Sorption behaviour of neptunium in marine and fresh water bottom sediments in Far East area of Russia (Lake Khanka and Amur Bay)

The concentration and sorption behavior of 237Np on the bottom sediments of water bodies in the Far East region of Russia (Lake Khanka and Peter the Great Bay) were studied for the first time. The 237Np concentrations vary from 1.06 × 10-6 to 4.43 × 10-5 mBq g-1 in the bottom sediments of Lake Khanka and from 1.05 × 10-4 to 2.52 × 10-3 mBq g-1 for Amur Bay. The experiment on the adsorption of Np on marine and lake sediment showed that it is sorbed through complexation with silicates (albite, leucite). The Np sorption isotherm on marine sediments is described by the Langmuir equation; the distribution coefficients (Kd) of Np vary from 57 to 588 mL g-1. For lake sediments, the isotherm is described by the Henry equation; the Kd value reaches 935 mL g-1.

New Tiaoxin Recipe Alleviates Energy Metabolism Disorders in an APPswe/PS1DE9 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease

BACKGROUND

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a typical neurodegenerative disease with a complex etiology. Until now, there has been no effective treatment available for AD; however, improving energy dysmetabolism, the key pathological event in the early stage of AD, can effectively delay the progression of AD.

OBJECTIVE

This paper aims to investigate the therapeutic effect and potential mechanism of the new Tiaoxin recipe on early AD.

METHODS

APP/PS1 mice were divided into a model group, a new Tiaoxin recipe group, and a donepezil group, and C57/BL mice were used for the control group. Mouse cognitive and learning abilities were tested using the Morris water maze test and a new object-recognition experiment. The 42 amino acid form of amyloid β peptide (Aβ1-42) content was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the senile plaque area was detected by thioflavin S staining, and the senescence- associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal)-positive area was detected by chemical staining. Also, the adenosine triphosphate (ATP), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydride (NADH) contents were detected using a biochemical method, and the cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38) and silent mating-type information regulation 2 homolog 3 (SIRT3) protein expression levels were detected by immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis.

RESULTS

Compared with those of the control group, the learning and memory abilities of the model group were impaired; the senile plaque deposition, Aβ1-42 content, and SA-βgal-positive staining area were increased; the ATP concentration, NAD+ concentration, and NAD+/NADH ratio were decreased; the CD38 protein expression level was increased; and the SIRT3 protein expression level was decreased. Following intervention with the new Tiaoxin recipe, the learning and memory abilities were improved; the senile plaque deposition, Aβ1-42 content, and SA-βgal-positive area were reduced; the ATP concentration, NAD+ concentration, and NAD+/NADH ratio were increased; CD38 protein expression was decreased, and SIRT3 protein expression was increased.

CONCLUSION

This study shows that the new Tiaoxin Recipe can improve cognitive ability and reduce the Aβ1-42 content and senile plaque deposition in APP/PS1 mice, which may occur through the downregulation of CD38 protein expression, upregulation of SIRT3 protein expression, restoration of the NAD+ level, promotion of ATP synthesis, mitigation of energy metabolism disorders.

Breathers in lattices with alternating strain-hardening and strain-softening interactions

This work focuses on the study of time-periodic solutions, including breathers, in a nonlinear lattice consisting of elements whose contacts alternate between strain hardening and strain softening. The existence, stability, and bifurcation structure of such solutions, as well as the system dynamics in the presence of damping and driving, are studied systematically. It is found that the linear resonant peaks in the system bend toward the frequency gap in the presence of nonlinearity. The time-periodic solutions that lie within the frequency gap compare well to Hamiltonian breathers if the damping and driving are small. In the Hamiltonian limit of the problem, we use a multiple scale analysis to derive a nonlinear Schrödinger equation to construct both acoustic and optical breathers. The latter compare very well with the numerically obtained breathers in the Hamiltonian limit.

[Clinical characteristics and risk factors of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage in extremely low birth weight infants]

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics and risk factors of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage (PIVH) in extremely low birth weight infants (ELBWI). Methods: From January 2019 to January 2022, the clinical data of 238 ELBWI admitted to the intensive care unit of Henan Provincial Children's Hospital within 1 week after birth and regular head color ultrasound examination were retrospective reviewed. The infants were divided into PIVH group and non-PIVH group according to whether PIVH occurred. The incidence and time of PIVH were described, and the differences in basic clinical features, perinatal conditions, postnatal treatment and complications between the two groups were compared. The risk factors of PIVH in ELBWI were further explored by multivariate binary logistic regression analysis. Results: Among 238 ELBWI (146 males and 92 females), 82 cases (34.5%) developed PIVH, including 28 cases (11.8%) of severe PIVH and 54 cases (22.7%) of mild PIVH. Among the 82 cases of PIVH, 68 cases occurred within 3 days after birth. Gestational age [(27.4±1.5) weeks vs (27.8±1.5) weeks, P=0.012], gestational diabetes mellitus [0 vs 9.0%(14/156), P=0.005], fibrinogen (FIB) [(1.8±0.5) g/L vs (2.7±0.9) g/L, P=0.012] were lower in PIVH group than in non-PIVH group. However, intrauterine distress [46.3%(38/82) vs 11.5%(18/156), P<0.001], birth asphyxia [85.4%(70/82) vs 62.8%(98/156), P<0.001], patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) [65.9%(54/82) vs 51.3%(80/156）, P=0.017], failure to withdraw invasive ventilator within 1 week [82.9%(14/82) vs 67.3%(105/156), P=0.010], use of vasoactive drugs within 1 week [28.0%(23/82) vs 15.4%(24/156), P=0.020], acidosis [28.0%(23/82) vs 12.2%(19/156), P=0.002], and hemorrhagic disease [18.3%(15/82) vs 7.1%(11/156), P=0.008] were higher in PIVH group than in non-PIVH group. Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis found that the risk factors for PIVH in ELBWI were acidosis (OR=2.257, 95%CI: 1.104-4.614, P=0.026), use of vasoactive drugs within 1 week (OR=2.274, 95%CI: 1.148-4.504, P=0.018), bleeding disorders (OR=2.583, 95%CI: 1.075-6.206, P=0.034) use of vasoactive drugs within 1 week (OR=2.301, 95%CI: 1.153-4.591, P<0.001). Conclusions: The incidence of PIVH in ELBWI is high, which mostly occurs within 3 days after birth. Acidosis, hemorrhagic disease, use of vasoactive agents within 1 week and failure to evacuate invasive ventilators within 1 week may increase the risk of PIVH in ELBWI.

