Erratum: Measurement of the 2νββ Decay Half-Life of ^{130}Te with CUORE [Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 171801 (2021)]

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.171801.

Experimental validation of an innovative approach in biokinetics study for personalised dosimetry of molecular radiation therapy treatments

One of today's main challenges in molecular radiation therapy is to assess an individual dosimetry that allows treatment to be tailored to the specific patient, in accordance with the current paradigm of 'personalized medicine'. The evaluation of the absorbed doses for tumor and organs at risk in molecular radiotherapy is typically based on MIRD schema acquiring few experimental points for the assessement of biokinetic parameters. WIDMApp, the wearable individual dose monitoring apparatus, is an innovative approach for internal dosimetry based on a wearable radiation detecting system for individual biokinetics sampling, a Monte Carlo simulation for particle interaction, and an unfolding algorithm for data analysis and integrated activity determination at organ level. A prototype of a WIDMApp detector element was used to record the photon emissions in a body phantom containing 3 spheres with liquid sources (18F,64Cu and99mTc) to simulate organs having different washout. Modelling the phantom geometry on the basis of a CT scan imaging, the Monte Carlo simulation computed the contribution of each emitting sphere to the signal detected in 3 positions on the phantoms surface. Combining the simulated results with the data acquired for 120 h, the unfolding algorithm deconvolved the detected signal and assessed the decay half-life (T1/2) and initial activity values (A(0)) that best reproduces the observed exponential decays. A 3%-18% level of agreement is found between the actualA(0) andT1/2values and those obtained by means of the minimization procedure based on the Monte Carlo simulation. That resulted in an estimation of the cumulated activity <15%. Moreover, WIDMApp data redundancy has been used to mitigate some experimental occurrences that happened during data taking. A first experimental test of the WIDMApp approach to internal radiation dosimetry is presented. Studies with patients are foreseen to validate the technique in a real environment.

Characterization and optimization of a β detector for 18F radio-guided surgery

Radio-Guided Surgery (RGS) is a nuclear medicine technique to support the surgeon during surgery towards a complete tumor resection. It is based on intraoperative detection of radiation emitted by a radio-pharmaceutical that bounds selectively to tumoral cells. In the past years, an approach that exploits β^- emitting radiotracers has been pursued to overtake some limitations of the traditional RGS based on γ emission. A particle detector dedicated to this application, demonstrating very high efficiency to β^- particles and remarkable transparency to photons, has been thus developed. As a by-product, its characteristics suggested the possibility to utilize it with β⁺ emitting sources, more commonly in use in nuclear medicine. In this paper, performances of such detector on ¹⁸F liquid sources are estimated by means of Monte Carlo simulations (MC) and laboratory measurements. The experimental setup with a ¹⁸F saline solution comprised a "positron signal" spot (a 7 × 10 mm cylinder representing the tumor residual), and a surrounding "far background" volume, that represented for the detector an almost isotropic source of annihilation photons. Experimental results show good agreement with MC predictions, thus confirming the expected performances of the detector with ¹⁸F, and the validity of the developed MC simulation as a tool to predict the gamma background determined by a diffuse source of annihilation photons.

New Direct Limit on Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay Half-Life of ^{128}Te with CUORE

The Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events (CUORE) at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso of INFN in Italy is an experiment searching for neutrinoless double beta (0νββ) decay. Its main goal is to investigate this decay in ^{130}Te, but its ton-scale mass and low background make CUORE sensitive to other rare processes as well. In this Letter, we present our first results on the search for 0νββ decay of ^{128}Te, the Te isotope with the second highest natural isotopic abundance. We find no evidence for this decay, and using a Bayesian analysis we set a lower limit on the ^{128}Te 0νββ decay half-life of T_{1/2}>3.6×10^{24}  yr (90% CI). This represents the most stringent limit on the half-life of this isotope, improving by over a factor of 30 the previous direct search results, and exceeding those from geochemical experiments for the first time.

