Cytokine supplemented maturation medium improved development to term following somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in cattle

CONTEXT

In vitro maturation is an important process in the production of embryos. It has been shown that three cytokines, fibroblast growth factor 2, leukemia inhibitory factor and insulin-like growth factor 1 (FLI), increased efficiency of in vitro maturation, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) blastocyst production, and in vivo development of genetically engineered piglets.

AIMS

Assess effects of FLI on oocyte maturation, quality of oocytes, and embryo development in bovine in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and SCNT.

KEY RESULTS

Cytokine supplementation resulted in significant increases in maturation rates and decreased levels of reactive oxygen species. Oocytes matured in FLI had increased blastocyst rates when used in IVF (35.6%vs 27.3%, P<0.05) and SCNT (40.6%vs 25.7%, P<0.05). SCNT blastocysts contained significantly more inner cell mass and trophectodermal cells when compared to the control group. Importantly, SCNT embryos derived from oocytes matured in FLI medium resulted in a four-fold increase in full-term development compared to control medium (23.3%vs 5.3%, P<0.05). Relative mRNA expression analysis of 37 genes associated with embryonic and fetal development revealed one gene had differential transcript abundance in metaphase II oocytes, nine genes at the 8-cell stage, 10 genes at the blastocyst stage in IVF embryos and four genes at the blastocyst stage in SCNT embryos.

CONCLUSIONS

Cytokine supplementation increased efficiency of in vitro production of IVF and SCNT embryos and in vivo development of SCNT embryos to term.

IMPLICATIONS

Cytokine supplementation is beneficial to embryo culture systems, which may shed light on requirements of early embryo development.

Modeling Contaminant Microbes in Rivers During Both Baseflow and Stormflow

Rivers transport contaminant microorganisms (including fecal indicator bacteria and human pathogens) long distances downstream of diffuse and point sources, posing a human health risk. We present a mobile-immobile model that incorporates transport as well as immobilization and remobilization of contaminant microbes and other fine particles during baseflow and stormflow. During baseflow conditions, hyporheic exchange flow causes particles to accumulate in streambed sediments. Remobilization of stored particles from streambed sediments occurs slowly during baseflow via hyporheic exchange flow, while remobilization is vastly increased during stormflow. Model predictions are compared to observations over a range of artificial and natural flood events in the dairy contaminated Topehaehae Stream, New Zealand. The model outputs closely matched timing and magnitude of E. coli and turbidity observations through multiple high-flow events. By accounting for both state-of-flow and hyporheic exchange processes, the model provides a valuable framework for predicting particle and contaminant microbe behavior in streams.

PSI-19 Influence of cattle breed and forage type on organic dairy heifer performance

Many breeds of dairy cattle exist, but questions remain about their relative performance within exclusively forage-based systems in the United States. This paucity of data is especially apparent in relation to heifer development, which is the second largest expense on most dairy farms. We evaluated the performance of prepubertal heifers from four different genetic backgrounds (“breeds”) within a rotational grazing system in the Intermountain West. For each of two 105-day grazing seasons, 24 dairy heifers from each of four different breeds [Holstein (HO), Jersey (JE), Holstein/Jersey crossbred (HJ), and Swedish Red/Holstein/Montbeliarde crossbred (SHM)] were randomly assigned to one of two pasture treatments that consisted of either grass only (MONO) or grass interseeded with the legume birdsfoot trefoil (BFT; MIX). Main effects of treatment and breed (and potential interactions) on heifer average daily gain (ADG), change in percent mature body weight (CPMBW), fecal egg count (FEC), rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA), and body condition scores (BCS) were evaluated. There was a significant effect of pasture treatment on ADG, with MIX heifers averaging 0.48 kg of gain/day, whereas MONO heifers averaged 0.29 kg/day (P &lt; 0.0001). Change in BCS was significantly affected by treatment (P = 0.0012) and breed (P &lt; 0.0001). Significant effects of treatment (P &lt; 0.0001), breed (P = 0.0005), and treatment*breed (P = 0.0005) on CPMBW were also found. Treatment and breed had no effect on FEC or total rumen VFA content (P &gt; 0.05). Overall, we found that Jerseys were able to gain a higher percentage of their mature body weight and lose less body condition while on pasture than heifers of other breeds. We also found that grazing BFT can have significant positive effects on ADG, BCS, and CPMBW. Further research is needed to more thoroughly evaluate the influence of heifer genetics (breed) on metrics of growth, health, reproductive performance, and production in pasture settings.

PSXIII-7 Effects of different organic pastures on dairy heifer rumen fluid characteristics

This study investigates the effects that different forages in a rotational grazing system have on pH and VFA proportions of rumen fluid in organically raised dairy heifers. In 2018, 81 yearling Jersey heifers were assigned to one of nine treatments, including a conventional dry lot control (TMR) or one of eight pasture treatments. Pasture treatments included: tall fescue (TF), meadow bromegrass (MB), orchard grass (OG), perennial ryegrass (PR) and each individual grass interseeded with birdsfoot trefoil (BFT). Every 35-d, over a 105-d period, rumen fluid was collected using an oral stomach tube. Immediately following collection, pH was measured and recorded. Rumen fluid collected for VFA analysis was stabilized with acid and placed on wet ice and eventually frozen at -80° C until further analysis. Repeated measures analyses were performed using PROC MIXED in SAS (version 9.4) to determine how treatment affected each measurement over the total 105-day period. Time had a significant effect (P &lt; 0.001) on pH ofrumen fluid over the 105-d growth period. Additionally, treatment had a significant effect (P &lt; 0.001) on pH of rumen over the 105-d growth period. Animals that consumed the TMR diet had decreased rumen pH compared to other treatments. The proportions of acetate, propionate, isobutyrate, butyrate, isovalerate, and valerate were all significantly affected (P &lt; 0.001) by time over the 105-d growth period. Treatment had an effect (P &lt; 0.05) on the proportions ofpropionate and butyrate and had a tendency (P = 0.06) to affect the proportion of isovalerate. In general, animals on the TF pastures had decreased (P &lt; 0.05) proportions of these VFAs in the rumen fluid. The proportions of acetate, isobutyrate, and valerate were not affected (P &lt; 0.05) by treatment. These data provide insight into how different forages in organic pastures affect rumen characteristics of growing Jersey heifers.

