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Wang D, Wang H, Chen X, Xu Y, He W, Wu D, Zuo M, Zhu W, Wang L. Five previously undescribed citrinin derivatives from the endophytic fungus Penicillium citrinum GZWMJZ-836. Phytochemistry 2024; 220:114032. [PMID: 38369172 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Penicillium citrinum GZWMJZ-836 is an endophytic fungus from Drynaria roosii Nakaike. Five previously undescribed citrinin derivatives (1-5) and six intermediates related to their biosynthesis (6-11) were obtained from the extract of this strain's solid fermentation using multiple column chromatography separations, including high-performance liquid chromatography. The structures of these compounds were determined through comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, primarily using NMR and HRESIMS data. The stereochemistry was mainly confirmed by ECD calculations, and the configurations of C-7' in compounds 4 and 5 were determined using 13C NMR calculations. Compounds 4-5 and 8 showed antibacterial activity against five strains, with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 7.8 to 125 μM. Compounds 4 and 7 exhibited inhibitions against three plant pathogenic fungi, with IC50 values ranging from 66.6 to 152.1 μM. Additionally, a putative biosynthetic pathway for compounds 1-5 derived from citrinin was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China; Natural Product Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China; Natural Product Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550014, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xuli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China; Natural Product Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550014, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yanchao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Wenwen He
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China; Natural Product Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Dan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China; Natural Product Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Mingxing Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China; Natural Product Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Liping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China; Natural Product Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550014, China.
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Anh NM, Huyen VTT, Quyen VT, Dao PT, Quynh DT, Huong DTM, Van Cuong P, Dat TTH, Minh LTH. Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Secondary Metabolites from a Marine-Derived Fungus Penicillium Citrinum VM6. Curr Microbiol 2023; 81:32. [PMID: 38062305 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03568-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of an antimicrobial and cytotoxic ethyl acetate extract prepared from solid fermentation of the marine-derived fungus Penicillium citrinum VM6 led to the isolation of eight metabolites (1-8), including one citrinin dimer dicitrinone F (1). Of these, compound 7 was isolated for the first time from the Penicillium genus and compound 1 with carbon-bridged C-7/C-7' linkage is rarely reported. All compounds (1-8) exhibited selective antimicrobial activity against the tested Gram-positive bacteria and Candida albicans with MICs of 32-256 µg/mL. Compounds 1 and 8 exhibited cytotoxicity against all tested cell lines A549, MCF7, MDA-MB-231, Hela, and AGS with IC50 values of 6.7 ± 0.2 to 29.6 ± 2.2 µg/mL, whereas compound 5 had selective cytotoxicity against the MCF7 cell lines with IC50 of 98.1 ± 7.8 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Mai Anh
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vu Thi Thu Huyen
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vu Thi Quyen
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phi Thi Dao
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Do Thi Quynh
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Doan Thi Mai Huong
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham Van Cuong
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ton That Huu Dat
- Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, VAST, 321 Huynh Thuc Khang, Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam.
| | - Le Thi Hong Minh
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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Yu HY, Li Y, Zhang M, Zou ZB, Hao YJ, Xie MM, Li LS, Meng DL, Yang XW. Chemical Constituents of the Deep-sea Gammarid Shrimp-Derived Fungus Penicillium citrinum XIA-16. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202301507. [PMID: 37847218 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
One new alkaloid, (S)-2-acetamido-4-(2-(methylamino)phenyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid (1), was isolated from the deep-sea-derived Penicillium citrinum XIA-16, together with 25 known compounds including ten polyketones (2-11), eight alkaloids (12-19), six steroids (20-25), and a fatty acid (26). Their planar and relative structures were determined by an analysis of 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as well as high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HR-ESI-MS) data. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined by comparison of the experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Penicitrinol B (6) significantly inhibited RSL3-induced ferroptosis (EC50 =2.0 μM) by reducing lipid peroxidation and heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) expression. Under the concentration of 10 μM, penicitrinol A (7) was able to inhibit cuproptosis with the cell viabilities of 68.2 % compared to the negative control (copper and elesclomol) with the cell viabilities of 14.8 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yu Yu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yan Li
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, 1 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zheng-Biao Zou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - You-Jia Hao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Ming-Min Xie
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Li-Sheng Li
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, 1 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Da-Li Meng
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xian-Wen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
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Zhang Y, Xie CL, Wang Y, He XW, Xie MM, Li Y, Zhang K, Zou ZB, Yang LH, Xu R, Yang XW. Penidihydrocitrinins A-C: New Polyketides from the Deep-Sea-Derived Penicillium citrinum W17 and Their Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Osteoporotic Bioactivities. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:538. [PMID: 37888473 PMCID: PMC10608093 DOI: 10.3390/md21100538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Three new polyketides (penidihydrocitrinins A-C, 1-3) and fourteen known compounds (4-17) were isolated from the deep-sea-derived Penicillium citrinum W17. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive analyses of 1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS, and ECD calculations. Compounds 1-17 were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoporotic bioactivities. All isolates exhibited significant inhibitory effects on LPS-stimulated nitric oxide production in murine brain microglial BV-2 cells in a dose-response manner. Notably, compound 14 displayed the strongest effect with the IC50 value of 4.7 µM. Additionally, compounds 6, 7, and 8 significantly enhanced osteoblast mineralization, which was comparable to that of the positive control, purmorphamine. Furthermore, these three compounds also suppressed osteoclastogenesis in a dose-dependent manner under the concentrations of 2.5 μM, 5.0 μM, and 10 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (Y.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (Y.W.); (X.-W.H.); (M.-M.X.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (Z.-B.Z.)
| | - Chun-Lan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (Y.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (Y.W.); (X.-W.H.); (M.-M.X.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (Z.-B.Z.)
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, South Xiangan Road, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (Y.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (Y.W.); (X.-W.H.); (M.-M.X.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (Z.-B.Z.)
| | - Xi-Wen He
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (Y.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (Y.W.); (X.-W.H.); (M.-M.X.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (Z.-B.Z.)
| | - Ming-Min Xie
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (Y.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (Y.W.); (X.-W.H.); (M.-M.X.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (Z.-B.Z.)
| | - You Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (Y.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (Y.W.); (X.-W.H.); (M.-M.X.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (Z.-B.Z.)
| | - Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (Y.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (Y.W.); (X.-W.H.); (M.-M.X.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (Z.-B.Z.)
| | - Zheng-Biao Zou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (Y.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (Y.W.); (X.-W.H.); (M.-M.X.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (Z.-B.Z.)
| | - Long-He Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (Y.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (Y.W.); (X.-W.H.); (M.-M.X.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (Z.-B.Z.)
| | - Ren Xu
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, South Xiangan Road, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xian-Wen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (Y.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (Y.W.); (X.-W.H.); (M.-M.X.); (Y.L.); (K.Z.); (Z.-B.Z.)
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Chen CY, Selvaraj P, Naqvi NI. Functional analysis of auxin derived from a symbiotic mycobiont. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1216680. [PMID: 37745999 PMCID: PMC10515717 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1216680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of auxin or indole-3-acetic acid by microorganisms has a major impact on plant-microbe interactions. Several beneficial microbiota are known to produce auxin, which largely influences root development and growth in the host plants. Akin to findings in rhizobacteria, recent studies have confirmed the production of auxin by plant growth-promoting fungi too. Here, we show that Penicillium citrinum isolate B9 produces auxin as deduced by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry analysis. Such fungal auxin is secreted and contributes directly to enhanced root and shoot development and overall plant growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. Furthermore, auxin production by P. citrinum likely involves more than one tryptophan-dependent pathway. Using auxin biosynthesis inhibitor L-Kynurenine, we show that the indole-3-pyruvate pathway might be one of the key biosynthetic routes involved in such auxin production. Confocal microscopy of the DR5rev:GFP Arabidopsis reporter line helped demonstrate that P. citrunum B9-derived auxin is biologically active and is able to significantly enhance auxin signaling in roots during such improved root growth and plant development. Furthermore, the phenotypic growth defects arising from impaired auxin signaling in Arabidopsis taa1 mutant or upon L-Kynurenine treatment of wild-type Arabidopsis seedlings could be significantly alleviated by fungus B9-derived auxin, thus suggesting its positive role in plant growth promotion. Collectively, our results provide clear evidence that the production of auxin is one of the main mechanisms involved in induction of the beneficial plant growth by P. citrinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yen Chen
- Fungal Patho-Biology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Naweed I. Naqvi
- Fungal Patho-Biology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Liu Y, Xue X, Zhou L, Yang W, She Z, Liao Q, Feng Y, Chen X, Zhang Y. Quinolinones Alkaloids with AChE Inhibitory Activity from Mangrove Endophytic Fungus Penicillium citrinum YX-002. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300735. [PMID: 37423890 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity-guided studies on the mangrove-derived endophytic fungus Penicillium citrinum YX-002 led to the isolation of nine secondary metabolites, including one new quinolinone derivative, quinolactone A (1), a pair of epimers quinolactacin C1 (2) and 3-epi-quinolactacin C1 (3), together with six known analogs (4-9). Their structures were elucidated based on extensive mass spectrometry (MS) and 1D/2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analyses, and compared with data in the literature. The absolute configurations of compounds 1-3 was determined by combination of electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations and X-Ray single crystal diffraction technique using CuKα radiation. In bioassays, compounds 1, 4 and 7 showed moderate AChE inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 27.6, 19.4 and 11.2 μmol/L, respectively. The structure-activity relationships (SARs) analysis suggested that the existence of carbonyl group on C-3 and the oxygen atom on the five-membered ring were beneficial to the activity. Molecular docking results showed that compound 7 had a lower affinity interaction energy (-9.3 kcal/mol) with stronger interactions with different sites in AChE activities, which explained its higher activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayue Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang Municipal Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Nutrition for Brain Health, Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang Municipal Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Nutrition for Brain Health, Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, P. R. China
| | - Longjian Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang Municipal Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Nutrition for Brain Health, Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, P. R. China
| | - Wencong Yang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang She
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Qingnan Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang Municipal Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Nutrition for Brain Health, Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, P. R. China
| | - Yunkai Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang Municipal Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Nutrition for Brain Health, Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, P. R. China
| | - Xiaokun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang Municipal Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Nutrition for Brain Health, Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang Municipal Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Nutrition for Brain Health, Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, P. R. China
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Barat Baviera JM, Bolognesi C, Chesson A, Cocconcelli PS, Crebelli R, Gott DM, Grob K, Lambré C, Lampi E, Mengelers M, Mortensen A, Rivière G, Steffensen I, Tlustos C, Van Loveren H, Vernis L, Zorn H, Herman L, Andryszkiewicz M, Cavanna D, Nielsen E, Norby K, Liu Y, Lunardi S, de Sousa RF, Chesson A. Safety evaluation of the food enzyme ribonuclease P from the non-genetically modified Penicillium citrinum strain AE-RP-4. EFSA J 2023; 21:e08153. [PMID: 37492500 PMCID: PMC10363963 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The food enzyme ribonuclease P (EC 3.1.26.5) is produced with the non-genetically modified Penicillium citrinum strain AE-RP-4 by Amano Enzyme Inc. It is intended to be used in yeast processing only for the production of yeast extract. Dietary exposure to the food enzyme total organic solids (TOS) was estimated to be up to 0.153 mg TOS/kg body weight (bw) per day in European populations. Genotoxicity tests did not raise safety concerns. The systemic toxicity was assessed by means of a repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity study in rats. The Panel identified a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 134.7 mg TOS/kg bw per day, which when compared with the estimated dietary exposure, resulted in a margin of exposure of at least 880. A search for the similarity of the amino acid sequence of the food enzyme to known allergens was made and no match was found. The Panel considered that, under the intended conditions of use, the risk of allergic reactions upon dietary exposure cannot be excluded, but the likelihood is low. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns under the intended conditions of use.
