1
|
Romão B, Falcomer AL, Palos G, Cavalcante S, Botelho RBA, Nakano EY, Raposo A, Shakeel F, Alshehri S, Mahdi WA, Zandonadi RP. Glycemic Index of Gluten-Free Bread and Their Main Ingredients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Foods 2021; 10:506. [PMID: 33673401 PMCID: PMC7996770 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the glycemic index (GI) of gluten-free bread (GFB) and its main ingredients. The systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines, using seven electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, gray literature research with Google Scholar, and patents with Google Patent tool), from inception to November 2020. Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria evaluating 132 GFB samples. Five articles tested GI in vivo, eleven in vitro; and two studies tested both methods. The analysis showed that 60.7% (95% CI: 40.2-78.1%) of the samples presented high glycemic indexes, evidencing a high glycemic profile for GFB. Only 18.2% (95% CI: 11.7-27.2%) of the bread samples presented in the studies were classified as a low GI. Meta-analysis presented moderate/low heterogenicity between studies (I2 = 61% and <1% for both high and low GIs) and reinforced the proportion of high GIs. Lower GIs were found in formulations based on Colocasia esculenta flour or enriched with fiber, yogurt and curd cheese, sourdough, psyllium, hydrocolloids, enzymes, fructans, and resistant starch, highlighting the efficacy of these ingredients to lower GFBs' GI. GFB tends to present high GI, impacting the development of chronic diseases when consumed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Romão
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil; (B.R.); (A.L.F.); (G.P.); (S.C.); (R.B.A.B.)
| | - Ana Luísa Falcomer
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil; (B.R.); (A.L.F.); (G.P.); (S.C.); (R.B.A.B.)
| | - Gabriela Palos
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil; (B.R.); (A.L.F.); (G.P.); (S.C.); (R.B.A.B.)
| | - Sandra Cavalcante
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil; (B.R.); (A.L.F.); (G.P.); (S.C.); (R.B.A.B.)
| | - Raquel Braz Assunção Botelho
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil; (B.R.); (A.L.F.); (G.P.); (S.C.); (R.B.A.B.)
| | | | - António Raposo
- CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Faiyaz Shakeel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (F.S.); (S.A.); (W.A.M.)
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (F.S.); (S.A.); (W.A.M.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Almaarefa University, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael A. Mahdi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (F.S.); (S.A.); (W.A.M.)
| | - Renata Puppin Zandonadi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil; (B.R.); (A.L.F.); (G.P.); (S.C.); (R.B.A.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Azadi M, Bishai DM, Dowdy DW, Moulton LH, Cavalcante S, Saraceni V, Pacheco AG, Cohn S, Chaisson RE, Durovni B, Golub JE. Cost-effectiveness of tuberculosis screening and isoniazid treatment in the TB/HIV in Rio (THRio) Study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2015; 18:1443-8. [PMID: 25517809 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.14.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness of tuberculosis (TB) screening and isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected adults in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. DESIGN We used decision analysis, populated by data from a cluster-randomized trial, to project the costs (in 2010 USD) and effectiveness (in disability-adjusted life years [DALYs] averted) of training health care workers to implement the tuberculin skin test (TST), followed by IPT for TST-positive patients with no evidence of active TB. This intervention was compared to a baseline of usual care. We used time horizons of 1 year for the intervention and 20 years for disease outcomes, with all future DALYs and medical costs discounted at 3% per year. RESULTS Providing this intervention to 100 people would avert 1.14 discounted DALYs (1.57 undiscounted DALYs). The median estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was $2273 (IQR $1779-$3135) per DALY averted, less than Brazil's 2010 per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of $11,700. Results were most sensitive to the cost of providing the training. CONCLUSION Training health care workers to screen HIV-infected adults with TST and provide IPT to those with latent tuberculous infection can be considered cost-effective relative to the Brazilian GDP per capita.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Azadi
- Department of Population Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - D M Bishai
- Department of Population Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - D W Dowdy
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - L H Moulton