C16 PROPENSITY SCORE COMPARISON OF ELASTIN–BASED AND COLLAGEN–BASED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AORTIC WALL IN BICUSPID VS TRICUSPID AORTIC VALVE PATIENTS UNDERGOING AORTIC SURGERY

Objective

Several studies addressed characteristics of aortic wall in patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) compared to those with tricuspid aortic valve (TAV). Different patients population and lack of randomization were the main limitations in many of such studies, focused furthermore, only on ultimate properties (at rupture). In this study we compared mechanical properties in BAV and TAV patients undergoing aortic surgery using propensity score analysis to obtain two homogeneous groups of patients. We also focused on both elastin–based and collagen–based mechanical properties.

Methods

Among 87 overall patients undergoing surgery of ascending aorta, 26 were selected, following propensity score analysis, and divided in 2 groups according the type of native aortic valve (13 BAV and 13 TAV). Mechanical tests were completed following circumferential and longitudinal force application. 137 cumulative tests were accepted (93 from anterior aortic wall). Aortic wall strain (marker of elasticity) and aortic wall stress (marker of strength) were measured either in the Elastin–based (initial) distension and in the Collagen–based ultimate distension (until rupture).

Results

Cumulative comparison of specimens thickness confirmed that anterior aortic wall is thinner in BAV patients. Aortic wall thickness, however was not correlated to any of mechanical tests in Elastin–based or Collagen–based distensions. Aortic wall elasticity and strength (applying either longitudinal and circumferential force) were not different in BAV compared to TAV patients. Initial and ultimate elasticity were significantly correlated either applying circumferential and longitudinal force. Direct correlation between initial and ultimate strength, on other hands, was showed only in BAV patients when a longitudinal force was applied.

Conclusions

We clearly showed that, in dilated aorta, anterior wall is thinner in case of BAV compared to TAV. Our study, furthermore, confirms that mechanical properties of aortic wall in BAV patients are no impaired, compared to an homogeneous group of TAV patients, neither in initial or ultimate tests. Elastin–based and collagen–based aortic wall mechanical properties (under circumferential force) are directly correlated regardless BAV presence. Lack of correlation between initial and ultimate strenght in TAV patients, under a longitudinal force, needs further evaluation as it could be related to an increased frailty of aortic wall in such conditions.

How I treat HER2-positive early breast cancer: how long adjuvant trastuzumab is needed?

Since its first approval in 2006, 1 year of adjuvant trastuzumab has been the standard of care for early-stage HER2-positive breast cancer. Nevertheless, the optimal duration of adjuvant trastuzumab was uncertain, and the standard 12-month duration has been questioned by a number of different trials. Although most of these studies were formally negative, a patient-level meta-analysis presented at the 2021 European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) meeting first showed the non-inferiority of 6-month trastuzumab. Through this review, we sought to take a closer look at the meta-analysis and the included trials to explain why we believe that non-inferiority should be interpreted with caution. Indeed, here we underline how the meta-analysis’ results were mainly driven by the PERSEPHONE study, an old trial that tested non-standard chemo-trastuzumab regimens in a relatively low-risk population with doubtful endpoints. In summary, considering all the limitations of this analysis and the increasing use of effective anthracycline-free de-escalation strategies, we are convinced that 1-year trastuzumab should remain the standard of care.

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The standard 1-year duration of adjuvant trastuzumab has been questioned by a number of trials.

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At ESMO 2021, the meta-analysis by Earl et al. showed that 6-month adjuvant trastuzumab is not inferior to 12-month.

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The PERSEPHONE trial was the main driver of the meta-analysis’ results, but it has several limitations.

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Alternative anthracycline-free de-escalation strategies proved to be effective for HER2+ early breast cancer patients.

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12-month adjuvant trastuzumab should remain the standard of care.

Clinical development and current role of margetuximab for the treatment of breast cancer

Up to 20% of breast cancers overexpress HER2, a molecular alteration conferring these tumors a particularly aggressive behavior. However, targeting HER2 has radically changed the prognosis of this disease in the last 2 decades, with multiple anti-HER2 compounds shown to improve disease outcomes both in the early and advanced setting. The latest anti-HER2 compound to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was margetuximab, an Fc-engineered monoclonal antibody with an improved binding to FcγRIIIA receptor, which leads to a greater antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activation compared with trastuzumab. Margetuximab was shown to slightly improve progression-free survival compared with trastuzumab when combined with chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced HER2-positive breast cancer patients, and is now included among the available treatment options for pretreated HER2-positive breast cancer patients. In this monograph we recapitulate the clinical development, current role and future perspectives of margetuximab for the treatment of breast cancer.

