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Russell RS. Inflammatory Consequences and Immune Modulation. Viral Immunol 2024; 37:125. [PMID: 38608265 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2024.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney S Russell
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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Wallace HL, Russell RS. Inflammatory Consequences: Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptosis. Viral Immunol 2024; 37:126-138. [PMID: 38593460 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2023.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV), despite the availability of effective direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) that clear the virus from >95% of individuals treated, continues to cause significant health care burden due to disease progression that can lead to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. The fact that some people who are treated with DAAs still go on to develop worsening liver disease warrants further study into the immunopathogenesis of HCV. Many viral infections, including HCV, have been associated with activation of the inflammasome/pyroptosis pathway. This inflammatory cell death pathway ultimately results in cell lysis and release of inflammatory cytokines, IL-18 and IL-1β. This review will report on studies that investigated HCV and inflammasome activation/pyroptosis. This includes clinical in vivo data showing elevated pyroptosis-associated cytokines in the blood of individuals living with HCV, studies of genetic associations of pyroptosis-related genes and development of liver disease, and in vitro studies aimed at understanding the mechanism of pyroptosis induced by HCV. Finally, we discuss major gaps in understanding and outstanding questions that remain in the field of HCV-induced pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Wallace
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Group, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St John's, Canada
| | - Rodney S Russell
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Group, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St John's, Canada
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Russell RS. A Series of Articles About T Cells and Vaccines. Viral Immunol 2024; 37:59-60. [PMID: 38498795 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2024.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney S Russell
- BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney S Russell
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Norton NJ, Ings DP, Fifield KE, Barnes DA, Barnable KA, Harnum DOA, Holder KA, Russell RS, Grant MD. Characteristics of Vaccine- and Infection-Induced Systemic IgA Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Responses. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1462. [PMID: 37766138 PMCID: PMC10537135 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal IgA is widely accepted as providing protection against respiratory infections, but stimulation of mucosal immunity, collection of mucosal samples and measurement of mucosal IgA can be problematic. The relationship between mucosal and circulating IgA responses is unclear, however, whole blood is readily collected and circulating antigen-specific IgA easily measured. We measured circulating IgA against SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) to investigate vaccine- and infection-induced production and correlation with protection. Circulating IgA against ancestral (Wuhan-Hu-1) and Omicron (BA.1) S proteins was measured at different time points in a total of 143 subjects with varied backgrounds of vaccination and infection. Intramuscular vaccination induced circulating anti-SARS-CoV-2 S IgA. Subjects with higher levels of vaccine-induced IgA against SARS-CoV-2 S (p = 0.0333) or receptor binding domain (RBD) (p = 0.0266) were less likely to experience an Omicron breakthrough infection. The same associations did not hold for circulating IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 S levels. Breakthrough infection following two vaccinations generated stronger IgA anti-SARS-CoV-2 S responses (p = 0.0002) than third vaccinations but did not selectively increase circulating IgA against Omicron over ancestral S, indicating immune imprinting of circulating IgA responses. Circulating IgA against SARS-CoV-2 S following breakthrough infection remained higher than vaccine-induced levels for over 150 days. In conclusion, intramuscular mRNA vaccination induces circulating IgA against SARS-CoV-2 S, and higher levels are associated with protection from breakthrough infection. Vaccination with ancestral S enacts imprinting within circulating IgA responses that become apparent after breakthrough infection with Omicron. Breakthrough infection generates stronger and more durable circulating IgA responses against SARS-CoV-2 S than vaccination alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha J. Norton
- Immunology & Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada; (N.J.N.); (D.P.I.); (K.E.F.); (D.A.B.); (K.A.B.); (K.A.H.); (R.S.R.)
| | - Danielle P. Ings
- Immunology & Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada; (N.J.N.); (D.P.I.); (K.E.F.); (D.A.B.); (K.A.B.); (K.A.H.); (R.S.R.)