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - S Cavalcante
- Municipal Health Secretariat, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - V Saraceni
- Municipal Health Secretariat, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A G Pacheco
- Scientific Computation Program, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - S Cohn
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - R E Chaisson
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - B Durovni
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - J E Golub
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dowdy DW, Israel G, Vellozo V, Saraceni V, Cohn S, Cavalcante S, Chaisson RE, Golub JE, Durovni B. Quality of life among people treated for tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2013; 17:345-7. [PMID: 23321341 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.12.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We measured quality of life (QOL) among individuals receiving treatment for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; n = 45), active tuberculosis (TB; n = 44) and both TB and HIV (n = 9) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Active treated TB was associated with lower physical health (absolute decrease of 0.95 standard deviation in summary score), but not mental health, among people being treated for HIV. Visual analogue scale scores were similar across all three populations, and corresponded closely to standard disability weights used in the literature. Among patients receiving treatment, those with HIV, active TB and both conditions together appear to have similar QOL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D W Dowdy
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vilela R, Almeida IM, Nunes da Silva A, Gomes MHP, Prado H, Buoso E, Dias MD, Cavalcante S, Lacorte LE. Forum: social network for the surveillance and prevention of workplace accidents. Work 2012; 41 Suppl 1:3123-9. [DOI: 10.3233/wor-2012-0572-3123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rag Vilela
- School of Public Health, São Paulo University, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo 715 – Cerqueira Cesar – CEP: 01246-904.São Paulo SP - Brasil
| | - IM Almeida
- Botucatu School of Medicine, UNESP – Distrito Rubião Júnior, Botucatu – SP, Brasil
| | - A Nunes da Silva
- Cerest Piracicaba – R. São Francisco de Assis, 983 - Centro – Piracicaba SP. Brasil - CEP 13400-590
| | - MHP Gomes
- Cerest Piracicaba – R. São Francisco de Assis, 983 - Centro – Piracicaba SP. Brasil - CEP 13400-590
| | - H Prado
- Cerest Piracicaba – R. São Francisco de Assis, 983 - Centro – Piracicaba SP. Brasil - CEP 13400-590
| | - E Buoso
- Cerest Piracicaba – R. São Francisco de Assis, 983 - Centro – Piracicaba SP. Brasil - CEP 13400-590
| | - MD Dias
- Botucatu School of Medicine, UNESP – Distrito Rubião Júnior, Botucatu – SP, Brasil
| | - S Cavalcante
- School of Public Health, São Paulo University, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo 715 – Cerqueira Cesar – CEP: 01246-904.São Paulo SP - Brasil
| | - LE Lacorte
- School of Public Health, São Paulo University, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo 715 – Cerqueira Cesar – CEP: 01246-904.São Paulo SP - Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mohan CI, Bishai D, Cavalcante S, Chaisson RE. The cost-effectiveness of DOTS in urban Brazil. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2007; 11:27-32. [PMID: 17217126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is a middle-income setting with an estimated 1% adult human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seroprevalence. OBJECTIVE To examine the cost-effectiveness of DOTS in Rio de Janeiro. DESIGN Cost-effectiveness analysis based on cost data and an epidemiological model based on programmatic outcomes from the Health Department in Rio de Janeiro, cost data from the retail market sector and epidemiological data from published studies. RESULTS The 10-year cost of a tuberculosis program treating a population of 262 000 based on self-administered therapy (SAT) was estimated to be $580 271 compared to $1047 886 for DOTS. The largest portion of the DOTS budget was for staff costs and costs incurred by patients, both at 28%. For SAT, the largest percentage of the budget was allocated to medication costs, at 34%. Upgrading from SAT to DOTS averted 1558 cases of tuberculosis (TB, uncertainty range [UR] 1418-1704) and 143 TB deaths (UR 131-155). The incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) for DOTS was $300 per case averted (UR $289-$312) and $3270 per death averted (UR $3123-$3435). In terms of disability adjusted life years (DALYs), DOTS saved 5426 DALYs (UR 4908-5961). The ICER for DOTS was $86 per DALY saved (UR $74-$100). CONCLUSIONS DOTS is a highly cost-effective intervention in Brazil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C I Mohan