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Khan S, Ali SA, Ali AS. Biodegradation of low density polyethylene (LDPE) by mesophilic fungus ' Penicillium citrinum' isolated from soils of plastic waste dump yard, Bhopal, India. Environ Technol 2023; 44:2300-2314. [PMID: 34994296 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2027025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Low density Polyethylene (LDPE) in various forms has become a part of life. Its accretion due to non degradable nature is concern, endangering life on earth. Amongst various methods of LDPE disposal bioremediation is regarded as ecofriendly & widely accepted. Current investigation was an attempt to isolate potent PE degrading fungus from municipal landfill soils of Bhopal, India loaded with plastic waste.16 fungal isolates were recorded from the site; PE deteriorating fungus was screened using mineral salt agar medium amended with 3% LDPE powder as sole carbon source. The isolate Penicillium citrinum showed fast fungal colony growth in screening medium was selected for biodegradation study. P.citrinum showed 38.82 ± 1.08% weight loss of untreated LDPE pieces; to improve the degradation capacity nitric acid pretreatment was performed; biodegradation was significantly stimulated by 47.22 ± 2.04% after it's pretreatment. Laccase, lipase, esterase & manganese peroxidase activities were assayed by spectrophotometer. LDPE biodegradation was analyzed by weight loss %, change in pH during fungal growth, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) & thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). FTIR spectra showed appearance of new functional groups assigned to hydrocarbon biodegradation, confirming enzymatic role in process. Changes in FTIR spectra of LDPE samples (untreated & pretreated) before & after biodegradation & surface changes in the biodegraded LDPE (indicated from FE-SEM) confirmed depolymerization of LDPE. Further changes in thermal decomposition rates of biodegraded samples in comparison to control, validate biodegradation. This is the first report signifying high competence of P.citrinum in LDPE degradation without prior pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, Saifia College of Science, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - Sharique A Ali
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, Saifia College of Science, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - Ayesha S Ali
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, Saifia College of Science, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
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Namboodiri MMT, Manikandan A, Paul T, Pakshirajan K, Pugazhenthi G. Chitosan production by Penicillium citrinum using paper mill wastewater and rice straw hydrolysate as low-cost substrates in a continuous stirred tank reactor. Environ Technol 2023; 44:2254-2269. [PMID: 34994298 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2026486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, paper mill wastewater and hemicellulose hydrolysate were evaluated as low-cost substrates for fungal chitosan production using Penicillium citrinum. Submerged fermentation was first studied using a bioreactor operated under batch, fed-batch and continuous modes with paper mill wastewater as the substrate. Very high removal (91%) of organics as chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the wastewater with 160 mg L-1 chitosan production by P. citrinum was obtained using the bioreactor operated under fed-batch mode for 72 h. Moreover, 86% reduction of phenolics in the wastewater with 89% decolourization efficiency was achieved in the fed-batch experiments with the bioreactor. Under the continuous mode of operation with the bioreactor, maximum chitosan production of 170 mg L-1 was observed. The effect of acetic acid addition to the wastewater for enhancing chitosan production by the fungus was further studied in a batch system. Chitosan productivity of 2.33 mg L-1 h-1 was obtained with 50 mg/L acetic acid. Various models, viz. Monod, Haldane, Andrews, Webb and Yano, were fitted to the experimental data for understanding the kinetics involved in the process. Haldane model accurately fitted the experimental data on biomass specific growth rate, acetic acid consumption rate and chitosan production rate by P. citrinum with acetic acid addition to the wastewater. Fungal fermentation of another low-cost substrate, rice straw hydrolysate, was further studied using the batch-operated bioreactor; and a maximum chitosan titre of 911 mg L-1 was achieved using the detoxified rice straw hydrolysate.Highlights Low-cost substrates for chitosan production by Penicillium citrinum are reportedAcetic acid addition to paper mill wastewater enhances chitosan productionBiomass growth and chitosan production follow substrate inhibition kineticsFed-batch -operated bioreactor resulted in 91% wastewater treatment efficiencyMaximum chitosan titre of 911 mg L-1 was achieved with rice straw hydrolysate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M T Namboodiri
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
| | - Arul Manikandan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
| | - Tanushree Paul
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
| | - Kannan Pakshirajan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
| | - G Pugazhenthi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
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10
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Naseri T, Mousavi SM, Liese A, Kuchta K. Bioleaching of valuable metals from spent LIBs followed by selective recovery of manganese using the precipitation method: Metabolite maximization and process optimization. J Environ Manage 2023; 343:118197. [PMID: 37216767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increased demand for resource recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), low Mn leaching efficiencies have hindered the development of this technology. A novel process was devised to enhance the dissolution of metals by producing citric acid using a molasses medium by Penicillium citrinum. This investigation used response surface methodology to investigate the influence of molasses concentration and media components on citric acid production, which demonstrated that molasses (18.5% w/w), KH2PO4 (3.8 g/L), MgSO4.7H2O (0.11 g/L), and methanol (1.2% (v/v)) were the optimum values leading to the production of 31.50 g/L citric acid. Afterward, optimum inhibitor concentrations (iodoacetic acid: 0.05 mM) were added to accumulate citric acid, resulting in maximum bio-production (40.12 g/L) of citric acid. The pulp density and leaching time effect on metals dissolution was investigated in enriched-citric acid spent medium. The suitable conditions were a pulp density of 70 g/L and a leaching duration of 6 days, which led to the highest dissolution of Mn (79%) and Li (90%). Based on the results of the TCLP tests, the bioleaching residue is non-hazardous, suitable for safe disposal, and does not pose an environmental threat. Moreover, nearly 98% of Mn was extracted from the bioleaching solution with oxalic acid at 1.2 M. XRD, and FE-SEM analyses were utilized for further bioleaching and precipitation mechanism analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tannaz Naseri
- Biotechnology Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Circular Resource Engineering and Management (CREM), Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy, Economics, Hamburg University of Technology, Blohmstr. 15, 21079, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Seyyed Mohammad Mousavi
- Biotechnology Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Modares Environmental Research Institute, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Andreas Liese
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestr. 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kuchta
- Circular Resource Engineering and Management (CREM), Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy, Economics, Hamburg University of Technology, Blohmstr. 15, 21079, Hamburg, Germany
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11
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Naseri T, Mousavi SM, Kuchta K. Environmentally sustainable and cost-effective recycling of Mn-rich Li-ion cells waste: Effect of carbon sources on the leaching efficiency of metals using fungal metabolites. Waste Manag 2023; 157:47-59. [PMID: 36525879 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Metals recovery from spent lithium coin cells (SCCs) is enjoying great attention due to environmental problems and metal-rich contents such as Mn and Li. Fungi can generate many organic acids, and metals can be dissolved, but sucrose is not an economical medium. The main objective of this study is to find a suitable carbon substrate in place of sucrose for fungal bioleaching. We have developed an environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and green method for recycling and detoxifying Mn and Li from SCCs using the spent culture medium fromPenicillium citrinumcultivation. Sugar cane molasses and sucrose were selected as carbon sources. Based on the extracted fungal metabolites, the effects of pulp density, temperature, and leaching time were assessed on metal dissolution. The most suitable conditions were 30 g/L of pulp density, a temperature of 40 °C, and 4 days of leaching time in spent molasses medium, which led to a high extraction of 87% Mn and 100% Li. Based on EDX-mapping analyses, it was found that the initial concentration of ∑ (Mn + C) in the SCCs powder was almost 100% while reaching nearly 6.4% after bioleaching. After bioleaching, an analysis of residual powder confirmed that metal dissolution from SCCs was effective owing to fungal metabolites. The economic study showed that the bioleaching method is more valuable for the dissolution of metals than the chemical method; In addition to improving bioleaching efficiency, molasses carbon sources can be used for industrial purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tannaz Naseri
- Biotechnology Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Circular Resource Engineering and Management (CREM), Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics, Hamburg University of Technology, Blohmstr. 15, 21079 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Seyyed Mohammad Mousavi
- Biotechnology Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Modares Environmental Research Institute, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kerstin Kuchta
- Circular Resource Engineering and Management (CREM), Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics, Hamburg University of Technology, Blohmstr. 15, 21079 Hamburg, Germany
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Pang S, Guo ZG, Wang L, Guo QF, Cao F. Anti-IAV indole-diterpenoids from the marine-derived fungus Penicillium citrinum. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:586-591. [PMID: 35608160 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2078820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A new indole-diterpenoid, penijanthine E (1), and a known analogue (2), were obtained from the PDB culture of the marine-derived fungus Penicillium citrinum ZSS-9. The absolute configuration of 1 was elucidated by calculated TDDFT ECD and DP4plus calculations. The absolute configuration of 2 was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and TDDFT ECD calculations. Compounds 1 and 2 showed antiviral activity against influenza A virus (IAV) of A/WSN/33(H1N1) and A/PR/8/34(H1N1) strains with IC50 values ranging from 12.6 to 46.8 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Pang
- Huanghe Science & Technology College, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Guo
- Huanghe Science & Technology College, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Huanghe Science & Technology College, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Feng Guo
- Huanghe Science & Technology College, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Fei Cao
- Huanghe Science & Technology College, Zhengzhou, P.R. China.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, P.R. China
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Ichinomiya M, Kawamoto A, Yamaguchi T, Iwashita K, Nagashima H, Hatabayashi H, Nakajima H, Yabe K. Detoxication of Citrinin with Kojic Acid by the Formation of the Citrinin-Kojic Acid Adduct, and the Enhancement of Kojic Acid Production by Citrinin via Oxidative Stress in Aspergillus parasiticus. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:51. [PMID: 36675872 PMCID: PMC9863397 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous work showed that citrinin (CTN) produced bay Penicillium citrinum inhibited the production of aflatoxin by Aspergillus parasiticus. We also reported that CTN was non-enzymatically converted to a novel CTN-KA adduct with kojic acid (KA) in aqueous condition. We herein observed that unlike CTN, the CTN-KA adduct does not show antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli or Bacillus subtilis or any cytotoxic effect on HeLa cells, suggesting that CTN was detoxified by KA by the formation of the CTN-KA adduct. To examine the function of KA production by fungi, we isolated A. parasiticus mutants with impaired KA production. When the mutants were incubated in either liquid or agar medium supplemented with CTN, they were more susceptible to CTN than the wild KA-producing strain. The same results were obtained when we used the A. oryzae KA-producing strain RIB40 and KA-non-producing strains. When KA was added to the CTN-containing agar medium, the inhibition of growth by CTN was remarkably mitigated, suggesting that the production of KA protected the fungal growth from CTN's toxicity. We also observed that CTN enhanced the production of KA by A. parasiticus as well as A. oryzae strains. Reverse transcription-PCR showed that CTN enhanced the expression of KA biosynthetic genes (kojA, kojR, and kojT) of A. parasiticus. However, the enhancement of KA production with CTN was repressed by the addition of α-tocopherol or butylated hydroxy anisole, suggesting that KA production is enhanced by oxidative stress via the formation of reactive oxygen species caused by CTN. In contrast, α-tocopherol did not affect inhibition of AF production as well as fungal growth by CTN, suggesting that the regulation of these inhibitions with CTN might be different from that of KA production. We propose a regulation scheme of CTN for each of KA production, AF production, and fungal growth in A. parasiticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ichinomiya
- Institute of Food Research, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-12 Kannon-dai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Ayaka Kawamoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyama, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Food Science, Fukui University of Technology, 3-6-1 Gakuen, Fukui-shi, Fukui 910-8505, Japan
| | - Keiko Iwashita
- Institute of Food Research, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-12 Kannon-dai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nagashima
- Institute of Food Research, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-12 Kannon-dai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Hidemi Hatabayashi
- Institute of Food Research, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-12 Kannon-dai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakajima
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyama, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Kimiko Yabe
- Institute of Food Research, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-12 Kannon-dai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Food Science, Fukui University of Technology, 3-6-1 Gakuen, Fukui-shi, Fukui 910-8505, Japan
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Ichinomiya M, Fukushima-Sakuno E, Kawamoto A, Nakagawa H, Hatabayashi H, Nakajima H, Yabe K. Inhibition of Aflatoxin Production by Citrinin and Non-Enzymatic Formation of a Novel Citrinin-Kojic Acid Adduct. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9. [PMID: 36675850 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening for microorganisms that inhibit aflatoxin production from environments showed that Penicillium citrinum inhibited aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus. The inhibitory substance in the culture medium of P. citrinum was confirmed to be citrinin (CTN). RT-PCR analyses showed that CTN did not inhibit expressions of aflatoxin biosynthetic genes (aflR, pksL1, and fas-1) of A. parasiticus, whereas feeding experiments using A. parasiticus showed that CTN inhibited the in vivo conversion of dihydrosterigmatocystin to AFB2·AFG2. These results suggest that CTN inhibits a certain post-transcriptional step in aflatoxin biosynthesis. CTN in the culture medium of A. parasiticus was found to be decreased or lost with time, suggesting that a certain metabolite produced by A. parasiticus is the cause of the CTN decrease; we then purified, characterized, and then analyzed the substance. Physico-chemical analyses confirmed that the metabolite causing a decrease in CTN fluorescence was kojic acid (KA) and the resulting product was identified as a novel substance: (1R,3S,4R)-3,4-dihydro-6,8-dihydroxy-1-(3-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl)-3,4,5-trimethyl-1H-isochromene-7-carboxylic acid, which was named "CTN-KA adduct". Our examination of the metabolites' toxicities revealed that unlike CTN, the CTN-KA adduct did not inhibit aflatoxin production by A. parasiticus. These results indicate that CTN's toxicity was alleviated with KA by converting CTN to the CTN-KA adduct.
