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Zahoor R, Vallifuoco R, Zeni L, Minardo A. Distributed Temperature Sensing through Network Analysis Frequency-Domain Reflectometry. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:2378. [PMID: 38610588 PMCID: PMC11014220 DOI: 10.3390/s24072378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a network analysis optical frequency domain reflectometer (NA-OFDR) for distributed temperature measurements at high spatial (down to ≈3 cm) and temperature resolution. The system makes use of a frequency-stepped, continuous-wave (cw) laser whose output light is modulated using a vector network analyzer. The latter is also used to demodulate the amplitude of the beat signal formed by coherently mixing the Rayleigh backscattered light with a local oscillator. The system is capable of attaining high measurand resolution (≈50 mK at 3-cm spatial resolution) thanks to the high sensitivity of coherent Rayleigh scattering to temperature. Furthermore, unlike the conventional optical-frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR), the proposed system does not rely on the use of a tunable laser and therefore is less prone to limitations related to the laser coherence or sweep nonlinearity. Two configurations are analyzed, both numerically and experimentally, based on either a double-sideband or single-sideband modulated probe light. The results confirm the validity of the proposed approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aldo Minardo
- Department of Engineering, Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy; (R.Z.); (R.V.); (L.Z.)
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Zupan B, Peña-Murillo GE, Zahoor R, Gregorc J, Šarler B, Knoška J, Gañán-Calvo AM, Chapman HN, Bajt S. An experimental study of liquid micro-jets produced with a gas dynamic virtual nozzle under the influence of an electric field. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1006733. [PMID: 36743214 PMCID: PMC9892056 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1006733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The results of an experimental study of micro-jets produced with a gas dynamic virtual nozzle (GDVN) under the influence of an electric field are provided and discussed for the first time. The experimental study is performed with a 50% volume mixture of water and ethanol, and nitrogen focusing gas. The liquid sample and gas Reynolds numbers range from 0.09-5.4 and 0-190, respectively. The external electrode was positioned 400-500 μm downstream of the nozzle tip and an effect of electric potential between the electrode and the sample liquid from 0-7 kV was investigated. The jetting parametric space is examined as a function of operating gas and liquid flow rates, outlet chamber pressure, and an external electric field. The experimentally observed jet diameter, length and velocity ranged from 1-25 μm, 50-500 μm and 0.5-10 m/s, respectively. The jetting shape snapshots were processed automatically using purposely developed computer vision software. The velocity of the jet was calculated from the measured jet diameter and the sample flow rate. It is found that micro-jets accelerate in the direction of the applied electric field in the downstream direction at a constant acceleration as opposed to the standard GDVNs. New jetting modes were observed, where either the focusing gas or the electric forces dominate, encouraging further theoretical and numerical studies towards optimized system design. The study shows the potential to unlock a new generation of low background sample delivery for serial diffraction measurements of weakly scattering objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor Zupan
- Laboratory for Fluid Dynamics and Thermodynamics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Rizwan Zahoor
- Laboratory for Fluid Dynamics and Thermodynamics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jurij Gregorc
- Laboratory for Fluid Dynamics and Thermodynamics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Božidar Šarler
- Laboratory for Fluid Dynamics and Thermodynamics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia,Laboratory for Simulation of Materials and Processes, Institute of Metals and Technology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Juraj Knoška
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alfonso M. Gañán-Calvo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Aeroespacial y Mecánica de Fluidos, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain,Laboratory of Engineering for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Henry N. Chapman
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany,Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Saša Bajt
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany,*Correspondence: Saša Bajt,
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Zahoor R, Catalano E, Vallifuoco R, Zeni L, Minardo A. Automated Damage Detection Using Lamb Wave-Based Phase-Sensitive OTDR and Support Vector Machines. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:1099. [PMID: 36772139 PMCID: PMC9920295 DOI: 10.3390/s23031099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a damage detection technique based on the automatic classification of the Lamb wave signals acquired on a metallic plate. In the reported experiments, Lamb waves are excited in an aluminum plate through a piezoelectric transducer glued onto the monitored structure. The response of the monitored structure is detected through a high-resolution phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometer (ϕ-OTDR). The presence and location of a small perturbation, induced by placing a lumped mass of 5 g on the plate, are determined by processing the optical fiber sensor data through support vector machine (SVM) classifiers trained with experimental data. The results show that the proposed method takes full advantage of the multipoint sensing nature of the ϕ-OTDR technology, resulting in accurate damage detection and localization.