| | - Kathleen E. Fifield
- Immunology & Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada; (N.J.N.); (D.P.I.); (K.E.F.); (D.A.B.); (K.A.B.); (K.A.H.); (R.S.R.)
| | - David A. Barnes
- Immunology & Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada; (N.J.N.); (D.P.I.); (K.E.F.); (D.A.B.); (K.A.B.); (K.A.H.); (R.S.R.)
| | - Keeley A. Barnable
- Immunology & Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada; (N.J.N.); (D.P.I.); (K.E.F.); (D.A.B.); (K.A.B.); (K.A.H.); (R.S.R.)
| | | | - Kayla A. Holder
- Immunology & Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada; (N.J.N.); (D.P.I.); (K.E.F.); (D.A.B.); (K.A.B.); (K.A.H.); (R.S.R.)
| | - Rodney S. Russell
- Immunology & Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada; (N.J.N.); (D.P.I.); (K.E.F.); (D.A.B.); (K.A.B.); (K.A.H.); (R.S.R.)
| | - Michael D. Grant
- Immunology & Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada; (N.J.N.); (D.P.I.); (K.E.F.); (D.A.B.); (K.A.B.); (K.A.H.); (R.S.R.)
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Russell RS. Immunity in the Presence of Chronic or Repeated Infection. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:301-302. [PMID: 37327326 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2023.0073.editorial] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney S Russell
- BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Russell RS. How Can We Predict Disease Severity in Viral Infections? Viral Immunol 2023; 36:239-240. [PMID: 37186877 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2023.0059.editorial] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney S Russell
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Norton NJ, Holder KA, Ings DP, Harnum DOA, Russell RS, Grant MD. Cellular Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Exposed Seronegative Individuals. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040996. [PMID: 37112977 PMCID: PMC10144856 DOI: 10.3390/v15040996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Some SARS-CoV-2-exposed individuals develop immunity without overt infection. We identified 11 individuals who were negative by nucleic acid testing during prolonged close contact and with no serological diagnosis of infection. As this could reflect natural immunity, cross-reactive immunity from previous coronavirus exposure, abortive infection due to de novo immune responses, or other factors, our objective was to characterize immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in these individuals. Blood was processed into plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and screened for IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies (Ab) against SARS-CoV-2 and common β-coronaviruses OC43 and HKU1. Receptor blocking activity and interferon-alpha (IFN-α) in plasma were also measured. Circulating T cells against SARS-CoV-2 were enumerated and CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses discriminated after in vitro stimulation. Exposed uninfected individuals were seronegative against SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and selectively reactive against OC43 nucleocapsid protein (N), suggesting common β-coronavirus exposure induced Ab cross-reactive against SARS-CoV-2 N. There was no evidence of protection from circulating angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) or IFN-α. Six individuals had T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2, with four involving CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. We found no evidence of protection from SARS-CoV-2 through innate immunity or immunity induced by common β-coronaviruses. Cellular immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 were associated with time since exposure, suggesting that rapid cellular responses may contain SARS-CoV-2 infection below the thresholds required for a humoral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha J Norton
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Kayla A Holder
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Danielle P Ings
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Debbie O A Harnum
- Eastern Regional Health Authority, Department of Health and Community Services, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Rodney S Russell
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Michael D Grant
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
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Russell RS. A Little on Innate Immunity and a Lot on Antibodies. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:151-152. [PMID: 37071618 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2023.0043.editorial] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney S Russell
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Needle
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Canada.,Public Health and Microbiology Laboratory, Eastern Health, St. John's, Canada
| | - Rodney S Russell
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Canada
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Russell RS. An Interview with an Icon: Dr. Anthony Fauci. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:643-644. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0195.editorial] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney S. Russell
- BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney S. Russell
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Wallace HL, Russell RS. Promiscuous Inflammasomes: The False Dichotomy of RNA/DNA Virus-Induced Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptosis. Viruses 2022; 14:2113. [PMID: 36298668 PMCID: PMC9609106 DOI: 10.3390/v14102113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that viruses activate various inflammasomes, which can initiate the programmed cell death pathway known as pyroptosis, subsequently leading to cell lysis and release of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. This pathway can be triggered by various sensors, including, but not limited to, NLRP3, AIM2, IFI16, RIG-I, and NLRC4. Many viruses are known either to activate or inhibit inflammasomes as a part of the innate immune response or as a mechanism of pathogenesis. Early research in the field of virus-induced pyroptosis suggested a dichotomy, with RNA viruses activating the NLRP3 inflammasome and DNA viruses activating the AIM2 inflammasome. More recent research has shown that this dichotomy may not be as distinct as once thought. It seems many viruses activate multiple inflammasome sensors. Here, we detail which viruses fit the dichotomy as well as many that appear to defy this clearly false dichotomy. It seems likely that most, if not all, viruses activate multiple inflammasome sensors, and future research should focus on expanding our understanding of inflammasome activation in a variety of tissue types as well as virus activation of multiple inflammasomes, challenging biases that stemmed from early literature in this field. Here, we review primarily research performed on human viruses but also include details regarding animal viruses whenever possible.
