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Jalal K, Khan F, Nawaz S, Afroz R, Khan K, Ali SB, Hao L, Khan SA, Kazi M, Uddin R, Haleem DJ. Anxiolytic, anti-nociceptive and body weight reducing effects of L-lysine in rats: Relationship with brain serotonin an In-Vivo and In-Silico study. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 152:113235. [PMID: 35696944 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
L-lysine (L-lys) had long been comprehended as an essential amino acid for humans. There were reports that the absence or inadequate availability of L-lys in the diet may lead to mental and physical impairments. The present study was designed to explore the effects of L-lys on body weight changes, cumulative food intake, anxiety-like behavior and pain perception in rats. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) metabolism, and tryptophan (Trp) levels in the midbrain (MB), hippocampus (HP), and prefrontal cortex (PFC) were also determined. Animals were treated with L-lys in doses of 0.5 g/kg and 1 g/kg for 20 days and behavioral studies were performed on day 1st and day 20th. After monitoring behaviors on day 20th, animals were killed to collect the serum and brain regions MB, HP and PFC. 5-HT metabolism and Trp levels were determined by HPLC-EC. The treatment produce no effect on food intakes but body weights were reduced. 20 days administration of L-lys produced an anxiolytic effect and increased exploratory activity on day 1st. Repeated administration of L-lys increased 5-HT levels in the PFC and HP. 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), the metabolite of 5-HT, decreased in the HP. Trp, the precourser of 5-HT, decreased in the PFC. Results suggested a decrease in 5-HT degredation in enhancing 5-HT levels. Results of in-silico analysis showed that lysine had a potential binding affinity for MAO (monoamine oxidase) A and B with an energy of (-4.8 kcal/mol and -5.3 kcal/mol) respectively. The molecular dynamic simulation study revealed the stability of L-lys after 10 ns for each protein. Conclusively, the present study showed that L-lys produced an anxiolytic effect and reduced body weight. These beneficial effects were associated with an increase in 5-HT levels in the PFC and HP. In-silico analysis suggested that 5-HT increase were due to the binding of L-lys with MAOs resulting in an inhibition of the degradation of monoamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurshid Jalal
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Faisal Khan
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Nawaz
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Rushda Afroz
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Kanwal Khan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Basharat Ali
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Liangliang Hao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Saeed Ahmad Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Kohat University of Science and Technology, KP, Pakistan; Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin,78712, USA
| | - Mohsin Kazi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reaz Uddin
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
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Saeed R, Mahmood K, Ali SB, Haleem DJ. Behavioral, Hormonal, and Serotonergic Responses to Different Restricted Feeding Schedules in Rats. Int J Tryptophan Res 2022; 15:11786469221104729. [PMID: 35757086 PMCID: PMC9218908 DOI: 10.1177/11786469221104729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the effect of long-term restricted feeding schedules on behavior, serotonergic responses, and neuro-endocrine functions, metabolism of serotonin (5-HT) in the striatum, expression of serotonin-1A (5-HT1A) auto-receptor in the raphe nuclei and circulating levels of leptin and corticosterone were determined in female Wistar rats kept on excessive food restriction schedule. Due to a role of dietary deficiency of tryptophan (Trp) in influencing serotonergic neurotransmission, circulating levels of Trp were also determined. Estimations were done in 2 different restricted feeding models: time-restricted feeding (TRF) and diet restricted (DR). TRF animals were given access to food ad libitum only for 2 hours/day. The DR animals were given a small calculated amount of food each day. We found that chronic food restriction for 5 weeks cause a significant decrease in the body weight and produced hyperactivity in both, TRF and DR animals. Levels of Trp were declined in circulation and in the striatum. Similarly, the levels of 5-HT and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were decreased in the striatum. Also, the expression of 5-HT1A auto-receptor was declined in the raphe nuclei. These changes in 5-HT metabolism and 5-HT1A auto-receptor expression were more profound in DR animals as compare to TRF animals. Similarly, hypoleptinemia and increased corticosterone found in both models was higher in DR animals. Effect of dietary deficiency of Trp in the modulation of striatal 5-HT metabolism and its consequences on circulating leptin and corticosterone are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheel Saeed
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine & Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mahmood
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine & Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Basharat Ali
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine & Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine & Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Pakistan
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Ali SB, Mahmood K, Saeed R, Salman T, Choudhary MI, Haleem DJ. Elevated anxiety, hypoactivity, memory deficits, decreases of brain serotonin and 5-HT-1A receptors expression in rats treated with omeprazole. Toxicol Res 2021; 37:237-248. [PMID: 33868980 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-020-00060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Omeprazole (OM) is one of the most prescribed drugs worldwide for the treatment of hyperacidity and gastric reflux. However, concerns regarding its safety have emerged recently, and the drug is reported to enhance the risk for anxiety and cognitive deficits, particularly in elderly patients. The present study investigated these adverse effects, if any, in adult male rats. Associated changes in brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) and dopamine metabolism and the expression of 5-HT-1A receptors in the raphe and hippocampus were also determined. The drug was injected i.p. in doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg for 15 days. Both doses of OM decreased motor activity in an open field and impaired learning and memory in the Morris water maze test. Anxiety monitored in an elevated plus maze test was enhanced in rats treated with 20 mg/kg OM only. The levels of 5-HT and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and of homovanillic acid, a metabolite of dopamine, determined by HPLC-EC, were decreased in the brain of OM treated rats. The expression of 5-HT-1A receptor, determined by qRT-PCR, was reduced markedly in the hippocampus and moderately in the raphe. Our results provide evidence that OM use can reduce raphe hippocampal serotonin neurotransmission to lead to anxiety/depression and cognitive impairment. There is a need for increased awareness and prescription guidelines for therapeutic use of OM and possibly also other proton pump inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Basharat Ali