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Zahoor R, Cerri E, Vallifuoco R, Zeni L, De Luca A, Caputo F, Minardo A. Lamb Wave Detection for Structural Health Monitoring Using a ϕ-OTDR System. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22165962. [PMID: 36015722 PMCID: PMC9416267 DOI: 10.3390/s22165962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the use of a phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (ϕ-OTDR) sensor for the detection of the Lamb waves excited by a piezoelectric transducer in an aluminum plate, is investigated. The system is shown to detect and resolve the Lamb wave in distinct regions of the plate, opening the possibility of realizing structural health monitoring (SHM) and damage detection using a single optical fiber attached to the structure. The system also reveals the variations in the Lamb wave resulting from a change in the load conditions of the plate. The same optical fiber used to detect the Lamb waves has also been employed to realize distributed strain measurements using a Brillouin scattering system. The method can be potentially used to replace conventional SHM sensors such as strain gauges and PZT transducers, with the advantage of offering several sensing points using a single fiber.
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Hu W, Liu Y, Loka DA, Zahoor R, Wang S, Zhou Z. Drought limits pollen tube growth rate by altering carbohydrate metabolism in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) pistils. Plant Sci 2019; 286:108-117. [PMID: 31300136 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that drought stress (DS) reduces cotton yield by negatively affecting reproductive activities. Some studies have investigated the effects of DS on pollen physiology and biochemistry, but studies exploring the impact of drought on pistil biochemistry and its relationship with pollen tube growth rates in vivo are scarce. In order to investigate these objectives, a greenhouse study was conducted with a drought sensitive cotton cultivar, Yuzaomian 9110. Two water treatments were imposed at flowering stage, 1. control, where plants were irrigated with optimum quantity of water and 2. DS treatment, where plants were irrigated with 50% of the optimum quantity of water. Results indicated that stored starch content at the early stage of pollen tube growth (12:00 h) was 31.6% lower in drought-stressed pistils than control pistils, and it was highly correlated with pollen tube growth rate. The decline in starch accumulation of drought-stressed pistils could be attributed to the impeded transport of photosynthetic carbon assimilates. Moreover, decreased ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and soluble starch synthase activities also resulted in curtailing starch accumulation in drought-stressed pistils. Furthermore, pistil sucrose concentration was significantly higher in droughted plants relative to control plants at 12:00 and 18:00 h (during the rapid growth period), which was due to lower activities of sucrose synthase and acid invertase, and the down-regulated expressions of sucrose synthase genes, GhSusA, GhSusB and GhSusD, and acid invertase genes, GhINV1 and GhINV2, in drought-stressed pistils, limiting as a result the hydrolysis of sucrose into hexose. Drought-stressed pistils sampled at 18:00 h had lower α-amylase activity compared to control pistils, resulting in decreased starch decomposition, which, in conjunction with the decreased hydrolysis of sucrose, led to lower glucose and fructose contents in drought-stressed pistils at 18:00 h. Finally, lower pyruvate level in drought-stressed pistils could not produce enough acetyl-CoA in the tricarboxylic acid cycle to yield sufficient energy (ATP) for pollen tube growth. We conclude that DS disrupts the carbohydrate balance of pistil, reducing as a consequence carbon and energy supply for pollen tube elongation in the style, which will ultimately result in reproductive failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, PR China
| | - Dimitra A Loka
- Institute of Industrial and Forage Crops, Hellenic Agricultural Organization, Larisa 41335, Greece
| | - Rizwan Zahoor
- University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Sub-Campus Depalpur, Okara 38040, Pakistan
| | - Shanshan Wang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Zhou
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, PR China.