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Wallace HL, Russell RS. Virus-Induced Programmed Cell Death: To Die, or Not to Die? Viral Immunol 2022. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L. Wallace
- BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Rodney S. Russell
- BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney S Russell
- BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Grant MD, Russell RS. The Value of "00" One. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:347-348. [PMID: 35704848 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Grant
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Rodney S Russell
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, Canada
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Russell RS. Is Omicron the Last One? Viral Immunol 2022; 35:283. [PMID: 35580074 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney S Russell
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Russell RS. A Great Time for Vaccine Research. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:81. [PMID: 35319969 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney S Russell
- BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Wallace HL, Wang L, Gardner CL, Corkum CP, Grant MD, Hirasawa K, Russell RS. Crosstalk Between Pyroptosis and Apoptosis in Hepatitis C Virus-induced Cell Death. Front Immunol 2022; 13:788138. [PMID: 35237259 PMCID: PMC8882739 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.788138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive inflammation in the liver is known to contribute to the pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Apoptosis has, for a long time, been known to act as a mechanism of hepatocyte death, but our previous research also identified inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis in infected and uninfected bystander cells as an additional mechanism of HCV-induced cytopathicity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of HCV-induced cell death and to determine the timing and relative contributions of apoptosis and pyroptosis during HCV infection. In a model employing a cell culture-adapted strain of JFH-1 HCV and Huh-7.5 hepatocyte-like cells, we found that pyroptosis occurred earlier than did apoptosis during infection. CRISPR knockout of NLRP3 resulted in decreased caspase-1 activation, but not complete elimination, indicating multiple sensors are likely involved in HCV-induced pyroptosis. Knockout of gasdermin-D resulted in increased activation of apoptosis-related caspase-3, suggesting potential crosstalk between the two cell death pathways. An unexpected decrease in activated caspase-1 levels was observed when caspase-3 was knocked out, implying that caspase-3 may have a role in the initiation of pyroptosis, at least in the context of HCV infection. Lower viral titres in culture fluids and increased ratios of intracellular to extracellular levels of infectious virus were observed in knockout versus wild-type Huh-7.5 cells, suggesting that HCV may induce programmed cell death in order to enhance virus release from infected cells. These results contribute to the understanding of HCV pathogenesis and add to the increasing volume of literature suggesting various programmed cell death pathways are not mutually exclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L. Wallace
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Lingyan Wang
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Cassandra L. Gardner
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Christopher P. Corkum
- Confocal Imaging/Flow Cytometry Unit, Medical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Michael D. Grant
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Kensuke Hirasawa
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Rodney S. Russell
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
- *Correspondence: Rodney S. Russell,
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Russell RS. A New Year, and a New Variant to Dweal With. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:4. [PMID: 35143352 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney S Russell
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Russell RS. Call for Papers: Viral Immunology. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:3. [PMID: 35100044 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.29050.cfp5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Russell RS. Call for Special Issue Papers: Virus-Induced Programmed Cell Death. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:1-2. [PMID: 35100038 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.29051.cfp3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney S Russell
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Russell RS. Call for Special Issue Papers: Virus-Induced Programmed Cell Death. Viral Immunol 2021; 34:661-662. [PMID: 34860588 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.29051.cfp2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Russell RS. Call for Papers: Viral Immunology. Viral Immunol 2021; 34:663. [PMID: 34860605 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.29050.cfp4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Russell RS. Let Us Not Forget the Cells. Viral Immunol 2021; 34:586-587. [PMID: 34780293 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney S Russell