Aβ promotes CD38 expression in senescent microglia in Alzheimer's disease

Background

In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the neuroinflammatory response mediated by the activation of senescent microglia is closely related to energy dysmetabolism. However, the mechanism underlying the interaction between the energy metabolism of aging microglia and neuroinflammation remains unclear.

Methods

We used biochemical methods, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence, and western blot to determine the effects and mechanism of CD38 knockdown on energy metabolism and neuroinflammation in Aβ1-40 injured BV2 cells. Using AD model mice, we detected CD38 enzyme activity, energy metabolism factors (ATP, NAD +, and NAD + /NADH), and neuroinflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) following the addition of CD38 inhibitor. Using a combination of biochemical analysis and behavioral testing, we analyzed the effects of the CD38 inhibitor on energy metabolism disorder, the neuroinflammatory response, and the cognition of AD mice.

Results

Following Aβ1-40 injury, SA-β-Gal positive cells and senescence-related proteins P16 and P21 increased in BV2 cells, while energy-related molecules (ATP, NAD +, and NAD + /NADH) and mitochondrial function (mitochondrial ROS and MMP) decreased. Further studies showed that CD38 knockdown could improve Aβ1-40-induced BV2 cells energy dysmetabolism and reduce the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. In vivo results showed an increase in senile plaque deposition and microglial activation in the hippocampus and cortex of 34-week-old APP/PS1 mice. Following treatment with the CD38 inhibitor, senile plaque deposition decreased, the number of Iba1 + BV2 cells increased, the energy metabolism disorder was improved, the proinflammatory cytokines were reduced, and the spatial learning ability was improved.

Conclusions

Our results confirm that senescent microglia appeared in the brain of 34-week-old APP/PS1 mice, and that Aβ1-40 can induce senescence of BV2 cells. The expression of CD38 increases in senescent BV2 cells, resulting in energy metabolism disorder. Therefore, reducing CD38 expression can effectively improve energy metabolism disorder and reduce proinflammatory cytokines. Following intervention with the CD38 inhibitor in APP/PS1 mice, the energy metabolism disorder was improved in the hippocampus and cortex, the level of proinflammatory cytokines was reduced, and cognitive impairment was improved.

Fisetin ameliorates atherosclerosis by regulating PCSK9 and LOX-1 in apoE-/- mice

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the mechanism by which fisetin improves atherosclerosis (AS) by regulating lipid metabolism and senescence in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE^-/-) mice. An AS model was established by feeding apoE^-/- mice a high-fat diet. Mice were randomly divided into the model group (n=18), the fisetin group (n=18) and the atorvastatin group (n=18). The control group (n=18) was composed of wild-type C57BL/6 mice of the same age and genetic background. The fisetin and atorvastatin groups were respectively treated with aqueous solutions of fisetin (12.5 mg/kg) and atorvastatin (2 mg/kg) via oral gavage daily for 12 weeks. The pathological morphology, lipid accumulation, collagen deposition of the aortic sinus were observed, serum lipids, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities were measured in the peripheral blood serum. Additionally, the expressions of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1), tumor suppressor protein p53 (p53), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (p21) and multiple tumor suppressor-1 (p16) were analyzed in the aorta. The results of the current study indicated that compared with the control group, a large area of AS plaque in the aortic sinus that contained a large amount of red-stained lipids and decreased collagen fiber content were found in the model group, which exhibited higher total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and MDA levels; higher ALT and AST activities, lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and SOD levels and increased expression levels of PCSK9, LOX-1, p53, p21 and p16. Fisetin is a phytochemical and bioflavonoid that serves a potential role in chronic diseases including AS, obesity, diabetes and cancer due to its wide biological activities, such as regulating lipid metabolism and anti-aging, anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory. Atorvastatin is recognized as a first-line treatment drug for AS; therefore it was used as a positive control in the current study. Following fisetin and atorvastatin treatment, both the AS plaque and the lipid accumulation in the aortic sinus were significantly reduced, and the expressions of PCSK9, LOX-1 and aging markers, including p53, p21 and p16 were downregulated.

Bushen Jiangzhi formula reduces atherosclerosis in apoE-/- mice through autophagy

OBJECTIVE

To study the effect of Bushen Jiangzhi formula (BSJZF) on atherosclerosis (AS) in apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE-/-) mice and the underlying mechanism.

METHODS

We used a high fat diet to induce AS in apoE-/- mice. The mice were randomly divided into four groups: model, BSJZF, atorvastatin, and 3-methyladenine groups. Syngeneic C57BL/6 mice of the same age were used for the control group. Autophagosomes in the aorta were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Morphology, lipid accumulation, and collagen deposition in the aorta were examined by hematoxylin and eosin, Oil Red O, and Masson's staining, respectively. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-), interferon gamma (IFN-), and interleukin 10 (IL-10) were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassays. Protein expression of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), Beclin 1, and p62 in the aorta were examined by Western blot analyses.

RESULTS

ApoE-/- mice fed a high fat diet exhibited AS symptoms including less autophagosomes in the aorta, higher serum levels of TNF-a, IFN-r, and p62, and lower serum levels of IL-10, LC3, and Beclin 1. Treatment with BSJZF significantly reduced the area of the aortic plaque, decreased expression of TNF-a, IFN-r, and p62, and increased expression of IL-10, LC3, and Beclin 1.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that BSJZF promotes autophagy and reduces inflammation by regulating the expression of autophagy-related proteins LC3, Beclin 1, and p62, thereby effectively treating AS.