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Khan A, Pan X, Najeeb U, Tan DKY, Fahad S, Zahoor R, Luo H. Coping with drought: stress and adaptive mechanisms, and management through cultural and molecular alternatives in cotton as vital constituents for plant stress resilience and fitness. Biol Res 2018; 51:47. [PMID: 30428929 PMCID: PMC6234603 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-018-0198-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and associated climatic variability is primarily responsible for inducing heat waves, flooding and drought stress. Among these, water scarcity is a major limitation to crop productivity. Water stress can severely reduce crop yield and both the severity and duration of the stress are critical. Water availability is a key driver for sustainable cotton production and its limitations can adversely affect physiological and biochemical processes of plants, leading towards lint yield reduction. Adaptation of crop husbandry techniques suitable for cotton crop requires a sound understanding of environmental factors, influencing cotton lint yield and fiber quality. Various defense mechanisms e.g. maintenance of membrane stability, carbon fixation rate, hormone regulation, generation of antioxidants and induction of stress proteins have been found play a vital role in plant survival under moisture stress. Plant molecular breeding plays a functional role to ascertain superior genes for important traits and can offer breeder ready markers for developing ideotypes. This review highlights drought-induced damage to cotton plants at structural, physiological and molecular levels. It also discusses the opportunities for increasing drought tolerance in cotton either through modern gene editing technology like clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR/Cas9), zinc finger nuclease, molecular breeding as well as through crop management, such as use of appropriate fertilization, growth regulator application and soil amendments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Khan
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic and Breeding, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xudong Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ullah Najeeb
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Plant Science, The University of Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350 Australia
- Plant Breeding Institute, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, School of Life and Environmental Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Daniel Kean Yuen Tan
- Plant Breeding Institute, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, School of Life and Environmental Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Shah Fahad
- Department of Plant Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430000 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Agronomy, The University of Swabi, Swabi, Pakistan
- College of Life Science, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000 Shandong China
| | - Rizwan Zahoor
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Honghai Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003 People’s Republic of China
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Zhang X, Yang H, Snider JL, Zahoor R, Iqbal B, Chen B, Meng Y, Zhou Z. A Comparative Study of Integrated Crop Management System vs. Conventional Crop Management System for Cotton Yield and Fiber Quality With Respect to Fruiting Position Under Different Soil Fertility Levels. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:958. [PMID: 30123224 PMCID: PMC6085678 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to increase cotton productivity and optimize fiber quality on limited arable land, an integrated crop management system (ICMS), which combined with some optimal management practices, is projected to replace the conventional crop management system (CCMS) for cotton production in the Yangtze River valley. The seedcotton yield and fiber quality with respect to fruiting position under ICMS and CCMS were investigated in 2012 and 2013 in two fields differing in soil fertility. Reduced bolls on fruiting branches 1-10 (FB1-10) and at fruiting position 1-2 (FP1-2) on FB11-15 could not be fully compensated by increased bolls on FB16+ under CCMS, resulting in more seedcotton yield under ICMS relative to that under CCMS. Fiber at majority fruiting positions under CCMS were longer and stronger than those under ICMS, but CCMS increased the contribution of bolls on FB11+ to the cotton yield, which overall resulted in no significant change in fiber length and strength by management system at field level. The number of bolls at FP1-2 on FB1-5 under CCMS while the number of bolls on FB1-5 and at FP1-2 on FB1-5 were not significantly changed by soil fertility, resulting in diminished yield difference in soil fertility among ICMS relative to that of CCMS. The high soil fertility significantly increased seedcotton yield relative to low soil fertility, which was attributed to more number of bolls on FB11+ and higher seedcotton weight per boll at all fruiting positions. High soil fertility field not only recorded superior fiber quality on FB11+, but also increased the contribution of these bolls to the cotton yield relative to those in the low soil fertility field, resulting in no significant change in overall fiber quality among soil fertility. These findings demonstrate that by combining optimal management practices on infertile soils ICMS could minimize the yield differences due to soil fertility without sacrificing fiber quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongkun Yang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - John L. Snider
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
| | - Rizwan Zahoor
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Babar Iqbal
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Binglin Chen
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yali Meng
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhou
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Abid M, Ali S, Qi LK, Zahoor R, Tian Z, Jiang D, Snider JL, Dai T. Physiological and biochemical changes during drought and recovery periods at tillering and jointing stages in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29545536 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21441-21447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Defining the metabolic strategies used by wheat to tolerate and recover from drought events will be important for ensuring yield stability in the future, but studies addressing this critical research topic are limited. To this end, the current study quantified the physiological, biochemical, and agronomic responses of a drought tolerant and drought sensitive cultivar to periods of water deficit and recovery. Drought stress caused a reversible decline in leaf water relations, membrane stability, and photosynthetic activity, leading to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lipid peroxidation and membrane injury. Plants exhibited osmotic adjustment through the accumulation of soluble sugars, proline, and free amino acids and increased enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities. After re-watering, leaf water potential, membrane stability, photosynthetic processes, ROS generation, anti-oxidative activities, lipid peroxidation, and osmotic potential completely recovered for moderately stressed plants and did not fully recover in severely stressed plants. Higher photosynthetic rates during drought and rapid recovery after re-watering produced less-pronounced yield declines in the tolerant cultivar than the sensitive cultivar. These results suggested that the plant's ability to maintain functions during drought and to rapidly recover after re-watering during vegetative periods are important for determining final productivity in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abid
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, 210095, P. R. China
- Department of Soil and water Conservation, Directorate General of Field, Narowal, 51800, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Allama Iqbal Road 38000, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Lei Kang Qi
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Rizwan Zahoor
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Zhongwei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Dong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, 210095, P. R. China
| | - John L Snider
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, Georgia, 31794, USA
| | - Tingbo Dai
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, 210095, P. R. China.