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15
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Qin J, Teng J, Li Z, Xia N, Wei B, Huang L. Expression of citrinin biosynthesis gene in Liupao tea and effect of Penicillium citrinum on tea quality. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 163:103742. [PMID: 36108886 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Similar to Pu-erh tea, Liupao tea is a post-fermented tea that is produced through natural fermentation by microorganisms. Penicillium citrinum is involved in multiple production processes of Liupao tea that can produce citrinin, a secondary metabolite with renal toxicity; however, the effect of P. citrinum on the quality of Liupao tea has not been investigated yet. Citrinin production is regulated by approximately 16 biosynthesis genes. However, little is known about the genetic background of citrinin in the complex Liupao tea system. In the present study, we cultured P. citrinum on potato dextrose agar and Liupao tea powder media and analyzed the changes of its nutritional components in Liupao tea. We selected six citrinin biosynthesis genes identified in Monascus exhibiting homology and high sequence similarity to those in P. citrinum and further analyzed the expression of citrinin biosynthesis genes in Liupao tea and the changes in citrinin yield. The results showed that the changes in nutritional components of Liupao tea were closely related to the growth and metabolism of P. citrinum and the quality of the tea. Decreases in the contents of soluble sugars (from 10.29% to 9.58%), soluble pectins (from 3.71% to 3.13%), free amino acids (from 3.84% to 3.14%), and tea polyphenols (from 22.84% to 18.78%) were noted. The Spearman's correlation analysis indicated that P. citrinum growth can improve the tea quality to some extent. Quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated that ctnA gene was a positive regulator of citrinin production regardless of the culture medium used. ctnA and orf5 expressions greatly influenced the metabolism of citrinin by P. citrinum in Liupao tea. In conclusion, the citrinin biosynthesis genes, ctnA and orf5, may be the promising targets for developing strategies to control P. citrinum infection and citrinin biosynthesis in Liupao tea.
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Endres CT, Rigo GV, Loges LA, Landell MF, Silva DB, Macedo AJ, Tasca T. Mass Spectrometry Metabolomics Approach Reveals Anti-Trichomonas vaginalis Scaffolds from Marine Fungi. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2022; 24:1014-1022. [PMID: 36102994 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the world caused by Trichomonas vaginalis. Failures in the treatment with the 5-nitroimidazole class including parasite resistance to metronidazole elicit new alternatives. Marine natural products are sources of several relevant molecules, presenting a variety of metabolites with numerous biological activities. In this work, we evaluated the anti-T. vaginalis activity of fungi associated with marine invertebrates by mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approaches. After screening of six marine fungi, extract from Penicillium citrinum FMPV 15 has shown to be 100% active against T. vaginalis, and the gel permeation column on Sephadex LH-20® yielded twelve organic fractions which five showed to be active. Metabolomics and statistical analyses were performed with all the samples (extract and fractions), and several compounds were suggested to be related to the activity. These components include citrinin, dicitrinin C, citreoisocoumarin, dihydrocitrinone, decarboxycitrinin, penicitrinone C, and others. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of anti-T. vaginalis activity of citrinin was 200 µM. The marine fungi metabolites show potential as new alternatives to overcome drug resistance in T. vaginalis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Teresinha Endres
- Faculdade de Farmácia and Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Graziela Vargas Rigo
- Faculdade de Farmácia and Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciana Angelo Loges
- Faculdade de Farmácia and Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Melissa Fontes Landell
- Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Denise Brentan Silva
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais E Espectrometria de Massas (LaPNEM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos E Nutrição (FACFAN), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul, Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Alexandre José Macedo
- Faculdade de Farmácia and Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Tiana Tasca
- Faculdade de Farmácia and Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Cheng X, Wang J, Huang S, He J, Hong B, Yu M, Niu S. Bisabolane Sesquiterpenes with Anti-Inflammatory Activities from the Endophytic Fungus Penicillium citrinum DF47. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200178. [PMID: 35452170 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Seven new bisabolane-type sesquiterpenes (1-7), namely penicibisabolanes A-G, together with eight known analogs (8-15) were obtained from the AcOEt extract of the millet fermentation broth of the endophytic fungus Penicillium citrinum DF47, which was isolated from the fresh root of Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. The gross structures of new metabolites were determined on the basis of the spectroscopic data (HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectra), while their absolute configurations were resolved by comparison of the experimental and calculated ECD spectra, in association with specific rotation data. Compound 1 is a rare seco-trinor-bisabolane sesquiterpene found in nature, while 3 is the first example of phenolic bisabolanes bearing a methoxy group at C-1. All the isolates were evaluated their inhibitory effects against NO production in lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Among them, compounds 7 and 13 showed moderately anti-inflammatory effects with the inhibitory rate more than 50 % at the concentration of 20 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Cheng
- Engineering Research Center for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, P. R. China
- Technology Innovation Center for Exploitation of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, P. R. China
- Technology Innovation Center for Exploitation of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Shuhuan Huang
- Technology Innovation Center for Exploitation of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jianlin He
- Technology Innovation Center for Exploitation of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Bihong Hong
- Technology Innovation Center for Exploitation of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Miao Yu
- Engineering Research Center for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, P. R. China
| | - Siwen Niu
- Technology Innovation Center for Exploitation of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
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Qin S, Wang J, Liu S, Tang X, Liu ZL, Liu R, Wang Y, Song L, Chen X, Cernava T. First report of green mold disease caused by Penicillium citrinum on Dictyophora rubrovalvata in China. Plant Dis 2022; 107:966. [PMID: 35536206 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-21-2291-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dictyophora rubrovolvata is a saprophytic mushroom widely cultivated in China, including Guizhou Province for its high nutritional, medicinal, and economical values (Chen et al. 2021). In May 2021, green mold disease was observed on the fruiting bodies of D. rubrovolvata, causing its death or preventing it from forming a sporocarp, in an indoor-production facility at Asuo village, Baiyun District Guiyang city, Guizhou Province, China (26°73'51" N, 106°72'88" E). The disease incidence was 60%-70% in the affected 1.33-ha growing area, causing a serious economic loss. To identify the causal agent, a total of 15 samples with symptomatic symptoms were collected. Small pieces (5 mm × 5 mm) were cut from the diseased tissues, surface sterilized in 0.4% NaClO for 5 min, washed three times with sterilized water, placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, and incubated at 24 °C for 7 days. Twenty-one pure cultures were obtained by single-spore isolation method. The colonies were initially white but after seven days as conidia developed they turned green. Hyphae were hyaline and guttulate. Conidiophores were verrucose stipes, triverticulate, and phialides flask shaped. Conidia were smooth and pale green, with subglobose to globose shape measuring 2.0-2.5 × 1.8-2.5 µm (n=50). Based on these morphological characteristics, the isolates matched the description of the genus Penicillium (Visagie et al. 2014). To confirm the identity, DNA of five representative isolates (QS001, QS005, QS008, QS015, QS017) was extracted according to the manufacturer's instructions (Biomiga Fungal DNA Extraction Kit; CA, USA). Afterwards, PCR was performed to amplify ITS region, calmodulin and β-tubulin genes using primer pairs ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), CMD5/CMD6 (Glass et al. 1995), and Bt2a/Bt2b (Hong et al. 2006), respectively. BLASTN analysis of these sequences showed the best matches with Penicillium citrinum CBS 139.45 (ITS region: 98.60% (493/500 bp) identity to accession MH856132.1; CMD: 99.79% (469/470 bp) identity to accession MN969245.1; β-tubulin:100% (407/407 bp) identity to accession GU944545.1). Representative sequences of the sequenced DNA regions were deposited in GenBank (ITS region: OK446552; CMD: OK492612; β-tubulin: OK482677). Furthermore, a phylogenetic tree was constructed with MEGA 7 based on the concatenated sequences. Koch's postulates were met to confirm the pathogenicity of the representative isolate (QS001) on D. rubrovolvata. Six discs (5mm×5mm) from actively growing P. citrinum QS001 colonies (5-day-old) were placed on six fruiting bodies of D. rubrovolvata (5-month-old). Mock inoculations were performed using PDA discs only without any fungus. The inoculation sites were wrapped with a sterilized 200-μm nylon mesh. All fruiting bodies were incubated at 23°C ± 2°C under a 0-h/24-h photoperiod and 80% relative humidity (RH) after inoculation. After 14 days, green mold was observed on all P. citrinum QS001 inoculated mushrooms. In contrast, no disease was observed in mock inoculated group. The disease assays were repeated three times. P. citrinum QS001 was isolated from all inoculated D. rubrovolvata and verified via the molecular analysis mentioned above. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that P. citrinum causes green mold on D. rubrovalvata in China and further studies should focus on managing this disease to prevent any disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Qin
- Guizhou University, 71206, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China;
| | - Junrong Wang
- Guizhou University, 71206, College of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China;
| | - Shihong Liu
- Guizhou University, 71206, College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China;
| | - Xiaoli Tang
- Guizhou University, 71206, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China;
| | - Zeng-Liang Liu
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Science, 125388, Nanning, Guangxi, China;
| | - Ruochen Liu
- Guizhou University, 71206, College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China;
| | - Yuru Wang
- Guizhou University, 71206, College of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China;
| | - Lihong Song
- Guizhou University, 71206, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China;
| | - Xiaoyulong Chen
- Guizhou University, 71206, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, , Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China, Guiyang, Guizhou, China, 550025;
| | - Tomislav Cernava
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Petersgasse 12/I, Graz, Austria, 8010;
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19
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Thissera B, Sayed AM, Hassan MHA, Abdelwahab SF, Amaeze N, Semler VT, Alenezi FN, Yaseen M, Alhadrami HA, Belbahri L, Rateb ME. Bioguided Isolation of Cyclopenin Analogues as Potential SARS-CoV-2 M pro Inhibitors from Penicillium citrinum TDPEF34. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1366. [PMID: 34572579 PMCID: PMC8467212 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus mutations might increase its virulence, and thus the severity and duration of the ongoing pandemic. Global drug discovery campaigns have successfully developed several vaccines to reduce the number of infections by the virus. However, finding a small molecule pharmaceutical that is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 remains a challenge. Natural products are the origin of many currently used pharmaceuticals and, for this reason, a library of in-house fungal extracts were screened to assess their potential to inhibit the main viral protease Mpro in vitro. The extract of Penicillium citrinum, TDPEF34, showed potential inhibition and was further analysed to identify potential Mpro inhibitors. Following bio-guided isolation, a series of benzodiazepine alkaloids cyclopenins with good-to-moderate activity against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro were identified. The mode of enzyme inhibition of these compounds was predicted by docking and molecular dynamic simulation. Compounds 1 (isolated as two conformers of S- and R-isomers), 2, and 4 were found to have promising in vitro inhibitory activity towards Mpro, with an IC50 values range of 0.36-0.89 µM comparable to the positive control GC376. The in silico investigation revealed compounds to achieve stable binding with the enzyme active site through multiple H-bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Additionally, the isolated compounds showed very good drug-likeness and ADMET properties. Our findings could be utilized in further in vitro and in vivo investigations to produce anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug candidates. These findings also provide critical structural information that could be used in the future for designing potent Mpro inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bathini Thissera
- School of Computing, Engineering & Physical Science, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK; (B.T.); (V.T.S.); (M.Y.)