Measurement of the 2νββ Decay Half-Life of ^{130}Te with CUORE

We measured two-neutrino double beta decay of ^{130}Te using an exposure of 300.7 kg yr accumulated with the CUORE detector. Using a Bayesian analysis to fit simulated spectra to experimental data, it was possible to disentangle all the major background sources and precisely measure the two-neutrino contribution. The half-life is in agreement with past measurements with a strongly reduced uncertainty: T_{1/2}^{2ν}=7.71_{-0.06}^{+0.08}(stat)_{-0.15}^{+0.12}(syst)×10^{20}  yr. This measurement is the most precise determination of the ^{130}Te 2νββ decay half-life to date.

The GenTree Platform: growth traits and tree-level environmental data in 12 European forest tree species

BACKGROUND

Progress in the field of evolutionary forest ecology has been hampered by the huge challenge of phenotyping trees across their ranges in their natural environments, and the limitation in high-resolution environmental information.

FINDINGS

The GenTree Platform contains phenotypic and environmental data from 4,959 trees from 12 ecologically and economically important European forest tree species: Abies alba Mill. (silver fir), Betula pendula Roth. (silver birch), Fagus sylvatica L. (European beech), Picea abies (L.) H. Karst (Norway spruce), Pinus cembra L. (Swiss stone pine), Pinus halepensis Mill. (Aleppo pine), Pinus nigra Arnold (European black pine), Pinus pinaster Aiton (maritime pine), Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine), Populus nigra L. (European black poplar), Taxus baccata L. (English yew), and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. (sessile oak). Phenotypic (height, diameter at breast height, crown size, bark thickness, biomass, straightness, forking, branch angle, fructification), regeneration, environmental in situ measurements (soil depth, vegetation cover, competition indices), and environmental modeling data extracted by using bilinear interpolation accounting for surrounding conditions of each tree (precipitation, temperature, insolation, drought indices) were obtained from trees in 194 sites covering the species' geographic ranges and reflecting local environmental gradients.

CONCLUSION

The GenTree Platform is a new resource for investigating ecological and evolutionary processes in forest trees. The coherent phenotyping and environmental characterization across 12 species in their European ranges allow for a wide range of analyses from forest ecologists, conservationists, and macro-ecologists. Also, the data here presented can be linked to the GenTree Dendroecological collection, the GenTree Leaf Trait collection, and the GenTree Genomic collection presented elsewhere, which together build the largest evolutionary forest ecology data collection available.

Tumor-non-tumor discrimination by a β- detector for Radio Guided Surgery on ex-vivo neuroendocrine tumors samples

This paper provides a first insight of the potential of the β^- Radio Guided Surgery (β^--RGS) in a complex surgical environment like the abdomen, where multiple sources of background concur to the signal at the tumor site. This case is well reproduced by ex-vivo samples of 90^Y-marked Gastro-Entero-Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (GEP NET) in the bowel. These specimens indeed include at least three wide independent sources of background associated to three anatomical districts (mesentery, intestine, mucose). The study is based on the analysis of 37 lesions found on 5 samples belonging to 5 different patients. We show that the use of electrons, a short range particle, instead of γ particles, allows to limit counts read on a lesion to the sum of the tumor signal plus the background generated by the sole hosting district.The background on adjacent districts in the same specimen/patient is found to differ up to a factor 4, showing how the specificity and sensitivity of the β^--RGS technique can be fully exploited only upon a correct measurement of the contributing background. This locality has been used to set a site-specific cut-off algorithm to discriminate tumor and healthy tissue with a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity, on this test data sample, close to 100%. Factors influencing the sensitivity are also discussed. One of the specimens set allowed us evaluate the volume of the lesions, thus concluding that the probe was able to detect lesions as small as 0.04 mL in that particular case.

