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Miyazaki K, Takehara M, Minomo K, Horie K, Takehara M, Yamasaki S, Saito T, Ohnuki T, Takano M, Shiotsu H, Iwata H, Vettese GF, Sarparanta MP, Law GTW, Grambow B, Ewing RC, Utsunomiya S. "Invisible" radioactive cesium atoms revealed: Pollucite inclusion in cesium-rich microparticles (CsMPs) from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. J Hazard Mater 2024; 470:134104. [PMID: 38569336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Understanding radioactive Cs contamination has been a central issue at Fukushima Daiichi and other nuclear legacy sites; however, atomic-scale characterization of radioactive Cs in environmental samples has never been achieved. Here we report, for the first time, the direct imaging of radioactive Cs atoms using high-resolution high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM). In Cs-rich microparticles collected from Japan, we document inclusions that contain 27 - 36 wt% of Cs (reported as Cs2O) in a zeolite: pollucite. The compositions of three pollucite inclusions are (Cs1.86K0.11Rb0.19Ba0.22)2.4(Fe0.85Zn0.84X0.31)2.0Si4.1O12, (Cs1.19K0.05Rb0.19Ba0.22)1.7(Fe0.66Zn0.32X0.41)1.4Si4.6O12, and (Cs1.27K0.21Rb0.29Ba0.15)1.9(Fe0.60Zn0.32X0.69)1.6Si4.4O12 (X includes other cations). HAADF-STEM imaging of pollucite, viewed along the [111] zone axis, revealed an array of Cs atoms, which is consistent with a simulated image using the multi-slice method. The occurrence of pollucite indicates that locally enriched Cs reacted with siliceous substances during the Fukushima meltdowns, presumably through volatilization and condensation. Beta radiation doses from the incorporated Cs are estimated to reach 106 - 107 Gy, which is more than three orders of magnitude less than typical amorphization dose of zeolite. The atomic-resolution imaging of radioactive Cs is an important advance for better understanding the fate of radioactive Cs inside and outside of nuclear reactors damaged by meltdown events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Miyazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masato Takehara
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kenta Minomo
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kenji Horie
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan; Department of Polar Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Shonan, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Mami Takehara
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamasaki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Takumi Saito
- Nuclear Professional School, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ohnuki
- Laboratory for Advanced Nuclear Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Masahide Takano
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Nuclear Science Research Institute, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shiotsu
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Nuclear Science Research Institute, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Hajime Iwata
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Nuclear Fuel Cycle Engineering Laboratories, 4-33 Muramatsu, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1194, Japan
| | - Gianni F Vettese
- Radiochemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mirkka P Sarparanta
- Radiochemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gareth T W Law
- Radiochemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bernd Grambow
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS-IN2P3, the Nantes University, Nantes 44307, France
| | - Rodney C Ewing
- Earth & Planetary Sciences and Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2115 USA
| | - Satoshi Utsunomiya
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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Wainwright HM, Powell BA, Hoover ME, Ayoub A, Atz M, Benson C, Borrelli RA, Djokic D, Eddy-Dilek CA, Ermakova D, Hayes R, Higley K, Krahn S, Lagos L, Landsberger S, Leggett C, Regalbuto M, Roy W, Shuller-Nickles L, Ewing RC. Nuclear waste Educator's workshop: What and how do we teach about nuclear waste? J Environ Radioact 2023; 270:107288. [PMID: 37722230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2023.107288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
A workshop was held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) on July 25th and 26th, 2022. The objective was to develop a blueprint for educating next-generation engineers and scientists about nuclear waste management and disposal, which requires knowledge from diverse disciplines, including nuclear, chemical, civil, environmental, and geological science and engineering. The 49 participants included university professors, researchers, industry experts, and government officials from different areas. First, we have developed a list of key fundamental knowledge on waste management and disposal across the nuclear fuel cycle. In addition, we discussed strategies on how to teach students with diverse backgrounds through innovative teaching strategies as well as how to attract students into this area. Through the workshop, we identified the critical needs to (1) develop community resources for nuclear waste education; (2) synthesize historical perspectives, including past contamination and the management of general hazardous waste; (3) emphasize a complete life-cycle perspective, including proper waste management as the key component for energy sustainability; (4) teach students how to communicate about the key facts and risks to technical and non-technical audiences; and (5) accelerate the use of the state-of-art-technologies to attract and retain a young workforce. Furthermore, we aim to build a diverse, inclusive community that supports students in developing their own narratives about nuclear waste, particularly in recognizing that antagonistic views have been important to improving safety and protecting public health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ali Ayoub
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Milos Atz
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert Hayes
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Leonel Lagos
- Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - William Roy
- University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, IL, USA
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3
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Sadat ME, Bud’ko SL, Ewing RC, Xu H, Pauletti GM, Mast DB, Shi D. Effect of Dipole Interactions on Blocking Temperature and Relaxation Dynamics of Superparamagnetic Iron-Oxide (Fe 3O 4) Nanoparticle Systems. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16020496. [PMID: 36676230 PMCID: PMC9866362 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The effects of dipole interactions on magnetic nanoparticle magnetization and relaxation dynamics were investigated using five nanoparticle (NP) systems with different surfactants, carrier liquids, size distributions, inter-particle spacing, and NP confinement. Dipole interactions were found to play a crucial role in modifying the blocking temperature behavior of the superparamagnetic nanoparticles, where stronger interactions were found to increase the blocking temperatures. Consequently, the blocking temperature of a densely packed nanoparticle system with stronger dipolar interactions was found to be substantially higher than those of the discrete nanoparticle systems. The frequencies of the dominant relaxation mechanisms were determined by magnetic susceptibility measurements in the frequency range of 100 Hz-7 GHz. The loss mechanisms were identified in terms of Brownian relaxation (1 kHz-10 kHz) and gyromagnetic resonance of Fe3O4 (~1.12 GHz). It was observed that the microwave absorption of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles depend on the local environment surrounding the NPs, as well as the long-range dipole-dipole interactions. These significant findings will be profoundly important in magnetic hyperthermia medical therapeutics and energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ehsan Sadat
- Department of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Sergey L. Bud’ko
- Ames Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Rodney C. Ewing
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2115, USA
| | - Hong Xu
- Med-X Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Giovanni M. Pauletti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, St. Louis College of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David B. Mast
- Department of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Donglu Shi
- The Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
- Correspondence:
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Fueda K, Takami R, Minomo K, Morooka K, Horie K, Takehara M, Yamasaki S, Saito T, Shiotsu H, Ohnuki T, Law GTW, Grambow B, Ewing RC, Utsunomiya S. Volatilization of B 4C control rods in Fukushima Daiichi nuclear reactors during meltdown: B-Li isotopic signatures in cesium-rich microparticles. J Hazard Mater 2022; 428:128214. [PMID: 35042164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Boron carbide control rods remain in the fuel debris of the damaged reactors in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, potentially preventing re-criticality; however, the state and stability of the control rods remain unknown. Sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe analyses have revealed B-Li isotopic signatures in radioactive Cs-rich microparticles (CsMPs) that formed by volatilization and condensation of Si-oxides during the meltdowns. The CsMPs contain 1518-6733 mg kg-1 of 10+11B and 11.99-1213 mg kg-1 of 7Li. The 11B/10B (4.15-4.21) and 7Li/6Li (213-406) isotopic ratios are greater than natural abundances (~4.05 and ~12.5, respectively), indicating that 10B(n,α)7Li reactions occurred in B4C prior to the meltdowns. The total amount of B released with CsMPs was estimated to be 0.024-62 g, suggesting that essentially all B remains in reactor Units 2 and/or 3 and is enough to prevent re-criticality; however, the heterogeneous distribution of B needs to be considered during decommissioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Fueda
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ryu Takami
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kenta Minomo
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazuya Morooka
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kenji Horie
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan; Department of Polar Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Mami Takehara
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamasaki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Takumi Saito
- Nuclear Professional School, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shiotsu
- Nuclear Safety Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4, Shirakata-shirane, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ohnuki
- Laboratory for Advanced Nuclear Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Gareth T W Law
- Radiochemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bernd Grambow
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS-IN2P3, the University of Nantes, Nantes 44307, France
| | - Rodney C Ewing
- Department of Geological Sciences and Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2115, USA
| | - Satoshi Utsunomiya
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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Diaz-Maurin F, Yu J, Ewing RC. Socio-technical multi-criteria evaluation of long-term spent nuclear fuel management strategies: A framework and method. Sci Total Environ 2021; 777:146086. [PMID: 33677296 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of a federal geologic repository or consolidated, interim storage in the United States, commercial spent fuel will remain stranded at some 75 sites across the country. Currently, these include 18 "orphaned sites" where spent fuel has been left at decommissioned reactor sites. In this context, local communities living close to decommissioned nuclear power plants are increasingly concerned about this legacy of nuclear power production and are seeking alternative strategies to move the spent fuel away from those sites. In this paper, we present a framework and method for the socio-technical multi-criteria evaluation (STMCE) of spent fuel management strategies. The STMCE approach consists of (i) a multi-criteria evaluation that provides an ordinal ranking of alternatives based on a list of criterion measurements; and (ii) a social impact analysis that provides an outranking of options based on the assessment of their impact on concerned social actors. STMCE can handle quantitative, qualitative or both types of information. It can also integrate stochastic uncertainty on criteria measurements and fuzzy uncertainty on assessments of social impacts. We conducted an application of the STMCE method using data from the decommissioned San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station (SONGS) in California. This example intends to facilitate the preparation of stakeholder engagement activities on spent fuel management using the STMCE approach. The STMCE method provides an effective way to compare spent fuel management strategies and support the search for compromise solutions. We conclude by discussing the potential impact that such an approach could have on the management of commercial spent fuel in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Diaz-Maurin
- Decidia Research & Consulting, 08202 Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain; Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Jerold Yu
- Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rodney C Ewing
- Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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6
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Morooka K, Kurihara E, Takehara M, Takami R, Fueda K, Horie K, Takehara M, Yamasaki S, Ohnuki T, Grambow B, Law GTW, Ang JWL, Bower WR, Parker J, Ewing RC, Utsunomiya S. New highly radioactive particles derived from Fukushima Daiichi Reactor Unit 1: Properties and environmental impacts. Sci Total Environ 2021; 773:145639. [PMID: 33940743 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A contaminated zone elongated toward Futaba Town, north-northwest of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP), contains highly radioactive particles released from reactor Unit 1. There are uncertainties associated with the physio-chemical properties and environmental impacts of these particles. In this study, 31 radioactive particles were isolated from surface soils collected 3.9 km north-northwest of the FDNPP. Two of these particles have the highest particle-associated 134+137Cs activity ever reported for Fukushima (6.1 × 105 and 2.5 × 106 Bq per particle after decay-correction to March 2011). The new, highly-radioactive particle labeled FTB1 is an aggregate of flaky silicate nanoparticles with an amorphous structure containing ~0.8 wt% Cs, occasionally associated with SiO2 and TiO2 inclusions. FTB1 likely originates from the reactor building, which was damaged by a H2 explosion, after adsorbing volatilized Cs. The 134+137Cs activity in the other highly radioactive particle labeled FTB26 exceeded 106 Bq. FTB26 has a glassy carbon core and a surface that is embedded with numerous micro-particles: Pb-Sn alloy, fibrous Al-silicate, Ca-carbonate or hydroxide, and quartz. The isotopic signatures of the micro-particles indicate neutron capture by B, Cs volatilization, and adsorption of natural Ba. The composition of the micro-particles on FTB26 reflects the composition of airborne particles at the moment of the H2 explosion. Owing to their large size, the health effects of the highly radioactive particles are likely limited to external radiation during static contact with skin; the highly radioactive particles are thus expected to have negligible health impacts for humans. By investigating the mobility of the highly radioactive particles, we can better understand how the radiation dose transfers through environments impacted by Unit 1. The highly radioactive particles also provide insights into the atmospheric conditions at the time of the Unit 1 explosion and the physio-chemical phenomena that occurred during reactor meltdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Morooka
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Eitaro Kurihara
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masato Takehara