| | - Ahmed M. Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef 62513, Egypt;
| | - Marwa H. A. Hassan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt;
| | - Sayed F. Abdelwahab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Taif College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ngozi Amaeze
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK;
| | - Valeria T. Semler
- School of Computing, Engineering & Physical Science, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK; (B.T.); (V.T.S.); (M.Y.)
| | - Faizah N. Alenezi
- The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Adailiyah 00965, Kuwait;
| | - Mohammed Yaseen
- School of Computing, Engineering & Physical Science, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK; (B.T.); (V.T.S.); (M.Y.)
| | - Hani A. Alhadrami
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80402, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Molecular Diagnostic Lab, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80402, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lassaad Belbahri
- Laboratory of Soil Biology, University of Neuchatel, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland;
| | - Mostafa E. Rateb
- School of Computing, Engineering & Physical Science, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK; (B.T.); (V.T.S.); (M.Y.)
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK
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20
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Chen X, Huang X, Tang Y, Zhang L. Efficient Purification of Nuclease P1 from Penicillium citrinum Using Polyethylene Glycol/Disodium Guanosine Monophosphate Aqueous Two-Phase System. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:3753-3764. [PMID: 34398422 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03637-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nuclease P1 (NP1) can hydrolyze nucleic acids into four 5'-mononucleotides, which are widely used in the pharmaceutical and food industries. In this paper, an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) was developed to purify NP1 from Penicillium citrinum. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and nucleotides salts were studied to form ATPSs, among which PEG3000/disodium guanosine monophosphate (GMPNa2) was researched, including the phase composition and pH. Using 14% (w/w) PEG3000 and 20% (w/w) GMPNa2 ATPS at pH 5.0, the best recovery and purification factor, 82.4% and 3.59, were obtained. The recovery of NP1 was 98.3% by the separation of ultrafiltration from the PEG-rich phase. The recycling use of GMPNa2 was also studied, and 95.1% of GMPNa2 in the salt-rich phase was obtained with the addition of ethanol as the solvent. These results showed that the ATPS was effective for purification of NP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Xiaoquan Huang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yiwen Tang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
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21
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Chu YC, Chang CH, Liao HR, Fu SL, Chen JJ. Anti-Cancer and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Three New Chromone Derivatives from the Marine-Derived Penicillium citrinum. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:408. [PMID: 34436247 DOI: 10.3390/md19080408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new and uncommon chromone analogs, epiremisporine F (1), epiremisporine G (2), and epiremisporine H (3), were isolated from marine-origin Penicillium citrinum. Among the isolated compounds, compounds 2–3 remarkably suppressed fMLP-induced superoxide anion generation by human neutrophils, with IC50 values of 31.68 ± 2.53, and 33.52 ± 0.42 μM, respectively. Compound 3 exhibited cytotoxic activities against human colon carcinoma (HT-29) and non-small lung cancer cell (A549) with IC50 values of 21.17 ± 4.89 and 31.43 ± 3.01 μM, respectively, and Western blot assay confirmed that compound 3 obviously induced apoptosis of HT-29 cells, via Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase 3 signaling cascades.
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22
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Beena H, Gupta M, Kindo AJ. Pulmonary infection with Penicillium citrinum in a patient with multiple myeloma. Indian J Med Microbiol 2021; 39:259-261. [PMID: 33814124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A 60-year-old male patient undergoing chemotherapy for multiple myeloma Stage II presented to our hospital with complaints of cough, haemoptysis, fever and loose stools. Sputum sample was sent for fungal culture. Fungal culture on Sabouraud dextrose agar yielded bluish-green velvety growth with orange-to-red diffusible pigment on the reverse. The isolate was identified as Penicillium species, probably Penicillium citrinum or Penicillium pinophilus. As the isolate did not exhibit thermal dimorphism, the possibility of the fungal isolate being Penicillium marneffei was ruled out. The isolate was sent for molecular identification and confirmation, which was identified as P. citrinum. His HIV status was negative. In this case, his immunocompromised state due to multiple myeloma and chemotherapy could have predisposed him to this fungal infection, which is an emerging infection and a rare manifestation seen in high-risk patients receiving targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Beena
- Department of Microbiology, MS Ramaiah Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Megha Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, MS Ramaiah Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
| | - Anupma Jyoti Kindo
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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23
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Chen C, Wang Z, Zhao M, Yuan B, Yao J, Chen J, Hrynshpan D, Savitskaya T. A fungus-bacterium co-culture synergistically promoted nitrogen removal by enhancing enzyme activity and electron transfer. Sci Total Environ 2021; 754:142109. [PMID: 32898784 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Penicillium citrinum WXP-2 and the bacterium Citrobacter freundii WXP-9 were isolated and found to have poor denitrification performance. Surprisingly, co-culture of the two strains which formed fungus-bacterium pellets (FBPs) promoted the removal efficiency of nitrate (NO3--N; 95.78%) and total nitrogen (TN; 81.73%). Nitrogen balance analysis showed that excess degraded NO3--N was primarily converted to N2 (77.53%). Moreover, co-culture increased the dry weight to 0.74 g/L. The diameter of pellets and cell viability also increased by 1.49 and 1.78 times, respectively, indicating that the co-culture exerted a synergistic effect to promote growth. The increase in electron-transmission system activity [99.01 mg iodonitrotetrazolium formazan/(g·L)] and nitrate reductase activity [8.65 mg N/(min·mg protein)] were responsible for denitrification promotion. The FBPs also exhibited the highest degradation rate at 2:1 inoculation ratio and 36 h delayed inoculation of strain WXP-9. Finally, recycling experiments of FBP demonstrated that the high steady TN removal rate could be maintained for five cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- College of Environmental, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, PR China
| | - Min Zhao
- College of Environmental, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Bohan Yuan
- College of Environmental, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Jiachao Yao
- Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, PR China
| | - Jun Chen
- Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, PR China.
| | - Dzmitry Hrynshpan
- Research Institute of Physical and Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk 220030, Belarus
| | - Tatsiana Savitskaya
- Research Institute of Physical and Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk 220030, Belarus
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24
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Chu YC, Chang CH, Liao HR, Cheng MJ, Wu MD, Fu SL, Chen JJ. Rare Chromone Derivatives from the Marine-Derived Penicillium citrinum with Anti-Cancer and Anti-Inflammatory Activities. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:25. [PMID: 33430124 DOI: 10.3390/md19010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Three new and rare chromone derivatives, epiremisporine C (1), epiremisporine D (2), and epiremisporine E (3), were isolated from marine-derived Penicillium citrinum, together with four known compounds, epiremisporine B (4), penicitrinone A (5), 8-hydroxy-1-methoxycarbonyl-6-methylxanthone (6), and isoconiochaetone C (7). Among the isolated compounds, compounds 2–5 significantly decreased fMLP-induced superoxide anion generation by human neutrophils, with IC50 values of 6.39 ± 0.40, 8.28 ± 0.29, 3.62 ± 0.61, and 2.67 ± 0.10 μM, respectively. Compounds 3 and 4 exhibited cytotoxic activities with IC50 values of 43.82 ± 6.33 and 32.29 ± 4.83 μM, respectively, against non-small lung cancer cell (A549), and Western blot assay confirmed that compounds 3 and 4 markedly induced apoptosis of A549 cells, through Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase 3 signaling cascades.
