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Luo W, Xie Z, Zhang S, Guénolé J, Sun PL, Meingast A, Alhassan A, Zhou X, Stein F, Pizzagalli L, Berkels B, Scheu C, Korte-Kerzel S. Tailoring the Plasticity of Topologically Close-Packed Phases via the Crystals' Fundamental Building Blocks. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2300586. [PMID: 36930795 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Brittle topologically close-packed precipitates form in many advanced alloys. Due to their complex structures, little is known about their plasticity. Here, a strategy is presented to understand and tailor the deformability of these complex phases by considering the Nb-Co µ-phase as an archetypal material. The plasticity of the Nb-Co µ-phase is controlled by the Laves phase building block that forms parts of its unit cell. It is found that between the bulk C15-NbCo2 Laves and Nb-Co µ-phases, the interplanar spacing and local stiffness of the Laves phase building block change, leading to a strong reduction in hardness and stiffness, as well as a transition from synchroshear to crystallographic slip. Furthermore, as the composition changes from Nb6 Co7 to Nb7 Co6 , the Co atoms in the triple layer are substituted such that the triple layer of the Laves phase building block becomes a slab of pure Nb, resulting in inhomogeneous changes in elasticity and a transition from crystallographic slip to a glide-and-shuffle mechanism. These findings open opportunities to purposefully tailor the plasticity of these topologically close-packed phases in the bulk by manipulating the interplanar spacing and local shear modulus of the fundamental crystal building blocks at the atomic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Institute for Physical Metallurgy and Materials Physics, RWTH Aachen University, Kopernikusstraße 14, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Zhuocheng Xie
- Institute for Physical Metallurgy and Materials Physics, RWTH Aachen University, Kopernikusstraße 14, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julien Guénolé
- CNRS, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Université de Lorraine, LEM3, Metz, 57070, France
- Labex Damas, Université de Lorraine, Metz, 57070, France
| | - Pei-Ling Sun
- Institute for Physical Metallurgy and Materials Physics, RWTH Aachen University, Kopernikusstraße 14, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Arno Meingast
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, De Schakel 2, Eindhoven, 5651 GH, The Netherlands
| | - Amel Alhassan
- Institute for Advanced Study in Computational Engineering Science, RWTH Aachen University, Schinkelstr. 2, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Xuyang Zhou
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Frank Stein
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laurent Pizzagalli
- Institut Pprime, CNRS UPR 3346, Université de Poitiers, SP2MI, Boulevard Marie et Pierre Curie, TSA 41123, Poitiers Cedex 9, Poitiers, 86073, France
| | - Benjamin Berkels
- Institute for Advanced Study in Computational Engineering Science, RWTH Aachen University, Schinkelstr. 2, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christina Scheu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sandra Korte-Kerzel
- Institute for Physical Metallurgy and Materials Physics, RWTH Aachen University, Kopernikusstraße 14, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Heller M, Stöcker A, Kawalla R, Leuning N, Hameyer K, Wei X, Hirt G, Böhm L, Volk W, Korte-Kerzel S. Correction: Heller et al. Characterization Methods along the Process Chain of Electrical Steel Sheet-From Best Practices to Advanced Characterization. Materials 2022, 15, 32. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:1196. [PMID: 36770331 PMCID: PMC9921341 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the original publication [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heller
- Institute of Physical Metallurgy and Materials Physics (IMM), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Anett Stöcker
- Institute of Metal Forming (IMF), TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09596 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Kawalla
- Institute of Metal Forming (IMF), TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09596 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Nora Leuning
- Institute of Electrical Machines (IEM), RWTH Aachen University, 52052 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kay Hameyer
- Institute of Electrical Machines (IEM), RWTH Aachen University, 52052 Aachen, Germany
| | - Xuefei Wei
- Institute of Metal Forming (IBF), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hirt
- Institute of Metal Forming (IBF), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lucas Böhm
- Chair of Metal Forming and Casting (utg), TU München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Wolfram Volk
- Chair of Metal Forming and Casting (utg), TU München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sandra Korte-Kerzel