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Miller AC, Soares E, Fonseca Z, Cavalcante S, Durovni B, Moulton L, Chaisson R, Golub J. Care-Seeking Behavior for Respiratory Symptoms in a Brazilian Favela (SLUM). Am J Epidemiol 2006. [DOI: 10.1093/aje/163.suppl_11.s35-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
7
|
Chaisson RE, Barnes GL, Hackman J, Watkinson L, Kimbrough L, Metha S, Cavalcante S, Moore RD. A randomized, controlled trial of interventions to improve adherence to isoniazid therapy to prevent tuberculosis in injection drug users. Am J Med 2001; 110:610-5. [PMID: 11382368 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9343(01)00695-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effect of several interventions on adherence to tuberculosis preventive therapy. METHODS We conducted a randomized trial with a factorial design comparing strategies for improving adherence to isoniazid preventive therapy in 300 injection drug users with reactive tuberculin tests and no evidence of active tuberculosis. Patients were assigned to receive directly observed isoniazid preventive therapy twice weekly (Supervised group, n = 99), daily self-administered isoniazid with peer counseling and education (Peer group, n = 101), or routine care (Routine group, n = 100). Patients within each arm were also randomly assigned to receive an immediate or deferred monthly $10 stipend for maintaining adherence. The endpoints of the trial were completing 6 months of treatment, pill-taking as measured by self-report or observation, isoniazid metabolites present in urine, and bottle opening as determined by electronic monitors in a subset of patients. RESULTS Completion of therapy was 80% for patients in the Supervised group, 78% in the Peer group, and 79% in the Routine group (P = 0.70). Completion was 83% (125 of 150) among patients receiving immediate incentives versus 75% (112 of 150) among patients with deferred incentives (P = 0.09). The proportion of patients who were observed or reported taking at least 80% of their doses was 82% for the Supervised arm of the study, compared with 71% for the Peer arm and 90% for the Routine arm. The proportion of patients who took 100% of doses was 77% for the Supervised arm (by observation), 6% for the Peer arm (by report), and 10% for the Routine arm (by report; P <0.001). Direct observation showed the median proportion of doses taken by the Supervised group was 100%, while electronic monitoring in a subset of patients showed the Peer group (n = 27) took 57% of prescribed doses and the Routine group (n = 32) took 49% (P <0.001). Patients in the Routine arm overreported adherence by twofold when data from electronic monitoring were used as a gold standard. There were no significant differences in electronically monitored adherence by type of incentive. CONCLUSION Adherence to isoniazid preventive therapy by injection drug users is best with supervised care. Peer counseling improves adherence over routine care, as measured by electronic monitoring of pill caps, and patients receiving peer counseling more accurately reported their adherence. More widespread use of supervised care could contribute to reductions in tuberculosis rates among drug users and possibly other high-risk groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R E Chaisson
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University, and the Baltimore City Health Department, Baltimore, Maryland 21231-1001, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cavalcante S, Kritski AL, Ferreira MA, Souza MA, Laszlo A, Werneck-Barroso EB, Fonseca LS. Association between an early humoral response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens and later development of tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1997; 1:170-4. [PMID: 9441083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between an early humoral response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens and the later development of tuberculosis (TB) disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. METHODS Using an ELISA test, IgG antibodies against 4 M. tuberculosis antigens--purified protein derivative (PPD); 2,3 diacyl trehalose (DAT); a lipooligosaccharide (LOS) and a trehalose dicarboxylic acid bis N,N-dioctadecylamide (BDA.TDA)--were measured in sera from 25 HIV-infected tuberculous patients and 52 HIV-infected persons without TB. RESULTS With the DAT and LOS antigens, a positive result in sera obtained in the 12 months preceding the onset of TB was significantly associated with later development of TB. Using the BDA.TDA antigen, the same association was observed in sera collected during the 6 months before the diagnosis of TB. No significant association was found with the PPD antigen. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that specific antibody markers may be useful to evaluate the risk of active TB in HIV-infected individuals, and a helpful indicator for preventive treatment.