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25
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Shahid MG, Nadeem M, Gulzar A, Saleem M, Rehman HU, Ghafoor GZ, Hayyat MU, Shahzad L, Arif R, Nelofer R. Novel Ergot Alkaloids Production from Penicillium citrinum Employing Response Surface Methodology Technique. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12070427. [PMID: 32610508 PMCID: PMC7405006 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergot alkaloids are novel pharmaceutical and therapeutic agents synthesized in this study using fungal species Penicillium citrinum. To get the maximum yield of ergot alkaloids a statistical process of response surface methodology was employed using surface culture fermentation technique. Initially, the strain of Penicillium was improved using physical (ultraviolet (UV) and chemical (ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) treatments to get the maximum yield of ergot alkaloids through surface culture fermentation technique. After improving the strain, survival rate of colonies of Penicillium citrinum treated with UV and EMS was observed. Only 2.04% living colonies were observed after 150 min of exposure of Penicillium citrinum in UV light and 3.2% living colonies were observed after 20 min of the exposure in EMS. The mutated strains of Penicillium citrinum were screened for their production of ergot alkaloids and after fermentation experiments, maximum yield was obtained from PCUV-4 and PCEMS-1 strains. After strain improvement, Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and Box–Behnken design (BBD) of RSM were employed and 10-fold yield enhancement (35.60 mg/100 mL) of ergot alkaloids was achieved. This enhancement in yield of ergot alkaloids proved the positive impacts of RSM and UV on the yield of ergot alkaloids. The study provides a cost effective, economical and sustainable process to produce medically important ergot alkaloids which can be used in various pharmaceutical formulations to treat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Food and Biotechnology Research Center, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (M.N.); (R.N.)
| | - Ahmed Gulzar
- Department of Economics, University of Management & Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (A.G.); (H.u.R.)
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- Department of Botany, University of the Punjab, New Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (M.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Hafeez ur Rehman
- Department of Economics, University of Management & Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (A.G.); (H.u.R.)
| | - Gul Zareen Ghafoor
- Sustainable Development Study Center, GC University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (G.Z.G.); (M.U.H.); (L.S.)
| | - Muhammad Umar Hayyat
- Sustainable Development Study Center, GC University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (G.Z.G.); (M.U.H.); (L.S.)
| | - Laila Shahzad
- Sustainable Development Study Center, GC University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (G.Z.G.); (M.U.H.); (L.S.)
| | - Rabia Arif
- Department of Botany, University of the Punjab, New Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (M.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Rubina Nelofer
- Food and Biotechnology Research Center, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (M.N.); (R.N.)
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26
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de Oliveira Filho JWG, Andrade TDJADS, de Lima RMT, Silva DHS, Dos Reis AC, Santos JVDO, de Meneses AAPM, de Carvalho RM, da Mata AMO, de Alencar MVOB, Dias ACS, da Silva FCC, Islam MT, Clark CCT, Sousa JMDCE, Melo-Cavalcante AADC. Cytogenotoxic evaluation of the acetonitrile extract, citrinin and dicitrinin-A from Penicillium citrinum. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:688-697. [PMID: 32448000 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1769642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi are promising sources of bioactive substances; however, their secondary metabolites are toxic to plants, animals, and humans. This study aimed toevaluate the toxic, cytotoxic, mutagenic and oxidant/antioxidant activities of acetonitrile extract (AEPc), citrinin (CIT) and dicitrinin-A (DIC-A) of Penicillium citrinum. For this, the test substances at 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2 μg/mLwere exposed for 24 and 48 h in Artemia salina, and 48 h in Allium cepa test systems. The oxidant/antioxidant test was evaluated in pre-, co- and post-treatment with the stressor hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results suggest that the AEPc, CIT and DIC-A at 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2 μg/mL showed toxicity in A. saline, with LC50 (24 h) of 2.03 μg/mL, 1.71 μg/mL and 2.29 μg/mL, and LC50 (48 h) of 0.51 μg/mL, 0.54 μg/mL and 0.54 μg/mL, respectively.In A. cepa, the test substances also exerted cytotoxic and mutagenic effects. The AEPc, CIT and DIC-A at lower concentrations modulated the damage induced by H2O2 in the proficient and mutant strains of S. cerevisiae for cytoplasmic and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase. Moreover, the AEPc at 2 μg/mL and CIT at the two highest concentrations did not affect the H2O2-induced DNA damage in the test strains. In conclusion, AEPc, CIT and DIC-A of P. citrinum may exert their toxic, cytotoxic and mutagenic effects in the test systems possibly through oxidative stress induction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosália Maria Tôrres de Lima
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí-IFPI, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Dulce Helena Siqueira Silva
- Nucleus of Bioassays, Biosynthesis and Ecophysiology of Natural Products (NuBBE), Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Ricardo Melo de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Research in Toxicological Genetics-LAPGENIC, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Oliveira da Mata
- Laboratory of Research in Toxicological Genetics-LAPGENIC, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Felipe Cavalcanti Carneiro da Silva
- Laboratory of Research in Toxicological Genetics-LAPGENIC, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Centre for Sport, Exercise, and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - João Marcelo de Castro E Sousa
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí-IFPI, Teresina, Brazil.,Laboratory of Research in Toxicological Genetics-LAPGENIC, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Ana Amélia de Carvalho Melo-Cavalcante
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí-IFPI, Teresina, Brazil.,Laboratory of Research in Toxicological Genetics-LAPGENIC, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
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27
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Yang W, Chen Y, Cai R, Zou G, Wang B, She Z. Benzopyran Derivatives and an Aliphatic Compound from a Mangrove Endophytic Fungus Penicillium citrinum QJF-22. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000192. [PMID: 32267070 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Two new benzopyran derivatives, (2R,4S)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-4-ol and (2S,4R,2'S,4'R)-4,4'-oxybis(5-methoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran), and a new aliphatic compound, (3E,5Z,8S,10E)-8-hydroxytrideca-3,5,10,12-tetraen-2-one, together with three known benzopyran derivatives, were obtained from a mangrove endophytic fungus Penicillium citrinum QJF-22 collected in Hainan island. Their structures were determined by analysis of spectroscopic data and the relative configuration of (2R,4S)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-4-ol was also confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The absolute configurations of four compounds were established by comparison of ECD spectra to calculations. The configuration of (3E,5Z,8S,10E)-8-hydroxytrideca-3,5,10,12-tetraen-2-one was confirmed by comparison of optical value to the similar compound. The configurations of the compounds (2S,4S)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-4-ol and (2R,4R)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-4-ol were first determined. (3R,4S)-3,4,8-Trihydroxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one exhibited moderate inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells with IC50 of 44.7 μM, and without cytotoxicity to RAW264.7 cells within 50 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencong Yang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.,School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Runlin Cai
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Ge Zou
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang She
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, P. R. China
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28
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Sabdaningsih A, Liu Y, Mettal U, Heep J, Riyanti, Wang L, Cristianawati O, Nuryadi H, Triandala Sibero M, Marner M, Radjasa OK, Sabdono A, Trianto A, Schäberle TF. A New Citrinin Derivative from the Indonesian Marine Sponge-Associated Fungus Penicillium citrinum. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E227. [PMID: 32344725 DOI: 10.3390/md18040227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sponge-associated fungi are attractive targets for the isolation of bioactive natural products with different pharmaceutical purposes. In this investigation, 20 fungi were isolated from 10 different sponge specimens. One isolate, the fungus Penicillium citrinum strain WK-P9, showed activity against Bacillus subtilis JH642 when cultivated in malt extract medium. One new and three known citrinin derivatives were isolated from the extract of this fungus. The structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, as well as LC-HRMS. Their antibacterial activity against a set of common human pathogenic bacteria and fungi was tested. Compound 2 showed moderate activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC607 with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 32 µg/mL. Compound 4 exhibited moderate growth inhibition against Bacillus subtilis JH642, B. megaterium DSM32, and M. smegmatis ATCC607 with MICs of 16, 16, and 32 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, weak activities of 64 µg/mL against B. subtilis DSM10 and S. aureus ATCC25923 were observed for compound 4.
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29
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Zhao J, Shi Y, Yuan D, Shi Q, Wang W, Su X. A case report of fungal infection associated acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonitis. BMC Pulm Med 2020; 20:98. [PMID: 32312262 PMCID: PMC7171735 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-020-1145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonitis (AFOP) is an uncommon variant of acute lung injury, characterized by intra-alveolar fibrin and organizing pneumonia. Proposed etiologies include connective tissue diseases, infections, occupational exposure, drug reactions, and autoimmune disease. Here we present a rare case of fungal infection associated AFOP in patient with diabetes mellitus (DM) and review the relevant literature. CASE PRESENTATION A 67-year-old man complained of cough, fever, dyspnea and hemoptysis. Patient experienced a rapidly progressive course exhibit diffuse predominant consolidation, ground glass opacities, and multifocal parenchymal abnormalities on chest computed tomography (CT). Antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral treatments were ineffective. A CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsy was performed. Histologically, the predominant findings were as follows: alveolar spaces filled with fibrin and organizing loose connective tissues involving 70% of the observed region, pulmonary interstitial fibrosis, and small abscesses and epithelioid cell granuloma in the focal area. Result of periodic acid-silver methenamine stain was positive. The fungal pathogen from the sputum culture was identified as P. citrinum repeatedly over 3 times. Patient was diagnosed with DM during hospitalization. Corticosteroids combined with an antifungal therapy were effective. Follow-up for 4 months showed complete radiological resolution. CONCLUSIONS As this common "contaminant" can behave as a pathogen in the immunocompromised host, both clinicians and microbiologists should consider the presence of a serious and potentially fatal fungal infection on isolation of P. citrinum. Based on this case, it could be speculated that AFOP may be associated with fungal infection including P. citrinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangnan Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Dongmei Yuan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Qunli Shi
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Weiping Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Xin Su
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China.