The effects of organic grass and grass-birdsfoot trefoil pastures on Jersey heifer development: Heifer growth, performance, and economic impact

Dairy heifers developed in certified organic programs, especially those utilizing pasture-based management schemes, have lower rates of gain than heifers raised in nonorganic confinement production systems in temperate climates, such as in the Intermountain West region of the United States. This study investigates the effects that different forages in a rotational grazing system have on development of organically raised Jersey heifers. Over 3 years, 210 yearling Jersey heifers were randomly assigned to one of 9 treatments, including a conventional confinement control where animals were fed a total mixed ration or one of 8 pasture treatments: Cache Meadow bromegrass (Brumus riparius Rehmann), QuickDraw orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.), Amazon perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), or Fawn tall fescue (Schendonorus arundinaceus [Schreb.] Dumort) and each individual grass interseeded with birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L., BFT). Each treatment had 3 blocks/yr over the 3-yr period, with each block having a 0.4 ha pasture of each treatment. Every 35 d, over a 105-d period, heifers were weighed and measured for hip height, and blood samples were collected to determine serum insulin-like growth factor-1 and blood urea nitrogen concentrations. Fecal egg counts were also assessed. Heifer body weight (BW), blood urea nitrogen, and insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations were affected by treatment when analyzed over time. Heifers on grass-BFT pastures had increased BW compared with heifers on monoculture grass pastures. Heifers receiving a total mixed ration or perennial ryegrass+BFT had increased BW gain over the 105-d period compared with heifers grazing tall fescue+BFT, orchard grass, perennial ryegrass, meadow bromegrass, or tall fescue. Individually for all grass species, heifers grazing +BFT pastures had greater ending BW and weight gain than heifers grazing the respective grass monocultures. Furthermore, weight gain for heifers on perennial ryegrass+BFT, meadow bromegrass+BFT, and orchard grass+BFT were not different from those on a total mixed ration. Heifers grazing grass-BFT pastures had increased blood urea nitrogen compared with heifers grazing monoculture grass pastures. Heifer hip height and fecal egg counts were not affected by treatment. These results show that the addition of BFT to organic pasture improves growth of grazing replacement heifers. Economic analyses also demonstrate that interseeding grass pastures with BFT results in an increased economic return compared with grazing monoculture grass pastures. Grass pastures interseeded with BFT may be a sustainable option to achieve adequate growth of Jersey heifers raised in an organic pasture scenario in a temperate climate.

1 Effect of cytokine-supplemented maturation medium on bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer embryo development

Invitro maturation is an important process in the invitro production of embryos. It has been shown recently that 3 cytokines: fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), increase the efficiency of IVM, blastocyst production, and invivo development following somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in pigs (Yuan et al. 2017 PNAS 114, E5796-E5804). This study was designed to assess the effect of these cytokines on IVM in bovine oocytes, their consecutive development to blastocyst, and pregnancy rate when used in SCNT. Cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) were retrieved from abattoir-derived ovaries, matured for 21h in either standard maturation medium [TCM-199 (Gibco/Life Technologies), 10% fetal bovine serum, 0.5µgmL−1 FSH, 5µgmL−1 LH, 100UmL−1 penicillin/streptomycin] or maturation medium supplemented with 20ngmL−1 human LIF, 20ngmL−1 IGF1, and 40ngmL−1 FGF2. After IVM, the first polar body and metaphase plate were removed from MII oocytes. Fibroblast cells were injected in the perivitelline space and fused with enucleated oocytes in 0.28M sorbitol fusion medium (0.1mM calcium, 0.5mM magnesium, 0.5mM HEPES, 1gmL−1 bovine serum albumin) by a single pulse of 1.75 kV/cm for 22ms. Reconstructed embryos were activated by exposure to 5μM ionomycin for 5min, followed by 4h of incubation in 2mM 6-(dimethylamino)purine and 10μgmL−1 cycloheximide. Cleavage and blastocyst rates were assessed at Day 2 and Day 7, respectively. Blastocysts were transferred to oestrus synchronized recipients and initial pregnancy rates assessed at Day 40 after embryo transfer. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA or chi-squared test. Data are presented as mean±s.e.m. The MII rate was significantly higher in maturation medium supplemented with cytokines compared with control medium (80.2±2.33%, n=885 vs. 66.8±1.82%, n=822; P&lt;0.05, 7 replicates, one-way ANOVA). No statistical difference was found in the cleavage rate of SCNT embryos between treatment and control groups (94.2±1.34%, n=259 vs. 90.9±1.22%, n=208; P&gt;0.05, 8 replicates, one-way ANOVA), respectively. However, a significant increase in blastocyst rate was observed in the treatment group compared with the control group (40.6±5.1%, n=446 vs. 24.3±2.9%, n=300; P&lt;0.05, 8 replicates, one-way ANOVA). SCNT embryos derived from the treatment group also resulted in a significant increase in initial pregnancy rates (50.3±20.9%, n=48 vs. 29.0±20.6%, n=31; P&lt;0.05, 4 replicates, chi-squared). Full-term pregnancy rates are pending. In conclusion, addition of FGF2, LIF, and IGF1 to maturation medium improves bovine IVM and SCNT blastocyst development and initial pregnancy rates. The effect on full-term pregnancy success is yet to be determined. This research was supported by UAES project (1343) and RFBR (18-29-07089).