Improved Limit on Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay in ^{130} Te with CUORE

We report new results from the search for neutrinoless double-beta decay in ^{130} Te with the CUORE detector. This search benefits from a fourfold increase in exposure, lower trigger thresholds, and analysis improvements relative to our previous results. We observe a background of (1.38±0.07)×10^{-2}  counts/(keV kg yr)) in the 0νββ decay region of interest and, with a total exposure of 372.5 kg yr, we attain a median exclusion sensitivity of 1.7×10^{25}  yr. We find no evidence for 0νββ decay and set a 90% credibility interval Bayesian lower limit of 3.2×10^{25}  yr on the ^{130} Te half-life for this process. In the hypothesis that 0νββ decay is mediated by light Majorana neutrinos, this results in an upper limit on the effective Majorana mass of 75-350 meV, depending on the nuclear matrix elements used.

The GenTree Dendroecological Collection, tree-ring and wood density data from seven tree species across Europe

The dataset presented here was collected by the GenTree project (EU-Horizon 2020), which aims to improve the use of forest genetic resources across Europe by better understanding how trees adapt to their local environment. This dataset of individual tree-core characteristics including ring-width series and whole-core wood density was collected for seven ecologically and economically important European tree species: silver birch (Betula pendula), European beech (Fagus sylvatica), Norway spruce (Picea abies), European black poplar (Populus nigra), maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), and sessile oak (Quercus petraea). Tree-ring width measurements were obtained from 3600 trees in 142 populations and whole-core wood density was measured for 3098 trees in 125 populations. This dataset covers most of the geographical and climatic range occupied by the selected species. The potential use of it will be highly valuable for assessing ecological and evolutionary responses to environmental conditions as well as for model development and parameterization, to predict adaptability under climate change scenarios.

Characterisation of a β detector on positron emitters for medical applications

PURPOSE

Radio Guided Surgery (RGS) is a technique that helps the surgeon to achieve an as complete as possible tumor resection, thanks to the intraoperative detection of particles emitted by a radio tracer that bounds to tumoral cells. In the last years, a novel approach to this technique has been proposed that, exploiting β^- emitting radio tracers, overtakes some limitations of established γ-RGS. In this context, a first prototype of an intraoperative β particle detector, based on a high light yield and low density organic scintillator, has been developed and characterised on pure β^- emitters, like ⁹⁰Y. The demonstrated very high efficiency to β^- particles, together with the remarkable transparency to photons, suggested the possibility to use this detector also with β⁺ emitting sources, that have plenty of applications in nuclear medicine. In this paper, we present upgrades and optimisations performed to the detector to reveal such particles.

METHODS

Laboratory measurement have been performed on liquid Ga68 source, and were used to validate and tune a Monte Carlo simulation.

RESULTS

The upgraded detector has an ~80% efficiency to electrons above ~110keV, reaching a plateau value of ~95%. At the same time, the probe is substantially transparent to photons below ~200keV, reaching a plateau value of ~3%.

CONCLUSIONS

The new prototype seems to have promising characteristics to perform RGS also with β⁺ emitting isotopes.

Search of the neutrino-less double beta decay of 82 Se into the excited states of 82 Kr with CUPID-0

The CUPID-0 experiment searches for double beta decay using cryogenic calorimeters with double (heat and light) read-out. The detector, consisting of 24 ZnSe crystals 95 % enriched in 82 Se and two natural ZnSe crystals, started data-taking in 2017 at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso. We present the search for the neutrino-less double beta decay of 82 Se into the 0 1 + , 2 1 + and 2 2 + excited states of 82 Kr with an exposure of 5.74 kg · yr (2.24 × 10 25  emitters · yr). We found no evidence of the decays and set the most stringent limits on the widths of these processes: Γ ( 82 Se → 82 Kr 0 1 + )8.55 × 10 - 24  yr - 1 , Γ ( 82 Se → 82 Kr 2 1 + ) < 6.25 × 10 - 24  yr - 1 , Γ ( 82 Se → 82 Kr 2 2 + )8.25 × 10 - 24  yr - 1 (90 % credible interval).

