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Almalki ASA, Alhadhrami A, Alsanie WF, Kamarudin SK, Pugazhendhi A. Biodiesel synthesis from chicken feather meal using S/AlMCM-41 catalyst and engine performance analysis. Environ Res 2024; 246:118060. [PMID: 38157966 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.118060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In this study, Sulphated/AlMCM-41 (S/AlMCM-41) catalysts were synthesized and used to produce biodiesel from CFMO. Different percentages of S/AlMCM-41 catalysts were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction, BET studies, TPD, and SEM-EDS analysis. Sulphur incorporation to the MCM framework though reduced the surface area, and pore volume of the catalyst, sufficient acidity were produced in the catalyst surface. The existence of functional groups and the composition of the biodiesel obtained was analysed by FTIR and GC-MS. S/AlMCM-41 (80%) catalyst presented a high catalytic activity with maximum biodiesel conversion % when compared to other variants. The bio-ester produced from CFMO with S/AlMCM-41 (80%) catalyst possessed the higher calorific value of 50 MJ/kg and flashpoint of 153 °C and other properties analogous to the standard biodiesel. The engine performance was examined for biodiesel blends with neat diesel, where biodiesel blends performed better than neat diesel. The exhaust gas emission studies also highlighted that the obtained biodiesel showed emission characteristics similar to the standard biodiesel, whereas marginally higher emission for CO and CO2 of about 2.2 and 7.9% was reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Alhadhrami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, 21974, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa F Alsanie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Saudi Arabia
| | - S K Kamarudin
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, 603103, Tamil Nadu, India.
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2
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Ishak NAIM, Kamarudin SK, Timmiati SN, Karim NA, Basri S. Biogenic platinum from agricultural wastes extract for improved methanol oxidation reaction in direct methanol fuel cell. J Adv Res 2020; 28:63-75. [PMID: 33364046 PMCID: PMC7753966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum is the most commonly used catalyst in fuel cell application. However, platinum is very expensive, thus limits the commercialisation of fuel cell system due to the cost factor. This study introduces a biosynthesis platinum from plant extracts that can reduce the cost of platinum production compared to the conventional method and the hazardous during the production of the catalyst. The biogenic platinum was tested on a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell. Advanced biogenic of Pt nano-cluster was synthesized through a novel and facile of one-pot synthesis bio-reduction derived from natural source in the form of plant extracts as reducing agent. Several selected plant extracts drawn from agricultural waste such as banana peel, pineapple peels and sugarcane bagasse extracts were comparatively evaluated on the ability of phytochemical sources of polyphenols rich for the development of single-step synthesis for Pt NPs. Notably, the biogenic Pt NPs from sugar cane bagasse has superior electro-catalytic activity, the enhanced utilization efficiency of Pt and appreciable stability towards methanol oxidation reaction, whose ECSA value approximates 94.58 m2g−1, mass activity/specific activity (398.20 mAmg−1/0.8471 mA/cm2Pt) which greater than commercial Pt black (158.12 mAmg−1/1.41 mA/cm2Pt).