Efficacy of digital cognitive behavioural therapy for symptoms of generalised anxiety disorder: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

Background

Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) is a chronic and disabling condition with considerable personal and economic impact. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a recommended psychological therapy for GAD; however, there are substantial barriers to accessing treatment. Digital CBT, in particular smartphone-delivered CBT, has the potential to improve accessibility and increase dissemination of CBT. Despite the emerging evidence of smartphone-based psychological interventions for reducing anxiety, effect size scores are typically smaller than in-person interventions, and there is a lack of research assessing the efficacy of smartphone-delivered digital interventions specifically for GAD.

Methods

In the DeLTA trial (DigitaL Therapy for Anxiety), we plan to conduct a parallel-group superiority randomised controlled trial examining the efficacy of a novel smartphone-based digital CBT intervention for GAD compared to a waitlist control. We aim to recruit 242 adults (aged 18 years or above) with moderate-to-severe symptoms of GAD. This trial will be conducted entirely online and will involve assessments at baseline (week 0; immediately preceding randomisation), mid-intervention (week 3), post-intervention (week 6; primary end point) and follow-up (week 10). The primary objective is to evaluate the efficacy of the intervention on GAD symptom severity compared to a waitlist control at post-intervention. Secondary objectives are to examine between-group effects on GAD at follow-up, and to examine the following secondary outcomes at both post-intervention and follow-up: 1) worry; 2) depressive symptoms; 3) wellbeing; 4) quality of life; and 5) sleep difficulty.

Discussion

This trial will report findings on the initial efficacy of a novel digital CBT intervention for GAD. Results have the potential to contribute towards the evidence base for digital CBT for GAD and increase the dissemination of CBT.

Trial registration

ISRCTN, ISRCTN12765810. Registered on 11 January 2019.

Generation of H7N9-specific human polyclonal antibodies from a transchromosomic goat (caprine) system

To address the unmet needs for human polyclonal antibodies both as therapeutics and diagnostic reagents, building upon our previously established transchromosomic (Tc) cattle platform, we report herein the development of a Tc goat system expressing human polyclonal antibodies in their sera. In the Tc goat system, a human artificial chromosome (HAC) comprising the entire human immunoglobulin (Ig) gene repertoire in the germline configuration was introduced into the genetic makeup of the domestic goat. We achieved this by transferring the HAC into goat fetal fibroblast cells followed by somatic cell nuclear transfer for Tc goat production. Gene and protein expression analyses in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and the sera, respectively, of Tc caprine demonstrated the successful expression of human Ig genes and antibodies. Furthermore, immunization of Tc caprine with inactivated influenza A (H7N9) viruses followed by H7N9 Hemagglutinin 1 (HA1) boosting elicited human antibodies with high neutralizing activities against H7N9 viruses in vitro. As a small ungulate, Tc caprine offers the advantages of low cost and quick establishment of herds, therefore complementing the Tc cattle platform in responses to a range of medical needs and diagnostic applications where small volumes of human antibody products are needed.

Gene expression and lymphocyte population at the fetal-maternal interface in sheep pregnancies established by somatic cell nuclear transfer

The hypothesis of this study was that the leukocyte populations and expression levels of genes related to immune response, growth factors and apoptosis would be altered at the fetal-maternal interface in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)-generated sheep pregnancies. Placental and endometrial samples from sheep pregnancies established by SCNT and natural breeding (control) were collected at 45 days and at term. Expression of genes related to growth factors, apoptosis and immune response was examined using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Endometrial leukocyte populations and major histocompatibility class I (MHC-I) protein expression were examined by immunohistochemistry. At term we observed altered expression of genes related to apoptosis, growth factors and immune response in placental and endometrial tissue of SCNT pregnancies. In Day-45 pregnancies there was less-pronounced abnormal expression and only genes related to apoptosis and growth factors were abnormal in the placenta. Endometrial gene expression profiles were similar to age-matched controls. Placental MHC-I protein expression was similar in SCNT and controls at 45 days but increased in the SCNT at term. The altered gene expression at the fetal-maternal interface likely contributes to the placental dysfunction and overgrowth observed in sheep SCNT pregnancies.

Cytokine gene expression at the maternal–fetal interface after somatic cell nuclear transfer pregnancies in small ruminants

The present retrospective study investigated pregnancy rates, the incidence of pregnancy loss and large offspring syndrome (LOS) and immune-related gene expression of sheep and goat somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) pregnancies. We hypothesised that significantly higher pregnancy losses observed in sheep compared with goat SCNT pregnancies are due to the increased amounts of T-helper 1 cytokines and proinflammatory mediators at the maternal–fetal interface. Sheep and goat SCNT pregnancies were generated using the same procedure. Control pregnancies were established by natural breeding. Although SCNT pregnancy rates at 45 days were similar in both species, pregnancy losses between 45 and 60 days of gestation and the incidence of LOS were significantly greater in sheep than in goats. At term, the expression of proinflammatory genes in sheep SCNT placentas was increased, whereas that in goats was similar to that in control animals. Genes with altered expression in sheep SCNT placentas included cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), interleukin 2 receptor alpha (IL2RA), cluster of differentiation 28 (CD28), interferon gamma (IFNG), interleukin 6 (IL6), interleukin 10 (IL10), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 alpha (IL1A) and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 (CXCL8). Major histocompatibility complex-I protein expression was greater in sheep and goat SCNT placentas at term than in control pregnancies. An unfavourable immune environment is present at the maternal–fetal interface in sheep SCNT pregnancies.