- Institute of Physical Metallurgy and Materials Physics (IMM), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Zhang S, Xie Z, Keuter P, Ahmad S, Abdellaoui L, Zhou X, Cautaerts N, Breitbach B, Aliramaji S, Korte-Kerzel S, Hans M, Schneider JM, Scheu C. Atomistic structures of 〈0001〉 tilt grain boundaries in a textured Mg thin film. Nanoscale 2022; 14:18192-18199. [PMID: 36454106 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05505h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanocrystalline Mg was sputter deposited onto an Ar ion etched Si {100} substrate. Despite an ∼6 nm amorphous layer found at the interface, the Mg thin film exhibits a sharp basal-plane texture enabled by surface energy minimization. The columnar grains have abundant 〈0001〉 tilt grain boundaries in between, most of which are symmetric with various misorientation angles. Up to ∼20° tilt angle, they are composed of arrays of equally-spaced edge dislocations. Ga atoms were introduced from focused ion beam milling and found to segregate at grain boundaries and preferentially decorate the dislocation cores. Most symmetric grain boundaries are type-1, whose boundary planes have smaller dihedral angles with {21̄1̄0} rather than {101̄0}. Atomistic simulations further demonstrate that type-2 grain boundaries, having boundary planes at smaller dihedral angles with {101̄0}, are composed of denser dislocation arrays and hence have higher formation energy than their type-1 counterparts. The finding correlates well with the dominance of type-1 grain boundaries observed in the Mg thin film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Zhuocheng Xie
- Institute for Physical Metallurgy and Materials Physics, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Philipp Keuter
- Materials Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Kopernikusstr. 10, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Saba Ahmad
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Lamya Abdellaoui
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Xuyang Zhou
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Niels Cautaerts
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Breitbach
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Shamsa Aliramaji
- Materials Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Kopernikusstr. 10, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sandra Korte-Kerzel
- Institute for Physical Metallurgy and Materials Physics, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcus Hans
- Materials Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Kopernikusstr. 10, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jochen M Schneider
- Materials Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Kopernikusstr. 10, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christina Scheu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Materials Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Kopernikusstr. 10, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Heller M, Stöcker A, Kawalla R, Leuning N, Hameyer K, Wei X, Hirt G, Böhm L, Volk W, Korte-Kerzel S. Characterization Methods along the Process Chain of Electrical Steel Sheet-From Best Practices to Advanced Characterization. Materials (Basel) 2021; 15:32. [PMID: 35009177 PMCID: PMC8745970 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Non-oriented (NO) electrical steel sheets find their application in rotating electrical machines, ranging from generators for wind turbines to motors for the transportation sector and small motors for kitchen appliances. With the current trend of moving away from fossil fuel-based energy conversion towards an electricity-based one, these machines become more and more important and, as a consequence, the leverage effect in saving energy by improving efficiency is huge. It is already well established that different applications of an electrical machine have individual requirements for the properties of the NO electrical steel sheets, which in turn result from the microstructures and textures thereof. However, designing and producing tailor-made NO electrical steel sheet is still challenging, because the complex interdependence between processing steps, the different phenomena taking place and the resulting material properties are still not sufficiently understood. This work shows how established, as well as advanced and newly developed characterization methods, can be used to unfold these intricate connections. In this context, the respective characterization methods are explained and applied to NO electrical steel as well as to the typical processing steps. In addition, several experimental results are reviewed to show the strengths of the different methods, as well as their (dis)advantages, typical applications and obtainable data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heller
- Institute of Physical Metallurgy and Materials Physics (IMM), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Anett Stöcker
- Institute of Metal Forming (IMF), TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09596 Freiberg, Germany; (A.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Rudolf Kawalla
- Institute of Metal Forming (IMF), TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09596 Freiberg, Germany; (A.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Nora Leuning
- Institute of Electrical Machines (IEM), RWTH Aachen University, 52052 Aachen, Germany; (N.L.); (K.H.)
| | - Kay Hameyer
- Institute of Electrical Machines (IEM), RWTH Aachen University, 52052 Aachen, Germany; (N.L.); (K.H.)