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ryu Takami
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazuki Fueda
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kenji Horie
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3, Midori-cho, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan; Department of Polar Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Mami Takehara
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3, Midori-cho, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamasaki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ohnuki
- Laboratory for Advanced Nuclear Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Bernd Grambow
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS-IN2P3, the University of Nantes, Nantes 44307, France
| | - Gareth T W Law
- Radiochemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, The University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Joyce W L Ang
- Radiochemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, The University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - William R Bower
- Radiochemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, The University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Julia Parker
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Rodney C Ewing
- Department of Geological Sciences and Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2115, USA
| | - Satoshi Utsunomiya
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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7
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Ewing RC. Reflections of a Scientist Laboring in the Nuclear Waste Field. Ground Water 2021; 59:154-155. [PMID: 33169361 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney C Ewing
- Geological Sciences, Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-2115, USA
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8
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Strzelecki AC, Barral T, Estevenon P, Mesbah A, Goncharov V, Baker J, Bai J, Clavier N, Szenknect S, Migdisov A, Xu H, Ewing RC, Dacheux N, Guo X. The Role of Water and Hydroxyl Groups in the Structures of Stetindite and Coffinite, MSiO 4 (M = Ce, U). Inorg Chem 2021; 60:718-735. [PMID: 33393766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Orthosilicates adopt the zircon structure types (I41/amd), consisting of isolated SiO4 tetrahedra joined by A-site metal cations, such as Ce and U. They are of significant interest in the fields of geochemistry, mineralogy, nuclear waste form development, and material science. Stetindite (CeSiO4) and coffinite (USiO4) can be formed under hydrothermal conditions despite both being thermodynamically metastable. Water has been hypothesized to play a significant role in stabilizing and forming these orthosilicate phases, though little experimental evidence exists. To understand the effects of hydration or hydroxylation on these orthosilicates, in situ high-temperature synchrotron and laboratory-based X-ray diffraction was conducted from 25 to ∼850 °C. Stetindite maintains its I41/amd symmetry with increasing temperature but exhibits a discontinuous expansion along the a-axis during heating, presumably due to the removal of water confined in the [001] channels, which shrink against thermal expansion along the a-axis. Additional in situ high-temperature Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy also confirmed the presence of the confined water. Coffinite was also found to expand nonlinearly up to 600 °C and then thermally decompose into a mixture of UO2 and SiO2. A combination of dehydration and dehydroxylation is proposed for explaining the thermal behavior of coffinite synthesized hydrothermally. Additionally, we investigated high-temperature structures of two coffinite-thorite solid solutions, uranothorite (UxTh1-xSiO4), which displayed complex variations in composition during heating that was attributed to the negative enthalpy of mixing. Lastly, for the first time, the coefficients of thermal expansion of CeSiO4, USiO4, U0.46Th0.54SiO4, and U0.9Th0.1SiO4 were determined to be αV = 14.49 × 10-6, 14.29 × 10-6, 17.21 × 10-6, and 17.23 × 10-6 °C-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Strzelecki
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman 99164, Washington, United States.,Alexandra Navrotsky Institute for Experimental Thermodynamics, Washington State University, Pullman 99164, Washington, United States.,Materials Science and Engineering Program, Washington State University, Pullman 99164, Washington, United States
| | - Thomas Barral
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman 99164, Washington, United States.,Alexandra Navrotsky Institute for Experimental Thermodynamics, Washington State University, Pullman 99164, Washington, United States.,ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, CEA, ENSCM, Site de Marcoule 30207, Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - Paul Estevenon
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, CEA, ENSCM, Site de Marcoule 30207, Bagnols sur Cèze, France.,CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, Site de Marcoule 30207, France
| | - Adel Mesbah
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, CEA, ENSCM, Site de Marcoule 30207, Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - Vitaliy Goncharov
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman 99164, Washington, United States.,Alexandra Navrotsky Institute for Experimental Thermodynamics, Washington State University, Pullman 99164, Washington, United States.,Materials Science and Engineering Program, Washington State University, Pullman 99164, Washington, United States.,Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos 87545, New Mexico, United States
| | - Jason Baker
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos 87545, New Mexico, United States
| | - Jianming Bai
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton 11973, New York, United States
| | - Nicolas Clavier
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, CEA, ENSCM, Site de Marcoule 30207, Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - Stephanie Szenknect
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, CEA, ENSCM, Site de Marcoule 30207, Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - Artaches Migdisov
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos 87545, New Mexico, United States
| | - Hongwu Xu
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos 87545, New Mexico, United States
| | - Rodney C Ewing
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, California, United States
| | - Nicolas Dacheux
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, CEA, ENSCM, Site de Marcoule 30207, Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman 99164, Washington, United States.,Alexandra Navrotsky Institute for Experimental Thermodynamics, Washington State University, Pullman 99164, Washington, United States.,Materials Science and Engineering Program, Washington State University, Pullman 99164, Washington, United States
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9
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Kurihara E, Takehara M, Suetake M, Ikehara R, Komiya T, Morooka K, Takami R, Yamasaki S, Ohnuki T, Horie K, Takehara M, Law GTW, Bower W, W Mosselmans JF, Warnicke P, Grambow B, Ewing RC, Utsunomiya S. Particulate plutonium released from the Fukushima Daiichi meltdowns. Sci Total Environ 2020; 743:140539. [PMID: 32663681 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Traces of Pu have been detected in material released from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) in March of 2011; however, to date the physical and chemical form of the Pu have remained unknown. Here we report the discovery of particulate Pu associated with cesium-rich microparticles (CsMPs) that formed in and were released from the reactors during the FDNPP meltdowns. The Cs-pollucite-based CsMP contained discrete U(IV)O2 nanoparticles, <~10 nm, one of which is enriched in Pu adjacent to fragments of Zr-cladding. The isotope ratios, 235U/238U, 240Pu/239Pu, and 242Pu/239Pu, of the CsMPs were determined to be ~0.0193, ~0.347, and ~0.065, respectively, which are consistent with the calculated isotopic ratios of irradiated-fuel fragments. Thus, considering the regional distribution of CsMPs, the long-distance dispersion of Pu from FNDPP is attributed to the transport by CsMPs that have incorporated nanoscale fuel fragments prior to their dispersion up to 230 km away from the Fukushima Daiichi reactor site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eitaro Kurihara
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masato Takehara
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mizuki Suetake
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ryohei Ikehara
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Komiya
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazuya Morooka
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ryu Takami
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamasaki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ohnuki
- Laboratory for Advanced Nuclear Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Kenji Horie
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3, Midori-cho, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan; Department of Polar Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Mami Takehara
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3, Midori-cho, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
| | - Gareth T W Law
- Radiochemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, The University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - William Bower
- Radiochemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, The University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | | | - Peter Warnicke
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Grambow
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS-IN2P3, The University of Nantes, Nantes 44307, France
| | - Rodney C Ewing
- Department of Geological Sciences and Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2115, USA
| | - Satoshi Utsunomiya
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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10
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Strzelecki AC, Bourgeois C, Kriegsman KW, Estevenon P, Wei N, Szenknect S, Mesbah A, Wu D, Ewing RC, Dacheux N, Guo X. Thermodynamics of CeSiO 4: Implications for Actinide Orthosilicates. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:13174-13183. [PMID: 32871073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Zircon (ZrSiO4, I41/amd) can accommodate actinides, such as thorium, uranium, and plutonium. The zircon structure has been determined for several of the end-member compositions of other actinides, such as plutonium and neptunium. However, the thermodynamic properties of these actinide zircon structure types are largely unknown due to the difficulties in synthesizing these materials and handling transuranium actinides. Thus, we have completed a thermodynamic study of cerium orthosilicate, stetindite (CeSiO4), a surrogate of PuSiO4. For the first time, the standard enthalpy of formation of CeSiO4 was obtained by high temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry to be -1971.9 ± 3.6 kJ/mol. Stetindite is energetically metastable with respect to CeO2 and SiO2 by 27.5 ± 3.1 kJ/mol. The metastability explains the rarity of the natural occurrence of stetindite and the difficulty of its synthesis. Applying the obtained enthalpy of formation of CeSiO4 from this work, along with those previously reported for USiO4 and ThSiO4, we developed an empirical energetic relation for actinide orthosilicates. The predicted enthalpies of formation of AnSiO4 are then determined with a discussion of future strategies for efficiently immobilizing Pu or minor actinides in the zircon structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Strzelecki
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Alexandra Navrotsky Institute for Experimental Thermodynamics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Materials Science and Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Clement Bourgeois
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Alexandra Navrotsky Institute for Experimental Thermodynamics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Kyle W Kriegsman
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Alexandra Navrotsky Institute for Experimental Thermodynamics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Paul Estevenon
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, CEA, ENSCM, Site de Marcoule, Bagnols sur Cèze 30207, France.,CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, Site de Marcoule 30207, France
| | - Nian Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,College of Physical Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Stephanie Szenknect
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, CEA, ENSCM, Site de Marcoule, Bagnols sur Cèze 30207, France
| | - Adel Mesbah
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, CEA, ENSCM, Site de Marcoule, Bagnols sur Cèze 30207, France
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Alexandra Navrotsky Institute for Experimental Thermodynamics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Materials Science and Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Rodney C Ewing
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Nicolas Dacheux
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, CEA, ENSCM, Site de Marcoule, Bagnols sur Cèze 30207, France
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Alexandra Navrotsky Institute for Experimental Thermodynamics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Materials Science and Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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11
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Drey DL, O'Quinn EC, Subramani T, Lilova K, Baldinozzi G, Gussev IM, Fuentes AF, Neuefeind JC, Everett M, Sprouster D, Navrotsky A, Ewing RC, Lang M. Disorder in Ho 2Ti 2-x Zr x O 7: pyrochlore to defect fluorite solid solution series. RSC Adv 2020; 10:34632-34650. [PMID: 35514412 PMCID: PMC9056788 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07118h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrochlore (A2B2O7) is an important, isometric structure-type because of its large variety of compositions and structural derivatives that are generally related to different disordering mechanisms at various spatial scales. The disordering is key to understanding variations in properties, such as magnetic behavior or ionic conduction. Neutron and X-ray total scattering methods were used to investigate the degree of structural disorder in the Ho2Ti2-x Zr x O7 (x = 0.0-2.0, Δx = 0.25) solid solution series as a function of the Zr-content, x. Ordered pyrochlores (Fd3̄m) disorder to defect fluorite (Fm3̄m) via cation and anion disordering. Total scattering experiments with sensitivity to the cation and anion sublattices provide unique insight into the underlying atomic processes. Using simultaneous Rietveld refinement (long-range structure) and small-box refinement PDF analysis (short-range structure), we show that the series undergoes a rapid transformation from pyrochlore to defect fluorite at x ≈ 1.2, while the short-range structure exhibits a linear increase in a local weberite-type phase, C2221, over the entire composition range. Enthalpies of formation from the oxides determined using high temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry support the structural data and provide insight into the effect of local ordering on the energetics of disorder. The measured enthalpies of mixing are negative and are fit by a regular solution parameter of W = -31.8 ± 3.7 kJ mol-1. However, the extensive short-range ordering determined from the structural analysis strongly suggests that the entropies of mixing must be far less positive than implied by the random mixing of a regular solution. We propose a local disordering scheme involving the pyrochlore 48f to 8a site oxygen Frenkel defect that creates 7-coordinated Zr sites contained within local weberite-type coherent nanodomains. Thus, the solid solution is best described as a mixture of two phases, with the weberite-type nanodomains triggering the long-range structural transformation to defect fluorite after accumulation above a critical concentration (50% Ti replaced by Zr).