Analysis of cryogenic calorimeters with light and heat read-out for double beta decay searches

The suppression of spurious events in the region of interest for neutrinoless double beta decay will play a major role in next generation experiments. The background of detectors based on the technology of cryogenic calorimeters is expected to be dominated by α particles, that could be disentangled from double beta decay signals by exploiting the difference in the emission of the scintillation light. CUPID-0, an array of enriched Zn 82 Se scintillating calorimeters, is the first large mass demonstrator of this technology. The detector started data-taking in 2017 at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso with the aim of proving that dual read-out of light and heat allows for an efficient suppression of the α background. In this paper we describe the software tools we developed for the analysis of scintillating calorimeters and we demonstrate that this technology allows to reach an unprecedented background for cryogenic calorimeters.

First Result on the Neutrinoless Double-β Decay of ^{82}Se with CUPID-0

We report the result of the search for neutrinoless double beta decay of ^{82}Se obtained with CUPID-0, the first large array of scintillating Zn^{82}Se cryogenic calorimeters implementing particle identification. We observe no signal in a 1.83 kg yr ^{82}Se exposure, and we set the most stringent lower limit on the 0νββ ^{82}Se half-life T_{1/2}^{0ν}>2.4×10^{24}  yr (90% credible interval), which corresponds to an effective Majorana neutrino mass m_{ββ}<(376-770)  meV depending on the nuclear matrix element calculations. The heat-light readout provides a powerful tool for the rejection of α particles and allows us to suppress the background in the region of interest down to (3.6_{-1.4}^{+1.9})×10^{-3}  counts/(keV kg yr), an unprecedented level for this technique.

CUPID-0: the first array of enriched scintillating bolometers for 0 ν β β decay investigations

The CUPID-0 detector hosted at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Italy, is the first large array of enriched scintillating cryogenic detectors for the investigation of82 Se neutrinoless double-beta decay ( 0 ν β β ). CUPID-0 aims at measuring a background index in the region of interest (RoI) for 0 ν β β at the level of 10- 3  counts/(keV kg years), the lowest value ever measured using cryogenic detectors. CUPID-0 operates an array of Zn82 Se scintillating bolometers coupled with bolometric light detectors, with a state of the art technology for background suppression and thorough protocols and procedures for the detector preparation and construction. In this paper, the different phases of the detector design and construction will be presented, from the material selection (for the absorber production) to the new and innovative detector structure. The successful construction of the detector lead to promising preliminary detector performance which is discussed here.

First Results from CUORE: A Search for Lepton Number Violation via 0νββ Decay of ^{130}Te

The CUORE experiment, a ton-scale cryogenic bolometer array, recently began operation at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy. The array represents a significant advancement in this technology, and in this work we apply it for the first time to a high-sensitivity search for a lepton-number-violating process: ^{130}Te neutrinoless double-beta decay. Examining a total TeO_{2} exposure of 86.3 kg yr, characterized by an effective energy resolution of (7.7±0.5)  keV FWHM and a background in the region of interest of (0.014±0.002)  counts/(keV kg yr), we find no evidence for neutrinoless double-beta decay. Including systematic uncertainties, we place a lower limit on the decay half-life of T_{1/2}^{0ν}(^{130}Te)>1.3×10^{25}  yr (90% C.L.); the median statistical sensitivity of this search is 7.0×10^{24}  yr. Combining this result with those of two earlier experiments, Cuoricino and CUORE-0, we find T_{1/2}^{0ν}(^{130}Te)>1.5×10^{25}  yr (90% C.L.), which is the most stringent limit to date on this decay. Interpreting this result as a limit on the effective Majorana neutrino mass, we find m_{ββ}<(110-520)  meV, where the range reflects the nuclear matrix element estimates employed.

First array of enriched Zn[Formula: see text]Se bolometers to search for double beta decay

The R&D activity performed during the last years proved the potential of ZnSe scintillating bolometers to the search for neutrino-less double beta decay, motivating the realization of the first large-mass experiment based on this technology: CUPID-0. The isotopic enrichment in [Formula: see text]Se, the Zn[Formula: see text]Se crystals growth, as well as the light detectors production have been accomplished, and the experiment is now in construction at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (Italy). In this paper we present the results obtained testing the first three Zn[Formula: see text]Se crystals operated as scintillating bolometers, and we prove that their performance in terms of energy resolution, background rejection capability and intrinsic radio-purity complies with the requirements of CUPID-0.