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Affiliation(s)
- N A I M Ishak
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S K Kamarudin
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S N Timmiati
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - N A Karim
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S Basri
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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3
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Yahya N, Kamarudin SK, Karim NA, Basri S, Zanoodin AM. Nanostructured Pd-Based Electrocatalyst and Membrane Electrode Assembly Behavior in a Passive Direct Glycerol Fuel Cell. Nanoscale Res Lett 2019; 14:52. [PMID: 30742238 PMCID: PMC6370893 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-019-2871-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to synthesize, characterize, and observe the catalytic activity of Pd1Au1 supported by vapor-grown carbon nanofiber (VGCNF) anode catalyst prepared via the chemical reduction method. The formation of the single-phase compounds was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld refinement analysis, which showed single peaks corresponding to the (111) plane of the cubic crystal structure. Further analysis was carried out by field emission scanning emission microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), nitrogen adsorption/desorption measurements, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The electrochemical performance was examined by cyclic voltammetry tests. The presence of mesoporous VGCNF as support enables the use of a relatively small amount of metal catalyst that still produces an excellent current density (66.33 mA cm-2). Furthermore, the assessment of the kinetic activity of the nanocatalyst using the Tafel plot suggests that Pd1Au1/VGCNF exerts a strong electrocatalytic effect in glycerol oxidation reactions. The engineering challenges are apparent from the fact that the application of the homemade anode catalyst to the passive direct glycerol fuel cell shows the power density of only 3.9 mW cm-2. To understand the low performance, FESEM observation of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) was carried out, examining several morphological defects that play a crucial role and affect the performance of the direct glycerol fuel cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Yahya
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
- Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - S. K. Kamarudin
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - N. A. Karim
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - S. Basri
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - A. M. Zanoodin
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
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4
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Zakaria Z, Kamarudin SK, Timmiati SN. Influence of Graphene Oxide on the Ethanol Permeability and Ionic Conductivity of QPVA-Based Membrane in Passive Alkaline Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells. Nanoscale Res Lett 2019; 14:28. [PMID: 30659414 PMCID: PMC6338673 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2836-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Passive alkaline-direct ethanol fuel cells (alkaline-DEFCs) appear to be suitable for producing sustainable energy for portable devices. However, ethanol crossover is a major challenge for passive alkaline-DEFC systems. This study investigated the performance of a crosslinked quaternized poly (vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide (QPVA/GO) composite membrane to reduce ethanol permeability, leading in enhancement of passive alkaline-DEFC performance. The chemical and physical structure, morphology, ethanol uptake and permeability, ion exchange capacity, water uptake, and ionic conductivity of the composite membranes were characterized and measured to evaluate their applicability in fuel cells. The transport properties of the membrane were affected by GO loading, with an optimal loading of 15 wt.% and doped with 1 M of KOH showing the lowest ethanol permeability (1.49 × 10-7 cm2 s-1 and 3.65 × 10-7 cm2 s-1 at 30 °C and 60 °C, respectively) and the highest ionic conductivity (1.74 × 10-2 S cm-1 and 6.24 × 10-2 S cm-1 at 30 °C and 60 °C, respectively). In the passive alkaline-DEFCs, the maximum power density was 9.1 mW cm-2, which is higher than commercial Nafion 117/KOH (7.68 mW cm-2) at 30 °C with a 2 M ethanol + 2 M KOH solution. For the 60 °C, the maximum power density of composite membrane achieved was 11.4 mW cm-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Zakaria
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - S. K. Kamarudin
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
- Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - S. N. Timmiati
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
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5
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Zakaria Z, Kamarudin SK. Performance of quaternized poly(vinyl alcohol)‐based electrolyte membrane in passive alkaline DEFCs application: RSM optimization approach. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Zakaria
- Fuel Cell InstituteUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) 43600 Bangi Selangor Malaysia
| | - S. K. Kamarudin
- Fuel Cell InstituteUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) 43600 Bangi Selangor Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built EnvironmentUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) 43600 Bangi Selangor Malaysia
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6