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon L Drey
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Eric C O'Quinn
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Tamilarasan Subramani
- School of Molecular Sciences, Center for Materials of the Universe, Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287 USA
| | - Kristina Lilova
- School of Molecular Sciences, Center for Materials of the Universe, Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287 USA
| | - Gianguido Baldinozzi
- Laboratoire Structures, Propriétés et Modélisation des Solides, CNRS, Centrale Supélec, Université Paris-Saclay F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Igor M Gussev
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | | | - Joerg C Neuefeind
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Michelle Everett
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - David Sprouster
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, State University of New York Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
| | - Alexandra Navrotsky
- School of Molecular Sciences, Center for Materials of the Universe, Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287 USA
| | - Rodney C Ewing
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Maik Lang
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA
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12
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O’Quinn EC, Sickafus KE, Ewing RC, Baldinozzi G, Neuefeind JC, Tucker MG, Fuentes AF, Drey D, Lang MK. Predicting short-range order and correlated phenomena in disordered crystalline materials. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eabc2758. [PMID: 32923649 PMCID: PMC7455179 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc2758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Disordered crystalline materials are used in a wide variety of energy-related technologies. Recent results from neutron total scattering experiments have shown that the atomic arrangements of many disordered crystalline materials are not random nor are they represented by the long-range structure observed from diffraction experiments. Despite the importance of disordered materials and the impact of disorder on the expression of physical properties, the underlying fundamental atomic-scale rules of disordering are not currently well understood. Here, we report that heterogeneous disordering (and associated structural distortions) can be understood by the straightforward application of Pauling's rules (1929). This insight, corroborated by first principles calculations, can be used to predict the short-range, atomic-scale changes that result from structural disordering induced by extreme conditions associated with energy-related applications, such as high temperature, high pressure, and intense radiation fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. O’Quinn
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Kurt E. Sickafus
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Rodney C. Ewing
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gianguido Baldinozzi
- Laboratoire Structures, Propriétés et Modélisation des Solides, CNRS, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Joerg C. Neuefeind
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831,USA
| | - Matthew G. Tucker
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831,USA
| | | | - Devon Drey
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Maik K. Lang
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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13
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Ikehara R, Morooka K, Suetake M, Komiya T, Kurihara E, Takehara M, Takami R, Kino C, Horie K, Takehara M, Yamasaki S, Ohnuki T, Law GTW, Bower W, Grambow B, Ewing RC, Utsunomiya S. Abundance and distribution of radioactive cesium-rich microparticles released from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the environment. Chemosphere 2020; 241:125019. [PMID: 31610456 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The abundance and distribution of highly radioactive cesium-rich microparticles (CsMPs) that were released from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) during the first stage of the nuclear disaster in March 2011 are described for 20 surface soils collected around the FDNPP. Based on the spatial distribution of the numbers (particles/g) and radioactive fraction (RF) of the CsMPs in surface soil, which is defined as the sum of the CsMP radioactivity (in Bq) divided by the total radioactivity (in Bq) of the soil sample, three regions of particular interest have been identified: i.) near-northwest (N-NW), ii.) far-northwest (F-NW), and iii.) southwest (SW). In these areas, the number and RF of CsMPs were determined to be 22.1-101 particles/g and 15.4-34.0%, 24.3-64.8 particles/g and 36.7-37.4%, and 0.869-8.00 particles/g and 27.6-80.2%, respectively. These distributions are consistent with the plume trajectories of material released from the FDNPP on March 14, 2011, in the late afternoon through to the late afternoon of March 15, 2011, indicating that the CsMPs formed only during this short period. Unit 3 is the most plausible source of the CsMPs at the beginning of the release based on an analysis of the sequence of release events. The lower RF values in the N-NW region indicate a larger influence from subsequent plumes that mainly consisted of soluble Cs species formed simultaneously with precipitation. The quantitative map of the distribution of CsMPs provides an important understanding of CsMP dispersion dynamics and can be used to assess risks in inhabited regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Ikehara
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazuya Morooka
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mizuki Suetake
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Komiya
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Eitaro Kurihara
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masato Takehara
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ryu Takami
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Chiaki Kino
- The Institute of Applied Energy, 1-14-2 Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003, Japan
| | - Kenji Horie
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo, 190-8518, Japan; Department of Polar Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0193, Japan
| | - Mami Takehara
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo, 190-8518, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamasaki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ohnuki
- Laboratory for Advanced Nuclear Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Gareth T W Law
- Radiochemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, The University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - William Bower
- Radiochemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, The University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Bernd Grambow
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS-IN2P3, the University of Nantes, Nantes, 44307, France
| | - Rodney C Ewing
- Department of Geological Sciences and Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-2115, USA
| | - Satoshi Utsunomiya
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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14
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Park S, Abate II, Liu J, Wang C, Dahl JEP, Carlson RMK, Yang L, Prakapenka VB, Greenberg E, Devereaux TP, Jia C, Ewing RC, Mao WL, Lin Y. Facile diamond synthesis from lower diamondoids. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaay9405. [PMID: 32128417 PMCID: PMC7034983 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay9405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-based nanomaterials have exceptional properties that make them attractive for a variety of technological applications. Here, we report on the use of diamondoids (diamond-like, saturated hydrocarbons) as promising precursors for laser-induced high-pressure, high-temperature diamond synthesis. The lowest pressure and temperature (P-T) conditions that yielded diamond were 12 GPa (at ~2000 K) and 900 K (at ~20 GPa), respectively. This represents a substantially reduced transformation barrier compared with diamond synthesis from conventional (hydro)carbon allotropes, owing to the similarities in the structure and full sp3 hybridization of diamondoids and bulk diamond. At 20 GPa, diamondoid-to-diamond conversion occurs rapidly within <19 μs. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that once dehydrogenated, the remaining diamondoid carbon cages reconstruct themselves into diamond-like structures at high P-T. This study is the first successful mapping of the P-T conditions and onset timing of the diamondoid-to-diamond conversion and elucidates the physical and chemical factors that facilitate diamond synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulgiye Park
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Iwnetim I. Abate
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Chenxu Wang
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jeremy E. P. Dahl
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Robert M. K. Carlson
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Liuxiang Yang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Vitali B. Prakapenka
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Eran Greenberg
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Thomas P. Devereaux
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chunjing Jia
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Rodney C. Ewing
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wendy L. Mao
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Yu Lin
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Corresponding author.
