Antioxidant action and enzyme activity modulation by bioaccessible polyphenols from jambolan (Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels)

Jambolan is rich in antioxidant polyphenols; however, the bioactivity of these compounds remains poorly investigated. We compared changes in polyphenols and antioxidant capacity by ABTS and FRAP assays of jambolan pulp during in vitro digestion and chemical extraction and evaluated the effects of these changes on oxidative stress in wild and mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Digestion and chemical extraction were performed with enzyme saline solutions, deionized water, and 50% (v/v) aqueous acetone solution. Caffeic, quinic, gallic, and ellagic acids, isomers of myricetin, catechin, and anthocyanins are bioaccessible during gastric digestion. In the duodenum, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins remained stable when the pH changed from acidic to neutral/alkaline, whereas anthocyanins were degraded when exposed to pH 7. In the colon, anthocyanins were not identified. The antioxidant activity of bioaccessible fractions is correlated with non-anthocyanin flavonoids and proanthocyanidins, reflected in the modulation of antioxidant enzymes of S. cerevisiae. The digestion process favors the release of bio-polyphenols from jambolan with preventive, scavenger, and reparative antioxidant action. They also stimulate the production and activity of Sod and Cat, strengthening the endogenous antioxidant system.

Antioxidative defense against omeprazole-induced toxicogenetical effects in Swiss mice

BACKGROUND

Omeprazole (OME), a most frequently used proton pump inhibitor in gastric acidosis, is evident to show many adverse effects, including genetic instability. This study evaluated toxicogenic effects of OME in Mus musculus.

METHODS

For this study, 40 male Swiss mice were divided into 8 groups (n = 5) and treated with OME at doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg and/or treated with the antioxidants retinol palmitate (100 IU/kg) and ascorbic acid (2.0 μM/kg). Cyclophosphamide 50 mg/kg, (cytotoxic agent) and the vehicle were served as positive and negative control group, respectively. After 14 days of treatment, the stomach cells along with the bone marrow and peripheral blood lymphocytes were collected and submitted to the comet assay (alkaline version) and micronucleus test. Additionally, hematological and biochemical parameters of the animals were also determined inspect of vehicle group.

RESULTS

The results suggest that OME at all doses induced genotoxicity and mutagenicity in the treated cells. However, in association with the antioxidants, these effects were modulated and/or inhibited along with a DNA repair capacity.

CONCLUSIONS

Taken together, antioxidants (such as retinol palmitate and ascorbic acid) may be one of the best options to counteract OME-induced cytogenetic instability.

Retinol palmitate against toxicogenic damages of antineoplastic drugs on normal and tumor cells

The lack of tissue selectivity of anticancer drugs generates intense collateral and adverse effects of cancer patients, making the incorporation of vitamins or micronutrients into the diet of individuals to reduce side or adverse effects of antineoplastics. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of retinol palmitate (RP) on the toxicogenic damages induced by cyclophosphamide (CPA), doxorubicin (DOX) and its association with the AC protocol (CPA + DOX), in Sarcoma 180 (S-180) tumor cell line, using the micronuclei test with a block of cytokinesis (CBMN); and in non-tumor cells derived from Mus musculus using the comet assay. The results suggest that CPA, DOX and AC protocol induced significant toxicogenic damages (P < 0.05) on the S-180 cells by induction of micronuclei, cytoplasmic bridges, nuclear buds, apoptosis, and cell necrosis, proving their antitumor effects, and significant damage (P < 0.001) to the genetic material of peripheral blood cells of healthy mice, proving the genotoxic potential of these drugs. However, RP modulated the toxicogenic effects of antineoplastic tested both in the CBMN test (P < 0.05), at the concentrations of 1, 10 and 100 IU/mL; as in the comet assay (P < 0.001) at the concentration of 100 IU/kg for the index and frequency of genotoxic damage. The accumulated results suggest that RP reduced the action of antineoplastics in non-tumor cells as well as the cytotoxic, mutagenic, and cell death in neoplastic cells.