Collapse
|
9
|
Moore RD, Chaulk CP, Griffiths R, Cavalcante S, Chaisson RE. Cost-effectiveness of directly observed versus self-administered therapy for tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154:1013-9. [PMID: 8887600 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.154.4.8887600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Decision analysis was used to compare three alternative strategies for a 6-mo course of treatment for tuberculosis: directly observed drug therapy (DOT), self-administered fixed-dose combination drug therapy, and self-administered conventional individual drug therapy. Estimates of effectiveness were obtained from the published literature. Estimates of costs were obtained from the literature and the Baltimore City Health Department. Both DOT and fixed-dose combination therapy were less costly and more effective than conventional therapy, although DOT was most cost-effective. In total, the average cost per patient treated was $13,925 for DOT, $13,959 for fixed-dose combination therapy, and $15,003 for conventional therapy. Per 1,000 patients treated, 31 relapses and three deaths could be expected for DOT, 96 relapses and eight deaths for fixed-dose combination therapy, and 133 relapses and 13 deaths for conventional therapy. The marginal cost-effectiveness of DOT relative to fixed-dose combination therapy was most sensitive to variability in the direct cost of DOT and less sensitive to relapse rates for DOT and fixed-dose combination therapy. The inferior cost-effectiveness of conventional therapy was not sensitive to plausible variability in cost or effectiveness. Both DOT and fixed-dose combination therapy were cost-effective relative to conventional therapy, although DOT is probably most cost-effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R D Moore
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Saad MH, Kritski AL, Werneck-Barroso E, Cavalcante S, Ferreira MA, de Souza Fonseca L. Use of the 2,3-diacyl-trehalose and the purified protein derivative in the serodiagnosis of tuberculosis in AIDS. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1996; 91:97-100. [PMID: 8734957 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761996000100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on IgG production against purified protein derivative (PPD) and 2,3-diacil-trehalose (SL-IV) was investigated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Comparison between the antigens showed that immunocompetent patients produce preferentially antibodies to SL-IV than to PPD (73.3% versus 63.3%). Combination of these results showed an increase of the sensitivity to 80%, which decreased over the spectrum of immunodepression caused by HIV. In the tuberculous HIV seropositive group the sensitivities of SL-IV and PPD were 36.4% versus 40% and 0% versus 22.2% in the tuberculosis/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (TB/AIDS) group. Combination of these results gave respectively 54.5% and 20%, showing that serological tests have limited value for diagnosis of tuberculosis in HIV infected patients. High antibody levels were observed in HIV seropositive asymptomatic group, but only two individuals were positive for both antigens. In the follow up, one of them developed tuberculous lymphadenitis, indicating that further work is needed to access the value of serological tests in predicting tuberculosis in HIV infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M H Saad
- Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sabino EC, Shpaer EG, Morgado MG, Korber BT, Diaz RS, Bongertz V, Cavalcante S, Galvão-Castro B, Mullins JI, Mayer A. Identification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope genes recombinant between subtypes B and F in two epidemiologically linked individuals from Brazil. J Virol 1994; 68:6340-6. [PMID: 8083973 PMCID: PMC237055 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.10.6340-6346.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequence analysis of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 env gene PCR amplified from a Brazilian woman's peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA (sample RJIO1) showed that it was likely to have been derived from a double recombination event between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes B and F. The major portion of the gp120 coding sequence belonged to the B lineage, but a segment of the C2 to V3 region (approximately 135 nucleotides) clearly associated with sequences of the F lineage. The subtype F-like segment had 15 noncontiguous signature nucleotides in common with Brazilian subtype F sequences that were not found, or were rare, in subtype B sequences. In contrast, this same segment had only 3 signature nucleotides shared with subtype B sequences and not present in the Brazilian subtype F sequences. Phylogenetic analysis, amino acid signature pattern analysis, and the pattern of synonymous mutations all supported the hypothesis of a recombinational origin of the RJIO1 sequence. Related recombinant genes were also detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA obtained from the woman's recent sexual partner, indicating that the recombination event probably occurred at some previous time in the chain of virus transmission. Divergent viral sequences in the V3 region were found in the male sexual partner, while a relatively homogeneous viral population was detected in the woman, consistent with her recent infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E C Sabino
- Irwin Memorial Blood Centers, San Francisco, California 94118
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|