Increased Susceptibility to Atrial Fibrillation Secondary to Atrial Fibrosis in Transgenic Goats Expressing Transforming Growth Factor-β1

INTRODUCTION

Large animal models of progressive atrial fibrosis would provide an attractive platform to study relationship between structural and electrical remodeling in atrial fibrillation (AF). Here we established a new transgenic goat model of AF with cardiac specific overexpression of TGF-β1 and investigated the changes in the cardiac structure and function leading to AF.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Transgenic goats with cardiac specific overexpression of constitutively active TGF-β1 were generated by somatic cell nuclear transfer. We examined myocardial tissue, ECGs, echocardiographic data, and AF susceptibility in transgenic and wild-type control goats. Transgenic goats exhibited significant increase in fibrosis and myocyte diameters in the atria compared to controls, but not in the ventricles. P-wave duration was significantly greater in transgenic animals starting at 12 months of age, but no significant chamber enlargement was detected, suggesting conduction slowing in the atria. Furthermore, this transgenic goat model exhibited a significant increase in AF vulnerability. Six of 8 transgenic goats (75%) were susceptible to AF induction and exhibited sustained AF (>2 minutes), whereas none of 6 controls displayed sustained AF (P < 0.01). Length of induced AF episodes was also significantly greater in the transgenic group compared to controls (687 ± 212.02 seconds vs. 2.50 ± 0.88 seconds, P < 0.0001), but no persistent or permanent AF was observed.

CONCLUSION

A novel transgenic goat model with a substrate for AF was generated. In this model, cardiac overexpression of TGF-β1 led to an increase in fibrosis and myocyte size in the atria, and to progressive P-wave prolongation. We suggest that these factors underlie increased AF susceptibility.

Oocytes from small and large follicles exhibit similar development competence following goat cloning despite their differences in meiotic and cytoplasmic maturation

Reduced developmental competence after IVF has been reported using oocyte derived from small follicles in several species including cattle, sheep, and goats. No information is currently available about the effect of follicle size of the cytoplast donor on in vivo development after somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in goats. Oocytes collected from large (≥3 mm) and small follicles (<3 mm) were examined for maturation and in vivo developmental competence after SCNT. Significantly greater maturation rate was observed in oocytes derived from large follicles compared with that of small follicles (51.6% and 33.7%, P < 0.05). Greater percent of large follicle oocytes exhibited a low glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity at germinal vesicle stage compared with small follicle oocytes (54.9% and 38.7%, P < 0.05). Relative mRNA expression analysis of 48 genes associated with embryonic and fetal development revealed that three genes (MATER, IGF2R, and GRB10) had higher level of expression in metaphase II oocytes from large follicles compared with oocytes from small follicles. Nevertheless, no difference was observed in pregnancy rates (33.3% vs. 47.1%) and birth rates (22.2% vs. 16.7%) after SCNT between the large and small follicle groups). These results indicate that metaphase II cytoplasts from small and large follicles have similar developmental competence when used in goat SCNT.

Pilot Study Evaluating Regulatory T Cell-Promoting Immunosuppression and Nonimmunogenic Donor Antigen Delivery in a Nonhuman Primate Islet Allotransplantation Model

The full potential of islet transplantation will only be realized through the development of tolerogenic regimens that obviate the need for maintenance immunosuppression. Here, we report an immunotherapy regimen that combines 1-ethyl-3-(3'-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (ECDI)-treated donor lymphoid cell infusion (ECDI-DLI) with thymoglobulin, anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody and rapamycin to achieve prolonged allogeneic islet graft survival in a nonhuman primate (NHP) model. Prolonged graft survival is associated with Treg expansion, donor-specific T cell hyporesponsiveness and a transient absence of donor-specific alloantibody production during the period of graft survival. This regimen shows promise for clinical translation.

Retention and remobilization dynamics of fine particles and microorganisms in pastoral streams

Both microbial metabolism and pathogen retention and remobilization are dependent on downstream transport of fine particles, which migrate in a series of deposition and resuspension events. All fine particles, including clay minerals, particulate organic carbon, nutrients and microbes, are often considered to be transported similarly in the environment because of a lack of specific observations comparing their relative transport. We conducted a tracer injection study to compare the transport and retention of the fecal indicator bacterium Escherichia coli, synthetic inert fluorescent fine particles, and a dissolved conservative tracer. We found that the fluorescent fine particles and bacteria were transported similarly, with both having greater retention than the solute tracer. We used a stochastic model to evaluate in-stream retention and migration of the solute, fluorescent particles, and E. coli. The best-fit model parameters indicate that different stream reaches had varied retention characteristics, but always showed greater retention of fluorescent particles and E. coli compared to the solute tracer. Direct measurements within known retention areas after the injection showed that the majority of the fluorescent particles and E. coli were retained near the sediment-water interface in macrophyte stands or filtered within the top 3 cm of the streambed sediment. Both the tracer particles and E. coli were retained within these regions for multiple months following the injection experiment. The stochastic model properly captured the wide range of storage timescales and processes we observed in the stream. Our results demonstrate the importance of the streambed sediment and in-stream macrophytes as short- and long-term reservoirs for fine organic particles and microbes in streams.