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Zapana-Huarache SV, Romero-Sánchez CK, Gonza APD, Torres-Huaco FD, Rivera AML. Chromium (VI) bioremediation potential of filamentous fungi isolated from Peruvian tannery industry effluents. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 51:271-278. [PMID: 31865533 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tannery is an important trade in various Peruvian regions; however, tannery effluents are a serious local environmental threat due to its highly toxics components and lack of efficient treatment. The untreated effluents produced by tannery factories in Arequipa Rio Seco Industrial Park (PIRS) have formed a lake in the region nearby. In this work, we study the capability of filamentous fungi species found in this effluents lake with potential for chromium (VI) bioremediation. Fourteen species of filamentous fungi were isolated; only two species were identified Penicillium citrinum and Trichoderma viride, and third strain identified as Penicillium sp. The filamentous fungi showed that are fully tolerant to chromium (VI) concentrations up to 100 mg/L. These fungal strains showed significant growth in chromium (VI) concentrations up to 250 mg/L. Tolerant index (TI) analysis revealed that P. citrinum and T. viride began adaptation to chromium (IV) concentrations of 250 and 500 mg/L, after 6 and 12 days, respectively. When exposed to higher Cr (VI) concentrations (1000 mg/L), only T. viride was able to show growth (enhance phase). Interestingly, one of the significant responses from these fungal strains to increasing chromium (VI) concentrations was an increment in secreted laccase enzymes. Our results show tolerance and adaptation to elevated concentrations of chromium (VI) of these fungal strains suggesting their potential as effective agents for bioremediation of tannery effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Zapana-Huarache
- Laboratorio de Biología Acuática, Departamento Académico de Biología, Av. Alcides Carrión, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín (UNSA), Arequipa, Peru
| | - C K Romero-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Biología Acuática, Departamento Académico de Biología, Av. Alcides Carrión, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín (UNSA), Arequipa, Peru
| | - A P Dueñas Gonza
- Laboratorio de Biología Acuática, Departamento Académico de Biología, Av. Alcides Carrión, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín (UNSA), Arequipa, Peru
| | - Frank Denis Torres-Huaco
- Coordinación de Investigación, Universidad Continental, Avenida Los Incas s/n, Arequipa, Peru. .,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - A M Lazarte Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biología Acuática, Departamento Académico de Biología, Av. Alcides Carrión, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín (UNSA), Arequipa, Peru
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Doan DT, Luu DP, Nguyen TD, Hoang Thi B, Pham Thi HM, Do HN, Luu VH, Pham TD, Than VT, Pham Thi HH, Pham MQ, Tran QT. Isolation of Penicillium citrinum from Roots of Clerodendron cyrtophyllum and Application in Biosynthesis of Aglycone Isoflavones from Soybean Waste Fermentation. Foods 2019; 8:foods8110554. [PMID: 31698736 PMCID: PMC6915340 DOI: 10.3390/foods8110554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybeans offer an abundant source of isoflavones, which confer useful bioactivities when existing in aglycone forms. The conversion of isoflavones into aglycones via fermentation of soybean products is often realized by β-glucosidase, an enzyme produced by fungi. In this study, a filamentous fungus, Clerodendron cyrtophyllum, was isolated from root of Clerodendron cyrtophyllum Turcz, which was able to produce the highest activity of β-glucosidase up to 33.72 U/mL at 144 h during fermentation on Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB). The obtained fungus was grown on isoflavones-rich soybean extract to produce genistein and daidzein, achieving the conversion rate of 98.7%. Genistein and daidzein were isolated and purified by column chromatography using hexane/acetone (29:1/1:1), reaching purities of over 90% of total isoflavones, as identified and determined by TLC, LC-MS/MS, and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. These results imply that the isolated P. citrinum is a potential fungal strain for industrial-scale production of genistein and daidzein from isoflavones-containing soybean extracts. These products may serve as potential raw materials for manufacture of functional foods that are based on aglycones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Tien Doan
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet St., Cau Giay Dist., Hanoi 10072, Vietnam; (D.T.D.); (D.P.L.); (T.D.N.)
| | - Duc Phuong Luu
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet St., Cau Giay Dist., Hanoi 10072, Vietnam; (D.T.D.); (D.P.L.); (T.D.N.)
| | - Thanh Duong Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet St., Cau Giay Dist., Hanoi 10072, Vietnam; (D.T.D.); (D.P.L.); (T.D.N.)
| | - Bich Hoang Thi
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology,18 Hoang Quoc Viet St., Cau Giay Dist., Hanoi 10072, Vietnam; (B.H.T.); (H.M.P.T.); (H.N.D.); (T.D.P.); (M.Q.P.)
| | - Hong Minh Pham Thi
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology,18 Hoang Quoc Viet St., Cau Giay Dist., Hanoi 10072, Vietnam; (B.H.T.); (H.M.P.T.); (H.N.D.); (T.D.P.); (M.Q.P.)
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Huu Nghi Do
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology,18 Hoang Quoc Viet St., Cau Giay Dist., Hanoi 10072, Vietnam; (B.H.T.); (H.M.P.T.); (H.N.D.); (T.D.P.); (M.Q.P.)
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Van Huyen Luu
- Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam;
| | - The Dan Pham
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology,18 Hoang Quoc Viet St., Cau Giay Dist., Hanoi 10072, Vietnam; (B.H.T.); (H.M.P.T.); (H.N.D.); (T.D.P.); (M.Q.P.)
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Van Thai Than
- NTT Institute of High Technology, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
| | - Hai Ha Pham Thi
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Correspondence: (H.H.P.T.); (Q.T.T.)
| | - Minh Quan Pham
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology,18 Hoang Quoc Viet St., Cau Giay Dist., Hanoi 10072, Vietnam; (B.H.T.); (H.M.P.T.); (H.N.D.); (T.D.P.); (M.Q.P.)
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Quoc Toan Tran
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology,18 Hoang Quoc Viet St., Cau Giay Dist., Hanoi 10072, Vietnam; (B.H.T.); (H.M.P.T.); (H.N.D.); (T.D.P.); (M.Q.P.)
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
- Correspondence: (H.H.P.T.); (Q.T.T.)
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Ouephanit C, Boonvitthya N, Bozonnet S, Chulalaksananukul W. High-Level Heterologous Expression of Endo-1,4-β-Xylanase from Penicillium citrinum in Pichia pastoris X-33 Directed through Codon Optimization and Optimized Expression. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193515. [PMID: 31569777 PMCID: PMC6804294 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Most common industrial xylanases are produced from filamentous fungi. In this study, the codon-optimized xynA gene encoding xylanase A from the fungus Penicilium citrinum was successfully synthesized and expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris. The levels of secreted enzyme activity under the control of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (PGAP) and alcohol oxidase 1 (PAOX1) promoters were compared. The Pc Xyn11A was produced as a soluble protein and the total xylanase activity under the control of PGAP and PAOX1 was 34- and 193-fold, respectively, higher than that produced by the native strain of P. citrinum. The Pc Xyn11A produced under the control of the PAOX1 reached a maximum activity of 676 U/mL when induced with 1% (v/v) methanol every 24 h for 5 days. The xylanase was purified by ion exchange chromatography and then characterized. The enzyme was optimally active at 55 °C and pH 5.0 but stable over a broad pH range (3.0–9.0), retaining more than 80% of the original activity after 24 h or after pre-incubation at 40 °C for 1 h. With birchwood xylan as a substrate, Pc Xyn11A showed a Km(app) of 2.8 mg/mL, and a kcat of 243 s−1. The high level of secretion of Pc Xyn11A and its stability over a wide range of pH and moderate temperatures could make it useful for a variety of biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanika Ouephanit
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Biofuels by Biocatalysts Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | | | - Sophie Bozonnet
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 31077 Toulouse, France.
| | - Warawut Chulalaksananukul
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Biofuels by Biocatalysts Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Hu Z, Shiquan L, Xu Z, Dong M, Liu S. Complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of Penicillium citrinum in dark tea. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2019; 4:2445-2446. [PMID: 33365579 PMCID: PMC7687588 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2019.1637794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillium citrinum is a common polluting microorganism in dark tea production. Our study was performed to report the complete mitochondrial genome of P. citrinum. The mitochondrial genome of P. citrinum was a circular DNA molecule of 27,537 bp in length, encoding 42 genes as follows: 15 PCGs, two rRNAs, 24 tRNAs, and an independent ORF. A (36.14%), T (37.06%), C (11.83%), and G (14.98%) was composed of genomic bases. In addition, phylogenetic analysis showed that Penicillium sp. exhibited a closest relationship with the taxonomic status of P. citrinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Hu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Dark Tea and Jin-hua, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang, China
| | - Liu Shiquan
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Dark Tea and Jin-hua, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang, China
| | - Zhenggang Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Dark Tea and Jin-hua, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang, China
| | - Meng Dong
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Dark Tea and Jin-hua, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang, China
| | - Suchun Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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Namboodiri MMT, Pakshirajan K. Sustainable and green approach of chitosan production from Penicillium citrinum biomass using industrial wastewater as a cheap substrate. J Environ Manage 2019; 240:431-440. [PMID: 30954665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Marine sources especially crustaceans have been extensively used worldwide for the production of chitosan. However, limited availability as well as variations in the properties of the derived chitosan is a serious drawback of utilizing marine sources for chitosan production. This study investigated sustainable and green approach of fungal chitosan production using paper mill wastewater as a cheap and easily available substrate. The fungus Penicillium citrinum IITG_KP1 used in this study was initially isolated from an infected bamboo shoot. Addition of acetic acid at low levels led to a 150% increase in the yield of chitosan from 95 g/kg to 138 g/kg of dry fungal biomass. This result correlated well with an increase in xylose uptake rate due to acetic acid addition that was confirmed by enhanced activity of xylose reductase (XR) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) enzymes in the presence of acetic acid. Very high COD removal efficiency (75%) along with 70% phenolic reduction and 84% decolourization efficiency of the raw paper mill wastewater without any prior pre-treatment was further achieved by carrying out the fungal fermentation using a bioreactor under batch mode of operation. The fungal chitosan showed properties comparable with those of a commercially available standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Tejas Namboodiri
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Kannan Pakshirajan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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da Costa SG, Pereira OL, Teixeira-Ferreira A, Valente RH, de Rezende ST, Guimarães VM, Genta FA. Penicillium citrinum UFV1 β-glucosidases: purification, characterization, and application for biomass saccharification. Biotechnol Biofuels 2018; 11:226. [PMID: 30151054 PMCID: PMC6100729 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1226-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-Glucosidases are components of the cellulase system, a family of enzymes that hydrolyze the β-1,4 linkages of cellulose. These proteins have been extensively studied due to the possibility of their use in various biotechnological processes. They have different affinities for substrates (depending on their source) and their activities can be used for saccharification of different types of biomass. In this context, the properties and the synergistic capacity of β-glucosidases from different organisms, to supplement the available commercial cellulase cocktails, need a comprehensive evaluation. RESULTS Two β-glucosidases belonging to GH3 family were secreted by Penicillium citrinum UFV. PcβGlu1 (241 kDa) and PcβGlu2 (95 kDa) presented acidic and thermo-tolerant characteristics. PcβGlu1 showed Michaelis-Menten kinetics for all substrates tested with Km values ranging from 0.09 ± 0.01 (laminarin) to 1.7 ± 0.1 mM (cellobiose, C2) and kcat values ranging from 0.143 ± 0.005 (laminarin) to 8.0 ± 0.2 s-1 (laminaribiose, Lb). PcβGlu2 showed substrate inhibition for 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (MUβGlu), p-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (pNPβGlu), cellodextrins (C3, C4, and C5), N-octil-β-d-glucopyranoside, and laminaribiose, with Km values ranging from 0.014 ± 0.001 (MUβGlu) to 0.64 ± 0.06 mM (C2) and kcat values ranging from 0.49 ± 0.01 (gentiobiose) to 1.5 ± 0.2 s-1 (C4). Inhibition constants (Ki) for PcβGlu2 substrate inhibition ranged from 0.69 ± 0.07 (MUβGlu) to 10 ± 1 mM (Lb). Glucose and cellobiose are competitive inhibitors of PcβGlu1 and PcβGlu2 when pNPβGlu is used as a substrate. For PcβGlu1 inhibition, Ki = 1.89 ± 0.08 mM (glucose) and Ki = 3.8 ± 0.1 mM (cellobiose); for PcβGlu2, Ki = 0.83 ± 0.05 mM (glucose) and Ki = 0.95 ± 0.07 mM (cellobiose). The enzymes were tested for saccharification of different biomasses, individually or supplementing a Trichoderma reesei commercial cellulose preparation. PcβGlu2 was able to hydrolyze banana pseudostem and coconut fiber with the same efficiency as the T. reesei cocktail, showing significant synergistic properties with T. reesei enzymes in the hydrolysis of these alternative biomasses. CONCLUSIONS The β-glucosidases from P. citrinum UFV1 present different enzymatic properties from each other and might have potential application in several biotechnological processes, such as hydrolysis of different types of biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara G. da Costa