Citrinin against breast cancer: A cytogenotoxicological study

Breast cancer is one of the most lethal types of cancer and a leading cause of mortality among Women worldwide. Citrinin (CIT), a polyketide extracted from the fungus Penicillium citrinum, exhibits a wide range of biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic effects. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the antitumoral effects of CIT against 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinoma in Swiss mice For this, CIT, DMBA and the standard cyclophosphamide (CPA) induced behavioral changes in experimental animals, and these changes were screened by using the rota rod and open field tests. Additionally, hematological, biochemical, immuno-histochemical, and histopathological analyses were carried out. Results suggest that CIT did not alter behavioral, hematological, and biochemical parameters in mice. DMBA induced invasive mammary carcinoma and showed genotoxic effects in the breasts, bone marrow, lymphocytes, and hepatic cells. It also caused mutagenic effects in the formation of micronuclei, bridges, shoots, and binucleate cells in bone marrow and liver. CIT and CPA genotoxic effects were observed after 3 weeks of therapy, where CIT exhibited a repair capacity and induced significant apoptotic damage in mouse lymphocytes. In conclusion, CIT showed antitumoral effects in Swiss mice, possibly through induction of apoptosis.

Cytogenotoxic evaluation of the acetonitrile extract, citrinin and dicitrinin-A from Penicillium citrinum

Endophytic fungi are promising sources of bioactive substances; however, their secondary metabolites are toxic to plants, animals, and humans. This study aimed toevaluate the toxic, cytotoxic, mutagenic and oxidant/antioxidant activities of acetonitrile extract (AEPc), citrinin (CIT) and dicitrinin-A (DIC-A) of Penicillium citrinum. For this, the test substances at 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2 μg/mLwere exposed for 24 and 48 h in Artemia salina, and 48 h in Allium cepa test systems. The oxidant/antioxidant test was evaluated in pre-, co- and post-treatment with the stressor hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results suggest that the AEPc, CIT and DIC-A at 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2 μg/mL showed toxicity in A. saline, with LC₅₀ (24 h) of 2.03 μg/mL, 1.71 μg/mL and 2.29 μg/mL, and LC₅₀ (48 h) of 0.51 μg/mL, 0.54 μg/mL and 0.54 μg/mL, respectively.In A. cepa, the test substances also exerted cytotoxic and mutagenic effects. The AEPc, CIT and DIC-A at lower concentrations modulated the damage induced by H₂O₂ in the proficient and mutant strains of S. cerevisiae for cytoplasmic and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase. Moreover, the AEPc at 2 μg/mL and CIT at the two highest concentrations did not affect the H₂O₂-induced DNA damage in the test strains. In conclusion, AEPc, CIT and DIC-A of P. citrinum may exert their toxic, cytotoxic and mutagenic effects in the test systems possibly through oxidative stress induction pathway.

Toxic, cytogenetic and antitumor evaluations of [6]-gingerol in non-clinical in vitro studies

Gingerol - [6]-gingerol ((S)-5-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-decanone; [6]-G) - is a phenolic compound with several pharmacological properties. Herein, the aim of the study was to evaluate the toxicogenic effects of [6]-G on Artemia salina nauplii, Allium cepa, HL-60 cell line and Sarcoma 180 (S-180) ascitic fluid cells.For toxic and genotoxic analysis, it was used [6]-G concentrations of 5, 10, 20 and 40 μg mL-1. For cytotoxic evaluation using the MTT test (3- [4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl] -2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide), serial [6]-G dilutions (1.56-100 μg mL-1) were performed, and S-180, HL-60 and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were treated for 72 h. The IC50 of [6]-G were 1.14, 5.73 and 11.18 μg mL-1 for HL-60, S-180 and PBMC, respectively, indicating a possible selectivity against tumor cell lines. At higher concentrations (>10 μg mL^-1), toxicity and genotoxicity were observed in the A. cepa test, especially at 40 μg mL^-1. Mechanisms indicating apoptosis, such as toxicity, cytotoxicity and nuclear abnormalities (bridges, fragments, delays, loose chromosomes and micronuclei) suggest that [6]-G has potential for antitumor pharmaceutical formulations.

Protective and therapeutic potential of ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract and [6]-gingerol in cancer: A comprehensive review

Natural dietary agents have attracted considerable attention due to their role in promoting health and reducing the risk of diseases including cancer. Ginger, one of the most ancient known spices, contains bioactive compounds with several health benefits. [6]-Gingerol constitutes the most pharmacologically active among such compounds. The aim of the present work was to review the literature pertaining to the use of ginger extract and [6]-gingerol against tumorigenic and oxidative and inflammatory processes associated with cancer, along with the underlying mechanisms of action involved in signaling pathways. This will shed some light on the protective or therapeutic role of ginger derivatives in oxidative and inflammatory regulations during metabolic disturbance and on the antiproliferative and anticancer properties. Data collected from experimental (in vitro or in vivo) and clinical studies discussed in this review indicate that ginger extract and [6]-gingerol exert their action through important mediators and pathways of cell signaling, including Bax/Bcl2, p38/MAPK, Nrf2, p65/NF-κB, TNF-α, ERK1/2, SAPK/JNK, ROS/NF-κB/COX-2, caspases-3, -9, and p53. This suggests that ginger derivatives, in the form of an extract or isolated compounds, exhibit relevant antiproliferative, antitumor, invasive, and anti-inflammatory activities.