29 EFFECT OF EMBRYO CULTURE LENGTH ON PRODUCTION OF CLONED TRANSGENIC GOATS

The yield of blastocysts and hatched blastocysts using in vitro production (IVP) in goats are still low. The development of caprine embryos is frequently arrested at the 8- to 16-cell stage, indicating suboptimal culture conditions (Jimenez-Macedo et al. 2005 Theriogenology 64, 1249–1262). Our goal was to produce transgenic goats by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and further determine whether the length of embryo culture has an effect on development to term. We compared the efficiency of transferring single-cell embryos 12 h post-activation to transferring 4- to 8-cell embryos cultured for 60 h post-activation. Nine transgenic goats from 2 cell lines were produced through SCNT. Somatic donor cells were obtained from 2 sources: adult fibroblasts and fetal fibroblasts. Adult fibroblasts were obtained from a transgenic doe skin biopsy. Fetal fibroblasts were isolated from a 25-day-old fetus and then electroporated with a pcDNA3.1DV5-MHC-TGF-β1cys33ser vector, followed by G418 selection, screening, and subsequent use for SCNT. Oocytes with >4 layers of cumulus cells were collected by slicing abattoir ovaries and matured in vitro for 21 to 23 h. After being denuded, oocytes presenting a first polar body were enucleated and received a donor cell from 1 of the 2 cell lines. Fused embryos were then activated for 5 min in 5 µM ionomycin, followed by 4 h in 2 mM DMAP with 5 µg of cycloheximide mL–1. Activated embryos were cultured in G1 medium with 5 mg of BSA mL–1 for either 12 or 60 h post-activation, followed by surgical transfer into the oviducts of recipients synchronized to show estrus within 12 h of SCNT. Overall, 376 embryos were transferred into 23 recipients. Pregnancy was examined by ultrasonography on Day 30 post-transfer. No pregnancy losses were observed after Day 30 of gestation. All kids were born live (42% of recipients receiving embryos cultured for 12 h gave birth, compared with only 9% when cultured for 60 h). The data (Table 1) suggest that a longer culture time in vitro significantly reduces viability of cloned embryos. Table 1.Twelve-hour versus 60-h embryo culture This work was supported by Utah Agricultural Experiment Station project no. 1100.

30 GENERATION OF CLONED TRANSGENIC GOATS WITH CARDIAC SPECIFIC OVEREXPRESSION OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR β1

Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) has a potent profibrotic function and is central to signaling cascades involved in interstitial fibrosis, which plays a critical role in the pathobiology of cardiomyopathy and contributes to diastolic and systolic dysfunction. In addition, fibrotic remodeling is responsible for generation of re-entry circuits that promote arrhythmias (Bujak and Frangogiannis 2007 Cardiovasc. Res. 74, 184–195). Due to the small size of the heart, functional electrophysiology of transgenic mice is problematic. Large transgenic animal models have the potential to offer insights into conduction heterogeneity associated with fibrosis and the role of fibrosis in cardiovascular diseases. The goal of this study was to generate transgenic goats overexpressing an active form of TGFβ-1 under control of the cardiac-specific α-myosin heavy chain promoter (α-MHC). A pcDNA3.1DV5-MHC-TGF-β1cys33ser vector was constructed by subcloning the MHC-TGF-β1 fragment from the plasmid pUC-BM20-MHC-TGF-β1 (Nakajima et al. 2000 Circ. Res. 86, 571–579) into the pcDNA3.1D V5 vector. The Neon transfection system was used to electroporate primary goat fetal fibroblasts. After G418 selection and PCR screening, transgenic cells were used for SCNT. Oocytes were collected by slicing ovaries from an abattoir and matured in vitro in an incubator with 5% CO2 in air. Cumulus cells were removed at 21 to 23 h post-maturation. Oocytes were enucleated by aspirating the first polar body and nearby cytoplasm by micromanipulation in Hepes-buffered SOF medium with 10 µg of cytochalasin B mL–1. Transgenic somatic cells were individually inserted into the perivitelline space and fused with enucleated oocytes using double electrical pulses of 1.8 kV cm–1 (40 µs each). Reconstructed embryos were activated by ionomycin (5 min) and DMAP and cycloheximide (CHX) treatments. Cloned embryos were cultured in G1 medium for 12 to 60 h in vitro and then transferred into synchronized recipient females. Pregnancy was examined by ultrasonography on day 30 post-transfer. A total of 246 cloned embryos were transferred into 14 recipients that resulted in production of 7 kids. The pregnancy rate was higher in the group cultured for 12 h compared with those cultured 36 to 60 h [44.4% (n = 9) v. 20% (n = 5)]. The kidding rates per embryo transferred of these 2 groups were 3.8% (n = 156) and 1.1% (n = 90), respectively. The PCR results confirmed that all the clones were transgenic. Phenotype characterization [e.g. gene expression, electrocardiogram (ECG), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)] is underway. We demonstrated successful production of transgenic goat via SCNT. To our knowledge, this is the first transgenic goat model produced for cardiovascular research. This work was supported by the Utah Science Technology and Research Initiative, Utah Multidisciplinary Arrhythmia Consortium.

Abstract 251: Development of a Transgenic Goat Model with Cardiac-Specific Overexpression of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 to Study the Relationship Between Atrial Fibrosis and Atrial Fibrillation