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Russell RS. Call for Special Issue Papers: Virus-Induced Programmed Cell Death. Viral Immunol 2021; 34:583-584. [PMID: 34780294 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.29051.cfp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Russell RS. Call for Papers: Viral Immunology. Viral Immunol 2021; 34:585. [PMID: 34780295 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.29050.cfp3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney S Russell
- Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Rodney S. Russell; Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Russell RS. The Vaccinated Vulnerable. Viral Immunol 2021; 34:502-503. [PMID: 34652240 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney S Russell
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Russell RS. Call for Papers: Viral Immunology. Viral Immunol 2021; 34:427. [PMID: 34529534 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.29050.cfp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Russell RS. Will mRNA Vaccines Replace All the Rest? Viral Immunol 2021; 34:363-364. [PMID: 34388353 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney S Russell
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Russell RS. The Spectrum of Response. Viral Immunol 2021; 34:289-290. [PMID: 34138654 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney S Russell
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney S Russell
- BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney S Russell
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Needle R, Gilbert L, Zahariadis G, Yu Y, Dalton-Kenny H, Russell RS, Wang P, Donovan C, Hookey S, Jiao L. Serological Evaluation of Human Antibodies of the Immunoglobulin Class A and G Against SARS-CoV-2 in Serum Collected in Newfoundland and Labrador. Viral Immunol 2021; 34:182-189. [PMID: 33739895 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to detect antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently under investigation with various performance characteristics and indications for use. In this article, we analyzed the ability of the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin class G (IgG), EuroImmun SARS-CoV-2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) IgG, and EuroImmun SARS-CoV-2 ELISA immunoglobulin class A (IgA) kits to detect evidence of previous infection with SARS-CoV-2. We tested 49 known coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) patients and 111 prepandemic stored serology specimens. This resulted in a sensitivity of 95.9%, 100.0%, and 91.3% and a specificity of 98.2%, 98.2%, and 90.8% respectively, using manufacturer recommended cutoffs after inconclusive results (one for EuroImmun IgG and five for EuroImmun IgA) being excluded in the final statistical analyses. Cross-reactivity of hepatitis C virus seropositive specimens was observed resulting in false positives (p < 0.05). If a two-tiered algorithmic approach was applied, that is, testing with Abbott SARS-CoV-2 assay followed by EuroImmun SARS-CoV-2 IgG, 100% specificity and sensitivity could be obtained after six inconclusive results were excluded from data set before statistical analyses. Performance characteristics presented demonstrate the superior performance of IgG class antibodies for investigating previous infections. In addition, utilizing a second antibody test for supplementary testing may significantly enhance performance, particularly in lower prevalence settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Needle
- Newfoundland and Labrador Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Eastern Health, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Laura Gilbert
- Newfoundland and Labrador Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Eastern Health, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - George Zahariadis
- Newfoundland and Labrador Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Eastern Health, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.,Discipline of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Yang Yu
- Newfoundland and Labrador Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Eastern Health, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.,Discipline of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Hedy Dalton-Kenny
- Newfoundland and Labrador Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Eastern Health, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Rodney S Russell
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Peter Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine Donovan
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.,Eastern Health, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Sandy Hookey
- Newfoundland and Labrador Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Eastern Health, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Lei Jiao
- Newfoundland and Labrador Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Eastern Health, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.,Discipline of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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Russell RS. A Focus on Vaccines Against Viruses. Viral Immunol 2021; 34:61. [PMID: 33724893 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney S Russell