Search for Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay of (130)Te with CUORE-0

We report the results of a search for neutrinoless double-beta decay in a 9.8 kg yr exposure of (130)Te using a bolometric detector array, CUORE-0. The characteristic detector energy resolution and background level in the region of interest are 5.1±0.3  keV FWHM and 0.058±0.004(stat)±0.002(syst)counts/(keV kg yr), respectively. The median 90% C.L. lower-limit half-life sensitivity of the experiment is 2.9×10(24)  yr and surpasses the sensitivity of previous searches. We find no evidence for neutrinoless double-beta decay of (130)Te and place a Bayesian lower bound on the decay half-life, T(1/2)(0ν)>2.7×10(24)  yr at 90% C.L. Combining CUORE-0 data with the 19.75 kg yr exposure of (130)Te from the Cuoricino experiment we obtain T(1/2)(0ν)>4.0×10(24)  yr at 90% C.L. (Bayesian), the most stringent limit to date on this half-life. Using a range of nuclear matrix element estimates we interpret this as a limit on the effective Majorana neutrino mass, m(ββ)<270-760  meV.

Simulation of transcatheter aortic valve implantation through patient-specific finite element analysis: two clinical cases

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a minimally invasive procedure introduced to treat aortic valve stenosis in elder patients. Its clinical outcomes are strictly related to patient selection, operator skills, and dedicated pre-procedural planning based on accurate medical imaging analysis. The goal of this work is to define a finite element framework to realistically reproduce TAVI and evaluate the impact of aortic root anatomy on procedure outcomes starting from two real patient datasets. Patient-specific aortic root models including native leaflets, calcific plaques extracted from medical images, and an accurate stent geometry based on micro-tomography reconstruction are key aspects included in the present study. Through the proposed simulation strategy we observe that, in both patients, stent apposition significantly induces anatomical configuration changes, while it leads to different stress distributions on the aortic wall. Moreover, for one patient, a possible risk of paravalvular leakage has been found while an asymmetric coaptation occurs in both investigated cases. Post-operative clinical data, that have been analyzed to prove reliability of the performed simulations, show a good agreement with analysis results. The proposed work thus represents a further step towards the use of realistic computer-based simulations of TAVI procedures, aiming at improving the efficacy of the operation technique and supporting device optimization.

A novel radioguided surgery technique exploiting β(-) decays

The background induced by the high penetration power of the radiation is the main limiting factor of the current radio-guided surgery (RGS). To partially mitigate it, a RGS with β⁺-emitting radio-tracers has been suggested in literature. Here we propose the use of β⁻-emitting radio-tracers and β⁻ probes and discuss the advantage of this method with respect to the previously explored ones: the electron low penetration power allows for simple and versatile probes and could extend RGS to tumours for which background originating from nearby healthy tissue makes probes less effective. We developed a β⁻ probe prototype and studied its performances on phantoms. By means of a detailed simulation we have also extrapolated the results to estimate the performances in a realistic case of meningioma, pathology which is going to be our first in-vivo test case. A good sensitivity to residuals down to 0.1 ml can be reached within 1 s with an administered activity smaller than those for PET-scans thus making the radiation exposure to medical personnel negligible.

Patient-specific finite element analysis of carotid artery stenting: a focus on vessel modeling

Finite element analysis is nowadays a well-assessed technique to investigate the impact of stenting on vessel wall and, given the rapid progression of both medical imaging techniques and computational methods, the challenge of using the simulation of carotid artery stenting as procedure planning tool to support the clinical practice can be approached. Within this context, the present study investigates the impact of carotid stent apposition on carotid artery anatomy by means of patient-specific finite element analysis. In particular, we focus on the influence of the vessel constitutive model on the prediction of carotid artery wall tensional state of lumen gain and of vessel straightening. For this purpose, we consider, for a given stent design and CA anatomy, two constitutive models for the CA wall, that is, a hyperelastic isotropic versus a fiber-reinforced hyperelastic anisotropic model. Despite both models producing similar patterns with respect to stress distribution, the anisotropic model predicts a higher vessel straightening and a more evident discontinuity of the lumen area near the stent ends as observed in the clinical practice. Although still affected by several simplifications, the present study can be considered as further step toward a realistic simulation of carotid artery stenting.