Studies on patients, large animal models and transgenic mouse models have shown a strong association of atrial fibrosis with atrial fibrillation (AF). However, it is unclear whether there is a causal relationship between atrial fibrosis and AF or whether these events appear as a result of independent pathological changes in the heart. We are testing the hypothesis that goats that overexpress TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor beta1) specifically in cardiac myocytes will develop atrial fibrosis that in turn will lead to AF. Many aspects of AF-related remodeling have been studied comprehensively in goat models. However, these AF models are typically mechanically induced (eg, the rapid atrial pacing model). This unique transgenic goat model has the potential to offer insights into the role of fibrosis in AF initiation and progression without the confounding effects of mechanical AF induction.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT or cloning) was used to produce TGF-β1 transgenic pregnancies. First, pcDNA3.1DV5-MHC-TGF-β1cys33ser vector was constructed by subcloning the MHC-TGF-β1 fragment from the plasmid pUC-BM20-MHC-TGF-β1 into the pcDNA3.1D V5 vector. The NeonTM transfection system was used to electroporate primary goat fetal fibroblasts. After two weeks of G418 selection, the resulting G418 resistant colonies were screened by PCR to confirm transgene integration into goat genomic DNA. PCR positive cells were used for SCNT. Cloned embryos (n=264) were cultured for 12-60 h in vitro and then transferred into synchronized recipient females (n=15). Confirmation of pregnancy was done by ultrasonography on day 30 post-transfer. At the time of this abstract submission, 40% (6/15) of recipients were confirmed to be pregnant as determined by the presence of a heartbeat. The range for the stage of gestation is between day-60 and day-120. The first delivery date is April 28, 2012. Several reports documented no pregnancy losses after 30 days of gestation in goats. Therefore, we expect that most if not all of these pregnancies will result in delivery of live offspring. To our knowledge, this will be the first transgenic goat model generated for cardiovascular research.

Detection and molecular characterization of filamentous actinobacteria and thermoactinomycetes present in water-damaged building materials

In this study the dominant filamentous actinobacteria occurring in water-damaged building materials were detected by culture and characterized by automated ribotyping and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Fifty-two samples were taken from 20 water-damaged houses in four different countries. A total of 122 bacterial isolates were analyzed. Actinobacteria or thermoactinomycetes were present in 48% of the samples. The dominant genus was Streptomyces (58% of isolates), followed by Thermoactinomyces (23%), Laceyella (14%), Nocardiopsis (3%), Pseudonocardia (1%) and Saccharomonospora (1%). The most frequently detected species was the thermophilic Thermoactinomyces vulgaris (14 samples/4 countries). The most common streptomycetes were closely related to the heterogeneous species Streptomyces microflavus (7/2) or Streptomyces griseus (6/2). Automated ribotyping was a rapid tool for reliable characterization of these isolates. The spores of thermoactinomycetes and toxic substances of Nocardiopsis species and S. griseus may constitute a risk for human health.

PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS

Harmful microbes in indoor environments are a cause of public concern. To develop rapid and simple-to-use molecular biological methods to detect the presence of harmful actinobacterial species in water-damaged buildings more information about their occurrence in those materials is needed, which this study provides.

Rumen distension and contraction influence feed preference by sheep

Distension of the rumen limits feed intake by livestock. Ruminal dysfunctions due to bloat, which causes distension by accumulation of excessive gas within the rumen, also reduce feeding. We hypothesized that excessive levels of rumen distension cause feed aversions and that preference increases for feeds eaten in association with recovery from bloat. To test these hypotheses, we determined whether 12 commercial crossbred lambs (average initial BW of 43 +/- 2 kg) could associate ingestion of specific feeds with the consequences of increased intraruminal pressure and its subsidence. Six of the lambs were fitted with rumen cannulas and offered ground alfalfa for 30 min after a rubber balloon was inserted into the rumen of each animal and distended with air to volumes of 1.8, 2.5, or 4.5 L. Subsequently, balloons were deflated and alfalfa was offered again for a second period of 30 min. Feed intake was not affected when the balloon was not distended (P = 0.45 to 0.93), but distension reduced feed intake (P < 0.001) in direct proportion to the magnitude of distension at all 3 volumes (R(2) = 0.70). Relief from distension promoted a compensatory increase in feed intake (P = 0.006). During conditioning to determine if lambs acquired a preference for a feed associated with recovery from distension, fistulated lambs were offered novel feeds: wheat bran (group 1; n = 3) and beet pulp (group 2; n = 3), and the balloon was distended for 30 min. Feeds were then switched and the balloons were deflated (recovery). Control lambs (n = 6) received the same feeding protocol without the balloons. Lambs formed strong aversions to feeds associated with distension and preferred feeds associated with recovery (P = 0.001 to P = 0.10). No preferences or avoidances were observed in control lambs conditioned without rumen distension (P = 0.17 to P = 0.87). Thus, rumen distension and recovery from distension induced feed aversions and preferences, respectively, which may be critical in learning avoidance of bloat-inducing plants and preferences for plants and supplements that relieve the incidence of bloat.

Comparison of populations of mould species in homes in the UK and USA using mould-specific quantitative PCR

AIMS

To compare the populations of 81 mould species in homes in the USA and UK using mould-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction (MSQPCR) technology.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Dust samples were obtained from randomly selected homes in the UK (n=11). The mould populations in British homes were compared with those found in typical homes (no visible mould) in the USA (in the state of Ohio, n=45). Only 13 of 81 species screened showed significantly different concentrations in these two sets of home.

CONCLUSIONS

Although only a small survey, the results suggest that typical mould profiles in the USA (Ohio) and British homes are very similar. Analysis of 26 mould indicator species revealed that the British homes fell into two clusters, tentatively identified as 'atypical' and 'typical' mould conditions.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

MSQPCR analysis of dust samples can provide an objective measure of indoor moulds which could lead to better management of their health effects.