Quercetin Suppresses the Progression of Atherosclerosis by Regulating MST1-Mediated Autophagy in ox-LDL-Induced RAW264.7 Macrophage Foam Cells

Objective: To investigate the process by which quercetin suppresses atherosclerosis by upregulating MST1-mediated autophagy in RAW264.7 macrophages. Methods: An in vitro foam cell model was established by culturing RAW264.7 macrophages with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). The cells were treated with quercetin alone or in combination with the autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine, and autophagy agonist, rapamycin. Cell viability was detected with a CCK-8 kit. Lipid accumulation was detected by oil red O staining, senescence was detected by SA-β-gal (senescence-associated β-galactosidase) staining, reactive oxygen species were detected by ROS assay kit. Autophagosomes and mitochondria were detected by transmission electron microscope (TEM), and expression of MST1, LC3-II/I, Beclin1, Bcl-2, P21, and P16 were detected by immunofluorescence and Western blot. Results: Ox-LDL induced RAW264.7 macrophage-derived foam cell formation, reduced survival, aggravated cell lipid accumulation, and induced a senescence phenotype. This was accompanied by decreased formation of autophagosome; increased expression of P53, P21, and P16; and decreased expression of LC3-II/I and Beclin1. After intervention with quercetin, the cell survival rate was increased, and lipid accumulation and senescence phenotype were reduced. Furthermore, the expression of LC3-II/I and Beclin1 were increased, which was consistent with the ability of quercetin to promote autophagy. Ox-LDL also increased the expression of MST1, and this increase was blocked by quercetin, which provided a potential mechanism by which quercetin may protect foam cells against age-related detrimental effects. Conclusion: Quercetin can inhibit the formation of foam cells induced by ox-LDL and delay senescence. The mechanism may be related to the regulation of MST1-mediated autophagy of RAW264.7 cells.

Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase‑related signaling pathway in early Alzheimer's disease mouse models

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system that is characterized by progressive cognitive dysfunction and which ultimately leads to dementia. Studies have shown that energy dysmetabolism contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of a variety of aging-associated diseases and degenerative diseases of the nervous system, including AD. One focus of research thus has been how to regulate the expression of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) to prevent against neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the present study used 6-month-old APPswe/PS1ΔE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic mice as early AD mouse models and sought to evaluate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) and FK866 (a NAMPT inhibitor) treatment in APP/PS1 mice to study NAMPT dysmetabolism in the process of AD and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. As a result of this treatment, the expression of NAMPT decreased, the synthesis of ATP and NAD⁺ became insufficient and the NAD⁺/NADH ratio was reduced. The administration of NAD⁺ alleviated the spatial learning and memory of APP/PS1 mice and reduced senile plaques. Administration of NAD⁺ may also increase the expression of the key protein NAMPT and its related protein sirtuin 1 as well as the synthesis of NAD⁺. Therefore, increasing NAMPT expression levels may promote NAD⁺ production. Their regulation could form the basis for a new therapeutic strategy.

Quercetin protects against atherosclerosis by regulating the expression of PCSK9, CD36, PPARγ, LXRα and ABCA1

The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms through which quercetin protects against atherosclerosis (AS) in apoE‑/‑ mice by regulating the expression of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor γ (PPARγ), liver X receptor α (LXRα) and ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). We established an animal model of high‑fat diet induced AS using apoE‑/‑ mice. H&E, Oil Red O and Masson's trichrome staining were performed on aortic sinus and liver tissue sections to evaluate the histopathology, lipid accumulation and collagen deposition, respectively. Filipin staining was performed to detect free cholesterol (FC) in the aortic sinus. ELISA was performed to measure the serum levels of lipids including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high‑density lipoprotein‑cholesterol (HDL‑C), low‑density lipoprotein‑cholesterol (LDL‑C) and oxidized low‑density lipoprotein (oxLDL), as well as the levels of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α, interleukin (IL)‑6 and IL‑10. Western blot analysis was performed to analyze the protein expression levels of PCSK9, CD36, PPARγ, LXRα and ABCA1 in both the aorta and liver tissue. H&E staining revealed the presence of atherosclerotic plaques in the aortic sinus. Oil Red O staining revealed the existence of massive red‑stained lipids in the aortic sinus and Masson's trichrome staining revealed decreased collagen fibers and increased plaque instability. Filipin staining revealed that free cholesterol levels in the aorta sinus were increased. In addition, H&E staining suggested hepatocyte structural disorder in the model group, and Oil Red O staining revealed a cytoplasm filled with lipid droplets, which contained a large amount of red‑stained lipids. Masson's trichrome staining revealed that the liver tissue of the model group had fewer collagen fibers compared with that of the control group. Moreover, the mice in the model group had higher serum TC, LDL‑C, oxLDL, TNF‑α and IL‑6 levels, and lower IL‑10 levels. The protein expression levels of PCSK9 and CD36 were increased, while those of PPARγ, LXRα and ABCA1 were decreased in the aortas and livers of the model group mice. However, treatment with quercetin attenuated all these effects. On the whole, these results demonstrate that quercetin prevents the development of AS in apoE‑/‑ mice by regulating the expression of PCSK9, CD36, PPARγ, LXRα and ABCA1.

Quercetin has a protective effect on atherosclerosis via enhancement of autophagy in ApoE-/- mice

The present study examined the involvement of autophagy as a mechanism in the protective effect of quercetin (QUE) on atherosclerosis (AS) in ApoE^−/− mice. An AS model was established by feeding ApoE^−/− mice a high-fat diet (HFD). Mice were divided into four experimental groups: The model, QUE, 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and QUE + 3-MA groups. Additionally, age-matched wild-type C57BL/6 mice were used as a Control group. Autophagosomes in the aorta were examined using a transmission electron microscope. Aorta pathology, serum lipid accumulation and collagen deposition were determined by hematoxylin and eosin, Oil Red O and Masson staining, respectively. The levels of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) were measured using ELISA assays. Protein levels of mTOR, microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3a (LC3), P53 and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (P21) in the aorta were analyzed using western blotting. ApoE^−/− mice which were fed HFD exhibited substantial AS pathology, no autophagosomes, higher levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18 and mTOR and lower ratios of LC3 II/I. All these alterations were ameliorated and aggravated by QUE and 3-MA treatment, respectively. The inhibition of AS by QUE may be associated with the enhancement of autophagy and upregulation of P21 and P53 expression.

Efficacy of Shoushen granule on adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporter A1, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 and toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa-B signaling pathway in ApoE-knockout mice

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the efficacy of Shoushen granule, prepared with four Chinese medicinals, on the targeted regulation of adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) through proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) / nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway to affect atherosclerosis (AS) in ApoE-knockout (ApoE-/-) mice.

METHODS

ApoE-/- mice fed with a high-fat diet were used for AS modeling and divided into Model, Shoushen, and Atorvastatin groups. C57BL/6J mice at the same age and background strain were included in the Control group. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to measure ABCA1, PCSK9, TLR4, and NF-κB protein expression in mouse aortas. Enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay was used to measure mouse serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression. Serum lipid profiles and histopathology were also assessed. Shoushen granule were composed of Heshouwu (Radix Polygoni Multiflori) 15 g, Gouqizi (Fructus Lycii) 15 g, Sheng shanzha (Raw Fructus Crataegus Pinnatifidae) 10 g, and Sanqi (Radix Notoginseng) 3 g.