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15
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Schauries D, Afra B, Mota-Santiago P, Trautmann C, Lang M, Ewing RC, Kirby N, Kluth P. Annealing of ion tracks in apatite under pressure characterized in situ by small angle x-ray scattering. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1367. [PMID: 31992739 PMCID: PMC6987112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57600-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fission track thermochronology is routinely used to investigate the thermal history of sedimentary basins, as well as tectonic uplift and denudation rates. While the effect of temperature on fission track annealing has been studied extensively to calibrate the application of the technique, the effect of pressure during annealing is generally considered to be negligible. However, a previous study suggested elevated pressure results in a significantly different annealing behaviour that was previously unknown. Here, we present a method to study track annealing in situ under high pressure by using synchrotron-based small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). To simulate fission tracks in a controlled environment, ion tracks were created in apatite from Durango, Mexico using 2 GeV Au or Bi ions provided by an ion accelerator facility. Samples were annealed at 250 °C at approximately 1 GPa pressure using diamond anvil cells (DACs) with heating capabilities. Additional in situ annealing experiments at ambient pressure and temperatures between 320 and 390 °C were performed for comparison. At elevated pressure a significantly accelerated annealing rate of the tracks was observed compared with annealing at ambient pressure. However, when extrapolated to geologically relevant temperatures and pressures, the effects become very small. The measurement methodology presented provides a new avenue to study materials behaviour in extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schauries
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Boshra Afra
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Pablo Mota-Santiago
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Christina Trautmann
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Planckstrasse 1, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany.,Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Maik Lang
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
| | - Rodney C Ewing
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-2115, USA
| | - Nigel Kirby
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Patrick Kluth
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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16
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Suetake M, Nakano Y, Furuki G, Ikehara R, Komiya T, Kurihara E, Morooka K, Yamasaki S, Ohnuki T, Horie K, Takehara M, Law GTW, Bower W, Grambow B, Ewing RC, Utsunomiya S. Dissolution of radioactive, cesium-rich microparticles released from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in simulated lung fluid, pure-water, and seawater. Chemosphere 2019; 233:633-644. [PMID: 31195267 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To understand the chemical durability of highly radioactive cesium-rich microparticles (CsMPs) released from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in March 2011, we have, for the first time, performed systematic dissolution experiments with CsMPs isolated from Fukushima soils (one sample with 108 Bq and one sample with 57.8 Bq of 137Cs) using three types of solutions: simulated lung fluid, ultrapure water, and artificial sea water, at 25 and 37 °C for 1-63 days. The 137Cs was released rapidly within three days and then steady-state dissolution was achieved for each solution type. The steady-state 137Cs release rate at 25 °C was determined to be 4.7 × 103, 1.3 × 103, and 1. 3 × 103 Bq·m-2 s-1 for simulated lung fluid, ultrapure water, and artificial sea water, respectively. This indicates that the simulated lung fluid promotes the dissolution of CsMPs. The dissolution of CsMPs is similar to that of Si-based glass and is affected by the surface moisture conditions. In addition, the Cs release from the CsMPs is constrained by the rate-limiting dissolution of silicate matrix. Based on our results, CsMPs with ∼2 Bq, which can be potentially inhaled and deposited in the alveolar region, are completely dissolved after >35 years. Further, CsMPs could remain in the environment for several decades; as such, CsMPs are important factors contributing to the long-term impacts of radioactive Cs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Suetake
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuriko Nakano
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Genki Furuki
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ryohei Ikehara
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Komiya
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Eitaro Kurihara
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazuya Morooka
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamasaki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ohnuki
- Laboratory for Advanced Nuclear Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Kenji Horie
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3, Midori-cho, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo, 190-8518, Japan; Department of Polar Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0193, Japan
| | - Mami Takehara
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3, Midori-cho, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo, 190-8518, Japan
| | - Gareth T W Law
- Radiochemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, The University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - William Bower
- Radiochemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, The University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Bernd Grambow
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS-IN2P3, The University of Nantes, Nantes, 44307, France
| | - Rodney C Ewing
- Department of Geological Sciences and Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-2115, USA
| | - Satoshi Utsunomiya
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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Fuentes AF, Montemayor SM, Maczka M, Lang M, Ewing RC, Amador U. A Critical Review of Existing Criteria for the Prediction of Pyrochlore Formation and Stability. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:12093-12105. [PMID: 30198710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Depending on intrinsic (e.g., radius ratio rule rLn/ rZr) and extrinsic factors (e.g., processing conditions), pyrochlore-type Ln2Zr2O7 oxides achieve variable degrees of structural disorder. We report on a systematic study of the structural and microstructural characteristics of the Gd2- xLn xZr2O7 system, exploring the effect of replacing Gd with a wide range of homovalent lanthanide ions (Ln = Nd, Sm, Dy, Ho, Y, and Er; x = 0.20 and 0.80). All compositions were prepared via a mechanochemical reaction between the corresponding oxides and characterized by X-ray diffraction (standard and synchrotron sources) using the Rietveld method, as well as by Raman spectroscopy. Irrespective of chemical composition, this study reveals that all compositions exhibit a fluorite-like structure. Furthermore, by firing each sample at 800 and 1400 °C, we are able to analyze the transition to pyrochlore-like structures, featuring different degrees of disorder, in all but Gd1.20Y0.80Zr2O7, which retains the fluorite structure even after heating. The structural data are used to assess the existing criteria for predicting the formation and stability of the pyrochlore structure; according to this analysis, the simple radius ratio rule ( rLn/ rZr), provides a useful and sufficiently robust criterion. Because the pyrochlore structure has a strong tendency to disorder, it is not possible to define an empirical index similar to the Goldschmidt tolerance factor for perovskite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio F Fuentes
- Cinvestav Unidad Saltillo , Apartado Postal 663, 25900 Ramos Arizpe , Coahuila , Mexico
| | | | - Miroslaw Maczka
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research , Polish Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 1410, 50-950 Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Maik Lang
- Department of Nuclear Engineering , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee 37996 , United States
| | - Rodney C Ewing
- Department of Geological Sciences , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Ulises Amador
- Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Química , Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities , Urbanización Montepríncipe , Boadilla del Monte , E-28668 Madrid , Spain
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18
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Ikehara R, Suetake M, Komiya T, Furuki G, Ochiai A, Yamasaki S, Bower WR, Law GTW, Ohnuki T, Grambow B, Ewing RC, Utsunomiya S. Novel Method of Quantifying Radioactive Cesium-Rich Microparticles (CsMPs) in the Environment from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:6390-6398. [PMID: 29782160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Highly radioactive cesium-rich microparticles (CsMPs) were released from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (FDNPP) to the surrounding environment at an early stage of the nuclear disaster in March of 2011; however, the quantity of released CsMPs remains undetermined. Here, we report a novel method to quantify the number of CsMPs in surface soils at or around Fukushima and the fraction of radioactivity they contribute, which we call "quantification of CsMPs" (QCP) and is based on autoradiography. Here, photostimulated luminescence (PSL) is linearly correlated to the radioactivity of various microparticles, with a regression coefficient of 0.0523 becquerel/PSL/h (Bq/PSL/h). In soil collected from Nagadoro, Fukushima, Japan, CsMPs were detected in soil sieved with a 114 μm mesh. There was no overlap between the radioactivities of CsMPs and clay particles adsorbing Cs. Based on the distribution of radioactivity of CsMPs, the threshold radioactivity of CsMPs in the size fraction of <114 μm was determined to be 0.06 Bq. Based on this method, the number and radioactivity fraction of CsMPs in four surface soils collected from the vicinity of the FDNPP were determined to be 48-318 particles per gram and 8.53-31.8%, respectively. The QCP method is applicable to soils with a total radioactivity as high as ∼106 Bq/kg. This novel method is critically important and can be used to quantitatively understand the distribution and migration of the highly radioactive CsMPs in near-surface environments surrounding Fukushima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Ikehara
- Department of Chemistry , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka , Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Mizuki Suetake
- Department of Chemistry , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka , Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Tatsuki Komiya
- Department of Chemistry , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka , Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Genki Furuki
- Department of Chemistry , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka , Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Asumi Ochiai
- Department of Chemistry , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka , Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Shinya Yamasaki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics , University of Tsukuba , 1-1-1 Tennodai , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8577 , Japan
| | - William R Bower
- Centre for Radiochemistry Research, School of Chemistry , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester , M13 9PL United Kingdom
| | - Gareth T W Law
- Centre for Radiochemistry Research, School of Chemistry , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester , M13 9PL United Kingdom
| | - Toshihiko Ohnuki
- Laboratory for Advanced Nuclear Energy, Institute of Innovative Research , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1 Ookayama , Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550 , Japan
| | - Bernd Grambow
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS-IN2P3 , The University of Nantes , Nantes 44307 , France
| | - Rodney C Ewing
- Department of Geological Sciences and Center for International Security and Cooperation , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305-2115 , United States
| | - Satoshi Utsunomiya
- Department of Chemistry , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka , Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
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19
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Myrow PM, Lamb MP, Ewing RC. Rapid sea level rise in the aftermath of a Neoproterozoic snowball Earth. Science 2018; 360:649-651. [PMID: 29674430 DOI: 10.1126/science.aap8612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Earth's most severe climate changes occurred during global-scale "snowball Earth" glaciations, which profoundly altered the planet's atmosphere, oceans, and biosphere. Extreme rates of glacioeustatic sea level rise are predicted by the snowball Earth hypothesis, but supporting geologic evidence has been lacking. We use paleohydraulic analysis of wave ripples and tidal laminae in the Elatina Formation, Australia-deposited after the Marinoan glaciation ~635 million years ago-to show that water depths of 9 to 16 meters remained nearly constant for ~100 years throughout 27 meters of sediment accumulation. This accumulation rate was too great to have been accommodated by subsidence and instead indicates an extraordinarily rapid rate of sea level rise (0.2 to 0.27 meters per year). Our results substantiate a fundamental prediction of snowball Earth models of rapid deglaciation during the early transition to a supergreenhouse climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Myrow
- Department of Geology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO 80903, USA.