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Khayat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rodney S Russell
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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Russell RS. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2020: Perseverance Against a Pathogen. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:617-619. [PMID: 33259735 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney S Russell
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Russell RS. Inflammation: When a Good Response Goes Bad. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:571-572. [PMID: 33136537 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney S Russell
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Russell RS. Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion in Science. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:535. [PMID: 32960158 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney S Russell
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Russell RS. Virology and Immunology Researchers Evolve with the Viruses We Study. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:493. [PMID: 32881643 PMCID: PMC7541335 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney S Russell
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney S Russell
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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Gobeil Odai K, O’Dwyer C, Steenbergen R, Shaw TA, Renner TM, Ghorbani P, Rezaaifar M, Han S, Langlois MA, Crawley AM, Russell RS, Pezacki JP, Tyrrell DL, Fullerton MD. In Vitro Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Hepatic Choline Metabolism. Viruses 2020; 12:v12010108. [PMID: 31963173 PMCID: PMC7019665 DOI: 10.3390/v12010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Choline is an essential nutrient required for normal neuronal and muscular development, as well as homeostatic regulation of hepatic metabolism. In the liver, choline is incorporated into the main eukaryotic phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine (PC), and can enter one-carbon metabolism via mitochondrial oxidation. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a hepatotropic positive-strand RNA virus that similar to other positive-strand RNA viruses and can impact phospholipid metabolism. In the current study we sought to interrogate if HCV modulates markers of choline metabolism following in vitro infection, while subsequently assessing if the inhibition of choline uptake and metabolism upon concurrent HCV infection alters viral replication and infectivity. Additionally, we assessed whether these parameters were consistent between cells cultured in fetal bovine serum (FBS) or human serum (HS), conditions known to differentially affect in vitro HCV infection. We observed that choline transport in FBS- and HS-cultured Huh7.5 cells is facilitated by the intermediate affinity transporter, choline transporter-like family (CTL). HCV infection in FBS, but not HS-cultured cells diminished CTL1 transcript and protein expression at 24 h post-infection, which was associated with lower choline uptake and lower incorporation of choline into PC. No changes in other transporters were observed and at 96 h post-infection, all differences were normalized. Reciprocally, limiting the availability of choline for PC synthesis by use of a choline uptake inhibitor resulted in increased HCV replication at this early stage (24 h post-infection) in both FBS- and HS-cultured cells. Finally, in chronic infection (96 h post-infection), inhibiting choline uptake and metabolism significantly impaired the production of infectious virions. These results suggest that in addition to a known role of choline kinase, the transport of choline, potentially via CTL1, might also represent an important and regulated process during HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaelan Gobeil Odai
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (K.G.O.); (C.O.); (T.M.R.); (P.G.); (M.R.); (S.H.); (M.-A.L.); (A.M.C.); (J.P.P.)
- University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Conor O’Dwyer
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (K.G.O.); (C.O.); (T.M.R.); (P.G.); (M.R.); (S.H.); (M.-A.L.); (A.M.C.); (J.P.P.)
- University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Rineke Steenbergen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (R.S.); (D.L.T.)
| | - Tyler A. Shaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
| | - Tyler M. Renner
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (K.G.O.); (C.O.); (T.M.R.); (P.G.); (M.R.); (S.H.); (M.-A.L.); (A.M.C.); (J.P.P.)
- University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Peyman Ghorbani
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (K.G.O.); (C.O.); (T.M.R.); (P.G.); (M.R.); (S.H.); (M.-A.L.); (A.M.C.); (J.P.P.)
- University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Mojgan Rezaaifar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (K.G.O.); (C.O.); (T.M.R.); (P.G.); (M.R.); (S.H.); (M.-A.L.); (A.M.C.); (J.P.P.)