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Zahoor R, Zhao W, Dong H, Snider JL, Abid M, Iqbal B, Zhou Z. Potassium improves photosynthetic tolerance to and recovery from episodic drought stress in functional leaves of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Plant Physiol Biochem 2017; 119:21-32. [PMID: 28843133 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To investigate whether potassium (K) application enhances the potential of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants to maintain physiological functions during drought and recovery, low K-sensitive (Siza 3) and -tolerant (Simian 3) cotton cultivars were exposed to three K rates (0, 150, and 300 K2O kg ha-1) and either well-watered conditions or severe drought stress followed by a recovery period. Under drought stress, cotton plants showed a substantial decline in leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, and the maximum and actual quantum yield of PSII, resulting in greater non-photochemical quenching and lipid peroxidation as compared to well-watered plants. However, plants under K application not only showed less of a decline in these traits but also displayed greater potential to recover after rewatering as compared to the plants without K application. Plants receiving K application showed lower lipid peroxidation, higher antioxidant enzyme activities, and increased proline accumulation as compared to plants without K application. Significant relationships between rates of photosynthetic recovery and K application were observed. The cultivar Siza 3 exhibited a more positive response to K application than Simian 3. The results suggest that K application enhances the cotton plant's potential to maintain functionality under drought and facilitates recovery after rewatering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Zahoor
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Wenqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Haoran Dong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - John L Snider
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton 31794, USA
| | - Muhammad Abid
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Babar Iqbal
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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Dai Y, Yang J, Hu W, Zahoor R, Chen B, Zhao W, Meng Y, Zhou Z. Simulative Global Warming Negatively Affects Cotton Fiber Length through Shortening Fiber Rapid Elongation Duration. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9264. [PMID: 28835696 PMCID: PMC5569071 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09545-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Global warming could possibly increase the air temperature by 1.8-4.0 °C in the coming decade. Cotton fiber is an essential raw material for the textile industry. Fiber length, which was found negatively related to the excessively high temperature, determines yarn quality to a great extent. To investigate the effects of global warming on cotton fiber length and its mechaism, cottons grown in artificially elevated temperature (34.6/30.5 °C, Tday/Tnight) and ambient temperature (31.6/27.3 °C) regions have been investigated. Becaused of the high sensitivities of enzymes V-ATPase, PEPC, and genes GhXTH1 and GhXTH2 during fiber elongation when responding to high temperature stress, the fiber rapid elongation duration (FRED) has been shortened, which led to a significant suppression on final fiber length. Through comprehensive analysis, Tnight had a great influence on fiber elongation, which means Tn could be deemed as an ideal index for forecasting the degree of high temperature stress would happen to cotton fiber property in future. Therefore, we speculate the global warming would bring unfavorable effects on cotton fiber length, which needs to take actions in advance for minimizing the loss in cotton production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiao Dai
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiashuo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rizwan Zahoor
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Binglin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yali Meng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Zahoor R, Zhao W, Abid M, Dong H, Zhou Z. Title: Potassium application regulates nitrogen metabolism and osmotic adjustment in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) functional leaf under drought stress. J Plant Physiol 2017; 215:30-38. [PMID: 28527336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the role of potassium (K) in maintaining nitrogen metabolism and osmotic adjustment development of cotton functional leaves to sustain growth under soil drought and rewatering conditions, the plants of two cotton cultivars Siza 3 (low-K sensitive) and Simian 3 (low-K tolerant), were grown under three different K rates (K0, K1, and K2; 0, 150, and 300kgK2Oha-1, respectively) and exposed to drought stress with 40±5% soil relative water content (SRWC). The drought stress was applied at flowering stage by withholding water for eight days followed by rewatering to a well-watered level (75±5% SRWC). The results showed that drought-stressed plants of both cultivars showed a decrease in leaf relative water content (RWC) and osmotic potential in the functional leaves and developed osmotic adjustment with an increase in the contents of free amino acids, soluble sugars, inorganic K, and nitrate as compared to well-watered plants. In drought-stressed plants, nitrogen-metabolizing enzyme activities of nitrogen reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) were diminished significantly (P≤0.05) along with decreased chlorophyll content and soluble proteins. However, drought-stressed plants under K application not only exhibited higher osmotic adjustment with greater accumulation of osmolytes but also regulated nitrogen metabolism by maintaining higher enzyme activities, soluble proteins, and chlorophyll content in functional leaves as compared to the plants without K application. Siza 3 showed better stability in enzyme activities and resulted in 89% higher seed cotton yield under K2 as compared to K0 in drought-stressed plants, whereas this increase was 53% in the case of Simian 3. The results of the study suggested that K application enhances cotton plants' potential for sustaining high nitrogen-metabolizing enzyme activities and related components to supplement osmotic adjustment under soil drought conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Zahoor
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China, PR China
| | - Wenqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China, PR China
| | - Muhammad Abid
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China, PR China
| | - Haoran Dong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China, PR China.