| | - M P Lamb
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91124, USA
| | - R C Ewing
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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20
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Tracy CL, Lang M, Zhang F, Park S, Palomares RI, Ewing RC. Review of recent experimental results on the behavior of actinide-bearing oxides and related materials in extreme environments. Progress in Nuclear Energy 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Ochiai A, Imoto J, Suetake M, Komiya T, Furuki G, Ikehara R, Yamasaki S, Law GTW, Ohnuki T, Grambow B, Ewing RC, Utsunomiya S. Uranium Dioxides and Debris Fragments Released to the Environment with Cesium-Rich Microparticles from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:2586-2594. [PMID: 29378406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Trace U was released from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) during the meltdowns, but the speciation of the released components of the nuclear fuel remains unknown. We report, for the first time, the atomic-scale characteristics of nanofragments of the nuclear fuels that were released from the FDNPP into the environment. Nanofragments of an intrinsic U-phase were discovered to be closely associated with radioactive cesium-rich microparticles (CsMPs) in paddy soils collected ∼4 km from the FDNPP. The nanoscale fuel fragments were either encapsulated by or attached to CsMPs and occurred in two different forms: (i) UO2+X nanocrystals of ∼70 nm size, which are embedded into magnetite associated with Tc and Mo on the surface and (ii) Isometric (U,Zr)O2+X nanocrystals of ∼200 nm size, with the U/(U+Zr) molar ratio ranging from 0.14 to 0.91, with intrinsic pores (∼6 nm), indicating the entrapment of vapors or fission-product gases during crystallization. These results document the heterogeneous physical and chemical properties of debris at the nanoscale, which is a mixture of melted fuel and reactor materials, reflecting the complex thermal processes within the FDNPP reactor during meltdown. Still CsMPs are an important medium for the transport of debris fragments into the environment in a respirable form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asumi Ochiai
- Department of Chemistry , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka , Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Junpei Imoto
- Department of Chemistry , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka , Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Mizuki Suetake
- Department of Chemistry , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka , Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Tatsuki Komiya
- Department of Chemistry , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka , Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Genki Furuki
- Department of Chemistry , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka , Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Ryohei Ikehara
- Department of Chemistry , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka , Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Shinya Yamasaki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics , University of Tsukuba , 1-1-1 Tennodai , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8577 , Japan
| | - Gareth T W Law
- Centre for Radiochemistry Research, School of Chemistry , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
| | - Toshihiko Ohnuki
- Laboratory for Advanced Nuclear Energy, Institute of Innovative Research , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1 Ookayama , Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550 , Japan
| | - Bernd Grambow
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS-IN2P3 , University of Nantes , Nantes 44307 , France
| | - Rodney C Ewing
- Department of Geological Sciences and Center for International Security and Cooperation , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305-2115 , United States
| | - Satoshi Utsunomiya
- Department of Chemistry , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka , Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
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22
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Park S, Tracy CL, Zhang F, Park C, Trautmann C, Tkachev SN, Lang M, Mao WL, Ewing RC. Radiation-induced disorder in compressed lanthanide zirconates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:6187-6197. [PMID: 29431823 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp08664d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of swift heavy ion irradiation-induced disordering on the behavior of lanthanide zirconate compounds (Ln2Zr2O7 where Ln = Sm, Er, or Nd) at high pressures are investigated. After irradiation with 2.2 GeV 197Au ions, the initial ordered pyrochlore structure (Fd3[combining macron]m) transformed to a defect-fluorite structure (Fm3[combining macron]m) in Sm2Zr2O7 and Nd2Zr2O7. For irradiated Er2Zr2O7, which has a defect-fluorite structure, ion irradiation induces local disordering by introducing Frenkel defects despite retention of the initial structure. When subjected to high pressures (>29 GPa) in the absence of irradiation, all of these compounds transform to a cotunnite-like (Pnma) phase, followed by sluggish amorphization with further compression. However, if these compounds are irradiated prior to compression, the high pressure cotunnite-like phase is not formed. Rather, they transform directly from their post-irradiation defect-fluorite structure to an amorphous structure upon compression (>25 GPa). Defects and disordering induced by swift heavy ion irradiation alter the transformation pathways by raising the energetic barriers for the transformation to the high pressure cotunnite-like phase, rendering it inaccessible. As a result, the high pressure stability field of the amorphous phase is expanded to lower pressures when irradiation is coupled with compression. The responses of materials in the lanthanide zirconate system to irradiation and compression, both individually and in tandem, are strongly influenced by the specific lanthanide composition, which governs the defect energetics at extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulgiye Park
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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23
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Park S, Rittman DR, Tracy CL, Chapman KW, Zhang F, Park C, Tkachev SN, O'Quinn E, Shamblin J, Lang M, Mao WL, Ewing RC. A 2TiO 5 (A = Dy, Gd, Er, Yb) at High Pressure. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:2269-2277. [PMID: 29420026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b03106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The structural evolution of lanthanide A2TiO5 (A = Dy, Gd, Yb, Er) at high pressure is investigated using synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The effects of A-site cation size and of the initial structure are systematically examined by varying the composition of the isostructural lanthanide titanates and the structure of dysprosium titanate polymorphs (orthorhombic, hexagonal, and cubic), respectively. All samples undergo irreversible high-pressure phase transformations, but with different onset pressures depending on the initial structure. While each individual phase exhibits different phase transformation histories, all samples commonly experience a sluggish transformation to a defect cotunnite-like (Pnma) phase for a certain pressure range. Orthorhombic Dy2TiO5 and Gd2TiO5 form P21am at pressures below 9 GPa and Pnma above 13 GPa. Pyrochlore-type Dy2TiO5 and Er2TiO5 as well as defect-fluorite-type Yb2TiO5 form Pnma at ∼21 GPa, followed by Im3̅m. Hexagonal Dy2TiO5 forms Pnma directly, although a small amount of remnants of hexagonal Dy2TiO5 is observed even at the highest pressure (∼55 GPa) reached, indicating kinetic limitations in the hexagonal Dy2TiO5 phase transformations at high pressure. Decompression of these materials leads to different metastable phases. Most interestingly, a high-pressure cubic X-type phase (Im3̅m) is confirmed using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy on recovered pyrochlore-type Er2TiO5. The kinetic constraints on this metastable phase yield a mixture of both the X-type phase and amorphous domains upon pressure release. This is the first observation of an X-type phase for an A2BO5 composition at high pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulgiye Park
- Department of Geological Science, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Dylan R Rittman
- Department of Geological Science, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Cameron L Tracy
- Department of Geological Science, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Karena W Chapman
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Fuxiang Zhang
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Changyong Park
- HPCAT, Carnegie Institution of Washington , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Sergey N Tkachev
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Eric O'Quinn
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Jacob Shamblin
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Maik Lang
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Wendy L Mao
- Department of Geological Science, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Rodney C Ewing
- Department of Geological Science, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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24
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Turner KM, Tracy CL, Mao WL, Ewing RC. Lanthanide stannate pyrochlores (Ln 2Sn 2O 7; Ln = Nd, Gd, Er) at high pressure. J Phys Condens Matter 2017; 29:504005. [PMID: 29176046 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa9960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lanthanide stannate pyrochlores (Ln2Sn2O7; Ln = Nd, Gd, and Er) were investigated in situ to 50 GPa in order to determine their structural response to compression and compare their response to that of lanthanide titanate, zirconate, and hafnate pyrochlores. The cation radius ratio of A3+/B4+ in pyrochlore oxides (A2B2O7) is thought to be the dominant feature that influences their response on compression. The ionic radius of Sn4+ is intermediate to that of Ti4+, Zr4+, and Hf4+, but the 〈Sn-O〉 bond in stannate pyrochlore is more covalent than the 〈B-O〉 bonds in titanates, zirconate, and hafnates. In stannates, based on in situ Raman spectroscopy, pyrochlore cation and anion sublattices begin to disorder with the onset of compression, first measured at 0.3 GPa. The extent of sublattice disorder versus pressure is greater in stannates with a smaller Ln3+ cation. Stannate pyrochlores (Fd-3m) begin a sluggish transformation to an orthorhombic, cotunnite-like structure at ~28 GPa; similar transitions have been observed in titanate, zirconate, and hafnate pyrochlores at varying pressures (18-40 GPa) with cation radius ratio. The extent of the phase transition versus pressure varies directly with the size of the Ln3+ cation. Post-decompression from ~50 GPa, Er2Sn2O7 and Gd2Sn2O7 adopt a pyrochlore structure, rather than the multi-scale defect-fluorite + weberite-type structure adopted by Nd2Sn2O7 that is characteristic of titanate, zirconate, and hafnate pyrochlores under similar conditions. Like pyrochlore titanates, zirconates, and hafnates, the bulk modulus, B 0, of stannates varies linearly and inversely with cation radius ratio from 1 1 1 GPa (Nd2Sn2O7) to 251 GPa (Er2Sn2O7). The trends of bulk moduli in stannates in this study are in excellent agreement with previous experimental studies on stannates and suggest that the size of the Ln3+ cation is the primary determining factor of B 0. Additionally, when normalized to r A/r B, the bulk moduli of stannates are comparable to those of zirconates and hafnates, which vary from titanates. Our results suggest that the cation radius ratio strongly influences the bulk moduli of stannates, as well as their overall compression response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katlyn M Turner
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, 359 Green Earth Sciences Building, 367 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305-2115, United States of America
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25
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26
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O’Quinn EC, Shamblin J, Perlov B, Ewing RC, Neuefeind J, Feygenson M, Gussev I, Lang M. Inversion in Mg1–xNixAl2O4 Spinel: New Insight into Local Structure. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:10395-10402. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. O’Quinn
- Department
of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Jacob Shamblin
- Department
of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Brandon Perlov
- Department
of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Rodney C. Ewing
- Department
of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-2115, United States
| | - Joerg Neuefeind
- Chemical
and Engineering Materials Division, Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Mikhail Feygenson
- Jülich
Center for Neutron Science, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Igor Gussev
- Department
of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Maik Lang
- Department
of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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27
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Imoto J, Ochiai A, Furuki G, Suetake M, Ikehara R, Horie K, Takehara M, Yamasaki S, Nanba K, Ohnuki T, Law GTW, Grambow B, Ewing RC, Utsunomiya S. Isotopic signature and nano-texture of cesium-rich micro-particles: Release of uranium and fission products from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5409. [PMID: 28710475 PMCID: PMC5511200 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05910-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly radioactive cesium-rich microparticles (CsMPs) released from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) provide nano-scale chemical fingerprints of the 2011 tragedy. U, Cs, Ba, Rb, K, and Ca isotopic ratios were determined on three CsMPs (3.79–780 Bq) collected within ~10 km from the FDNPP to determine the CsMPs’ origin and mechanism of formation. Apart from crystalline Fe-pollucite, CsFeSi2O6 · nH2O, CsMPs are comprised mainly of Zn–Fe-oxide nanoparticles in a SiO2 glass matrix (up to ~30 wt% of Cs and ~1 wt% of U mainly associated with Zn–Fe-oxide). The 235U/238U values in two CsMPs: 0.030 (±0.005) and 0.029 (±0.003), are consistent with that of enriched nuclear fuel. The values are higher than the average burnup estimated by the ORIGEN code and lower than non-irradiated fuel, suggesting non-uniform volatilization of U from melted fuels with different levels of burnup, followed by sorption onto Zn–Fe-oxides. The nano-scale texture and isotopic analyses provide a partial record of the chemical reactions that occurred in the fuel during meltdown. Also, the CsMPs were an important medium of transport for the released radionuclides in a respirable form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Imoto
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Asumi Ochiai
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Genki Furuki
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mizuki Suetake
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ryohei Ikehara
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kenji Horie
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3, Midori-cho, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo, 190-8518, Japan.,Department of Polar Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0193, Japan