- University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Shauna Han
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (K.G.O.); (C.O.); (T.M.R.); (P.G.); (M.R.); (S.H.); (M.-A.L.); (A.M.C.); (J.P.P.)
- University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Marc-André Langlois
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (K.G.O.); (C.O.); (T.M.R.); (P.G.); (M.R.); (S.H.); (M.-A.L.); (A.M.C.); (J.P.P.)
- University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Angela M. Crawley
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (K.G.O.); (C.O.); (T.M.R.); (P.G.); (M.R.); (S.H.); (M.-A.L.); (A.M.C.); (J.P.P.)
- University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Rodney S. Russell
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada;
| | - John P. Pezacki
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (K.G.O.); (C.O.); (T.M.R.); (P.G.); (M.R.); (S.H.); (M.-A.L.); (A.M.C.); (J.P.P.)
- University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
| | - D. Lorne Tyrrell
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (R.S.); (D.L.T.)
| | - Morgan D. Fullerton
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (K.G.O.); (C.O.); (T.M.R.); (P.G.); (M.R.); (S.H.); (M.-A.L.); (A.M.C.); (J.P.P.)
- University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +(1)-613-562-5800 (ext. 8310)
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Vahedi F, Lee AJ, Collins SE, Chew MV, Lusty E, Chen B, Dubey A, Richards CD, Feld JJ, Russell RS, Mossman KL, Ashkar AA. IL-15 and IFN-γ signal through the ERK pathway to inhibit HCV replication, independent of type I IFN signaling. Cytokine 2018; 124:154439. [PMID: 29908921 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite effective new treatments for Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, development of drug resistance, safety concerns and cost are remaining challenges. More importantly, there is no vaccine available against hepatitis C infection. Recent data suggest that there is a strong correlation between spontaneous HCV clearance and human NK cell function, particularly IFN-γ production. Further, IL-15 has innate antiviral activity and is also one of the main factors that activates NK cells to produce IFN-γ. To examine whether IL-15 and IFN-γ have direct antiviral activity against HCV, Huh7.5 cells were treated with either IFN-γ or IL-15 prior to HCV infection. Our data demonstrate that IFN-γ and IL-15 block HCV replication in vitro. Additionally, we show that IL-15 and IFN-γ do not induce anti-HCV effects through the type I interferon signaling pathway or nitric oxide (NO) production. Instead, IL-15 and IFN-γ provide protection against HCV via the ERK pathway. Treatment of Huh7.5 cells with a MEK/ERK inhibitor abrogated the anti-HCV effects of IL-15 and IFN-γ and overexpression of ERK1 prevented HCV replication compared to control transfection. Our in vitro data support the hypothesis that early production of IL-15 and activation of NK cells in the liver lead to control of HCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Vahedi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada; MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Amanda J Lee
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada; MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Susan E Collins
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada; MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Marianne V Chew
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada; MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Evan Lusty
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada; MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Branson Chen
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada; MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Anisha Dubey
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada; MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Carl D Richards
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada; MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Jordan J Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rodney S Russell
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Karen L Mossman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada; MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Ali A Ashkar
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada; MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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Singaravelu R, Quan C, Powdrill MH, Shaw TA, Srinivasan P, Lyn RK, Alonzi RC, Jones DM, Filip R, Russell RS, Pezacki JP. MicroRNA-7 mediates cross-talk between metabolic signaling pathways in the liver. Sci Rep 2018; 8:361. [PMID: 29321595 PMCID: PMC5762714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators of cellular metabolism. To characterise miRNAs crucial to the maintenance of hepatic lipid homeostasis, we examined the overlap between the miRNA signature associated with inhibition of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) signaling, a pathway regulating fatty acid metabolism, and the miRNA profile associated with 25-hydroxycholesterol treatment, an oxysterol regulator of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) and liver X receptor (LXR) signaling. Using this strategy, we identified microRNA-7 (miR-7) as a PPAR-α regulated miRNA, which activates SREBP signaling and promotes hepatocellular lipid accumulation. This is mediated, in part, by suppression of the negative regulator of SREBP signaling: ERLIN2. miR-7 also regulates genes associated with PPAR signaling and sterol metabolism, including liver X receptor β (LXR-β), a transcriptional regulator of sterol synthesis, efflux, and excretion. Collectively, our findings highlight miR-7 as a novel mediator of cross-talk between PPAR, SREBP, and LXR signaling pathways in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragunath Singaravelu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Curtis Quan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Megan H Powdrill