RESULTS

ApoE-/- mice fed with a high-fat diet had notable AS lesions, with reduced ABCA1 and IL-10 levels, elevated PCSK9, TLR4, NF-κB, TNF-α, MCP-1, and ICAM-1 expression, and increased total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) contents. With drug interventions, the areas of AS plaques were significantly reduced, the ABCA1 and IL-10 levels were increase, while the PCSK9, TLR4, NF-κB, TC, and LDL-C contents, and the TNF-α, MCP-1, and ICAM-1 expression were reduced.

CONCLUSION

Shoushen granule effectively interfered with AS development by antagonizing the expression of key factors of the PCSK9 and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway to upregulate ABCA1 expression.

The effect of oral polyethylene glycol combined with simethicone for colonoscopy on cecal intubation rate, tolerability and acceptability : a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To assess the efficacy adjunction of oral simethicone to polyethylene glycol as bowel preparation agent on cecal intubation rate.

METHODS

We searched EMBASE, PubMed and Cochrane library for randomized controlled trials regarding simeticone plus polyethylene glycol as oral drinking agents before gastroscopy,we used the soft RevMan5.3 to perform statistical analysis and stata12.0 for publication bias.

RESULTS

12 randomized trials that met the inclusion criteria were therefore pooled into a meta-analysis, which included a total of 5,112 patients. There were no significant differences on cecal intubation rate in two groups(RR=1.0,95%CI : 0.99-1.01, P=0.93) with moderate level of evidence;Subgroups analysis of 2LPEG+ Simethicone VS 2LPEG(RR =1.0, 95% CI : 0.98,1.01), 2LPEG+ Simethicone VS 4L PEG (RR=1.00, 95% CI : 0.98,1.02), PEG+ Simethicone with bisacodyl vs PEG (RR =1.00, 95% CI : 0.99,1.02), PEG+Simethicone without bisacodyl vs PEG (RR =1.00, 95% CI : 0.98,1.02) showed no difference on cecal intubation rate.There was aslo no significant difference on cecal intubation time.Abdominal bloating incidence was lower in PEG+Simethicone group than that in PEG group (RR=0.53, 95%CI : 0.31, 0.91, P=0.02). The meta-analysis result also showed a better acceptability in PEG+Simethicone group (RR=1.28, 95% CI : 1.01, 1.49, P=0.001).

CONCLUSION

Adjunction of oral simethicone to polyethylene glycol as bowel preparation agent dose not improve cecal intubation rate on colonoscopy,but with better gastrointestinal tolerability and acceptability.

Expression of orphan GPR56 correlates with tumor progression in human epithelial ovarian cancer

G protein-coupled receptor 56 (GPR56) has been demonstrated to be a significant prognostic predictor in several types of malignances, including melanoma, glioblastoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, and pancreatic cancer. GPR56 has a putative mucin-like extracellular domain, indicating functions for this receptor in the cell-cell interactions and triggering different downstream signaling pathways responsible for regulating cell survival, proliferation, adhesion, and migration. But the expression and clinical significance of GPR56 has not been elucidated in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). We detected GPR56 expression by immunohistochemistry in 110 samples of ovarian serous carcinoma to explore the correlation between its expression and clinicopathologic characteristics and overall survival. As the result, we found that GPR56 expression is significantly associated with advanced FIGO stage (P = 0.01) and positive lymph node invasion (P = 0.016), and it serves as an independent unfavorable prognostic factor through univariate and multivariate analysis. GPR56 knockdown could dramatically decrease the proliferation and invasion of epithelial ovarian cancer cells through down-regulating the RhoA-GTP level and up-regulating the E-cadherin level, which indicates GPR56 could promote the progression and invasion of EOC. In conclusion, GPR56 expression was demonstrated as an independent prognostic factor in EOC, suggesting that GPR56 may play an oncogenic role through the Rho and E-cadherin pathway and GPR56 could be a novel potential drug target in EOC.

Host MyD88 signaling protects against acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

Recent experimental strategies to reduce graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) have focused largely on modifying innate immunity. Toll-like receptor (TLR)-driven myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)-dependent signalling pathways that initiate adaptive immune function are also critical for the pathogenesis of GVHD. This study aimed to delineate the role of host MyD88 in the development of acute GVHD following fully major histocompatibility complex-mismatched allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). When myeloablated BALB/c MyD88 knock-out recipients were transplanted with C57BL/6 (B6) donor cells, they developed significantly more severe GVHD than wild-type (WT) BALB/c hosts. The increased morbidity and mortality in MyD88^-/- mice correlated with increased serum levels of lipopolysaccharide and elevated inflammatory cytokines in GVHD target organs. Additionally, MyD88 deficiency in BMT recipients led to increased donor T cell expansion and more donor CD11c⁺ cell intestinal infiltration with apoptotic cells but reduced proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells compared with that in WT BMT recipients. Decreased expression of tight junction mRNA in epithelial cells of MyD88^-/- mice suggested that MyD88 contributes to intestinal integrity. Cox-2 expression in the GVHD-targeted organs of WT mice is increased upon GVHD induction, but this enhanced expression was obviously inhibited by MyD88 deficiency. The present findings demonstrate an unexpected role for host MyD88 in preventing GVHD after allogeneic BMT.

Eco-friendly seeded Fe3O4-Ag nanocrystals: a new type of highly efficient and low cost catalyst for methylene blue reduction

Hybrid Fe₃O₄-Ag nanocrystals, a new type of highly efficient and reusable catalyst for methylene blue (MB) reduction, are fabricated by a novel seed deposition process. X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy results show that the developed iron oxides are in a pure magnetite Fe₃O₄ phase. Upon manipulating the amount of Ag seeds capsuled on the modified surfaces of Fe₃O₄ nanocrystals, the catalytic capacities on the reduction of MB can be precisely adjusted with a tunable fabrication cost control. The linear correlation of the reduced MB concentration versus reaction time catalyzed by our developed hybrid Fe₃O₄-Ag nanocrystals is coherent with pseudo first order kinetics. Importantly, with remarkable recyclability features, the hybrid Fe₃O₄-Ag nanocrystals can be easily separated by applying an external magnetic field. The tailored catalytic performances of the hybrid Fe₃O₄-Ag nanocrystals during MB reduction are attributed to the optimized dynamic electron transfer process, which dominates the electrochemical mechanism wherein the nucleophilic BH₄⁻ ions donate electrons to electrophilic organic MB through Ag seeds in a regulated amount. Such developed hybrid Fe₃O₄-Ag nanocrystals pave the way towards the mass production of highly efficient and low cost catalysts for methylene blue reduction.