| | - Xuefei Wei
- Institute of Metal Forming (IBF), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany; (X.W.); (G.H.)
| | - Gerhard Hirt
- Institute of Metal Forming (IBF), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany; (X.W.); (G.H.)
| | - Lucas Böhm
- Chair of Metal Forming and Casting (utg), TU München, 85748 Garching, Germany; (L.B.); (W.V.)
| | - Wolfram Volk
- Chair of Metal Forming and Casting (utg), TU München, 85748 Garching, Germany; (L.B.); (W.V.)
| | - Sandra Korte-Kerzel
- Institute of Physical Metallurgy and Materials Physics (IMM), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
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Boehm L, Hartmann C, Gilch I, Stoecker A, Kawalla R, Wei X, Hirt G, Heller M, Korte-Kerzel S, Leuning N, Hameyer K, Volk W. Grain Size Influence on the Magnetic Property Deterioration of Blanked Non-Oriented Electrical Steels. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:7055. [PMID: 34832456 PMCID: PMC8618685 DOI: 10.3390/ma14227055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Non-oriented electrical steel sheets are applied as a core material in rotors and stators of electric machines in order to guide and magnify their magnetic flux density. Their contouring is often realized in a blanking process step, which results in plastic deformation of the cut edges and thus deteriorates the magnetic properties of the base material. This work evaluates the influence of the material's grain size on its iron losses after the blanking process. Samples for the single sheet test were blanked at different cutting clearances (15 µm-70 µm) from sheets with identical chemical composition (3.2 wt.% Si) but varying average grain size (28 µm-210 µm) and thickness (0.25 mm and 0.5 mm). Additionally, in situ measurements of blanking force and punch travel were carried out. Results show that blanking-related iron losses either increase for 0.25 mm thick sheets or decrease for 0.5 mm thick sheets with increasing grain size. Although this is partly in contradiction to previous research, it can be explained by the interplay of dislocation annihilation and transgranular fracturing. The paper thus contributes to a deeper understanding of the blanking process of coarse-grained, thin electrical steel sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Boehm
- Chair of Metal Forming and Casting (utg), Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; (C.H.); (I.G.); (W.V.)
| | - Christoph Hartmann
- Chair of Metal Forming and Casting (utg), Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; (C.H.); (I.G.); (W.V.)
| | - Ines Gilch
- Chair of Metal Forming and Casting (utg), Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; (C.H.); (I.G.); (W.V.)
| | - Anett Stoecker
- Institute of Metal Forming (IMF), TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09596 Freiberg, Germany; (A.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Rudolf Kawalla
- Institute of Metal Forming (IMF), TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09596 Freiberg, Germany; (A.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Xuefei Wei
- Institute of Metal Forming (IBF), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany; (X.W.); (G.H.)
| | - Gerhard Hirt
- Institute of Metal Forming (IBF), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany; (X.W.); (G.H.)
| | - Martin Heller
- Institute for Physical Metallurgy and Materials Physics (IMM), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (M.H.); (S.K.-K.)
| | - Sandra Korte-Kerzel
- Institute for Physical Metallurgy and Materials Physics (IMM), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (M.H.); (S.K.-K.)
| | - Nora Leuning
- Institute of Electrical Machines (IEM), RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany; (N.L.); (K.H.)
| | - Kay Hameyer
- Institute of Electrical Machines (IEM), RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany; (N.L.); (K.H.)
| | - Wolfram Volk
- Chair of Metal Forming and Casting (utg), Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; (C.H.); (I.G.); (W.V.)
