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Caparica R, Júlio A, Fernandes F, Araújo MEM, Costa JG, Santos de Almeida T. Upgrading the Topical Delivery of Poorly Soluble Drugs Using Ionic Liquids as a Versatile Tool. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4338. [PMID: 33919354 PMCID: PMC8122351 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies are continuously being carried out in pursuit of formulations with higher performance. Problems such as poor drug solubility, which hinders drug incorporation into delivery systems and bioavailability, or limitations concerning the stability and performance of the formulations may cause difficulties, since solving all these drawbacks at once is a huge challenge. Ionic liquids (ILs), due to their tunable nature, may hypothetically be synthesized for a particular application. Therefore, predicting the impact of a particular combination of ions within an IL in drug delivery could be a useful strategy. Eight ILs, two choline amino acid ILs, two imidazole halogenated ILs, and four imidazole amino acid ILs, were prepared. Their applicability at non-toxic concentrations, for improving solubility and the incorporation of the poorly soluble, ferulic, caffeic, and p-coumaric acids, as well as rutin, into topical emulsions, was assessed. Next, the impact of the ILs on the performance of the formulations was investigated. Our study showed that choosing the appropriate IL leads to a clear upgrade of a topical emulsion, by optimizing multiple features of its performance, such as improving the delivery of poorly soluble drugs, altering the viscosity, which may lead to better sensorial features, and increasing the stability over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Caparica
- CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.C.); (A.J.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Júlio
- CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.C.); (A.J.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Filipe Fernandes
- School of Sciences and Health Technologies, Lusófona University, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Maria Eduarda M. Araújo
- CQE, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - João Guilherme Costa
- CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Tânia Santos de Almeida
- CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.C.); (A.J.)
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Caparica R, Bruzzone M, Agostinetto E, De Angelis C, Fêde Â, Ceppi M, de Azambuja E. Beta-blockers in early-stage breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ESMO Open 2021; 6:100066. [PMID: 33639601 PMCID: PMC7921512 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2021.100066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical and retrospective studies suggest that beta-blockers are active against breast cancer. We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the impact of beta-blockers on the outcomes of patients with early-stage breast cancer. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed to identify studies comparing outcomes of patients with early-stage breast cancer according to beta-blocker use (yes versus no). The primary endpoint was recurrence-free survival (RFS), defined as the occurrence of breast cancer recurrence or death. Secondary objectives were pathologic complete response (pCR), breast cancer recurrence, breast cancer-specific mortality and overall survival (OS). Hazard ratios (HRs) or odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted from each study and a pooled analysis with the random-effect model was conducted. The Higgins' I-squared test was used to quantify heterogeneity. Egger's test was applied to assess publication bias. All P values were two-sided and considered significant if ≤0.05. RESULTS Overall, 13 studies were included as follows: RFS (6), pCR (2), breast cancer recurrence (6), breast cancer-specific mortality (7) and OS (5). The use of beta-blockers was associated with a significant RFS improvement in the overall population (N = 21 570; HR 0.73; 95% CI, 0.56-0.96; P = 0.025) and in patients with triple-negative disease (N = 1212; HR 0.53; 95% CI, 0.35-0.81; P = 0.003). No significant differences in terms of pCR (N = 1554; OR 0.77; 95% CI, 0.44-1.36; P = 0.371), breast cancer recurrence (N = 37 957; OR 0.66; 95% CI, 0.42-1.03; P = 0.065), breast cancer-specific mortality (N = 64 830; HR 0.77; 95% CI, 0.56-1.08; P = 0.130) or OS (N = 103 065; HR 1.03; 95% CI, 0.87-1.23; P = 0.692) were observed according to beta-blocker use. DISCUSSION In this meta-analysis, beta-blocker use was associated with a longer RFS in patients with early-stage breast cancer, with a more pronounced effect observed in those with triple-negative disease. Beta-blockers arise as an interesting option to be explored in prospective studies for patients with early-stage breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Caparica
- Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - M Bruzzone
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - E Agostinetto
- Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Humanitas Cancer Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - C De Angelis
- Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Â Fêde
- AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Ceppi
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - E de Azambuja
- Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
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Caparica R, Amorim L, Amaral P, Uratani L, Muniz D, Hendlisz A, Glasberg J, Takahashi T, Abdo E, Saragiotto D, Sabbaga J, Mak M. 1849P Safety and effectiveness of palliative chemotherapy (CTX) for patients (pts) with malignant bowel obstruction (MBO). Ann Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.08.1496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Eiger D, Tsourti Z, Caparica R, Kassapian M, Napoleone S, Hultsch S, Korde L, Wang Y, Chumsri S, Pritchard K, Untch M, Bellet Ezquerra M, Rosa D, Moreno-Aspitia A, Piccart M, Dafni U, de Azambuja E. 221P Long-term outcomes of patients with node-negative, ≤3cm, HER2+ breast cancer (BC) enrolled in ALTTO. Ann Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.08.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Caparica R, Ma Y, De Angelis C, Richard F, Desmedt C, Awada A, Piccart M, Perez E, Moreno-Aspitia A, Badve S, Thompson E, de Azambuja E. 170P β2-adrenergic receptor gene expression as a prognostic and predictive biomarker in HER2-positive early-stage breast cancer patients enrolled on the NCCTG-N9831 (Alliance) trial. Ann Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.08.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Franzoi M, Ameye L, Eiger D, Piccart M, Brandão M, Pondé N, Desmedt C, Di Cosimo S, Paesmans M, Caparica R, Kotecki N, Lambertini M, De Angelis C, Awada A, de Azambuja E. 153P Clinical implications of body mass index (BMI) and weight in metastatic breast cancer (BC) patients treated with abemaciclib and endocrine therapy: A pooled individual patient level data analysis of MONARCH 2 and MONARCH 3 trials. Ann Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.03.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Brandão M, Bruzzone M, Franzoi M, de Angelis C, Eiger D, Caparica R, Dauby N, Ceppi M, Piccart M, Carrilho C, Lunet N, Buisseret L, de Azambuja E, Lambertini M. 188P Impact of HIV infection (HIV+) on baseline characteristics and survival of breast cancer (BC) patients (pts): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.03.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Caparica R, Júlio A, Araújo MEM, Baby AR, Fonte P, Costa JG, Santos de Almeida T. Anticancer Activity of Rutin and Its Combination with Ionic Liquids on Renal Cells. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020233. [PMID: 32033222 PMCID: PMC7072522 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer. Identifying novel and more effective therapies, while minimizing toxicity, continues to be fundamental in curtailing RCC. Rutin, a bioflavonoid widely found in nature, has shown promising anticancer properties, but with limited applicability due to its poor water solubility and pharmacokinetics. Thus, the potential anticancer effects of rutin toward a human renal cancer cell line (786-O), while considering its safety in Vero kidney cells, was assessed, as well as the applicability of ionic liquids (ILs) to improve drug delivery. Rutin (up to 50 µM) did not show relevant cytotoxic effects in Vero cells. However, in 786-O cells, a significant decrease in cell viability was already observed at 50 µM. Moreover, exposure to rutin caused a significant increase in the sub-G1 population of 786-O cells, reinforcing the possible anticancer activity of this biomolecule. Two choline-amino acid ILs, at non-toxic concentrations, enhanced rutin’s solubility/loading while allowing the maintenance of rutin’s anticancer effects. Globally, our findings suggest that rutin may have a beneficial impact against RCC and that its combination with ILs ensures that this poorly soluble drug is successfully incorporated into ILs–nanoparticles hybrid systems, allowing controlled drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Caparica
- CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.C.); (A.J.); (P.F.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Júlio
- CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.C.); (A.J.); (P.F.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Eduarda Machado Araújo
- CQE, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - André Rolim Baby
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 580 Prof. Lineu Prestes Av., Bl. 15, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil;
| | - Pedro Fonte
- CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.C.); (A.J.); (P.F.)
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Center for Marine Sciences (CCMar), University of Algarve and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - João Guilherme Costa
- CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.C.); (A.J.); (P.F.)
- Correspondence: (J.G.C.); (T.S.d.A.); Tel.: +351-217515500 (T.S.d.A.)
| | - Tânia Santos de Almeida
- CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.C.); (A.J.); (P.F.)
- CQE, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (J.G.C.); (T.S.d.A.); Tel.: +351-217515500 (T.S.d.A.)