| | - Mami Takehara
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3, Midori-cho, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo, 190-8518, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamasaki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Kenji Nanba
- Department of Environment System Management, Faculty of Symbiotic Systems Science, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ohnuki
- Laboratory for Advanced Nuclear Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Gareth T W Law
- Centre for Radiochemistry Research, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Bernd Grambow
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, the University of Nantes CNRS/IN2P3, Nantes, 44307, France
| | - Rodney C Ewing
- Department of Geological Sciences and Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-2115, USA
| | - Satoshi Utsunomiya
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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Turner KM, Rittman DR, Heymach RA, Tracy CL, Turner ML, Fuentes AF, Mao WL, Ewing RC. Pressure-induced structural modifications of rare-earth hafnate pyrochlore. J Phys Condens Matter 2017; 29:255401. [PMID: 28541929 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa7148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Complex oxides with the pyrochlore (A2B2O7) and defect-fluorite ((A,B)4O7) structure-types undergo structural transformations under high-pressure. Rare-earth hafnates (A2Hf2O7) form the pyrochlore structure for A = La-Tb and the defect-fluorite structure for A = Dy-Lu. High-pressure transformations in A2Hf2O7 pyrochlore (A = Sm, Eu, Gd) and defect-fluorite (A = Dy, Y, Yb) were investigated up to ~50 GPa and characterized by in situ Raman spectroscopy and synchrotron x-ray diffraction (XRD). Raman spectra at ambient pressure revealed that all compositions, including the defect-fluorites, have some pyrochlore-type short-range order. In situ high-pressure synchrotron XRD showed that all of the rare earth hafnates investigated undergo a pressure-induced phase transition to a cotunnite-like (orthorhombic) structure that begins between 18 and 25 GPa. The phase transition to the cotunnite-like structure is not complete at 50 GPa, and upon release of pressure, the hafnates transform to defect-fluorite with an amorphous component. For all compositions, in situ Raman spectroscopy showed that disordering occurs gradually with increasing pressure. Pyrochlore-structured hafnates retain their short-range order to a higher pressure (30 GPa vs. <10 GPa) than defect-fluorite-structured hafnates. Rare earth hafnates quenched from 50 GPa show Raman spectra consistent with weberite-type structures, as also reported for irradiated rare-earth stannates. The second-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state fit gives a bulk modulus of ~250 GPa for hafnates with the pyrochlore structure, and ~400 GPa for hafnates with the defect-fluorite structure. Dy2Hf2O7 is intermediate in its response, with some pyrochlore-type ordering, based on Raman spectroscopy and the equation of state, with a bulk modulus of ~300 GPa. As predicted based on the similar ionic radius of Zr4+ and Hf4+, rare-earth hafnates show similar behavior to that reported for rare earth zirconates at high pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katlyn M Turner
- Geological Sciences, Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
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Bornhorst TJ, Poulsen CJ, Ewing RC. A rescue package for imperilled collection. Nature 2017; 546:210. [DOI: 10.1038/546210b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Rittman DR, Turner KM, Park S, Fuentes AF, Park C, Ewing RC, Mao WL. Strain engineered pyrochlore at high pressure. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2236. [PMID: 28533513 PMCID: PMC5440404 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02637-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain engineering is a promising method for next-generation materials processing techniques. Here, we use mechanical milling and annealing followed by compression in diamond anvil cell to tailor the intrinsic and extrinsic strain in pyrochlore, Dy2Ti2O7 and Dy2Zr2O7. Raman spectroscopy, X-ray pair distribution function analysis, and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize atomic order over short-, medium-, and long-range spatial scales, respectively, under ambient conditions. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were further employed to interrogate the material in situ at high pressure. High-pressure behavior is found to depend on the species and concentration of defects in the sample at ambient conditions. Overall, we show that defects can be engineered to lower the phase transformation onset pressure by ~50% in the ordered pyrochlore Dy2Ti2O7, and lower the phase transformation completion pressure by ~20% in the disordered pyrochlore Dy2Zr2O7. These improvements are achieved without significantly sacrificing mechanical integrity, as characterized by bulk modulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan R Rittman
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.
| | - Katlyn M Turner
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Sulgiye Park
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Antonio F Fuentes
- Cinvestav Unidad Saltillo, Apartado Postal 663, 25000, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Changyong Park
- High Pressure Collaborative Access Team, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Rodney C Ewing
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Wendy L Mao
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.,Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA
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31
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Furuki G, Imoto J, Ochiai A, Yamasaki S, Nanba K, Ohnuki T, Grambow B, Ewing RC, Utsunomiya S. Caesium-rich micro-particles: A window into the meltdown events at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42731. [PMID: 28198440 PMCID: PMC5309886 DOI: 10.1038/srep42731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) in March 2011 caused partial meltdowns of three reactors. During the meltdowns, a type of condensed particle, a caesium-rich micro-particle (CsMP), formed inside the reactors via unknown processes. Here we report the chemical and physical processes of CsMP formation inside the reactors during the meltdowns based on atomic-resolution electron microscopy of CsMPs discovered near the FDNPP. All of the CsMPs (with sizes of 2.0–3.4 μm) comprise SiO2 glass matrices and ~10-nm-sized Zn–Fe-oxide nanoparticles associated with a wide range of Cs concentrations (1.1–19 wt% Cs as Cs2O). Trace amounts of U are also associated with the Zn–Fe oxides. The nano-texture in the CsMPs records multiple reaction-process steps during meltdown in the severe FDNPP accident: Melted fuel (molten core)-concrete interactions (MCCIs), incorporating various airborne fission product nanoparticles, including CsOH and CsCl, proceeded via SiO2 condensation over aggregates of Zn-Fe oxide nanoparticles originating from the failure of the reactor pressure vessels. Still, CsMPs provide a mechanism by which volatile and low-volatility radionuclides such as U can reach the environment and should be considered in the migration model of Cs and radionuclides in the current environment surrounding the FDNPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genki Furuki
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Junpei Imoto
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Asumi Ochiai
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamasaki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577 Japan
| | - Kenji Nanba
- Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Symbiotic System Science, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa 1, Fukushima, 960-1296 Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ohnuki
- Laboratory for Advanced Nuclear Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Bernd Grambow
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, Université de Nantes, CNRS/IN2P3, Nantes 44307, France
| | - Rodney C Ewing
- Department of Geological Sciences and Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2115 USA
| | - Satoshi Utsunomiya
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Han X, Deng Z, Yang Z, Wang Y, Zhu H, Chen B, Cui Z, Ewing RC, Shi D. Biomarkerless targeting and photothermal cancer cell killing by surface-electrically-charged superparamagnetic Fe 3O 4 composite nanoparticles. Nanoscale 2017; 9:1457-1465. [PMID: 27942661 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr07161a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in cancer therapy is localized targeting of cancer cells for maximum therapeutic effectiveness. However, due to cancer heterogeneities, the biomarkers are either not readily available or specific for effective targeting of cancer cells. The key, therefore, is to develop a new targeting strategy that does not rely on biomarkers. A general hallmark of cancer cells is the much increased level of glycolysis. The loss of highly mobile lactate from the cytoplasm inevitably removes labile inorganic cations to form lactate salts and acids as part of the lactate cycle, creating a net of negative surface charges. This net of negative charges on cancer cell surfaces biophysically distinguishes themselves from normal cells. In this study, cancer cells are targeted by using positively-charged, fluorescent, superparamagnetic Fe3O4-composite nanoparticles. The positively-charged Fe3O4 composite nanoparticles bind predominantly to cancer cells due to their negatively-charged surfaces. Upon electrical-charge-mediated Fe3O4 nanoparticle binding onto cancer cells, irradiation by using an 808 nm laser is subsequently applied to induce photothermal hyperthermia that kills the cancer cells directly. The negatively-charged composite nanoparticles are found, however, not to target and bind the cancer cells due to the electrostatic repulsive force between them. This unique strategy paves a new path for effective targeting and direct cancer cell killing without relying on any biomarkers and anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China and The Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital, the Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Zicheng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China and The Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital, the Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Zi Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China and The Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital, the Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Yilong Wang
- The Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital, the Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Huanhuan Zhu
- The Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital, the Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Bingdi Chen
- The Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital, the Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Zheng Cui
- The Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital, the Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China. and Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rodney C Ewing
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94025, USA
| | - Donglu Shi
- The Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital, the Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China. and The Materials Science and Engineering Program, Dept. of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
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Dunn AW, Zhang Y, Mast D, Pauletti GM, Xu H, Zhang J, Ewing RC, Shi D. In-vitro depth-dependent hyperthermia of human mammary gland adenocarcinoma. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2016; 69:12-6. [PMID: 27612683 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle mediated photothermal ablation of cancerous tissue shows promising results and applicability as a highly efficacious treatment method. As a majority of the photothermal work has been conducted with minimal attenuation of the laser before reaching the nanoparticles within surface seeded tumors in-vivo or through buffered media in-vitro, it is important to understand the effects of greater laser attenuation on photothermal efficacy mediated by changes in the scattering and absorption of the laser. Photothermal efficacy using a near infrared (NIR) 785nm laser irradiating polystyrene (PS) stabilized magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (PS-Fe3O4) is examined on MDA-MB-231 human mammary gland adenocarcinoma in-vitro. Agarose gel columns of various heights were created to simulate soft tissue and subsequently used for NIR laser attenuation. Polystyrene was found to significantly improve magnetite nanoparticle stability in serum containing media and modified Hank's Balanced Salt Solution and was able to induce significant hyperthermic ablation at mass concentrations which also did not elicit significant innate toxicity. Furthermore it was found that the polystyrene coating significantly reduced innate toxicity over 48h compared to uncoated magnetite. Agar gel layers provided similar optical attenuation in the NIR region to skin and prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Dunn
- The Materials Science and Engineering Program, Dept. of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- The Materials Science and Engineering Program, Dept. of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - David Mast
- Department of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Giovanni M Pauletti
- The James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Hong Xu
- Nano Biomedical Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Department of Geological & Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rodney C Ewing
- Department of Geological & Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Donglu Shi
- East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; The Materials Science and Engineering Program, Dept. of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
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Zietlow P, Beirau T, Mihailova B, Groat LA, Chudy T, Shelyug A, Navrotsky A, Ewing RC, Schlüter J, Škoda R, Bismayer U. Thermal annealing of natural, radiation-damaged pyrochlore. Z KRIST-CRYST MATER 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/zkri-2016-1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Radiation damage in minerals is caused by the α-decay of incorporated radionuclides, such as U and Th and their decay products. The effect of thermal annealing (400–1000 K) on radiation-damaged pyrochlores has been investigated by Raman scattering, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and combined differential scanning calorimetry/thermogravimetry (DSC/TG). The analysis of three natural radiation-damaged pyrochlore samples from Miass/Russia [6.4 wt% Th, 23.1·1018 α-decay events per gram (dpg)], Panda Hill/Tanzania (1.6 wt% Th, 1.6·1018 dpg), and Blue River/Canada (10.5 wt% U, 115.4·1018 dpg), are compared with a crystalline reference pyrochlore from Schelingen (Germany). The type of structural recovery depends on the initial degree of radiation damage (Panda Hill 28%, Blue River 85% and Miass 100% according to XRD), as the recrystallization temperature increases with increasing degree of amorphization. Raman spectra indicate reordering on the local scale during annealing-induced recrystallization. As Raman modes around 800 cm−1 are sensitive to radiation damage (M. T. Vandenborre, E. Husson, Comparison of the force field in various pyrochlore families. I. The A2B2O7 oxides. J. Solid State Chem.