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Stöcker A, Weiner M, Korpała G, Prahl U, Wei X, Lohmar J, Hirt G, Heller M, Korte-Kerzel S, Böhm L, Volk W, Leuning N, Hameyer K, Kawalla R. Integrated Process Simulation of Non-Oriented Electrical Steel. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:6659. [PMID: 34772182 PMCID: PMC8587848 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A tailor-made microstructure, especially regarding grain size and texture, improves the magnetic properties of non-oriented electrical steels. One way to adjust the microstructure is to control the production and processing in great detail. Simulation and modeling approaches can help to evaluate the impact of different process parameters and finally select them appropriately. We present individual model approaches for hot rolling, cold rolling, annealing and shear cutting and aim to connect the models to account for the complex interrelationships between the process steps. A layer model combined with a microstructure model describes the grain size evolution during hot rolling. The crystal plasticity finite-element method (CPFEM) predicts the cold-rolling texture. Grain size and texture evolution during annealing is captured by the level-set method and the heat treatment model GraGLeS2D+. The impact of different grain sizes across the sheet thickness on residual stress state is evaluated by the surface model. All models take heterogeneous microstructures across the sheet thickness into account. Furthermore, a relationship is established between process and material parameters and magnetic properties. The basic mathematical principles of the models are explained and demonstrated using laboratory experiments on a non-oriented electrical steel with 3.16 wt.% Si as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anett Stöcker
- Institute of Metal Forming, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09596 Freiberg, Germany; (M.W.); (G.K.); (U.P.); (R.K.)
| | - Max Weiner
- Institute of Metal Forming, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09596 Freiberg, Germany; (M.W.); (G.K.); (U.P.); (R.K.)
| | - Grzegorz Korpała
- Institute of Metal Forming, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09596 Freiberg, Germany; (M.W.); (G.K.); (U.P.); (R.K.)
| | - Ulrich Prahl
- Institute of Metal Forming, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09596 Freiberg, Germany; (M.W.); (G.K.); (U.P.); (R.K.)
| | - Xuefei Wei
- Institute of Metal Forming, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany; (X.W.); (J.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Johannes Lohmar
- Institute of Metal Forming, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany; (X.W.); (J.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Gerhard Hirt
- Institute of Metal Forming, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany; (X.W.); (J.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Martin Heller
- Institute of Physical Metallurgy and Materials Physics, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (M.H.); (S.K.-K.)
| | - Sandra Korte-Kerzel
- Institute of Physical Metallurgy and Materials Physics, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (M.H.); (S.K.-K.)
| | - Lucas Böhm
- Chair of Metal Forming and Casting, TU München, 85748 Garching, Germany; (L.B.); (W.V.)
| | - Wolfram Volk
- Chair of Metal Forming and Casting, TU München, 85748 Garching, Germany; (L.B.); (W.V.)
| | - Nora Leuning
- Institute of Electrical Machines, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany; (N.L.); (K.H.)
| | - Kay Hameyer
- Institute of Electrical Machines, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany; (N.L.); (K.H.)
| | - Rudolf Kawalla
- Institute of Metal Forming, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09596 Freiberg, Germany; (M.W.); (G.K.); (U.P.); (R.K.)
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Leuning N, Jaeger M, Schauerte B, Stöcker A, Kawalla R, Wei X, Hirt G, Heller M, Korte-Kerzel S, Böhm L, Volk W, Hameyer K. Material Design for Low-Loss Non-Oriented Electrical Steel for Energy Efficient Drives. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:6588. [PMID: 34772110 PMCID: PMC8585235 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to the nonlinear material behavior and contradicting application requirements, the selection of a specific electrical steel grade for a highly efficient electrical machine during its design stage is challenging. With sufficient knowledge of the correlations between material and magnetic properties and capable material models, a material design for specific requirements can be enabled. In this work, the correlations between magnetization behavior, iron loss and the most relevant material parameters for non-oriented electrical steels, i.e., alloying, sheet thickness and grain size, are studied on laboratory-produced iron-based electrical steels of 2.4 and 3.2 wt % silicon. Different final thicknesses and grain sizes for both alloys are obtained by different production parameters to produce a total of 21 final material states, which are characterized by state-of-the-art material characterization methods. The magnetic properties are measured on a single sheet tester, quantified up to 5 kHz and used to parametrize the semi-physical IEM loss model. From the loss parameters, a tailor-made material, marked by its thickness and grain size is deduced. The influence of different steel grades and the chance of tailor-made material design is discussed in the context of an exemplary e-mobility application by performing finite-element electrical machine simulations and post-processing on four of the twenty-one materials and the tailor-made material. It is shown that thicker materials can lead to fewer iron losses if the alloying and grain size are adapted and that the three studied parameters are in fact levers for material design where resources can be saved by a targeted optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Leuning
- Institute of Electrical Machines, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany; (M.J.); (B.S.); (K.H.)
