A repetitive peptide of Leishmania can activate T helper type 2 cells and enhance disease progression

Leishmaniasis provides a biologically relevant model to analyze the heterogeneity of CD4+ T cells and may lead to answering the major question of the mechanism for the preferential induction of T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells. Using synthetic peptides corresponding to the tandemly repeating regions of Leishmania proteins, we have identified an epitope that can preferentially induce the disease-exacerbating Th2 cells in susceptible BALB/c mice. Lymph node cells from BALB/c mice immunized subcutaneously with the octamer (p183) of the repeating 10-mer peptide EAEEAARLQA proliferated strongly against the peptide as well as the soluble antigen extract (SolAg) of Leishmania major. The proliferative T cells are CD4+, major histocompatibility complex class II restricted, and secrete interleukin 4 (IL-4) but little or no IL-2 and interferon gamma when stimulated with the peptide in vitro. T cells from BALB/c mice with progressive disease, but not from BALB/c mice cured of the infection, recognized this epitope. BALB/c mice injected subcutaneously with p183 developed significantly exacerbated disease when subsequently challenged with L. major. Furthermore, subcutaneous injection with p183 prevented the subsequent induction of resistance against L. major by intravenous immunization with soluble antigen. The T cell response to p183 is H-2d restricted. Immunization of the genetically resistant B10.D2 mice with p183 also produced strong T cell responses and exacerbated disease when challenged with L. major.

Suppressive substance produced by T cells from mice chronically infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. II. Partial biochemical characterization

Culture supernatants of splenic T cells from susceptible CBA mice chronically infected with Trypanosoma cruzi contain a suppressive substance which can inhibit the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to a wide range of antigens. The suppressive substance is distinct from T. cruzi antigen inasmuch as the supernatant depleted of any residual T. cruzi antigen by an affinity column still retains the suppressive activity, whereas addition of T. cruzi antigens to control supernatant did not confer suppressive function. The suppressive supernatant does not contain detectable levels of IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, or IFN-gamma but a modest level of IL-1 and IL-2 inhibitory activities. However, both these inhibitory activities elute at a different position from the DTH suppressive activity on gel filtration. The DTH suppressive activity is heat labile (1 h, 56 degrees C), cryostable, but destroyed by trypsin treatment. It binds to ricin but not to lentil lectin. Sepharose 4B gel filtration and HPLC analysis in mild chaotropic agents (urea, ethylene glycol) demonstrate that the suppressive substance has an apparent Mr of 30 to 60 kDa, but full DTH-suppressive activity is retained only in an aggregated form.

Suppressive substance produced by T cells from mice chronically infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. II. Partial biochemical characterization

Culture supernatants of splenic T cells from susceptible CBA mice chronically infected with Trypanosoma cruzi contain a suppressive substance which can inhibit the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to a wide range of antigens. The suppressive substance is distinct from T. cruzi antigen inasmuch as the supernatant depleted of any residual T. cruzi antigen by an affinity column still retains the suppressive activity, whereas addition of T. cruzi antigens to control supernatant did not confer suppressive function. The suppressive supernatant does not contain detectable levels of IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, or IFN-gamma but a modest level of IL-1 and IL-2 inhibitory activities. However, both these inhibitory activities elute at a different position from the DTH suppressive activity on gel filtration. The DTH suppressive activity is heat labile (1 h, 56 degrees C), cryostable, but destroyed by trypsin treatment. It binds to ricin but not to lentil lectin. Sepharose 4B gel filtration and HPLC analysis in mild chaotropic agents (urea, ethylene glycol) demonstrate that the suppressive substance has an apparent Mr of 30 to 60 kDa, but full DTH-suppressive activity is retained only in an aggregated form.

Molluscicidal activity in the seeds of Millettia thonningii (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae)

Seeds of the leguminous plant Millettia thonningii were shown to possess promising molluscicidal activity against Bulinus trunctatus. The size of the snails was an important determinant of their susceptibility to the molluscicide; specimens with shell lengths of 2 to 3 mm being more susceptible than snails 5 to 6 mm long.

Interactions between Trypanosoma brucei and Babesia spp. and Plasmodium spp. in mice

Swiss mice with chronic Trypanosoma brucei infections become refractory to subsequent infection with Babesia microti and B. rodhaini. Infection with B. microti 7 days after T. brucei resulted in an obvious inhibition of the babesia parasitaemias and this inhibition became more profound as the time interval between the infections increased, until at 17-20 days the parasitaemias were totally abolished. Even after intravenous injection of large numbers of parasites parasitaemias were inhibited. Similar inhibition was obtained in BALB/c mice but not in C57BL/6 mice. Mice with established T. brucei infections also showed reduced susceptibility to B. rodhaini. In mice similarly infected with T. brucei and the malaria parasites Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi and P. c. adami the pre-patent periods were noticeably prolonged but the subsequent parasitaemias were unaffected. Infections with P. yoelii were unaffected. Trypanosoma brucei infections were not affected by the intracellular parasites. Among the mechanisms investigated to explain these findings were changes in red blood cell populations, cross-reacting antigens, the release of toxic factors and the generation of activated oxygen species. None of these could account for the inhibition observed.

The importance of parasite load in the killing of Plasmodium vinckei in mice treated with Corynebacterium parvum or alloxan monohydrate

Mice pre-treated with Corynebacterium parvum and later challenged with Plasmodium vinckei become infected but do not die whereas control mice do. When pre-treated mice were challenged with 1, 10, 1 X 10(2), 1 X 10(4), 1 X 10(5) or 1 X 10(6) parasites, the pre-patent periods correlated directly with the number of parasites injected, but the subsequent parasitaemias reached similar levels. This suggests that parasite killing, resulting from pre-treatment with C. parvum, is not triggered until the parasite load has reached a particular threshold. The injection of alloxan monohydrate, which brings about the release of toxic oxygen intermediates thought to be involved in non-specific immunity, has little effect on P. vinckei infections until the parasitaemia is relatively high. This indicates that oxygen-mediated parasite killing also does not occur until the parasitaemia has reached a particular threshold. It is suggested that it is only at relatively high parasitaemias that the factors involved in parasite killing are able to enter the infected red blood cells.