1983, 50, 362, S. Moll, G. Sattonnay, L. Thomé, J. Jagielski, C. Decorse, P. Simon, I. Monnet, W. J. Weber, Irradiation damage in Gd2Ti2O7 single crystals: Ballistic versus ionization processes. Phys. Rev.
2011, 84, 64115.), the degree of local order was deduced from the ratio of the integrated intensities of the sum of the Raman bands between 605 and 680 cm−1 divided by the sum of the integrated intensities of the bands between 810 and 860 cm−1. The most radiation damaged pyrochlore (Miass) shows an abrupt recovery of both, its short- (Raman) and long-range order (X-ray) between 800 and 850 K, while the weakly damaged pyrochlore (Panda Hill) begins to recover at considerably lower temperatures (near 500 K), extending over a temperature range of ca. 300 K, up to 800 K (Raman). The pyrochlore from Blue River shows in its initial state an amorphous X-ray diffraction pattern superimposed by weak Bragg-maxima that indicates the existence of ordered regions in a damaged matrix. In contrast to the other studied pyrochlores, Raman spectra of the Blue River sample show the appearance of local modes above 560 K between 700 and 800 cm−1 resulting from its high content of U and Ta impurities. DSC measurements confirmed the observed structural recovery upon annealing. While the annealing-induced ordering of Panda Hill begins at a lower temperature (ca. 500 K) the recovery of the highly-damaged pyrochlore from Miass occurs at 800 K. The Blue-River pyrochlore shows a multi-step recovery which is similarly seen by XRD. Thermogravimetry showed a continuous mass loss on heating for all radiation-damaged pyrochlores (Panda Hill ca. 1%, Blue River ca. 1.5%, Miass ca. 2.9%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Zietlow
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Beirau
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2115, USA
| | - Boriana Mihailova
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lee A. Groat
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Thomas Chudy
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Anna Shelyug
- Peter A. Rock Thermochemistry Laboratory and Nanomaterials in the Environment, Agriculture, and Technology Organized Research Unit, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alexandra Navrotsky
- Peter A. Rock Thermochemistry Laboratory and Nanomaterials in the Environment, Agriculture, and Technology Organized Research Unit, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Rodney C. Ewing
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2115, USA
| | - Jochen Schlüter
- Centrum für Naturkunde, Mineralogisches Museum, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Radek Škoda
- Institute of Geological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ulrich Bismayer
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Chen B, Le W, Wang Y, Li Z, Wang D, Lin L, Cui S, Hu JJ, Hu Y, Yang P, Ewing RC, Shi D, Cui Z, Cui Z. Targeting Negative Surface Charges of Cancer Cells by Multifunctional Nanoprobes. Theranostics 2016; 6:1887-98. [PMID: 27570558 PMCID: PMC4997244 DOI: 10.7150/thno.16358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A set of electrostatically charged, fluorescent, and superparamagnetic nanoprobes was developed for targeting cancer cells without using any molecular biomarkers. The surface electrostatic properties of the established cancer cell lines and primary normal cells were characterized by using these nanoprobes with various electrostatic signs and amplitudes. All twenty two randomly selected cancer cell lines of different organs, but not normal control cells, bound specifically to the positively charged nanoprobes. The relative surface charges of cancer cells could be quantified by the percentage of cells captured magnetically. The activities of glucose metabolism had a profound impact on the surface charge level of cancer cells. The data indicate that an elevated glycolysis in the cancer cells led to a higher level secretion of lactate. The secreted lactate anions are known to remove the positive ions, leaving behind the negative changes on the cell surfaces. This unique metabolic behavior is responsible for generating negative cancer surface charges in a perpetuating fashion. The metabolically active cancer cells are shown to a unique surface electrostatic pattern that can be used for recovering cancer cells from the circulating blood and other solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zheng Cui
- The Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China;; Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Yamasaki S, Imoto J, Furuki G, Ochiai A, Ohnuki T, Sueki K, Nanba K, Ewing RC, Utsunomiya S. Radioactive Cs in the estuary sediments near Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Sci Total Environ 2016; 551-552:155-162. [PMID: 26874771 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The migration and dispersion of radioactive Cs (mainly (134)Cs and (137)Cs) are of critical concern in the area surrounding the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP). Considerable uncertainty remains in understanding the properties and dynamics of radioactive Cs transport by surface water, particularly during rainfall-induced flood events to the ocean. Physical and chemical properties of unique estuary sediments, collected from the Kuma River, 4.0km south of the FDNPP, were quantified in this study. These were deposited after storm events and now occur as dried platy sediments on beach sand. The platy sediments exhibit median particle sizes ranging from 28 to 32μm. There is increasing radioactivity towards the bottom of the layers deposited; approximately 28 and 38Bqg(-1) in the upper and lower layers, respectively. The difference in the radioactivity is attributed to a larger number of particles associated with radioactive Cs in the lower part of the section, suggesting that radioactive Cs in the suspended soils transported by surface water has decreased over time. Sequential chemical extractions showed that ~90% of (137)Cs was strongly bound to the residual fraction in the estuary samples, whereas 60~80% of (137)Cs was bound to clays in the six paddy soils. This high concentration in the residual fraction facilitates ease of transport of clay and silt size particles through the river system. Estuary sediments consist of particles <100μm. Radioactive Cs desorption experiments using the estuary samples in artificial seawater revealed that 3.4±0.6% of (137)Cs was desorbed within 8h. More than 96% of (137)Cs remained strongly bound to clays. Hence, particle size is a key factor that determines the travel time and distance during the dispersion of (137)Cs in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Yamasaki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan.
| | - Junpei Imoto
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Genki Furuki
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Asumi Ochiai
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ohnuki
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Shirakata Shirane 2-4, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sueki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Kenji Nanba
- Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Symbiotic System Science, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa 1, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
| | - Rodney C Ewing
- Department of Geological Sciences and Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2115, USA
| | - Satoshi Utsunomiya
- Department of Chemistry, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Shamblin J, Feygenson M, Neuefeind J, Tracy CL, Zhang F, Finkeldei S, Bosbach D, Zhou H, Ewing RC, Lang M. Probing disorder in isometric pyrochlore and related complex oxides. Nat Mater 2016; 15:507-11. [PMID: 26928636 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
There has been an increased focus on understanding the energetics of structures with unconventional ordering (for example, correlated disorder that is heterogeneous across different length scales). In particular, compounds with the isometric pyrochlore structure, A2B2O7, can adopt a disordered, isometric fluorite-type structure, (A, B)4O7, under extreme conditions. Despite the importance of the disordering process there exists only a limited understanding of the role of local ordering on the energy landscape. We have used neutron total scattering to show that disordered fluorite (induced intrinsically by composition/stoichiometry or at far-from-equilibrium conditions produced by high-energy radiation) consists of a local orthorhombic structural unit that is repeated by a pseudo-translational symmetry, such that orthorhombic and isometric arrays coexist at different length scales. We also show that inversion in isometric spinel occurs by a similar process. This insight provides a new basis for understanding order-to-disorder transformations important for applications such as plutonium immobilization, fast ion conduction, and thermal barrier coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Shamblin
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Mikhail Feygenson
- Chemical and Engineering Materials Division, Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Joerg Neuefeind
- Chemical and Engineering Materials Division, Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Cameron L Tracy
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-2115, USA
| | - Fuxiang Zhang
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Sarah Finkeldei
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-6: Nuclear Waste Management and Reactor Safety, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Dirk Bosbach
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-6: Nuclear Waste Management and Reactor Safety, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Haidong Zhou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Rodney C Ewing
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-2115, USA
| | - Maik Lang
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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Mesbah A, Szenknect S, Clavier N, Lozano-Rodriguez J, Poinssot C, Den Auwer C, Ewing RC, Dacheux N. Coffinite, USiO4, Is Abundant in Nature: So Why Is It So Difficult To Synthesize? Inorg Chem 2015; 54:6687-96. [PMID: 26145720 DOI: 10.1021/ic502808n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Coffinite, USiO4, is the second most abundant U(4+) mineral on Earth, and its formation by the alteration of the UO2 in spent nuclear fuel in a geologic repository may control the release of radionuclides to the environment. Despite its abundance in nature, the synthesis and characterization of coffinite have eluded researchers for decades. On the basis of the recent synthesis of USiO4, we can now define the experimental conditions under which coffinite is most efficiently formed. Optimal formation conditions are defined for four parameters: pH, T, heating time, and U/Si molar ratio. The adjustment of pH between 10 and 12 leads probably to the formation of a uranium(IV) hydroxo-silicate complex that acts as a precursor of uranium(IV) silicate colloids and then of coffinite. Moreover, in this pH range, the largest yield of coffinite formation (as compared with those of the two competing byproduct phases, nanometer-scale UO2 and amorphous SiO2) is obtained for 250 °C, 7 days, and 100% excess silica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Mesbah
- †ICSM, UMR 5257 CEA/CNRS/UM/ENSCM, Site de Marcoule-Bât. 426, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze cedex, France
| | - Stephanie Szenknect
- †ICSM, UMR 5257 CEA/CNRS/UM/ENSCM, Site de Marcoule-Bât. 426, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Clavier
- †ICSM, UMR 5257 CEA/CNRS/UM/ENSCM, Site de Marcoule-Bât. 426, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze cedex, France
| | - Janeth Lozano-Rodriguez
- ⊥HZDR, Institute of Resource Ecology, Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF, P.O. Box 220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Poinssot
- ‡CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, DRCP/DIR, CEA Marcoule, Bât. 400, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze cedex, France
| | - Christophe Den Auwer
- ∥ICN, UMR 7272, Nice Sophia-Antipolis University, 28 av. de Valrose, 06108 Nice cedex 2, France
| | | | - Nicolas Dacheux
- †ICSM, UMR 5257 CEA/CNRS/UM/ENSCM, Site de Marcoule-Bât. 426, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze cedex, France
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Palomares RI, Tracy CL, Zhang F, Park C, Popov D, Trautmann C, Ewing RC, Lang M. In situdefect annealing of swift heavy ion irradiated CeO2and ThO2using synchrotron X-ray diffraction and a hydrothermal diamond anvil cell. J Appl Crystallogr 2015. [DOI: 10.1107/s160057671500477x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrothermal diamond anvil cells (HDACs) provide facile means for coupling synchrotron X-ray techniques with pressure up to 10 GPa and temperature up to 1300 K. This manuscript reports on an application of the HDAC as an ambient-pressure sample environment for performingin situdefect annealing and thermal expansion studies of swift heavy ion irradiated CeO2and ThO2using synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The advantages of thein situHDAC technique over conventional annealing methods include rapid temperature ramping and quench times, high-resolution measurement capability, simultaneous annealing of multiple samples, and prolonged temperature and apparatus stability at high temperatures. Isochronal annealing between 300 and 1100 K revealed two-stage and one-stage defect recovery processes for irradiated CeO2and ThO2, respectively, indicating that the morphology of the defects produced by swift heavy ion irradiation of these two materials differs significantly. These results suggest that electronic configuration plays a major role in both the radiation-induced defect production and high-temperature defect recovery mechanisms of CeO2and ThO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney C Ewing