| | - Markus Jaeger
- Institute of Electrical Machines, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany; (M.J.); (B.S.); (K.H.)
| | - Benedikt Schauerte
- Institute of Electrical Machines, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany; (M.J.); (B.S.); (K.H.)
| | - Anett Stöcker
- Institute of Metal Forming, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09596 Freiberg, Germany; (A.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Rudolf Kawalla
- Institute of Metal Forming, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09596 Freiberg, Germany; (A.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Xuefei Wei
- Institute of Metal Forming, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany; (X.W.); (G.H.)
| | - Gerhard Hirt
- Institute of Metal Forming, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany; (X.W.); (G.H.)
| | - Martin Heller
- Institute of Physical Metallurgy and Materials Physics, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (M.H.); (S.K.-K.)
| | - Sandra Korte-Kerzel
- Institute of Physical Metallurgy and Materials Physics, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (M.H.); (S.K.-K.)
| | - Lucas Böhm
- Chair of Metal Forming and Casting, TU München, 85748 Garching, Germany; (L.B.); (W.V.)
| | - Wolfram Volk
- Chair of Metal Forming and Casting, TU München, 85748 Garching, Germany; (L.B.); (W.V.)
| | - Kay Hameyer
- Institute of Electrical Machines, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany; (M.J.); (B.S.); (K.H.)
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Gibson JSKL, Pei R, Heller M, Medghalchi S, Luo W, Korte-Kerzel S. Finding and Characterising Active Slip Systems: A Short Review and Tutorial with Automation Tools. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14020407. [PMID: 33467559 PMCID: PMC7830911 DOI: 10.3390/ma14020407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The behaviour of many materials is strongly influenced by the mechanical properties of hard phases, present either from deliberate introduction for reinforcement or as deleterious precipitates. While it is, therefore, self-evident that these phases should be studied, the ability to do so-particularly their plasticity-is hindered by their small sizes and lack of bulk ductility at room temperature. Many researchers have, therefore, turned to small-scale testing in order to suppress brittle fracture and study the deformation mechanisms of complex crystal structures. To characterise the plasticity of a hard and potentially anisotropic crystal, several steps and different nanomechanical testing techniques are involved, in particular nanoindentation and microcompression. The mechanical data can only be interpreted based on imaging and orientation measurements by electron microscopy. Here, we provide a tutorial to guide the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data on plasticity in hard crystals. We provide code collated in our group to help new researchers to analyse their data efficiently from the start. As part of the tutorial, we show how the slip systems and deformation mechanisms in intermetallics such as the Fe7Mo6 μ-phase are discovered, where the large and complex crystal structure precludes determining a priori even the slip planes in these phases. By comparison with other works in the literature, we also aim to identify "best practises" for researchers throughout to aid in the application of the methods to other materials systems.