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Tyler A Shaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Prashanth Srinivasan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Rodney K Lyn
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Rhea C Alonzi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Daniel M Jones
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Roxana Filip
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Rodney S Russell
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - John P Pezacki
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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Kofahi HM, Taylor NGA, Hirasawa K, Grant MD, Russell RS. Hepatitis C Virus Infection of Cultured Human Hepatoma Cells Causes Apoptosis and Pyroptosis in Both Infected and Bystander Cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37433. [PMID: 27974850 PMCID: PMC5156923 DOI: 10.1038/srep37433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) are at high risk of developing progressive liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). How HCV infection causes liver destruction has been of significant interest for many years, and apoptosis has been proposed as one operative mechanism. In this study, we employed a tissue culture-adapted strain of HCV (JFH1T) to test effects of HCV infection on induction of programmed cell death (PCD) in Huh-7.5 cells. We found that HCV infection reduced the proliferation rate and induced caspase-3-mediated apoptosis in the infected cell population. However, in addition to apoptosis, we also observed infected cells undergoing caspase-1-mediated pyroptosis, which was induced by NLRP3 inflammasome activation. By co-culturing HCV-infected Huh-7.5 cells with an HCV-non-permissive cell line, we also demonstrated induction of both apoptosis and pyroptosis in uninfected cells. Bystander apoptosis, but not bystander pyroptosis, required cell-cell contact between infected and bystander cells. In summary, these findings provide new information on mechanisms of cell death in response to HCV infection. The observation that both apoptosis and pyroptosis can be induced in bystander cells extends our understanding of HCV-induced pathogenesis in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Kofahi
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - N G A Taylor
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - K Hirasawa
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - M D Grant
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - R S Russell
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3V6, Canada
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Singaravelu R, O'Hara S, Jones DM, Chen R, Taylor NG, Srinivasan P, Quan C, Roy DG, Steenbergen RH, Kumar A, Lyn RK, Özcelik D, Rouleau Y, Nguyen MA, Rayner KJ, Hobman TC, Tyrrell DL, Russell RS, Pezacki JP. MicroRNAs regulate the immunometabolic response to viral infection in the liver. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:988-93. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Singaravelu R, Desrochers GF, Srinivasan P, O’Hara S, Lyn RK, Müller R, Jones DM, Russell RS, Pezacki JP. Soraphen A: A Probe for Investigating the Role of de Novo Lipogenesis during Viral Infection. ACS Infect Dis 2015; 1:130-4. [PMID: 27622463 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Many viruses including the hepatitis C virus (HCV) induce changes to the infected host cell metabolism that include the up-regulation of lipogenesis to create a favorable environment for the virus to propagate. The enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) polymerizes to form a supramolecular complex that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of de novo lipogenesis. The small molecule natural product Soraphen A (SorA) acts as a nanomolar inhibitor of acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity through disruption of the formation of long highly active ACC polymers from less active ACC dimers. We have shown that SorA inhibits HCV replication in HCV cell culture models expressing subgenomic and full-length replicons (IC50 = 5 nM) as well as a cell culture adapted virus. Using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy, we have shown that SorA lowers the total cellular lipid volume in hepatoma cells, consistent with a reduction in de novo lipogenesis. Furthermore, SorA treatment was found to depolymerize the ACC complexes into less active dimers. Taken together, our results suggest that SorA treatment reverses HCV-induced lipid accumulation and demonstrate that SorA is a valuable probe to study the roles of ACC polymerization and enzymatic activity in viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragunath Singaravelu