Influence of biofilm on removal of surrogate faecal microbes in a constructed wetland and maturation pond

The effect of biofilm on the attenuation of pathogen-sized particles from wastewater was compared for biofilms cultivated in a surface flow constructed wetland (SFW) and maturation pond (MP) The fate of fluorescently labelled microspheres (FLM) as surrogates for viruses (0.1 microm), bacteria (1 microm) and parasitic protozoa (4.5 microm dia) was investigated in microcosms in the presence or absence of biofilms. Rates of FLM removal from suspension were higher in the presence of biofilms for all particle sizes (kd 0.02-0.11 h(-1)) in MP and SFW microcosms with removal efficiency related to particle size and biofilm thickness and structure. Greater removal of 0.1 microm (79-81%), 1 microm FLM (92-96%) and 4.5 microm FLM (up to 98%) from suspension were found for microcosms containing thicker (autotrophic) biofilms grown in the MP or open water zone of the SFW. Lower removal of 43% (0.1 microm), 59% (1 microm) and 84% (4.5 microm) occurred in microcosms containing thinner heterotrophic biofilms from SFW vegetated zones. Providing surfaces for attachment of photosynthetic biofilms offers potential to enhance pathogen removal in open water systems. In vegetated systems, linkage to more oxic openwater zones may allow thicker and 'stickier' epiphytic biofilms to develop, improving pathogen interception and removal.

Virus removal in a pilot-scale 'advanced' pond system as indicated by somatic and F-RNA bacteriophages

Advanced pond systems (APS), incorporating high-rate ponds, algal settling ponds, and maturation ponds, typically achieve better and more consistent disinfection as indicated by Escherichia coli than conventional waste stabilisation ponds. To see whether this superior disinfection extends also to enteric viruses, we studied the removal of somatic phages ('model' viruses) in a pilot-scale APS treating sewage. Measurements through the three aerobic stages of the APS showed fairly good removal of somatic phage in the summer months (2.2 log reduction), but much less effective removal in winter (0.45 log reduction), whereas E. coli was removed efficiently (> 4 logs) in both seasons. A very steep depth-gradient of sunlight inactivation of somatic phage in APS pond waters (confined in silica test tubes) is consistent with inactivation mainly by solar UVB wavelengths. Data for F-RNA phage suggests involvement of longer UV wavelengths. These findings imply that efficiency of virus removal in APS will vary seasonally with variation in solar UV radiation.

Predation of Cryptosporidium oocysts by protozoa and rotifers: implications for water quality and public health

Predation by free-living protozoa and rotifers was investigated as a possible mechanism for the removal of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in aquatic ecosystems including wastewater treatment plants. Free-living ciliated protozoa (Stylonychia mytilus, Paramecium caudatum and an unidentified wastewater wetland ciliate), an amoeba (Acanthamoeba culbertsoni) and rotifers, all commonly found in aquatic ecosystems, were exposed to varying doses of C. parvum oocysts. All organisms investigated ingested oocysts. Predation activity and rates of ingestion varied with predator species and prey density. Ciliated protozoa demonstrated greater predation activity than A. culbertsoni or rotifers when exposed to 2 x 10(5) oocyst/mL for up to 3 h. Greatest predation after 1 h exposure was observed in P. caudatum, the largest ciliate, with on average 1.9 oocysts/cell (range 0-9 oocysts/cell). Stylonychia mytilus and the wetland ciliate had a similar mean ingestion of around 0.3 oocysts/cell, with numbers internalised ranging from 0-3 oocysts/cell. Rotifers ingested on average 1.6 oocysts/individual (range 0-7 oocysts/individual) whilst amoebae ingested on average 1.8 oocysts/cell after 2 h exposure (up to 3 oocysts/cell). Grazing activity by P. caudatum was demonstrated at a variety of prey levels ranging from 9 to 9,000 oocysts. Numbers of oocysts internalised by Paramecium frequently exceeded the reported human infective dose of 30 oocysts. In general, numbers of internalised oocysts increased with incubation time of up to 20-30 min although the rate of accumulation was slower at lower dose levels. The significance of predation on the fate of Cryptosporidium oocysts in the environment is discussed.

Parasite removal by natural wastewater treatment systems: performance of waste stabilisation ponds and constructed wetlands

Parasite removal and low cost systems for wastewater treatment have become increasingly important requirements in developed and developing countries to safeguard public health from wastewater-associated intestinal diseases. Pilot and field-scale ponds and wetlands in Brazil and Egypt have been investigated for the fate and removal of eggs of human intestinal parasites from domestic wastewater. In northeast Brazil, parasite removal was investigated for a series of five waste stabilisation ponds treating raw wastewater. In Egypt, parasite removal was studied for Gravel Bed Hydroponic constructed wetlands treating partially treated wastewater. Influents to ponds and wetlands contained a variety of parasite helminth eggs (e.g. Ascaris, hookworm, Trichuris, and Hymenolepis spp.). The ponds consistently removed parasite eggs though rate of removal by individual ponds may have been related to influent egg numbers and extent of short-circuiting. Parasite eggs were reduced on average by 94% and 99.9% in the anaerobic and facultative ponds respectively. No eggs were found in effluent from the second maturation pond. In the wetland system, parasite removal varied with reedbed length. The majority of parasite eggs were retained within the first 25 m. Parasite eggs were reduced on average by 98% after treatment in 50 m beds and completely removed after treatment in 100 m beds.

The role of semantics in reading and spelling: evidence for the 'summation hypothesis'

This study documents a patient, SA, with an impairment of semantic memory arising as a result of Semantic Dementia (Pick's disease). The patient is impaired at deriving semantic knowledge from both words and pictures. However, his ability to derive semantic knowledge of countries is relatively spared compared to concrete nouns and famous people. The presence of a semantic deficit was used to investigate the role of semantics in reading and spelling. Several novel cueing/priming paradigms are reported which suggest that SA is able to use partial semantic knowledge to constrain his reading and spelling. These results are broadly consistent with the 'summation hypothesis' [27] and suggest that normal reading and spelling may take place by integrating both semantic information and knowledge of direct orthography-phonology correspondences.