- Center for International Security and Cooperation and in the Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-6165, USA
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Dunn AW, Ehsan SM, Mast D, Pauletti GM, Xu H, Zhang J, Ewing RC, Shi D. Photothermal effects and toxicity of Fe3O4 nanoparticles via near infrared laser irradiation for cancer therapy. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2015; 46:97-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Douglas
- Washington State University, Chemistry Department and Center for Multiphase Environmental Research, Pullman, WA 99164-4630, USA
| | - Sue B. Clark
- Washington State University, Chemistry Department and Center for Multiphase Environmental Research, Pullman, WA 99164-4630, USA
| | - Satoshi Utsunomiya
- University of Michigan, Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences Department, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2136, USA
| | - Rodney C. Ewing
- University of Michigan, Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences Department, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2136, USA
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Sadat ME, Patel R, Sookoor J, Bud'ko SL, Ewing RC, Zhang J, Xu H, Wang Y, Pauletti GM, Mast DB, Shi D. Effect of spatial confinement on magnetic hyperthermia via dipolar interactions in Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2014; 42:52-63. [PMID: 25063092 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the effect of nanoparticle confinement on the magnetic relaxation of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NP) was investigated by measuring the hyperthermia heating behavior in high frequency alternating magnetic field. Three different Fe3O4 nanoparticle systems having distinct nanoparticle configurations were studied in terms of magnetic hyperthermia heating rate and DC magnetization. All magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) systems were constructed using equivalent ~10nm diameter NP that were structured differently in terms of configuration, physical confinement, and interparticle spacing. The spatial confinement was achieved by embedding the Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the matrices of the polystyrene spheres of 100 nm, while the unconfined was the free Fe3O4 nanoparticles well-dispersed in the liquid via PAA surface coating. Assuming the identical core MNPs in each system, the heating behavior was analyzed in terms of particle freedom (or confinement), interparticle spacing, and magnetic coupling (or dipole-dipole interaction). DC magnetization data were correlated to the heating behavior with different material properties. Analysis of DC magnetization measurements showed deviation from classical Langevin behavior near saturation due to dipole interaction modification of the MNPs resulting in a high magnetic anisotropy. It was found that the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of the unconfined nanoparticle systems were significantly higher than those of confined (the MNPs embedded in the polystyrene matrix). This increase of SAR was found to be attributable to high Néel relaxation rate and hysteresis loss of the unconfined MNPs. It was also found that the dipole-dipole interactions can significantly reduce the global magnetic response of the MNPs and thereby decrease the SAR of the nanoparticle systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Sadat
- Department of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Ronak Patel
- The Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Jason Sookoor
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Sergey L Bud'ko
- Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Rodney C Ewing
- Department of Geological & Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2115, USA
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Department of Geological & Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2115, USA
| | - Hong Xu
- Med-X Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Yilong Wang
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Giovanni M Pauletti
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - David B Mast
- Department of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Donglu Shi
- The Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; Med-X Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China; Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.
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Abstract
Determination of the local configuration of interacting defects in a crystalline, periodic solid is problematic because defects typically do not have a long-range periodicity. Uranium dioxide, the primary fuel for fission reactors, exists in hyperstoichiometric form, UO2+x. Those excess oxygen atoms occur as interstitial defects, and these defects are not random but rather partially ordered. The widely-accepted model to date, the Willis cluster based on neutron diffraction, cannot be reconciled with the first-principles molecular dynamics simulations present here. We demonstrate that the Willis cluster is a fair representation of the numerical ratio of different interstitial O atoms; however, the model does not represent the actual local configuration. The simulations show that the average structure of UO2+x involves a combination of defect structures including split di-interstitial, di-interstitial, mono-interstitial, and the Willis cluster, and the latter is a transition state that provides for the fast diffusion of the defect cluster. The results provide new insights in differentiating the average structure from the local configuration of defects in a solid and the transport properties of UO2+x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Wang
- 1] Department of Geology and Geophysics, Center for Computation and Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-0001, USA [2] Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1005, USA
| | - Rodney C Ewing
- 1] Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University Stanford, California 94305-2115, USA [2] Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1005, USA
| | - Udo Becker
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1005, USA
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Nelson AGD, Rak Z, Albrecht-Schmitt TE, Becker U, Ewing RC. Three New Silver Uranyl Diphosphonates: Structures and Properties. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:2787-96. [DOI: 10.1021/ic401897n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Gay D. Nelson
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1005, United States
| | - Zsolt Rak
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Thomas E. Albrecht-Schmitt
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Udo Becker
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1005, United States
| | - Rodney C. Ewing
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1005, United States
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Lu F, Yao T, Xu J, Wang J, Scott S, Dong Z, Ewing RC, Lian J. Facile low temperature solid state synthesis of iodoapatite by high-energy ball milling. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05320f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High energy ball milled iodoapatite in the form of an amorphous matrix embedded with nanocrystals can be readily crystallized by subsequent low temperature thermal annealing, which greatly improves the thermal stability and iodine confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Lu
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy, USA
| | - Tiankai Yao
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy, USA
| | - Jinling Xu
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy, USA
| | - Jingxian Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Spencer Scott
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy, USA
| | - Zhili Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Rodney C. Ewing
- Department of Geological & Environmental Sciences
- Stanford University
- Stanford, USA
| | - Jie Lian
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy, USA
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Abstract
The electronic and thermodynamic properties of yttrium iron garnet (Y3Fe5O12, YIG), as a possible uranium-bearing phase, have been investigated using first-principles and semi-empirical methods. The electronic structures of pure and U-doped YIG were calculated and compared in order to obtain a fundamental understanding of the incorporation mechanism and stability of U in a YIG matrix. Uranium at the A-site is in 4 + oxidation state, acting as a single donor and introducing a localized defect state in the band gap. The ionic relaxations show U at the A-site is an off-center impurity. At the B-site, uranium is in 5 + oxidation state giving rise to two localized defect states in the middle of the band gap. At thermodynamic equilibrium the incorporation of U is limited by (i) the relatively narrow stability domain of the host YIG and (ii) the precipitation of uranium oxides as secondary phases. Under Y-rich growth conditions, YIG is unstable with respect to competing phases such as the iron oxides, Y2O3 and YFeO3. Under O-rich conditions, the incorporation U is obstructed by the formation of uranium-oxide precipitates. Under Fe-rich growth conditions, the formation energies of UY (U at the A-site) and UFe (U at the B-site) become negative for 0 ≤ EF ≤ 0.62 eV and 0 ≤ EF ≤ 0.77 eV, respectively, indicating that U might be incorporated in p-type YIG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zs Rák
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7907, USA
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Wang F, Pauletti GM, Wang J, Zhang J, Ewing RC, Wang Y, Shi D. Dual surface-functionalized Janus nanocomposites of polystyrene/Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ for simultaneous tumor cell targeting and stimulus-induced drug release. Adv Mater 2013; 25:3485-3489. [PMID: 23681969 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201301376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Folic acid (FA) and doxorubicin (DOX) are coupled separately onto Fe3 O4 @SiO2 and polystyrene surfaces of a unique polystyrene/Fe3 O4 @SiO2 Janus structure. This super-paramagnetic, dual-functionalized Janus nanocomposite enables effective tumor cell targeting and internalization via the folate receptor, and induces significant cancer cell death by controlled, stimulus-induced drug release under acidic conditions in endosomal compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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Wang J, Lang M, Ewing RC, Becker U. Multi-scale simulation of structural heterogeneity of swift-heavy ion tracks in complex oxides. J Phys Condens Matter 2013; 25:135001. [PMID: 23455695 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/13/135001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tracks formed by swift-heavy ion irradiation, 2.2 GeV Au, of isometric Gd2Ti2O7 pyrochlore and orthorhombic Gd2TiO5 were modeled using the thermal-spike model combined with a molecular-dynamics simulation. The thermal-spike model was used to calculate the energy dissipation over time and space. Using the time, space, and energy profile generated from the thermal-spike model, the molecular-dynamics simulations were performed to model the atomic-scale evolution of the tracks. The advantage of the combination of these two methods, which uses the output from the continuum model as an input for the atomistic model, is that it provides a means of simulating the coupling of the electronic and atomic subsystems and provides simultaneously atomic-scale detail of the track structure and morphology. The simulated internal structure of the track consists of an amorphous core and a shell of disordered, but still periodic, domains. For Gd2Ti2O7, the shell region has a disordered pyrochlore with a defect fluorite structure and is relatively thick and heterogeneous with different degrees of disordering. For Gd2TiO5, the disordered region is relatively small as compared with Gd2Ti2O7. In the simulation, 'facets', which are surfaces with definite crystallographic orientations, are apparent around the amorphous core and more evident in Gd2TiO5 along [010] than [001], suggesting an orientational dependence of the radiation response. These results show that track formation is controlled by the coupling of several complex processes, involving different degrees of amorphization, disordering, and dynamic annealing. Each of the processes depends on the mass and energy of the energetic ion, the properties of the material, and its crystallographic orientation with respect to the incident ion beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Wang
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1005, USA.
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