- Life
Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Geneviève F. Desrochers
- Life
Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Prashanth Srinivasan
- Life
Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Shifawn O’Hara
- Life
Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Rodney K. Lyn
- Life
Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Rolf Müller
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, P.O. Box 151150, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Daniel M. Jones
- Immunology
and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3V6
| | - Rodney S. Russell
- Immunology
and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3V6
| | - John Paul Pezacki
- Life
Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
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Lin LT, Chung CY, Hsu WC, Chang SP, Hung TC, Shields J, Russell RS, Lin CC, Li CF, Yen MH, Tyrrell DLJ, Lin CC, Richardson CD. Saikosaponin b2 is a naturally occurring terpenoid that efficiently inhibits hepatitis C virus entry. J Hepatol 2015; 62:541-8. [PMID: 25450204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS A vaccine against hepatitis C virus (HCV) is unavailable and cost-effective antivirals that prevent HCV infection and re-infection, such as in the transplant setting, do not exist. In a search for novel and economical prophylactic agents, we examined the antiviral activity of saikosaponins (SSa, SSb2, SSc, and SSd) from Bupleurum kaoi root (BK) as entry inhibitors against HCV infection. METHODS Infectious HCV culture systems were used to examine the effect of saikosaponins on the complete virus life cycle (entry, RNA replication/translation, and particle production). Antiviral activity against various HCV genotypes, clinical isolates, and infection of primary human hepatocytes were also evaluated. RESULTS BK and the saikosaponins potently inhibited HCV infection at non-cytotoxic concentrations. These natural agents targeted early steps of the viral life cycle, while leaving replication/translation, egress, and spread relatively unaffected. In particular, we identified SSb2 as an efficient inhibitor of early HCV entry, including neutralization of virus particles, preventing viral attachment, and inhibiting viral entry/fusion. Binding analysis, using soluble viral glycoproteins, demonstrated that SSb2 acted on HCV E2. Moreover, SSb2 inhibited infection by several genotypic strains and prevented binding of serum-derived HCV onto hepatoma cells. Finally, treatment with the compound blocked HCV infection of primary human hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS Due to its potency, SSb2 may be of value for development as an antagonist of HCV entry and could be explored as prophylactic treatment during the course of liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Tzung Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chueh-Yao Chung
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chan Hsu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Pang Chang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Chun Hung
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Justin Shields
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rodney S Russell
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Chih-Chan Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Feng Li
- Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hong Yen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Chun-Ching Lin
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Christopher D Richardson
- Department of Pediatrics and Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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50
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Singaravelu R, Delcorde J, Lyn RK, Steenbergen RH, Jones DM, Tyrrell DL, Russell RS, Pezacki JP. Investigating the antiviral role of cell death-inducing DFF45-like effector B in HCV replication. FEBS J 2014; 281:3751-65. [PMID: 24980280 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell-death-inducing DFF45-like effector B (CIDEB) is an apoptotic host factor, which was recently found to also regulate hepatic lipid homeostasis. Herein we delineate the relevance of these dual roles of CIDEB in apoptosis and lipid metabolism in the context of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. We demonstrate that HCV upregulates CIDEB expression in human serum differentiated hepatoma cells. CIDEB overexpression inhibits HCV replication in HCV replicon expressing Huh7.5 cells, while small interfering RNA knockdown of CIDEB expression in human serum differentiated hepatoma cells promotes HCV replication and secretion of viral proteins. Furthermore, we characterize a CIDEB mutant, KRRA, which is deficient in lipid droplet clustering and fusion and demonstrate that CIDEB-mediated inhibition of HCV is independent of the protein's lipid droplet fusogenic role. Our results suggest that higher levels of CIDEB expression, which favour an apoptotic role for the host factor, inhibit HCV. Collectively, our data demonstrate that CIDEB can act as an anti-HCV host factor and contribute to altered triglyceride homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragunath Singaravelu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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