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Brandão M, Caparica R, Eiger D, de Azambuja E. Biomarkers of response and resistance to PI3K inhibitors in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer patients and combination therapies involving PI3K inhibitors. Ann Oncol 2019; 30:x27-x42. [PMID: 31859350 PMCID: PMC6923785 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss biomarkers of response and resistance to PI3K inhibitors (PI3Ki) in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, both in the early and advanced settings. We analyse data regarding PIK3CA mutations, PI3K pathway activation, PTEN expression loss, Akt signalling, insulin levels, 18FFDG-PET/CT imaging, FGFR1/2 amplification, KRAS and TP53 mutations. Most of the discussed data comprise retrospective and exploratory studies, hence many results are not conclusive. Therefore, among all of these biomarkers, only PIK3CA mutations have proved to have a predictive value for treatment with the α-selective PI3Ki alpelisib (SOLAR-1 trial) and the β-sparing PI3Ki taselisib (SANDPIPER trial) in the advanced setting. Since the accuracy of current individual biomarkers is not optimal, a composite biomarker, including DNA, RNA and protein expression data, to more precisely assess the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activation status, may arise as a promising approach. Finally, we describe the rational for new combination therapies involving PI3Ki and anti-HER2 agents, chemotherapy, CDK4/6 inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors or new endocrine treatments and discuss the ongoing trials in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - D Eiger
- Academic Trials Promoting Team
| | - E de Azambuja
- Academic Trials Promoting Team
- Medical Oncology Department, Institut Jules Bordet
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Júlio A, Caparica R, Costa Lima SA, Fernandes AS, Rosado C, Prazeres DMF, Reis S, Santos de Almeida T, Fonte P. Ionic Liquid-Polymer Nanoparticle Hybrid Systems as New Tools to Deliver Poorly Soluble Drugs. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2019; 9:E1148. [PMID: 31405123 PMCID: PMC6723845 DOI: 10.3390/nano9081148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of functional excipients such as ionic liquids (ILs) and the encapsulation of drugs into nanocarriers are useful strategies to overcome poor drug solubility. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of IL-polymer nanoparticle hybrid systems as tools to deliver poorly soluble drugs. These systems were obtained using a methodology previously developed by our group and improved herein to produce IL-polymer nanoparticle hybrid systems. Two different choline-based ILs and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) 50:50 or PLGA 75:25 were used to load rutin into the delivery system. The resulting rutin-loaded IL-polymer nanoparticle hybrid systems presented a diameter of 250-300 nm, with a low polydispersity index and a zeta potential of about -40 mV. The drug association efficiency ranged from 51% to 76%, which represents a good achievement considering the poor solubility of rutin. No significant particle aggregation was obtained upon freeze-drying. The presence of the IL in the nanosystem does not affect its sustained release properties, achieving about 85% of rutin released after 72 h. The cytotoxicity studies showed that the delivery system was not toxic to HaCat cells. Our findings may open a new paradigm on the therapy improvement of diseases treated with poorly soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Júlio
- CBIOS-Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rita Caparica
- CBIOS-Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofia A Costa Lima
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences-Applied Chemistry Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Fernandes
- CBIOS-Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Rosado
- CBIOS-Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Duarte M F Prazeres
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences-Applied Chemistry Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia Santos de Almeida
- CBIOS-Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Fonte
- CBIOS-Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal.
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences-Applied Chemistry Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Caparica R, Júlio A, Baby AR, Araújo MEM, Fernandes AS, Costa JG, Santos de Almeida T. Choline-Amino Acid Ionic Liquids as Green Functional Excipients to Enhance Drug Solubility. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040288. [PMID: 30572636 PMCID: PMC6321021 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of effective forms to incorporate poorly soluble drugs into delivery systems remains a problem. Thus, it is important to find alternatives such as finding excipients that increase drug solubility. Ionic liquids (ILs), particularly choline-based ILs, have been studied as solubility enhancers in drug delivery systems. Nonetheless, to acknowledge this property as a functionality, it needs to be proven at non-toxic concentrations. Hence, herein two choline-amino acid ILs were studied as functional excipients by evaluating their influence on the solubility of the poorly water-soluble ferulic acid and rutin, while considering their safety. The solubility of the drugs was always higher in the presence of the ILs than in water. Ionic liquids did not affect the radical scavenging activity of the drugs or the cell viability. Moreover, stable oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions were prepared containing each drug and the ILs, allowing a significantly higher drug loading. Globally, our results suggest that choline-based ILs may act as green functional excipients, since at non-toxic concentrations they considerably improve drug solubility/loading, without influencing the antioxidant activity of the drugs, the cell viability, or the stability of the formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Caparica
- CBIOS-Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Júlio
- CBIOS-Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain.
| | - André Rolim Baby
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 580 Prof. Lineu Prestes Av., Bl. 15, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Ana Sofia Fernandes
- CBIOS-Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - João Guilherme Costa
- CBIOS-Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Tânia Santos de Almeida
- CBIOS-Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Caparica R, Bruzzone M, Poggio F, Ceppi M, de Azambuja E, Lambertini M. Should anthracyclines always be present in the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer (BC)? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Ann Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy270.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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