Protozoan predation as a mechanism for the removal of cryptosporidium oocysts from wastewaters in constructed wetlands

The removal of the protozoan parasite, Cryptosporidium parvum, from wastewaters is becoming of increasing importance in the UK, especially since contamination of raw waters by sewage effluents has been implicated in major waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis in recent years. Compared to conventional wastewater-treatment processes, constructed wetlands have demonstrated favourable removal rates for Cryptosporidium oocysts. The removal mechanisms, however, remain unknown. Predation by free-living ciliated protozoa, which are commonly found in constructed wetlands, was investigated as a possible mechanism for oocyst removal. In laboratory feeding experiments, ciliates (Euplotes patella, Stylonychia mytilus, Paramecium caudatum and an unidentified wetland ciliate species), were exposed to doses ranging from 10 to 10(6) oocysts/ml for between 5 and 60 minutes. Ciliate predatory activities were assessed by enumerating fluorescently labelled ingested oocysts using epifluorescence microscopy. Oocysts were found to be ingested by all species investigated. Paramecium demonstrated the highest mean ingestion rates (up to 170 oocysts/hr) followed by Stylonychia (up to 60 oocysts/hour). Euplotes and the wetland ciliate had lower mean grazing rates (4 and 10 oocysts/hr respectively). These results indicate that protozoan predation may be an important factor in the removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts from wastewaters in constructed wetlands.

Carson's syndrome: a major threat to the public's health in the twenty-first century

Our environment provides essential support for our health, but is subject to degradation from human activities. This in turn has adverse effects on health. The name 'Carson's Syndrome' is proposed to characterize severe non-accidental planetary abuse. A specific example, overproduction of carbon dioxide (CO2), is described and illustrated by the concept of a 'footprint' for the CO2 production of an individual or group. Transport is responsible for 40% of CO2 production in developed countries. A more rational transport policy, with particular encouragement of walking and cycling, would both reduce CO2 output and benefit our health, especially in reducing cardiovascular disease.

Guidelines for the microbiological quality of treated wastewater used in agriculture: recommendations for revising WHO guidelines

Three different approaches for establishing guidelines for the microbiological quality of treated wastewater that is reused for agriculture are reviewed. These approaches have different objectives as their outcomes: the absence of faecal indicator organisms in the wastewater, the absence of a measurable excess of cases of enteric disease in the exposed population and a model-generated estimated risk below a defined acceptable risk. If the second approach (using empirical epidemiological studies supplemented by microbiological studies of the transmission of pathogens) is used in conjunction with the third approach (using a model-based quantitative risk assessment for selected pathogens) a powerful tool is produced that aids the development of regulations. This combined approach is more cost-effective than the first approach and adequately protects public health. The guideline limit for faecal coliform bacteria in unrestricted irrigation (< or = 1000 faecal coliform bacteria/ 100 ml) is valid, but for restricted irrigation < or = 10(5) faecal coliform bacteria/100 ml is recommended when adult farmworkers are exposed to spray irrigation. A limit of < or = 10(3) faecal coliform bacteria/100 ml is recommended if flood irrigation is used or children are exposed. The guideline limit for nematode eggs for both types of irrigation is adequate except when conditions favour the survival of nematode eggs and where children are exposed; in these cases it should be reduced from < or = 1 egg/l to < or = 0.1 egg/l.

Doctors, pharmacists and the prescribing process

Although there is evidence that collaboration between doctors and pharmacists results in the more cost-effective use of medicines, the input of pharmacists into the prescribing process remains informal and largely retrospective. This article discusses the current problems associated with the prescribing process and suggests a framework to formalise the input of pharmacists.

Endogenous antibodies that interfere with thyroxine fluorescence polarization assay but not with radioimmunoassay or EMIT

We have identified an individual whose thyroxine (T4) concentration was undetectable with Abbott's fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) but within the reference range by radioimmunoassay or EMIT (Syva). The patient's thyrotropin, triiodothyronine, and T-uptake values were within the normal range. The T4 concentration measured by FPIA increased to normal when the immunoglobulin fraction was selectively removed from the serum. When the patient's immunoglobulin fraction was added to normal serum, the T4 content of the normal serum measured by FPIA became falsely low. The patient's antibody interfered with the T4 FPIA by binding to the fluorescein-T4 conjugate. The T-uptake was less affected by the patient's serum because of the low affinity of the patient's antibody to fluorescein-T4 (K = 3.5 x 10(8) L/mol). The patient's immunoglobulin bound preferentially to fluorescein-T4, in comparison with binding to fluorescein or T4 alone. We conclude that the patient's immunoglobulin bound to an epitope unique to the fluorescein-conjugated T4.

Endogenous antibodies that interfere with thyroxine fluorescence polarization assay but not with radioimmunoassay or EMIT

We have identified an individual whose thyroxine (T4) concentration was undetectable with Abbott's fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) but within the reference range by radioimmunoassay or EMIT (Syva). The patient's thyrotropin, triiodothyronine, and T-uptake values were within the normal range. The T4 concentration measured by FPIA increased to normal when the immunoglobulin fraction was selectively removed from the serum. When the patient's immunoglobulin fraction was added to normal serum, the T4 content of the normal serum measured by FPIA became falsely low. The patient's antibody interfered with the T4 FPIA by binding to the fluorescein-T4 conjugate. The T-uptake was less affected by the patient's serum because of the low affinity of the patient's antibody to fluorescein-T4 (K = 3.5 x 10(8) L/mol). The patient's immunoglobulin bound preferentially to fluorescein-T4, in comparison with binding to fluorescein or T4 alone. We conclude that the patient's immunoglobulin bound to an epitope unique to the fluorescein-conjugated T4.