Hybrid Fe₃O₄-Ag nanocrystals, a new type of highly efficient and reusable catalyst for methylene blue (MB) reduction, are fabricated by a novel seed deposition process.

Salidroside slows the progression of EA.hy926 cell senescence by regulating the cell cycle in an atherosclerosis model

Aging is the major risk factor for diseases of the cardiovascular system, such as coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, but little is known about the relationship between atherosclerosis (AS) and age-related declines in vascular structure and function. Here, we used histological analyses in combination with molecular biology techniques to show that lipid deposition in endothelial cell was accompanied by aging and growth arrest. Endothelial cell senescence is sufficient to cause AS; however, we found that salidroside reduced intracellular lipid deposition, slowed the progression of endothelial cell senescence and inhibited the expression of the senescence-related molecules and phosphorylated the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein. Further study confirmed that salidroside increased the percent of S phase cells in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-treated endothelial cells. Collectively, vascular endothelial cell function declined with age and AS, and our data suggested that salidroside prevented ox-LDL-treated endothelial cell senescence by promoting cell cycle progression from G0/G1 phase to S phase via Rb phosphorylation. We demonstrated for the first time the complex interactions between AS and endothelial cell senescence, and we believe that salidroside represents a promising therapy for senescence-related AS.

Effect of the herbal formulation Shen-Zhi-Ling on an APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease by modulating the biliverdin reductase/heme oxygenase 1 system

Shen-Zhi-Ling (SZL) oral liquid is a traditional Chinese medicine formula that is mainly used for the clinical treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of SZL treatment on AD. APP/PS1 transgenic mice were utilized to evaluate the effect of SZL treatment (0.5 g/20 g/day). Morris water maze and Thioflavin S staining analyses were used to evaluate the cognitive impairment and β-amyloid plaques, respectively, while quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were performed to examine the mRNA and protein expression levels of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and biliverdin reductase (BVR). Furthermore, immunofluorescence staining was used to measure the BVR and HO-1 protein levels in the hippocampus. The findings of the current study demonstrated that SZL treatment was able to ameliorate the impairment of memory and reduce the accumulation of amyloid plaques, and its ameliorating effects may be attributed to the modulation of the HO-1/BVR system in the hippocampus. These results indicate that SZL may be a possible complementary and alternative therapy to delay the development of AD.

Salidroside protects PC12 cells from Aβ1‑40‑induced cytotoxicity by regulating the nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase signaling pathway

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of senile dementia, which often develops in elderly or presenile individuals. As one of the pathological features of AD, amyloid β-protein (Aβ) causes energy dysmetabolism, thereby inducing cellular damage and apoptosis. Salidroside is the main active component of the traditional Chinese medicine Rhodiola. Previous studies have demonstrated that salidroside exerts a regulatory role in energy metabolism. However, the role and the mechanism of action of salidroside in AD remain unclear. Therefore, the present study used Aβ1–40 to induce damage in PC12 cells, thereby establishing a cell model of AD. In addition, salidroside treatment was performed to investigate the protective effect of salidroside and the underlying mechanisms. Aβ1-40-induced neuronal toxicity reduced cell viability and caused cellular damage. As a result, the expression level of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) decreased, the synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺; an energy metabolism-associated coenzyme) became insufficient, and the NAD⁺/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydride ratio was reduced. Administration of salidroside alleviated Aβ-induced cell damage and increased the expression level of the key protein NAMPT and the synthesis of NAD⁺. The results of the present study demonstrate that salidroside exerts a protective effect on Aβ1-40-damaged PC12 cells. The underlying mechanism may be associated with the regulation of energy metabolism that relies predominantly on the NAMPT signaling pathway.

Weight loss drugs and lifestyle modification: Perceptions among a diverse adult sample

OBJECTIVES

Explore how adults from diverse racial and socioeconomic backgrounds perceive the use of weight loss drugs (prescription, over-the counter, herbals and supplements) and lifestyle modification.

METHODS

Individual, face-to-face, semi-structured interviews were conducted with persons presenting to an academic hospital-affiliated outpatient pharmacy serving ethnic minorities and low income individuals.

RESULTS

Fifty persons were interviewed, including 21 African Americans, 11 Hispanics and 17 low-income individuals (annual income <$20,000), of whom 33 self-reported as overweight or obese. Ever-users (14/50) and nonusers (36/50) of weight loss drugs expressed a belief in the importance of diet and exercise, but were not necessarily doing so themselves. Fear of side effects and skepticism towards efficacy of drugs deterred use. Some expressed concern over herbal product safety; others perceived herbals as natural and safe. Drugs were often viewed as a short-cut and not a long-term weight management solution.

CONCLUSION

A range of concerns related to the safety and efficacy of weight loss drugs were expressed by this lower income, ethnically diverse population of underweight to obese adults.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

There is need and opportunity for healthcare providers to provide weight loss advice and accurate information regarding the safety and efficacy of various types of weight loss approaches.

[Posterior debridement combined with atlantoaxial fusion to upper cervical tuberculosis]

Objective: To explore clinical results of posterior debridement combined with atlantoaxial fusion for upper cervical Tuberculosis. Methods: From March 2007 to April 2012, 8 patients with upper cervical Tuberculosis underwent posterior debridement combined with atlantoaxial fusion in our hospital were selected for retrospective analysis. 3 cases were males and 5 females, aged 29-65 (43.5±13.2) years. According to the pedicle destruction, using different screws (pedicle screw or laminar screw) fixation.In the preoperative and final follow-up, Japanese Orthopaedic Association score (JOA) and neck disability index (NDI) were used to evaluate neurological function and calculate improvement rate JOA score. At final follow-up, clinical efficacy was evaluated by Odom's grade. situation of internal fixation, fusion of upper cervical were assessed by imaging examination. During follow-up, complications were documented and analyzed. Results: Postoperatively 12 months, all bony fusion were achieved. Tuberculosis were reached clinical cure in 12-18 months. The JOA score increased from 10.5±2.0 preoperatively to 15.6 ±1.1 in final follow-up(P<0.05), and the NDI decreased from 29.9 ± 6.2 preoperatively to 8.6±1.6 (P<0.05). At last follow-up, according to Odom's standard, excellent were obtained in 6 cases (75.0%), good 1 cases (12.5%) and ordinary 1 case (12.5%). No severe complications was documented during follow-up. Conclusions: The treatment of posterior debridement combine with atlantoaxial fusion, and structure grafting and local anti-Tuberculosis drug using intraoperative, not only could obtain reliable clinical efficacy, completely removal of lesions, but also obtain strong stability, which plays an important role in the treatment of cervical tuberculosis.