- Laboratory of Enzymatic Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG CEP3657000 Brazil
- Laboratory of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Av Brasil 4365, Pav. Leônidas Deane, Room 207, Manguinhos, RJ CEP21040360 Brazil
| | - Olinto Liparini Pereira
- Laboratory of Seed Pathology and Post-Harvest, Department of Phytopathology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG CEP36570-000 Brazil
| | - André Teixeira-Ferreira
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP21040360 Brazil
| | - Richard Hemmi Valente
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP21040360 Brazil
| | - Sebastião T. de Rezende
- Laboratory of Enzymatic Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG CEP3657000 Brazil
| | - Valéria M. Guimarães
- Laboratory of Enzymatic Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG CEP3657000 Brazil
| | - Fernando Ariel Genta
- Laboratory of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Av Brasil 4365, Pav. Leônidas Deane, Room 207, Manguinhos, RJ CEP21040360 Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Molecular Entomology, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
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Mohajeri FA, Misaghi A, Gheisari H, Basti AA, Amiri A, Ghalebi SR, Derakhshan Z, Tafti RD. The effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss Essential oil on the growth and citrinin production of Penicillium citrinum in culture media and cheese. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:691-694. [PMID: 29908269 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss Essential oil (EO) on the growth, spore production, and citrinin production of Penicellium citrinum PTCC 5304 in the culture media as well as Iranian ultra-filtered white cheese in brine was investigated. Radial growth and spore production on the potato dextrose agar (PDA) were effectively inhibited by EO in a dose-dependent manner. At 200 ppm, the radial growth and sporulation declined by 92% and 100%, respectively. The growth was completely prevented at 400 ppm of EO on PDA and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the oil was estimated at 400 ppm. Furthermore, the Zataria multiflora also significantly suppressed the mycelial growth and citrinin production in broth medium at all investigated concentrations (P < 0.05). At 150 ppm of EO, the citrinin accumulation and mycelial growth reduced by 88.6% and 89.6%, respectively. The EO was tested at all concentrations and the findings show an inhibitory effect of P. citrinum against the radial fungal growth and citrinin production in cheese. However, no concentration of EO could completely inhibit the growth and production of citrinin in cheese. We therefore concluded that Zataria multiflora has the potential to substitute the antifungal chemicals as a natural inhibitor to control the growth of molds in foods such as cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Akrami Mohajeri
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ali Misaghi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamidreza Gheisari
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Assieh Amiri
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Sayyed Razi Ghalebi
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Zahra Derakhshan
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
| | - Roohollah Dehghani Tafti
- Private Practitioner, Graduated Student of Animal Reproduction Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
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Gu Y, Ding P, Liang Z, Song Y, Liu Y, Chen G, Li JL. Activated production of silent metabolites from marine-derived fungus Penicillium citrinum. Fitoterapia 2018; 127:207-211. [PMID: 29474977 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As an attempt to utilize of rare earth elements as a novel method to activate the silent genes in fungus, the marine-derived fungus Penicillium citrinum was cultured under ordinary laboratory fermentation conditions in the presence of scandium chloride (ScCl3, 50 μM), and chemical investigation led to the isolation and characterization of three new peptide derivatives (1-3), along with four known pyrrolidine alkaloids (4-7). Those structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data interpretation, as well as chemical reactions. Comparative metabolic profiling of the culture extracts (with/without scandium chloride) indicated that compounds 1-3 scarcely detected in the absence of ScCl3. In addition, the antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of all isolated products were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, PR China
| | - Peiyu Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, PR China
| | - Zhipeng Liang
- Department of Analysis and Testing Center, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, PR China
| | - Yan Song
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, PR China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China
| | - Guangtong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, PR China.
| | - Jian Lin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, PR China.
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Pierce BC, Agger JW, Zhang Z, Wichmann J, Meyer AS. A comparative study on the activity of fungal lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases for the depolymerization of cellulose in soybean spent flakes. Carbohydr Res 2017; 449:85-94. [PMID: 28750348 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper-dependent enzymes capable of the oxidative breakdown of polysaccharides. They are of industrial interest due to their ability to enhance the enzymatic depolymerization of recalcitrant substrates by glycoside hydrolases. In this paper, twenty-four lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) expressed in Trichoderma reesei were evaluated for their ability to oxidize the complex polysaccharides in soybean spent flakes, an abundant and industrially relevant substrate. TrCel61A, a soy-polysaccharide-active AA9 LPMO from T. reesei, was used as a benchmark in this evaluation. In total, seven LPMOs demonstrated activity on pretreated soy spent flakes, with the products from enzymatic treatments evaluated using mass spectrometry and high performance anion exchange chromatography. The hydrolytic boosting effect of the top-performing enzymes was evaluated in combination with endoglucanase and beta-glucosidase. Two enzymes (TrCel61A and Aspte6) showed the ability to release more than 36% of the pretreated soy spent flake glucose - a greater than 75% increase over the same treatment without LPMO addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Pierce
- DuPont™ Nutrition Biosciences ApS, Edwin Rahrs Vej 38 Brabrand, 8220, Denmark; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Center for Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 229, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark; DuPont™ Nutrition & Health - Protein Solutions, 4300 Duncan Ave., Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Jane Wittrup Agger
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Center for Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 229, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
| | - Zhenghong Zhang
- DuPont™ Industrial Biosciences, China Research Center, Building 10, Lane 280, Linhong Road, Shanghai, 200335, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
| | - Jesper Wichmann
- DuPont™ Nutrition Biosciences ApS, Edwin Rahrs Vej 38 Brabrand, 8220, Denmark.
| | - Anne S Meyer
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Center for Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 229, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
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Hesse SE, Luethy PM, Beigel JH, Zelazny AM. Penicillium citrinum: Opportunistic pathogen or idle bystander? A case analysis with demonstration of galactomannan cross-reactivity. Med Mycol Case Rep 2017; 17:8-10. [PMID: 28580236 PMCID: PMC5447564 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case of an immunocompromised woman with fever, pulmonary infiltrates and multiple bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cultures positive for Penicillium citrinum with a concomitant high BAL galactomannan level. We report the results of Aspergillus galactomannan testing performed on culture supernatants from her P. citrinum strain that confirmed the suspected cross-reactivity. Finally, we discuss the clinical significance and antifungal susceptibility of P. citrinum in our case and review the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayla E. Hesse
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Paul M. Luethy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John H. Beigel
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Adrian M. Zelazny
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Li T, Jiang G, Qu H, Wang Y, Xiong Y, Jian Q, Wu Y, Duan X, Zhu X, Hu W, Wang J, Gong L, Jiang Y. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Penicillium citrinum Cultured with Different Carbon Sources Identifies Genes Involved in Citrinin Biosynthesis. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E69. [PMID: 28230802 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9020069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrinin is a toxic secondary metabolite of Penicillium citrinum and its contamination in many food items has been widely reported. However, research on the citrinin biosynthesis pathway and its regulation mechanism in P. citrinum is rarely reported. In this study, we investigated the effect of different carbon sources on citrinin production by P. citrinum and used transcriptome analysis to study the underlying molecular mechanism. Our results indicated that glucose, used as the sole carbon source, could significantly promote citrinin production by P. citrinum in Czapek’s broth medium compared with sucrose. A total of 19,967 unigenes were annotated by BLAST in Nr, Nt, Swiss-Prot and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. Transcriptome comparison between P. citrinum cultured with sucrose and glucose revealed 1085 differentially expressed unigenes. Among them, 610 were upregulated while 475 were downregulated under glucose as compared to sucrose. KEGG pathway and Gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated that many metabolic processes (e.g., carbohydrate, secondary metabolism, fatty acid and amino acid metabolism) were affected, and potentially interesting genes that encoded putative components of signal transduction, stress response and transcription factor were identified. These genes obviously had important impacts on their regulation in citrinin biosynthesis, which provides a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of citrinin biosynthesis by P. citrinum.
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Bagewadi ZK, Mulla SI, Shouche Y, Ninnekar HZ. Xylanase production from Penicillium citrinum isolate HZN13 using response surface methodology and characterization of immobilized xylanase on glutaraldehyde-activated calcium-alginate beads. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:164. [PMID: 28330236 PMCID: PMC4980835 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study reports the production of high-level cellulase-free xylanase from Penicillium citrinum isolate HZN13. The variability in xylanase titers was assessed under both solid-state (SSF) and submerged (SmF) fermentation. SSF was initially optimized with different agro-waste residues, among them sweet sorghum bagasse was found to be the best substrate that favored maximum xylanase production (9643 U/g). Plackett–Burman and response surface methodology employing central composite design were used to optimize the process parameters for the production of xylanase under SSF. A second-order quadratic model and response surface method revealed the optimum conditions for xylanase production (sweet sorghum bagasse 25 g/50 ml; ammonium sulphate 0.36 %; yeast extract 0.6 %; pH 4; temperature 40 °C) yielding 30,144 U/g. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a high correlation coefficient (R2 = 97.63 %). Glutaraldehyde-activated calcium-alginate-immobilized purified xylanase showed recycling stability (87 %) up to seven cycles. Immobilized purified xylanase showed enhanced thermo-stability in comparison to immobilized crude xylanase. Immobilization kinetics of crude and purified xylanase revealed an increase in Km (12.5 and 11.11 mg/ml) and Vmax (12,500 and 10,000 U/mg), respectively. Immobilized (crude) enzymatic hydrolysis of sweet sorghum bagasse released 8.1 g/g (48 h) of reducing sugars. Xylose and other oligosaccharides produced during hydrolysis were detected by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. The biomass was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray and Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy. However, this is one of the few reports on high-level cellulase-free xylanase from P. citrinum isolate using sweet sorghum bagasse.
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Bagewadi ZK, Mulla SI, Ninnekar HZ. Purification, characterization, gene cloning and expression of GH-10 xylanase ( Penicillium citrinum isolate HZN13). 3 Biotech 2016; 6:169. [PMID: 28330241 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0489-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An extracellular thermostable xylanase (Xyl-IIb) produced by Penicillium citrinum isolate HZN13 was purified to homogeneity using DEAE-Sepharose, Sephadex G-100 and Bio-Gel P-60 chromatography with specific activity of 6272.7 U/mg and 19.6-fold purification. The purification revealed the occurrence of multiple forms of xylanases (Xyl-I, Xyl-IIa, Xyl-IIb and Xyl-III). The molecular mass of highly purified Xyl-IIb was ~31 kDa with SDS-PAGE. The enzyme was cellulase-free, thermostable (55–75 °C) and acidophilic (3.5–5.0). It was activated by Ca2+, Ba2+, DTT and β-mercaptoethanol, whereas inhibited by Hg2+, Pb2+, Ni2+ and p-CMB. Purified Xyl-IIb exhibited highest specificity toward birchwood and oat spelts xylan. Kinetics of Xyl-IIb revealed a Km of 10 mg/ml and 16.7 mg/ml and Vmax of 9523g and 15,873 U/mg with birchwood and oat spelts xylan, respectively, indicating high affinity toward birchwood xylan. The xylanase (Xyl-IIb) belongs to glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family 10 based on conserved regions. Xylanase-encoding gene (xynB) consists of 1501 bp with an open reading frame of 264 bp which was predicted to encode a protein having 87 amino acids and shared homology with endo-1,4-beta-xylanase (xynB) gene from Penicillium citrinum. Cloned xynB gene was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) with xylanase activity (80 U/mg) and confirmed to be GH-10 Xyl-IIa based on molecular mass (~40 kDa). These properties of xylanase make it promising for their applications in biofuel industries.