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Ramli ZAC, Kamarudin SK. Platinum-Based Catalysts on Various Carbon Supports and Conducting Polymers for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Applications: a Review. Nanoscale Res Lett 2018; 13:410. [PMID: 30578446 PMCID: PMC6303228 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2799-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Platinum (Pt)-based nanoparticle metals have received a substantial amount of attention and are the most popular catalysts for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). However, the high cost of Pt catalysts, slow kinetic oxidation, and the formation of CO intermediate molecules during the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) are major challenges associate with single-metal Pt catalysts. Recent studies are focusing on using either Pt alloys, such as Fe, Ni, Co, Rh, Ru, Co, and Sn metals, or carbon support materials to enhance the catalytic performance of Pt. In recent years, Pt and Pt alloy catalysts supported on great potential of carbon materials such as MWCNT, CNF, CNT, CNC, CMS, CNT, CB, and graphene have received remarkable interests due to their significant properties that can contribute to the excellent MOR and DMFC performance. This review paper summaries the development of the above alloys and support materials related to reduce the usage of Pt, improve stability, and better electrocatalytic performance of Pt in DMFC. Finally, discussion of each catalyst and support in terms of morphology, electrocatalytic activity, structural characteristics, and its fuel cell performance are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. A. C. Ramli
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - S. K. Kamarudin
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
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7
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Zakaria Z, Kamarudin SK, Timmiati SN, Masdar MS. New composite membrane poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide for direct ethanol-proton exchange membrane fuel cell. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Zakaria
- Fuel Cell Institute; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; 43600 UKM Bangi Selangor Malaysia
| | - S. K. Kamarudin
- Fuel Cell Institute; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; 43600 UKM Bangi Selangor Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; 43600 UKM Bangi Selangor Malaysia
| | - S. N. Timmiati
- Fuel Cell Institute; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; 43600 UKM Bangi Selangor Malaysia
| | - M. S. Masdar
- Fuel Cell Institute; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; 43600 UKM Bangi Selangor Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; 43600 UKM Bangi Selangor Malaysia
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8
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Shaari N, Kamarudin SK, Basri S. Molecular dynamics simulations of sodium alginate/sulfonated graphene oxide membranes properties. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00808. [PMID: 30246163 PMCID: PMC6146620 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of methanol as a solvent on the properties of sodium alginate/sulfonated graphene oxide (SA/SGO) membranes was explored in water-methanol mixed conditions with various methanol concentrations and temperatures through molecular dynamics simulations. The methanol uptake of the membrane showed an isolation phase determined from the simulation results. The distance between the sulfonic acid groups increased in higher methanol concentrations, as observed from S-S RDFs. Furthermore, the distance between the SA-chain RDFs and the solvent molecules was analysed to determine a) the affinity of water towards the sulfonic acid groups and b) the affinity of the aromatic backbone of the SA towards methanol molecules. A decrease in water molecule diffusion led to an increase in methanol diffusion and uptake. SA/SGO membranes exhibited a smaller diffusion coefficient than that for the Nafion membranes, as calculated from simulation results and compared to the experimental work. Additionally, the diffusion ability increased at higher temperatures for all permeants. The interaction information obtained is useful for DMFC applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shaari
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S K Kamarudin
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.,Chemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S Basri
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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9
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Shaari N, Kamarudin SK, Basri S, Shyuan LK, Masdar MS, Nordin D. Enhanced mechanical flexibility and performance of sodium alginate polymer electrolyte bio-membrane for application in direct methanol fuel cell. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Shaari
- Fuel Cell Institute; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Ukm Bangi Selangor 43600 Malaysia
| | - S. K. Kamarudin
- Fuel Cell Institute; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Ukm Bangi Selangor 43600 Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Ukm Bangi Selangor 43600 Malaysia
| | - S. Basri
- Fuel Cell Institute; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Ukm Bangi Selangor 43600 Malaysia
| | - L. K. Shyuan
- Fuel Cell Institute; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Ukm Bangi Selangor 43600 Malaysia
| | - M. S. Masdar
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Ukm Bangi Selangor 43600 Malaysia
| | - D. Nordin
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Ukm Bangi Selangor 43600 Malaysia
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10