[Anterior retropharyngeal debridement combined with posterior atlantoaxial fusion for atlantoaxial Tuberculosis]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the clinical efficacy of anterior debridement combined with posterior atlantoaxial fusion for atlantoaxial Tuberculosis.

METHODS

From February 2005 to February 2013, 7 patients, 3 males and 4 females, with atlantoaxial Tuberculosis underwent anterior debridement combined with posterior atlantoaxial fusion in Department of Orthopedics Zhengzhou University People's Hospital were selected.In the preoperative and final follow-up, Japanese Orthopaedic Association score (JOA), neck disability index (NDI) and Frankel Classification were used to evaluate neurological function and calculate improvement rate.At final follow-up, clinical efficacy was evaluated by Odom's grade.Situation of internal fixation, fusion of upper cervical were assessed by X-ray, CT scan and MRI scan.

RESULTS

Bony fusion were achieved in 7 cases after operation in 12 months. Tuberculosis were reached clinical cure between 17 and 21 months. At follow The JOA score increased from (11.1±0.7) preoperatively to (15.3±0.5) in final follow-up(P<0.05), and the NDI decreased from (34.0±4.6) preoperatively to (10.1±1.3) in final follow-up (P<0.05). At last follow-up, according to Odom's standard, excellent were obtained in 5 cases, good 1 cases and ordinary 1 case. Frankel Classification of all cases improved from D class to E.

CONCLUSIONS

The treatment of anterior retropharyngeal debridement combine with atlantoaxial fusion, and local anti-tuberculosis drug using intraoperative, not only could obtain reliable clinical efficacy, completly removal of lesions, but also obtain strong stability, which plays an important role in the treatment of atlantoaxial Tuberculosis.

Increased spontaneous neuronal activity in structurally damaged cortex is correlated with early motor recovery in patients with subcortical infarction

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Secondary cortical thinning and volumetric atrophy in the motor-related cortex can inhibit early functional recovery after subcortical infarction. However, the relationship between the spontaneous neuronal activity in these cortices and motor recovery in patients with focal cerebral infarct remains unknown.

METHODS

Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and resting-state functional MRI were conducted 1, 4 and 12 weeks after onset in 22 patients with an acute subcortical infarct and in 22 normal subjects. Group differences in cortical thickness and in the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) in motor-related areas were evaluated, and the relationships between ALFF, cortical thickness changes and changes in the Fugl-Meyer scores of physical performance were further analyzed.

RESULTS

In patients with subcortical infarction, progressively decreasing cortical thickness was found over the observation period ipsilesionally in the primary motor cortex (PMC), supplementary motor cortex (SMC) and precuneus (all P < 0.05). Contralesionally, progressive increases in cortical thickness were detected in SMC and insula (all P < 0.05). Increases in ALFF were observed only in PMC (bilaterally) and only at 12 weeks after stroke (all P < 0.05). The cortical thickness changes in the contralesional SMC (rs = 0.483, P = 0.023) and the ALFF changes in bilateral PMC (ipsilesional, rs = 0.51, P = 0.015; contralesional, rs = 0.463, P = 0.03) were positively correlated with changes in the Fugl-Meyer scores.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that increased spontaneous neuronal activity of the PMC, a region structurally damaged secondarily to ischaemic lesion, may contribute to early motor recovery in patients with subcortical infarction.

Increased expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in aorta of patients with coronary atherosclerosis

AIM

The aim of the present study was to investigate the changes of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in the aorta of patients with coronary atherosclerosis and to evaluate the relationship between aortic expression levels of MIF and atherosclerotic risk factors.

METHODS

We collected discarded aortic specimens from patients (N.=36) undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), and studied the presence and distribution of MIF by immunohistochemistry. The arterial tissues from 10 subjects without known atherosclerosis through the kidney donation program were taken as control group. The preoperative serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), apolipoprotein A, apolipoprotein B, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and indirect bilirubin levels of patients were examined and the coronary angiography was performed in order to assess the severity of atherosclerotic lesions.

RESULTS

MIF was detectable in aorta from CABG patients. The aortic MIF expression was elevated in smokers, and patients with hypertension or diabetes. In addition, the aortic MIF expression was associated with the levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, lipoprotein (a), apolipoprotein B, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin and coronary severity scores in simple regression analysis. However, the expression of MIF was only correlated to coronary severity scores in multiple regression analysis.

CONCLUSION

MIF is overexpressed in aorta from patients with coronary atherosclerosis and the aortic MIF expression is correlated with the severity of coronary artery disease.

Early induction of oxidative stress in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease with heme oxygenase activity

Evidence suggests that brain tissues of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) are easily attacked by oxidative stress, and numerous studies indicate that heme oxygenase (HO) is a major cell adaptive responder to stress. However, whether HO‑1 and HO‑2 play different roles in this process has not yet been studied. In the present study, it was shown in an AD model that HO‑1 and HO‑2 have different roles in the early stages of AD. Learning and memory ability was tested in APPswe/PS1ΔE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic and wild‑type mice using the Morris water maze. β‑amyloid plaques were measured using immunofluorescence staining. Changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the hippocampi were measured using a fluorescence technique. The results indicated that the escape latency, amyloid plaque deposition and ROS production increased in the hippocampi of APP/PS1 transgenic mice compared with wild‑type mice. Furthermore, using double‑immunofluorescence staining and western blot analysis, it was found that the expression of HO‑1 and HO‑2 increased in the hippocampi of APP/PS1 mice and, notably, HO‑2 was also found to be overexpressed in astrocytes. Little difference was observed in the plasma HO‑1 concentrations between the two groups, while the plasma HO‑2 concentration of the APP/PS1 mice was lower than that of the wild‑type mice, shown by ELISA. In conclusion, HO‑2 overexpression is an early event and plays a more critical role in the progression of AD.

