were undertaken; 298 Galápagos penguins and 380 cormorants were sampled for prevalence and intensity of hemoparasites. Microfilariae were found in both the penguins and the cormorants. Blood smears were negative for the presence of other species of hemoparasites. Overall prevalence of microfilariae across seasons was 42.0% in cormorants and 13.8% in the penguins. Intensity of infection was generally low (mean = 3.2-31.7 in 25 fields across seasons and species) with the exception of a few individuals with markedly high intensities of parasites (>300 in 25 fields in 1 cormorant). Prevalence of microfilariae increased significantly over the 4 sampling periods for cormorants, but not for penguins. Prevalences were significantly higher in cormorants than in penguins for 3 of the 4 collecting trips. Male penguins had higher prevalences than females; however, there were no gender differences in cormorants. No relation was detected between body mass and either presence or intensity of parasitism. Morphological characteristics of the microfilariae are also described and specimens from each host species were similar in all characters measured. DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene were consistent with the morphological evidence and together demonstrate that the penguins and cormorants are likely to be infected with the same species of microfilariae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Merkel
- University of Missouri-St. Louis, Department of Biology, 223 Research Building, 8001 Natural Bridge Road, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, USA.
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Travis EK, Vargas FH, Merkel J, Gottdenker N, Miller RE, Parker PG. HEMATOLOGY, SERUM CHEMISTRY, AND SEROLOGY OF GALÁPAGOS PENGUINS (SPHENISCUS MENDICULUS) IN THE GALÁPAGOS ISLANDS, ECUADOR. J Wildl Dis 2006; 42:625-32. [PMID: 17092893 DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-42.3.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Galápagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) is an endangered species endemic to the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. In 2003 and 2004, 195 penguins from 13 colonies on the islands of Isabela and Fernandina in the Galápagos archipelago were examined. Genetic sexing of 157 penguins revealed 62 females and 95 males. Hematology consisted of packed cell volume (n = 134), white blood cell differentials (n = 83), and hemoparasite blood smear evaluation (n = 114). Microfilariae were detected in 22% (25/114) of the blood smears. Female penguins had significantly higher eosinophil counts than males. Serum chemistry on 83 penguins revealed no significant differences between males and females. Birds were seronegative to avian paramyxovirus type 1-3, avian influenza virus, infectious bursal disease virus, Marek's disease virus (herpes), reovirus, avian encephalomyelitis virus, and avian adenovirus type 1 and 2 (n = 75), as well as to West Nile virus (n = 87), and Venezuelan, western and eastern equine encephalitis viruses (n = 26). Seventy-five of 84 (89%) penguins had antibodies to Chlamydophila psittaci but chlamydial DNA was not detected via polymerase chain reaction in samples from 30 birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika K Travis
- Saint Louis Zoo, One Government Drive, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Travis EK, Vargas FH, Merkel J, Gottdenker N, Miller RE, Parker PG. HEMATOLOGY, PLASMA CHEMISTRY, AND SEROLOGY OF THE FLIGHTLESS CORMORANT (PHALACROCORAX HARRISI) IN THE GALÁPAGOS ISLANDS, ECUADOR. J Wildl Dis 2006; 42:133-41. [PMID: 16699155 DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-42.1.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The flightless cormorant (Phalacrocorax harrisi) is an endemic species of the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Health studies of the species have not previously been conducted. In August 2003, baseline samples were collected from flightless cormorant colonies on the islands of Isabela and Fernandina. Seventy-six birds, from nestlings to adults, were evaluated. Genetic sexing of 70 cormorants revealed 37 females and 33 males. Hematology assessment consisted of packed cell volume (n=19), leukograms (n=69), and blood smear evaluation (n=69). Microscopic evaluation of blood smears revealed microfilaria in 33% (23/69) of the cormorants. Plasma chemistries were performed on 46 cormorants. There was no significant difference in chemistry values or complete blood counts between male and female cormorants or between age groups. Based on a serologic survey to assess exposure to avian pathogens, birds (n=69) were seronegative for West Nile virus, avian paramyxovirus type 1 (Newcastle disease virus), avian paramyxovirus types 2 and 3, avian influenza, infectious bursal disease, infectious bronchitis, Marek's disease (herpes), reovirus, avian encephalomyelitis, and avian adenovirus type 2. Antibodies to avian adenovirus type 1 and Chlamydophila psittaci were found in 31% (21/68) and 11% (7/65) of flightless cormorants respectively. Chlamydophila psittaci was detected via polymerase chain reaction in 6% (2/33) of the cormorants. The overall negative serologic findings of this research suggest that the flightless cormorant is an immunologically naïve species, which may have a reduced capacity to cope with the introduction of novel pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika K Travis
- Saint Louis Zoo, One Government Dr., Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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