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Abdullah N, Kamarudin SK, Shyuan LK. Novel Anodic Catalyst Support for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell: Characterizations and Single-Cell Performances. Nanoscale Res Lett 2018; 13:90. [PMID: 29616360 PMCID: PMC5882481 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2498-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study introduces a novel titanium dioxide carbon nanofiber (TiO2-CNF) support for anodic catalyst in direct methanol fuel cell. The catalytic synthesis process involves several methods, namely the sol-gel, electrospinning, and deposition methods. The synthesized electrocatalyst is compared with other three electrocatalysts with different types of support. All of these electrocatalysts differ based on a number of physical and electrochemical characteristics. Experimental results show that the TiO2-CNF support gave the highest current density at 345.64 mA mgcatalyst-1, which is equivalent to 5.54-fold that of carbon support while the power density is almost double that of the commercial electrocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Abdullah
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - S. K. Kamarudin
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - L. K. Shyuan
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
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11
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Shaari N, Kamarudin SK, Basri S, Shyuan LK, Masdar MS, Nordin D. Enhanced Proton Conductivity and Methanol Permeability Reduction via Sodium Alginate Electrolyte-Sulfonated Graphene Oxide Bio-membrane. Nanoscale Res Lett 2018; 13:82. [PMID: 29536289 PMCID: PMC5849597 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2493-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The high methanol crossover and high cost of Nafion® membrane are the major challenges for direct methanol fuel cell application. With the aim of solving these problems, a non-Nafion polymer electrolyte membrane with low methanol permeability and high proton conductivity based on the sodium alginate (SA) polymer as the matrix and sulfonated graphene oxide (SGO) as an inorganic filler (0.02-0.2 wt%) was prepared by a simple solution casting technique. The strong electrostatic attraction between -SO3H of SGO and the sodium alginate polymer increased the mechanical stability, optimized the water absorption and thus inhibited the methanol crossover in the membrane. The optimum properties and performances were presented by the SA/SGO membrane with a loading of 0.2 wt% SGO, which gave a proton conductivity of 13.2 × 10-3 Scm-1, and the methanol permeability was 1.535 × 10-7 cm2 s-1 at 25 °C, far below that of Nafion (25.1 × 10-7 cm2 s-1) at 25 °C. The mechanical properties of the sodium alginate polymer in terms of tensile strength and elongation at break were improved by the addition of SGO.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Shaari
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - S. K. Kamarudin
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty Of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - S. Basri
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - L. K. Shyuan
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - M. S. Masdar
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty Of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - D. Nordin
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty Of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
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12
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Shamsul NS, Kamarudin SK, Rahman NA. Study on the physical and chemical composition of agro wastes for the production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Bioresour Technol 2018; 247:821-828. [PMID: 30060418 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Treated sludge, goat manure, sugarcane bagasse, empty fruit bunches of oil palm (EFBP) and dry leaves are agro wastes that have high potential for use as feedstocks for the production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). The focus of this study is to investigate the production of 5-HMF from agro wastes via co-hydrothermal (CHT) treatment and extraction. Present study include examine on agro waste's physical and chemical properties and also their thermal degradation behaviour. The analysis of the bio-oil products is conducted by FTIR and GC-MS. Co-hydrothermal experiments were conducted at a temperature of 300°C with an experimental time of 15min, followed by alcohol extraction. Highest carbon and hydrogen content are 45.94% and 6.49% (dry leaves) with maximum high heating value 18.39MJ/kg (dry leaves) and fix carbon value 6.60 (goat manure). Through CHT about 39% 5-HMF, 22.97% carboxylic acids, 0.97% of aromatic and 0.73% aldehyde obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Shamsul
- Department of Chemical and Process, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S K Kamarudin
- Department of Chemical and Process, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - N A Rahman
- Department of Chemical and Process, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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13
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Abdullah N, Kamarudin SK, Shyuan LK, Karim NA. Fabrication and Characterization of New Composite Tio 2 Carbon Nanofiber Anodic Catalyst Support for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell via Electrospinning Method. Nanoscale Res Lett 2017; 12:613. [PMID: 29214597 PMCID: PMC5718995 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-017-2379-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Platinum (Pt) is the common catalyst used in a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). However, Pt can lead towards catalyst poisoning by carbonaceous species, thus reduces the performance of DMFC. Thus, this study focuses on the fabrication of a new composite TiO2 carbon nanofiber anodic catalyst support for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) via electrospinning technique. The distance between the tip and the collector (DTC) and the flow rate were examined as influencing parameters in the electrospinning technique. To ensure that the best catalytic material is fabricated, the nanofiber underwent several characterizations and electrochemical tests, including FTIR, XRD, FESEM, TEM, and cyclic voltammetry. The results show that D18, fabricated with a flow rate of 0.1 mLhr-1 and DTC of 18 cm, is an ultrafine nanofiber with the smallest average diameter, 136.73 ± 39.56 nm. It presented the highest catalyst activity and electrochemical active surface area value as 274.72 mAmg-1 and 226.75m2 g-1PtRu, respectively, compared with the other samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Abdullah