Attenuation of exogenous angiotensin II stress-induced damage and apoptosis in human vascular endothelial cells via microRNA-155 expression

Numerous studies have indicated that cells and tissues have means of blocking their response to continuous stress signals to protect themselves from damage. Overexpression of angiotensin II (Ang II) in the renin-angiotensin system can cause vascular endothelial damage, but the mechanism of adjustment of the dynamic equilibrium remains unclear. In this study, we investigated whether microRNA-155 (miR-155) can suppress continuous Ang II stress signals that would otherwise cause vascular endothelial damage. We isolated and cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and transfected one group of these with a mature miR-155 expression plasmid. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting showed Ang II type 1 receptor expression to be decreased in miR-155-transfected HUVECs compared with untransfected cells. The MTT proliferation assay revealed that exogenous Ang II suppressed proliferation of HUVECs in a concentration-dependent manner. When HUVECs were cultured in medium containing Ang II at the half maximal inhibitory concentration (68.94 ng/µl) for 24 h, qRT-PCR and western blotting showed that expression of the apoptosis inhibitor Bcl-2 in the HUVEC-Ang II group was markedly lower than that in controls, but apoptosis-promoting factors (Bax, cytochrome c, caspases-9 and -3) were not. Co-immunoprecipitation western blotting and immunofluorescence staining showed that exogenous Ang II increased the phosphorylation and activation of extracellular signal related kinase (ERK)1/2. Exogenous Ang II also influenced HUVEC migration and capillary tubule formation in vitro. However, after transfection of HUVECs with miR-155 under the same conditions, expression of apoptosis-promoting factors and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were reduced significantly and HUVEC migration and capillary tubule formation were restored to some extent. Thus, miR-155 attenuated the effect of exogenous Ang II-induced ERK1/2 activation to reduce HUVEC damage and apoptosis. Moreover, miR-155 maintained HUVEC migration and capillary tubule formation in vitro.

Neuroprotective effects of Buyang Huanwu decoction against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative injury in Schwann cells

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Buyang Huanwu decoction (BYHWD) is a traditional Chinese medicine and can be used to promote peripheral nerve regeneration. However the regenerative mechanism of BYHWD remains unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the protective mechanisms of BYHWD in Schwann cells damaged by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Schwann cells which were derived from neonatal sciatic nerves of rats were used in subsequent experiments. Schwann cells were injured by various concentrations of H(2)O(2) (0.25, 0.5 and 1mM final concentration). BYHWD (600 μg/ml final concentration) was added to the medium either simultaneously or 1h later after the addition of H(2)O(2). Subsequently, methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay was performed. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were also examined after 12h. The expression of Caspase 3 and the concentration of intercellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]i) were also determined.

RESULTS

Among three concentrations of H(2)O(2), 0.5mM H(2)O(2) induced Schwann cells swelled and neuritis disappeared after 12h. In the presence of BYHWD, MTT assay showed that more cells were viable in comparison with the H(2)O(2) injury group. Moreover, the addition of BYHWD has also increased the SOD activity with decreased in MDA level. Furthermore, the concentration of [Ca(2+)]i and expression of Caspase 3 were decreased with the addition of BYHWD in culture.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results revealed that BYHWD protected Schwann cells from oxidative injury. The mechanism of BYHWD promoting neural regeneration possibly associated with its anti-oxidative activity.

Redox regulation and flower development: a novel function for glutaredoxins

Glutaredoxins (GRXs) are small, ubiquitous oxidoreductases that have been intensively studied in E. COLI, yeast and humans. They are involved in a large variety of cellular processes and exert a crucial function in the response to oxidative stress. GRXs can reduce disulfides by way of conserved cysteines, located in conserved active site motifs. As in E. COLI, yeast, and humans, GRXs with active sites of the CPYC and CGFS type are also found in lower and higher plants, however, little has been known about their function. Surprisingly, 21 GRXs from ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA contain a novel, plant-specific CC type motif. Lately, information on the function of CC type GRXs and redox regulation, in general, is accumulating. This review focuses on recent findings indicating that GRXs, glutathione and redox regulation, in general, seem to be involved in different processes of development, so far, namely in the formation of the flower. Recent advances in EST and genome sequencing projects allowed searching for the presence of the three different types of the GRX subclasses in other evolutionary informative plant species. A comparison of the GRX subclass composition from PHYSCOMITRELLA, PINUS, ORYZA, POPULUS, and ARABIDOPSIS is presented. This analysis revealed that only two CC type GRXs exist in the bryophyte PHYSCOMITRELLA and that the CC type GRXs group expanded during the evolution of land plants. The existence of a large CC type subclass in angiosperms supports the assumption that their capability to modify target protein activity posttranslationally has been integrated into crucial plant specific processes involved in higher plant development.

Predictive value of image cytometry for diagnosis of lung cancer in heavy smokers

The Research Institute for Diagnosis and Treatment of Early Lung Cancer (RIDTELC) Lung Study was initiated to determine whether lung cancer screening by automated sputum cytometry combined with conventional sputum cytology and auto-fluorescence in addition to white light bronchoscopy could enhance the detection rate of early lung cancer. The present study analyses the initial findings to evaluate the efficiency of automated sputum cytology in predicting the diagnosis of lung cancer. In this study, malignancy grade was used as a predictive parameter for lung cancer. In total, 2,480 heavy smokers (>30 pack-yrs), aged 50-74 yrs, with no previous cancer in the last 5 yrs, received chest radiology, conventional sputum cytology and sputum cytometry screening. In total, twenty-seven lung cancers were diagnosed, representing a prevalence of 1.1%, 25 of which provided sputum samples. Positive automated sputum cytology results were seen in 176 smokers (7.2%), 10 (0.4%) of whom had severe dysplasia or higher lesions (positive results) by conventional sputum cytology examination. Out of 25 tumour cases, 20 had suspicious results using automated sputum cytology, representing 80% sensitivity. One patient out of 24 with tumours had positive results on conventional sputum cytology, representing a sensitivity of 4.2%. For all stages of squamous cell lung cancer and later stage adenocarcinoma the sensitivity of automated sputum cytology was 100%. For adenocarcinoma stage I sensitivity was 25%. In conclusion, DNA analysis of sputum slides by automated sputum cytology may be a suitable tool for the detection of early lung cancer and the characterisation of a high-risk group with pre-invasive lesions for follow-up.