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Kusche C, Reclik T, Freund M, Al-Samman T, Kerzel U, Korte-Kerzel S. Large-area, high-resolution characterisation and classification of damage mechanisms in dual-phase steel using deep learning. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216493. [PMID: 31067239 PMCID: PMC6505961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High performance materials, from natural bone over ancient damascene steel to modern superalloys, typically possess a complex structure at the microscale. Their properties exceed those of the individual components and their knowledge-based improvement therefore requires understanding beyond that of the components' individual behaviour. Electron microscopy has been instrumental in unravelling the most important mechanisms of co-deformation and in-situ deformation experiments have emerged as a popular and accessible technique. However, a challenge remains: to achieve high spatial resolution and statistical relevance in combination. Here, we overcome this limitation by using panoramic imaging and machine learning to study damage in a dual-phase steel. This high-throughput approach now gives us strain and microstructure dependent insights into the prevalent damage mechanisms and allows the separation of inclusions and deformation-induced damage across a large area of this heterogeneous material. Aiming for the first time at automated classification of the majority of damage sites rather than only the most distinct, the new method also encourages us to expand current research past interpretation of exemplary cases of distinct damage sites towards the less clear-cut reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Kusche
- Institute of Physical Metallurgy and Metal Physics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tom Reclik
- Institute of Physical Metallurgy and Metal Physics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martina Freund
- Institute of Physical Metallurgy and Metal Physics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Talal Al-Samman
- Institute of Physical Metallurgy and Metal Physics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kerzel
- Institute of Physical Metallurgy and Metal Physics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- IUBH University of Applied Sciences, Bad Honnef, Germany
| | - Sandra Korte-Kerzel
- Institute of Physical Metallurgy and Metal Physics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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10
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Li J, Lu W, Gibson J, Zhang S, Chen T, Korte-Kerzel S, Raabe D. Eliminating deformation incompatibility in composites by gradient nanolayer architectures. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16216. [PMID: 30385852 PMCID: PMC6212428 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Composite materials usually possess a severe deformation incompatibility between the soft and hard phases. Here, we show how this incompatibility problem is overcome by a novel composite design. A gradient nanolayer-structured Cu-Zr material has been synthesized by magnetron sputtering and tested by micropillar compression. The interface spacing between the alternating Cu and Zr nanolayers increases gradually by one order of magnitude from 10 nm at the surface to 100 nm in the centre. The interface spacing gradient creates a mechanical gradient in the depth direction, which generates a deformation gradient during loading that accumulates a substantial amount of geometrically necessary dislocations. These dislocations render the component layers of originally high mechanical contrast compatible. As a result, we revealed a synergetic mechanical response in the material, which is characterized by fully compatible deformation between the constituent Cu and Zr nanolayers with different thicknesses, resulting in a maximum uniform layer strain of up to 60% in the composite. The deformed pillars have a smooth surface, validating the absence of deformation incompatibility between the layers. The joint deformation response is discussed in terms of a micromechanical finite element simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China. .,College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China. .,Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany.
| | - Wenjun Lu
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | - James Gibson
- Institute of Physical Metallurgy and Metal Physics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52062, Germany
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Nanoanalytics and Interfaces, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | - Tianyu Chen
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sandra Korte-Kerzel
- Institute of Physical Metallurgy and Metal Physics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52062, Germany
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany.
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11
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Wu Z, Sandlöbes S, Rao J, Gibson JSKL, Berkels B, Korte-Kerzel S. Data on measurement of the strain partitioning in a multiphase Zn-Al eutectic alloy. Data Brief 2018; 20:1639-1644. [PMID: 30263916 PMCID: PMC6157475 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents original data related to the research article “Local mechanical properties and plasticity mechanisms in a Zn-Al eutectic alloy” (Wu et al., 2018). The raw data provided here was used for in-situ digital image correlation on the microstructural level using a new method described in the related study. The data includes sample preparation details, image acquisition and data processing. The described approach provides an approach to quantify the local strain distribution and strain partitioning in multiphase microstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Wu
- Institute of Physical Metallurgy and Metal Physics, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Sandlöbes
- Institute of Physical Metallurgy and Metal Physics, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jing Rao
- Institute of Physical Metallurgy and Metal Physics, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - James S K L Gibson
- Institute of Physical Metallurgy and Metal Physics, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Berkels
- Aachen Institute for Advanced Study in Computational Engineering Science (AICES), RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sandra Korte-Kerzel
- Institute of Physical Metallurgy and Metal Physics, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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12