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - S. K. Kamarudin
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - L. K. Shyuan
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - N. A. Karim
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
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14
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Yahya N, Kamarudin SK, Karim NA, Masdar MS, Loh KS. Enhanced performance of a novel anodic PdAu/VGCNF catalyst for electro-oxidation in a glycerol fuel cell. Nanoscale Res Lett 2017; 12:605. [PMID: 29177577 PMCID: PMC5701905 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-017-2360-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a novel anodic PdAu/VGCNF catalyst for electro-oxidation in a glycerol fuel cell. The reaction conditions are critical issues affecting the glycerol electro-oxidation performance. This study presents the effects of catalyst loading, temperature, and electrolyte concentration. The glycerol oxidation performance of the PdAu/VGCNF catalyst on the anode side is tested via cyclic voltammetry with a 3 mm2 active area. The morphology and physical properties of the catalyst are examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Then, optimization is carried out using the response surface method with central composite experimental design. The current density is experimentally obtained as a response variable from a set of experimental laboratory tests. The catalyst loading, temperature, and NaOH concentration are taken as independent parameters, which were evaluated previously in the screening experiments. The highest current density of 158.34 mAcm-2 is obtained under the optimal conditions of 3.0 M NaOH concentration, 60 °C temperature and 12 wt.% catalyst loading. These results prove that PdAu-VGCNF is a potential anodic catalyst for glycerol fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Yahya
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
- Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - S. K. Kamarudin
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - N. A. Karim
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - M. S. Masdar
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - K. S. Loh
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
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15
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Abdullah M, Kamarudin SK, Shyuan LK. TiO 2 Nanotube-Carbon (TNT-C) as Support for Pt-based Catalyst for High Methanol Oxidation Reaction in Direct Methanol Fuel Cell. Nanoscale Res Lett 2016; 11:553. [PMID: 28032325 PMCID: PMC5195925 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-016-1587-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs) were synthesized via a hydrothermal method using highly concentrated NaOH solutions varying from 6 to 12 M at 180 °C for 48 h. The effects of the NaOH concentration and the TNT crystal structure on the performance for methanol oxidation were investigated to determine the best catalyst support for Pt-based catalysts. The results showed that TNTs produced with 10 M NaOH exhibited a length and a diameter of 550 and 70 nm, respectively; these TNTs showed the best nanotube structure and were further used as catalyst supports for a Pt-based catalyst in a direct methanol fuel cell. The synthesized TNT and Pt-based catalysts were analysed by FESEM, TEM, BET, EDX, XRD and FTIR. The electrochemical performance of the catalysts was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometric (CA) analysis to further understand the methanol oxidation in the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). Finally, the result proves that Pt-Ru/TNT-C catalyst shows high performance in methanol oxidation as the highest current density achieved at 3.3 mA/cm2 (normalised by electrochemically active surface area) and high catalyst tolerance towards poisoning species was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abdullah
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S K Kamarudin
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - L K Shyuan
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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16
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Kamarudin SK, Shamsul NS, Ghani JA, Chia SK, Liew HS, Samsudin AS. Production of methanol from biomass waste via pyrolysis. Bioresour Technol 2013; 129:463-468. [PMID: 23266847 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The production of methanol from agricultural, forestry, livestock, poultry, and fishery waste via pyrolysis was investigated. Pyrolysis was conducted in a tube furnace at 450-500 °C. Sugarcane bagasse showed the methanol production (5.93 wt.%), followed by roots and sawdust with 4.36 and 4.22 wt.%, respectively. Animal waste offered the lowest content of methanol, as only 0.46, 0.80, and 0.61 wt.% were obtained from fishery, goat, and cow waste, respectively. It was also observed that the percentage of methanol increased with an increase in volatile compounds while the percentage of ethanol increased with the percentage of ash and fix carbon. The data indicate that, pyrolysis is a means for production of methanol and ethanol after further optimization of the process and sample treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Kamarudin
- Fuel Cell Institute, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Yaakob Z, Kamarudin SK, Daud WRW, Yosfiah MR, Lim KL, Kazemian H. Hydrogen production by methanol-steam reforming using NiMoCu/γ-alumina trimetallic catalysts. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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