In vitro interaction between silicone gel and human monocyte-macrophages

Controversy remains regarding the ability of silicone materials to induce a specific immune reaction versus a nonspecific inflammatory response. Histopathological analysis of the tissue around failed breast implants reveals chronic inflammation with silicone gel droplets either surrounded by giant cells or engulfed by macrophages, areas of fibrosis, and necrosis. Macrophages are the key cells engulfing or forming foreign body giant cells. To address the mechanisms of silicone-induced inflammation a model of human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) was developed. After sonication of silicone gel, the silicone droplets were embedded in Type I collagen and used to coat glass coverslips; human MDMs were subsequently seeded on the coverslips and maintained in culture for up to 7 days. The advantage of the model was that human macrophages could be studied histologically, and cytochemically as they interacted with well-characterized silicone materials. Initial analysis of the human macrophages shows phagocytosis of the silicone gel within hours of exposure to the material. Analysis for pro-inflammatory cytokines reveals significant transient secretion of IL-1 (p < 0.01) over controls by human macrophages upon exposure to silicone gel at 24 h.

The effect of polyethylene particle phagocytosis on the viability of mature human macrophages

Macrophages are the major cell type observed in the inflammatory membrane retrieved at implant revision surgery. In this study, mature human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) were adapted to a previously established in vitro model to examine the influence of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) particulate (4-10 microm) on MDM viability. HDPE particles were suspended in soluble type I collagen, which subsequently was solidified on glass coverslips. Mature human macrophages, derived from differentiating peripheral blood monocytes on polystyrene for 10 days, were incubated in culture media on collagen controls and collagen-particle substrata for 31 days. Histologic analysis demonstrated that MDMs were in contact with the particles at 2 h. The majority of the particles were associated with the cells within 24 h. Based on electron microscopy, those cells associated with the particles appeared to be morphologically activated rather than necrotic or apoptotic. Assessment of cell viability revealed no differences among the groups at 24 h, but at 31 days significantly more viable cells and higher DNA values were found associated with the particle groups versus the collagen controls. The histologic results validate human mature MDMs as a clinically relevant cell type for study of the role of polyethylene particulate in aseptic loosening. The cell viability results indicate that phagocytosis of HDPE is not toxic to MDMs but in fact prolongs MDM survival. The long-lived MDMs may play a role in perpetuating chronic inflammation surrounding implants.

Differential response to chemically altered polyethylene by activated mature human monocyte-derived macrophages

Macrophages and polyethylene (PE) particulate are currently recognized as being the two common denominators in the development of chronic inflammation, periprosthetic osteolysis, and subsequent implant failure. In this study, the effect of PE particulate surface chemistry on mature human monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) function was investigated. Virgin high-density PE (HDPE: 4-10 microm) and HDPE oxidized by irradiation, thermal and chemical treatment were characterized by FT-IR and suspended in soluble type I collagen, which was subsequently solidified on glass coverslips. Human MDMs, derived from differentiating monocytes on polystyrene for 14 days, were trypsinized and cultured on collagen-particle substrata and collagen controls for 31 days. Analysis of conditioned media collected at 24h incubation showed a significantly higher level of IL-1beta secretion in virgin HDPE over oxidized HDPE or collagen controls, and a significant inhibition of IL-6 secretion in both virgin and oxidized samples. Esterase activity was increased in the medium at a significantly higher level in the virgin HDPE versus controls with the highest activity observed in oxidized HDPE at 31 days. These results illustrate the effect of PE particle surface chemistry (oxidation) on MDM cytokine secretion and esterase activity, and highlight the need to further investigate the potential of PE surface chemistry on modulating MDM function.

[Analysis on the dermal irritation caused by imported cosmetics]

Dermal irritation tests on 902 kinds of cosmetics were conducted. The acute dermal irritation/corrosion tests for 175 samples showed no irritation in 65.1% of them, and 34.9% of them were considered as slight irritation. The chronic dermal irritation/corrosion tests for another 727 samples showed no irritation for 32.2% of them, and 67.8% of them were considered as slight irritation, most of which are lipsticks, eye shadows, fluid powder foundations and powder foundations.

[Effect of hormone replacement therapy on hemorheology in postmenopausal women]

OBJECTIVE

Our study is to observe the effects of conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) on hemorheology in postmenopausal women in order to evaluate mechanism responsible for the increase in the incidence of cardiovascular disease after menopause and also to provide proper instruction and advice of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for postmenopausal women.

METHODS

60 healthy postmenopausal women were assigned to 3 groups randomly, 20 cases in each group. Group A: CEE 0.625 mg/d + MPA 2 mg/d + calcium carbonate co. (Ca-D) 600 mg/d. Group B: CEE 0.3 mg/d + MPA 2 mg/d + Ca-D 600 mg/d. Group C: Ca-D 600 mg/d only served as control. Measurements of hemorheological parameters were performed before and 6 months after treatment.

RESULTS

After 6 months of HRT, group A: blood viscosity under the shear rate of 94.5 s-1 dropped from (5.23 +/- 0.37) mPa.s to (5.03 +/- 0.43) mPa.s (P < 0.05), plasma viscosity dropped from (1.66 +/- 0.19) mPa.s to (1.58 +/- 0.15) mPa.s (P < 0.05), erythrocyte deformability dropped from (4.76 +/- 0.32) mPa.s to (4.54 +/- 0.34) mPa.s (P < 0.05). Group B: blood viscosity under the shear rate of 94.5 s-1 dropped from (5.10 +/- 0.30) mPa.s to (4.87 +/- 0.30) mPa.s (P < 0.05), erythrocyte deformability dropped from (4.65 +/- 0.34) mPa.s to (4.43 +/- 0.29) mPa.s (P < 0.05). No change was found in the control group. After treatment, the levels of plasma viscosity and fibrinogen in group A were much lower than that in group C (P < 0.05). The whole blood viscosity and plasma viscosity in group B were much lower than that in group C (P < 0.05). Thrombelastogram study demonstrated no change regardless HRT or not (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Both different dosages of CEE have favor effects on blood viscosity and erythrocyte deformabillity, which could play the role in preventing cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women.