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Abid M, Tian Z, Ata-Ul-Karim ST, Wang F, Liu Y, Zahoor R, Jiang D, Dai T. Adaptation to and recovery from drought stress at vegetative stages in wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars. Funct Plant Biol 2016; 43:1159-1169. [PMID: 32480535 DOI: 10.1071/fp16150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Studying plants' capability to adapt and recover from drought stress is essential because of the ever-changing nature of drought events. To evaluate the genotypically variable morpho-physiological adaptations to drought stress and recovery after re-watering, two wheat cultivars (Luhan-7 and Yangmai-16) were pot-cultured under three levels of water stress: severe (35-40% field capacity, FC) and moderate water deficits (55-60% FC) and well-watered conditions. Drought stress was applied at tillering (Feekes 2 stage) and jointing (Feekes 6 stage), respectively, followed by re-watering, and we observed changes in leaf characteristics, growth and physiological activities during water stress and rewatering periods as well as final grain yield traits at maturity. Results showed that drought stress adaptability associated with reduced leaf area, higher leaf thickness, chlorophyll, leaf dry matter and maintenance of leaf water potential were more strongly pronounced in Luhan-7 than in Yangmai-16. Under moderate stress both cultivars exhibited a small decrease in leaf gas-exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence activities, followed by rapid recovery. Under severe drought stress, Yangmai-16 displayed relatively less adaptability to drought, with a slower recovery after re-watering and a greater decrease in grain yield. It was concluded that even though crop growth rate completely recovered after re-watering, the final dry matter and grain yield outcomes were affected by pre-drought stress, and were dependant on the drought intensity, adaptability and recovery differences of the cultivars and growth stage. It was also concluded that genotypic variations in adaptability and recovery from drought stress are the indicators of drought tolerance and grain yield sustainability in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abid
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, 210095, PR China
| | - Zhongwei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, 210095, PR China
| | - Syed Tahir Ata-Ul-Karim
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, 210095, PR China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, 210095, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, 210095, PR China
| | - Rizwan Zahoor
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, 210095, PR China
| | - Dong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, 210095, PR China
| | - Tingbo Dai
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, 210095, PR China
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Abid M, Tian Z, Ata-Ul-Karim ST, Liu Y, Cui Y, Zahoor R, Jiang D, Dai T. Improved tolerance to post-anthesis drought stress by pre-drought priming at vegetative stages in drought-tolerant and -sensitive wheat cultivars. Plant Physiol Biochem 2016; 106:218-27. [PMID: 27179928 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Wheat crop endures a considerable penalty of yield reduction to escape the drought events during post-anthesis period. Drought priming under a pre-drought stress can enhance the crop potential to tolerate the subsequent drought stress by triggering a faster and stronger defense mechanism. Towards these understandings, a set of controlled moderate drought stress at 55-60% field capacity (FC) was developed to prime the plants of two wheat cultivars namely Luhan-7 (drought tolerant) and Yangmai-16 (drought sensitive) during tillering (Feekes 2 stage) and jointing (Feekes 6 stage), respectively. The comparative response of primed and non-primed plants, cultivars and priming stages was evaluated by applying a subsequent severe drought stress at 7 days after anthesis. The results showed that primed plants of both cultivars showed higher potential to tolerate the post-anthesis drought stress through improved leaf water potential, more chlorophyll, and ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase contents, enhanced photosynthesis, better photoprotection and efficient enzymatic antioxidant system leading to less yield reductions. The primed plants of Luhan-7 showed higher capability to adapt the drought stress events than Yangmai-16. The positive effects of drought priming to sustain higher grain yield were pronounced in plants primed at tillering than those primed at jointing. In consequence, upregulated functioning of photosynthetic apparatus and efficient enzymatic antioxidant activities in primed plants indicated their superior potential to alleviate a subsequently occurring drought stress, which contributed to lower yield reductions than non-primed plants. However, genotypic and priming stages differences in response to drought stress also contributed to affect the capability of primed plants to tolerate the post-anthesis drought stress conditions in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abid