- Present Address: Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mahmood
- Present Address: Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
| | - Raheel Saeed
- Present Address: Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
| | - Tabinda Salman
- Present Address: Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary
- Present Address: Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
| | - Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem
- Present Address: Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
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Saeed R, Mahmood K, Ali SB, Haleem DJ. Prevention of diet restriction induced hyperactivity but not body-weight reduction in rats co-treated with tryptophan: relationship with striatal serotonin and dopamine metabolism and serotonin-1A auto-receptor expression. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:1764-1773. [PMID: 33722185 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1901046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is an eating and behavioral disorder characterized with anxiety/depression, hyperactivity, behavioral impulsivity and psychosis. Most of the associated symptoms are related to the deficiency of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine: 5-HT) stores. A deficiency of 5-HT can modulate dopamine neurotransmission in the striatum to elicit hyperactivity and psychosis in AN patients. Also, the release and availability of 5-HT are modulated by serotonin-1A (5-HT1A) auto-receptor. The present study investigates the role of striatal metabolism of 5-HT and dopamine in precipitating hyperactivity in the rat model of diet restriction (DR) induced AN. The role of tryptophan (Trp) in influencing the 5-HT metabolism and the mRNA expression of 5-HT1A auto-receptor is also investigated. We find that long-term DR for 38 days reduces body-weight in rats and produces hyperactivity, similar to AN. This hyperactivity is characterized by declined striatal metabolism of both, dopamine and 5-HT. The mRNA expression of 5-HT1A auto-receptor in the raphe nuclei is also decreased. Trp co-treatment improves these deficiencies in monoamine metabolism and alleviates hyperactivity. Interestingly, DR-induced changes in body-weights are not effected by Trp co-treatment. The study suggests that the striatal metabolism of 5-HT and dopamine and mRNA expression of 5-HT1A auto-receptor has an important role in the pathogenesis of AN. The finding suggests that co-use of Trp can prevent precipitation of AN by normalizing 5-HT metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheel Saeed
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine & Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mahmood
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine & Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Basharat Ali
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine & Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine & Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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Hanafi R, Barhoumi M, Ali SB, Guizani I. Molecular analyses of Old World Leishmania RAPD markers and development of a PCR assay selective for parasites of the L. donovani species Complex. Exp Parasitol 2001; 98:90-9. [PMID: 11465992 DOI: 10.1006/expr.2001.4617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Three amplicons, appearing in a species-specific manner on the electrophoregrams of RAPD reactions that were obtained with primer OPA1, OPA1-800, OPA1- 900, and OPA1-1200, are analyzed in this study. The study revealed that each of these products is composed of one Leishmania DNA band, taxonomically conserved among the different Old World species studied. Subsequently, only the electrophoretic position of the RAPD products can be considered species-specific. In addition, sequence data, genomic organization, and chromosomal location have proved that these fragments are different and physically independent. However, they possess common features related to the presence of different kinds of short DNA repeats, more particularly microsatellites and a CCCTTC motive, corresponding to the 3' half of the OPA1 primer. These results suggest that the OPA1 primer has initiated amplification from different priming sites, having a species-specific location. This corresponds to sequence micro-heterogeneity of DNA fragments present within the different species and leading eventually to a selective amplification of different RAPD products. This characteristic has been used to develop an original selective PCR test based on the sequence of the OPA1-800 product, in which only DNAs from the L. donovani species complex are amplified. Restriction site polymorphisms and sequence variations are identified within the PCR fragment amplified from these parasite DNAs. In fact, the OPA1-800 fragment proved to be a useful DNA marker either as a DNA probe or as a target for PCR-based assays. This tool can therefore be recommended for the control of Old World Leishmania parasites, such as species discrimination, molecular tracking of isolates, or study of polymorphisms within the L. donovani species complex. Moreover, the molecular bases underlying the amplification of the RAPD fragments studied correspond to mechanisms already described. Although they do not account for the amplification of all Leishmania RAPD products, such mechanisms stress some of the pitfalls of the technique, which need to be taken into consideration. We have identified at least misleading observations of DNA bands amplified in a species-specific manner, in spite of their presence in the genome of the other taxa, and relatedness between bands within the amplification profiles. Therefore, recommendations for careful interpretation of RAPD data in population genetics or phylogenetic analyses are reiterated. Molecular analyses are essential to validate conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hanafi
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et d'Ecologie Parasitaire, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis Belvedere, 1002, Tunisia
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Kapur MM, Ali SB, Farooq A, Sarin R. Estrogen receptor protein & tumour cell population in human primary breast cancer. Indian J Med Res 1983; 78 Suppl:39-45. [PMID: 6654430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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