Toxicogenetic study of omeprazole and the modulatory effects of retinol palmitate and ascorbic acid on Allium cepa

Omeprazole (OME) is a proton pump inhibitor used for the treatment of various gastric and intestinal disease; however, studies on its effects on the genetic materials are still restricted. The present study aimed to evaluate possible toxicogenic effects of OME in Allium cepa meristems with the application of cytogenetic biomarkers for DNA damage, mutagenic, toxic and cytotoxic effects. Additionally, retinol palmitate (RP) and ascorbic acid (AA) were also co-treated with OME to evaluate possible modulatory effects of OME-induced cytogenetic damages. OME was tested at 10, 20 and 40 μg/mL, while RP and AA at 55 μg/mL and 352.2 μg/mL, respectively. Copper sulphate (0.6 μg/mL) and dechlorinated water were used as positive control and negative control, respectively. The results suggest that OME induced genotoxicity and mutagenicity in A. cepa at all tested concentrations. It was noted that cotreatment of OME with the antioxidant vitamins RP and/or AA significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited and/or modulated all toxicogenic damages induced by OME. These observations demonstrate their antigenotoxic, antimutagenic, antitoxic and anticitotoxic effects in A. cepa. This study indicates that application of antioxidants may be useful tools to overcome OME-induced toxic effects.

Cytogenotoxicological defense of retinyl palmitate in the front damage of antineoplastics

Cancer, the multifactorial pathology and to date is the most lethal causes of death in the world. Cyclophosphamide (CPA) and doxorubicin (DOX) are the individually or combindly used two anticancer drugs. The antineoplastic drugs-mediated genetic instability can be overcome by using antioxidants. The study evaluated the cytogenotoxic modulatory potentials of retinyl palmitate (RP) caused by CPA and DOX in Swiss mice. For this, adult Mus musculus of either sex were divided equally regarding to the gender. Toxicogenetic effects were induced by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of the CPA (20mg/kg) and/or DOX (2mg/kg), following to test for comet assay and micronucleus test in bone marrow cells after 48h (DOX) and 7h (CPA) of the administration of RP (100 IU/kg). Both CPA and DOX significantly (p<0.05) increased with the index and frequency of damages, clastogenic and/or aneugenic effects with the augmenting of micronuclei, demonstrating the cytotoxicity interference on the ratio of normochromatic to polychromatic erythrocytes and bone marrow cells of mice, that were found to reduce in RP treatment groups. In conclusion, RP has a modulatory effect on CPA and DOX-mediated cytogenotoxic events. The findings may be a good indication to manage the antioneoplastic drug-induced stress mediated detrimental effects by using RP, especially as a side effect minimizer.

Eating behavior of autistic children and teens answered in a special education center integrated / Comportamento alimentar de crianças e adolescentes autistas atendidas em um centro integrado de educação especial / La conducta alimentaria de niños

Objetivo: Relatar a experiência vivenciada diante da observação do comportamento alimentar do autista em um Centro Integrado de Educação Especial da cidade de Teresina, Piauí. O Transtorno de Espectro Autista é uma disfunção caracterizada por falhas no desenvolvimento social e intelectual, afetando o comportamento e repercutindo no convívio social e linguagem. Método: Trata-se de um relato de experiência vivenciada por profissionais de saúde diante da observação de tal comportamento durante o lanche no período de janeiro a outubro de 2014. Resultados: No cotidiano de trabalho, na hora do lanche, observam-se as mais variadas reações como recusa ou preferência por certa cor, cheiro, consistência e textura. Resistência a sentar à mesa para comer com outras pessoas, entrar no refeitório e aceitar preparações novas. Conclusão: O Autismo é uma síndrome que compromete todo o desenvolvimento da criança e adolescente, e por esse motivo necessita de uma atenção especial do poder público, profissionais da saúde, familiares e demais pessoas envolvidas.