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Zehnder C, Peltzer JN, Gibson JSKL, Möncke D, Korte-Kerzel S. Non-Newtonian Flow to the Theoretical Strength of Glasses via Impact Nanoindentation at Room Temperature. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17618. [PMID: 29247213 PMCID: PMC5732167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17871-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In many daily applications glasses are indispensable and novel applications demanding improved strength and crack resistance are appearing continuously. Up to now, the fundamental mechanical processes in glasses subjected to high strain rates at room temperature are largely unknown and thus guidelines for one of the major failure conditions of glass components are non-existent. Here, we elucidate this important regime for the first time using glasses ranging from a dense metallic glass to open fused silica by impact as well as quasi-static nanoindentation. We show that towards high strain rates, shear deformation becomes the dominant mechanism in all glasses accompanied by Non-Newtonian behaviour evident in a drop of viscosity with increasing rate covering eight orders of magnitude. All glasses converge to the same limit stress determined by the theoretical hardness, thus giving the first experimental and quantitative evidence that Non-Newtonian shear flow occurs at the theoretical strength at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Zehnder
- Institute of Physical Metallurgy and Metal Physics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan-Niklas Peltzer
- Institute of Physical Metallurgy and Metal Physics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - James S K-L Gibson
- Institute of Physical Metallurgy and Metal Physics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Doris Möncke
- Department of Built Environment and Energy Technology, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden.,Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Sandra Korte-Kerzel
- Institute of Physical Metallurgy and Metal Physics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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13
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Abstract
High temperature structural materials must be resistant to cracking and oxidation. However, most oxidation resistant materials are brittle and a significant reduction in their yield stress is required if they are to be resistant to cracking. It is shown, using density functional theory, that if a crystal’s unit cell elastically deforms in an inhomogeneous manner, the yield stress is greatly reduced, consistent with observations in layered compounds, such as Ti3SiC2, Nb2Co7, W2B5, Ta2C and Ta4C3. The mechanism by which elastic inhomogeneity reduces the yield stress is explained and the effect demonstrated in a complex metallic alloy, even though the electronegativity differences within the unit cell are less than in the layered compounds. Substantial changes appear possible, suggesting this is a first step in developing a simple way of controlling plastic flow in non-metallic crystals, enabling materials with a greater oxidation resistance and hence a higher temperature capability to be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Howie
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, 27 Charles Babbage Rd, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - R P Thompson
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, 27 Charles Babbage Rd, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - S Korte-Kerzel
- Institut für Metallkunde und Metallphysik, RWTH Aachen University, Kopernikusstraße 14, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - W J Clegg
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, 27 Charles Babbage Rd, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK.
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14
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Sandlöbes S, Friák M, Korte-Kerzel S, Pei Z, Neugebauer J, Raabe D. A rare-earth free magnesium alloy with improved intrinsic ductility. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10458. [PMID: 28874798 PMCID: PMC5585333 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10384-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Metals are the backbone of manufacturing owing to their strength and formability. Compared to polymers they have high mass density. There is, however, one exception: magnesium. It has a density of only 1.7 g/cm3, making it the lightest structural material, 4.5 times lighter than steels, 1.7 times lighter than aluminum, and even slightly lighter than carbon fibers. Yet, the widespread use of magnesium is hampered by its intrinsic brittleness. While other metallic alloys have multiple dislocation slip systems, enabling their well-known ductility, the hexagonal lattice of magnesium offers insufficient modes of deformation, rendering it intrinsically brittle. We have developed a quantum-mechanically derived treasure map which screens solid solution combinations with electronic bonding, structure and volume descriptors for similarity to the ductile magnesium-rare earth alloys. Using this insight we synthesized a surprisingly simple, compositionally lean, low-cost and industry-compatible new alloy which is over 4 times more ductile and 40% stronger than pure magnesium. The alloy contains 1 wt.% aluminum and 0.1 wt.% calcium, two inexpensive elements which are compatible with downstream recycling constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sandlöbes
- Institut für Metallkunde und Metallphysik, Kopernikusstr. 14, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany. .,Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straβe 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - M Friák
- Institute of Physics of Materials, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Žižkova 22, Brno, 616 62, Czech Republic.,Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straβe 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - S Korte-Kerzel
- Institut für Metallkunde und Metallphysik, Kopernikusstr. 14, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Z Pei
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straβe 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - J Neugebauer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straβe 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - D Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straβe 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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