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Huang GL, Zhou XM, Bai M, Liu YX, Zhao YL, Luo YP, Niu YY, Zheng CJ, Chen GY. Dihydroisocoumarins from the Mangrove-Derived Fungus Penicillium citrinum. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E177. [PMID: 27735855 DOI: 10.3390/md14100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new dihydroisocoumarin penicimarins G-I (1-3), together with one known dihydroisocoumarin (4) and three known meroterpenoids (5-7), were obtained from a fungus Penicillium citrinum isolated from the mangrove Bruguiera sexangula var. rhynchopetala collected in the South China Sea. Their structures were elucidated by the detailed analysis of spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined by the X-ray diffraction analysis using Cu Kα radiation. The absolute configurations of 2 and 3 were determined by comparison of their circular dichroism (CD) spectra with the literature. All compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activities and cytotoxic activities.
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Okado N, Hasegawa K, Mizuhashi F, Lynch BS, Vo TD, Roberts AS. Safety evaluation of nuclease P1 from Penicillium citrinum. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 88:21-31. [PMID: 26686996 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nuclease P1 has been widely used in the food industry to enhance or create flavor. One commercial source of this enzyme is Penicillium citrinum, an anamorphic mesophilic fungus with a long history of safe use in Europe and Asia as a fermentation organism used in the production of ribonucleases. Given the intended use in food for human consumption, and noting its potential presence at trace levels in finished products, a series of safety studies including an in vitro Ames and chromosome aberration assay, an in vivo rat erythrocyte micronucleus assay and a 90-day oral toxicity study in rats were conducted. No mutagenic activity was observed in the Ames assay. Equivocal activity in the chromosome aberration assay was not replicated in the micronucleus assay at doses of up to 1007 mg total organic solids (TOS)/kg body weight (bw)/day. Following oral administration of nuclease P1 at dosages of 10.1, 101 or 1007 mg TOS/kg bw/day to Sprague-Dawley rats, no adverse effects on any study parameter were observed. The no-observed-adverse-effect level was considered to be 1007 mg TOS/kg bw/day. The results of the genotoxicity studies and subchronic rat study support the safe use in food production of nuclease P1 produced from P. citrinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Okado
- Shin Nihon Chemical Co., Ltd., 19-10 Showa-cho, Anjyo, Aichi 446-0063, Japan.
| | - Kazushige Hasegawa
- Biosafety Research Center, Foods, Drugs, and Pesticides, 582-2, Shioshinden, Iwata, Shizuoka 437-1213, Japan
| | - Fukutaro Mizuhashi
- Biosafety Research Center, Foods, Drugs, and Pesticides, 582-2, Shioshinden, Iwata, Shizuoka 437-1213, Japan
| | - Barry S Lynch
- Intertek Scientific and Regulatory Consultancy, 2233 Argentia Road, Suite 201, Mississauga, Ontario L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Trung D Vo
- Intertek Scientific and Regulatory Consultancy, 2233 Argentia Road, Suite 201, Mississauga, Ontario L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Ashley S Roberts
- Intertek Scientific and Regulatory Consultancy, 2233 Argentia Road, Suite 201, Mississauga, Ontario L5N 2X7, Canada
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Zheng CJ, Huang GL, Xu Y, Song XM, Yao J, Liu H, Wang RP, Sun XP. A new benzopyrans derivatives from a mangrove-derived fungus Penicillium citrinum from the South China Sea. Nat Prod Res 2015; 30:821-5. [PMID: 26930107 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1072712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
One new benzopyran derivative (2R(*),4R(*))-3,4-dihydro-5-methoxy-2-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-4-ol (1), together with five known compounds (2-6), were obtained from the EtOAc extract of the endophytic fungus Penicillium citrinum HL-5126 isolated from the mangrove Brguiera sexangula var. rhynchopetala collected in the South China Sea. Their structures were elucidated by the detailed analysis of comprehensive spectroscopic data. All compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activities. Compound 6 exhibited potent inhibitory activity against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Micrococcus tetragenus with the same MIC values of 6.94 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Juan Zheng
- a Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology , Guangxi Institute of Oceanology , Beihai , China
| | - Guo-Lei Huang
- a Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology , Guangxi Institute of Oceanology , Beihai , China
| | - Yan Xu
- b Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hainan Normal University , Haikou , China
| | - Xin-Ming Song
- a Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology , Guangxi Institute of Oceanology , Beihai , China
| | - Jun Yao
- a Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology , Guangxi Institute of Oceanology , Beihai , China
| | - Hui Liu
- a Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology , Guangxi Institute of Oceanology , Beihai , China
| | - Ruo-Ping Wang
- a Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology , Guangxi Institute of Oceanology , Beihai , China
| | - Xue-Ping Sun
- b Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hainan Normal University , Haikou , China
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Wu CW, Zhao XL, Wu XJ, Wen C, Li H, Chen XH, Peng XX. Exogenous glycine and serine promote growth and antifungal activity of Penicillium citrinum W1 from the south-west Indian Ocean. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 362:fnv040. [PMID: 25761754 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PcPAF is a novel antifungal protein identified by our recent study, which is produced by a fungal strain Penicillium citrinum W1 isolated from a south-west Indian Ocean sediment sample. The present study identified glycine as a potential metabolite which increased the fungal growth and promoted antifungal activity. Then, GC/MS based metabolomics was used to disclose the metabolic mechanism manipulated by glycine. With the aid of unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis and supervised orthogonal partial least-squares-discriminant analysis, the intracellular metabolite profiles were distinguished among two glycine-treated groups and control. 43 and 47 significantly varied metabolites were detected in 2.5 mM or 5 mM glycine-treated groups and involved in seven and eight pathways, respectively. Furthermore, exogenous serine, which is converted from glycine, showed the same potential as glycine did. Our findings not only identify glycine and serine as nutrients which promoted P. citrinum W1 growth and increased antifungal activity, but also highlight the way to utilize metabolomics for an understanding of metabolic mechanism manipulated by an exogenous compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-wen Wu
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, MOE Key Lab Aquatic Food Safety, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-liang Zhao
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, MOE Key Lab Aquatic Food Safety, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Daxue Road 184, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Daxue Road 184, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, MOE Key Lab Aquatic Food Safety, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Daxue Road 184, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan-xian Peng
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, MOE Key Lab Aquatic Food Safety, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
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Panda P, Aiko V, Mehta A. Effect of aqueous extracts of Mentha arvensis (mint) and Piper betle (betel) on growth and citrinin production from toxigenic Penicillium citrinum. J Food Sci Technol 2015; 52:3466-74. [PMID: 26028728 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1390-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Due to growing concern of consumers about chemical residues in food products, the demand for safe and natural food is increasing greatly. The use of natural additives such as spices and herbal oil as seasoning agents for their antimicrobial activity has been extensively investigated. This paper discusses the efficacy of the aqueous extract of mint (Mentha arvensis) and betel (Piper betle) on the mycelial growth and citrinin production of Penicillium citrinum. The present investigation revealed that mint extract inhibited citrinin production up to 73 % without inhibiting the mycelium growth. The citrinin production decreased with increase in the concentration of mint extract as observed from the data obtained from High pressure liquid chromatography. The samples also showed reduced cytotoxicity on HeLa cells. On the other hand betel extract resulted in stimulatory effect on citrinin production and mycelial growth. The study showed that mint extract has the potential to be used safely for restraining citrinin contamination.
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Mohamed S, Flint S, Palmer J, Fletcher GC, Pitt JI. An extension of the Coconut Cream Agar method to screen Penicillium citrinum isolates for citrinin production. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 57:214-9. [PMID: 23682683 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid screening method was developed for the detection of citrinin in fungal cultures using Coconut Cream Agar (CCA) described previously for detecting aflatoxin and ochratoxin A. Fifteen isolates of Penicillium citrinum were inoculated onto CCA and incubated at 25 and 30°C for 10 days. All isolates produced a distinct yellow green fluorescence on CCA when the reverse side of the agar plates were viewed under long wavelength UV light. Detection was optimal at 25°C after four to 5 days of incubation. Isolates positive by the CCA method also tested positive for citrinin production by the TLC agar plug method after growth on CCA, Czapek yeast extract agar and yeast extract sucrose agar. Control cultures were negative by both methods, indicating that the CCA Petri dish method was suitable for screening cultures for citrinin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mohamed
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Ahmad A, Panda BP, Mujeeb M. Screening of nutrient parameters for mevastatin production by Penicillium citrinum MTCC 1256 under submerged fermentation using the Plackett-Burman design. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2011; 2:44-6. [PMID: 21814430 PMCID: PMC3146091 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.62709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mevastain, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor produced by Penicillium citrinum. The Placket-Burman experimental design was used to identify the important nutrients influencing the production of mevastatin by Penicillium citrinum MTCC 1256 under submerged fermentation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nine nutritional parameters, such as, glucose, glycerol, arrowroot, oats, urea, peptone, yeast extract, MgSO(4).7H(2)O, and CaCl(2).2H(2)O were screened by Placket-Burman experimental design in 12 experimental run. RESULTS Nine nutritional parameters, glucose, glycerol, arrowroot, oats, urea, peptone, yeast extract, MgSO(4).7H(2)O, and CaCl(2).2H(2)O contributed with 0.8114%, 24.0390%, 2.2786%, 0.1491%, 0.5608%, 47.5029%, 6.8092 %, 4.0980%, 10.5823% respectively towards mevastatin production by Penicillium citrinum under submerged fermentation. CONCLUSION Among the nine nutrient components glycerol, peptone, yeast extract, MgSO(4).7H(2)0, and CaCl(2).2H(2)O contributed to a large extent, urea had little impact, while glucose, oats, and arrowroot contributed moderately on production of mevastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaz Ahmad
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi-110 062, India
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50
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Mossini SAG, Kemmelmeier C. Inhibition of citrinin production in Penicillium citrinum cultures by neem [Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae)]. Int J Mol Sci 2008; 9:1676-1684. [PMID: 19325825 PMCID: PMC2635761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9091676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of different concentrations of aqueous neem leaf extract (3.12 to 50 mg/mL) on growth and citrinin production in three isolates of Penicillium citrinum was investigated under laboratory conditions. Mycotoxin production by the isolates was suppressed, depending on the concentration of the plant extract added to culture media at the time of spore inoculation. Citrinin production in fungal mycelia grown for 21 days in culture media containing 3.12 mg/mL of the aqueous extract of neem leaf was inhibited by approximately 80% in three isolates of P. citrinum. High-performance liquid chromatography was performed to confirm the spectrophotometric results. Vegetative growth was assessed, but neem extract failed to inhibit it. Neem leaf extract showed inhibition of toxin production without retardation in fungal mycelia growth.
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