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Zhongwei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Syed Tahir Ata-Ul-Karim
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Yakun Cui
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Rizwan Zahoor
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Dong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Tingbo Dai
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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Abid M, Tian Z, Ata-Ul-Karim ST, Cui Y, Liu Y, Zahoor R, Jiang D, Dai T. Nitrogen Nutrition Improves the Potential of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to Alleviate the Effects of Drought Stress during Vegetative Growth Periods. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:981. [PMID: 27446197 PMCID: PMC4927619 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Efficient nitrogen (N) nutrition has the potential to alleviate drought stress in crops by maintaining metabolic activities even at low tissue water potential. This study was aimed to understand the potential of N to minimize the effects of drought stress applied/occur during tillering (Feekes stage 2) and jointing (Feekes stage 6) growth stages of wheat by observing the regulations and limitations of physiological activities, crop growth rate during drought periods as well as final grain yields at maturity. In present study, pot cultured plants of a wheat cultivar Yangmai-16 were exposed to three water levels [severe stress at 35-40% field capacity (FC), moderate stress at 55-60% FC and well-watered at 75-80% FC] under two N rates (0.24 g and 0.16 g/kg soil). The results showed that the plants under severe drought stress accompanied by low N exhibited highly downregulated photosynthesis, and chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence during the drought stress periods, and showed an accelerated grain filling rate with shortened grain filling duration (GFD) at post-anthesis, and reduced grain yields. Severe drought-stressed plants especially at jointing, exhibited lower Chl and Rubisco contents, lower efficiency of photosystem II and greater grain yield reductions. In contrast, drought-stressed plants under higher N showed tolerance to drought stress by maintaining higher leaf water potential, Chl and Rubisco content; lower lipid peroxidation associated with higher superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase activities during drought periods. The plants under higher N showed delayed senescence, increased GFD and lower grain yield reductions. The results of the study suggested that higher N nutrition contributed to drought tolerance in wheat by maintaining higher photosynthetic activities and antioxidative defense system during vegetative growth periods.
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Abstract
Abstract
PHOTOFRIN® was labelled with 99mTc using SnCl2·2H2O as reducing agent. Instant thin layer chromatography (ITLC-SG) in 0.05 M NaOH was used for evaluation of radiochemical purity. Labelling efficiency was dependent on various factors that include the ligand/reductant ratio, pH and time of incubation. Therefore, optimum conditions of labelling were also determined. The stability of 99mTc-PHOTOFRIN® in serum was checked by using fresh human serum. Tissue distribution of 99mTc-PHOTOFRIN® was evaluated in Sprague Dawley rats.
PHOTOFRIN® was labelled with an efficiency of >95% under optimum conditions, which were PHOTOFRIN®: 200 μg, pH: 3–4, SnCl2·2H2O: 15 μg and 30 min incubation at room temperature. The 99mTc-labelled PHOTOFRIN® remained stable in human serum for 24 h. Biodistribution study in rats revealed maximum concentration of the labelled compound in liver, lungs and spleen at 0.5 h, and significant activity was also seen in the bladder and urine, indicating the mode of urinary excretion of PHOTOFRIN®.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samina Roohi
- Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Isotope Production Division, P.O. Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - S. Firdous
- National Institute of Laser and Optronics, Biophotonics Laboratory, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
| | - Nagina Amir
- Isotope Production Division, Pakistan Insititute of Nuclear Science and Technol, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - R. Zahoor
- Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Isotope Production Division, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
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