1
|
Di Felice M, Pagano L, Pennacchietti V, Diop A, Pietrangeli P, Marcocci L, Di Matteo S, Malagrinò F, Toto A, Gianni S. The binding selectivity of the C-terminal SH3 domain of Grb2, but not its folding pathway, is dictated by its contiguous SH2 domain. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107129. [PMID: 38432639 PMCID: PMC10979101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The adaptor protein Grb2, or growth factor receptor-bound protein 2, possesses a pivotal role in the transmission of fundamental molecular signals in the cell. Despite lacking enzymatic activity, Grb2 functions as a dynamic assembly platform, orchestrating intracellular signals through its modular structure. This study delves into the energetic communication of Grb2 domains, focusing on the folding and binding properties of the C-SH3 domain linked to its neighboring SH2 domain. Surprisingly, while the folding and stability of C-SH3 remain robust and unaffected by SH2 presence, significant differences emerge in the binding properties when considered within the tandem context compared with isolated C-SH3. Through a double mutant cycle analysis, we highlighted a subset of residues, located at the interface with the SH2 domain and far from the binding site, finely regulating the binding of a peptide mimicking a physiological ligand of the C-SH3 domain. Our results have mechanistic implications about the mechanisms of specificity of the C-SH3 domain, indicating that the presence of the SH2 domain optimizes binding to its physiological target, and emphasizing the general importance of considering supramodular multidomain protein structures to understand the functional intricacies of protein-protein interaction domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Di Felice
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Livia Pagano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Pennacchietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Awa Diop
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Pietrangeli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Marcocci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Di Matteo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Malagrinò
- Dipartimento di Medicina clinica, sanità pubblica, scienze della vita e dell'ambiente, Università dell'Aquila, L'Aquila, Coppito, Italy.
| | - Angelo Toto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefano Gianni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Diop A, Pietrangeli P, Pennacchietti V, Pagano L, Toto A, Di Felice M, Di Matteo S, Marcocci L, Malagrinò F, Gianni S. Addressing the Binding Mechanism of the Meprin and TRAF-C Homology Domain of the Speckle-Type POZ Protein Using Protein Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17364. [PMID: 38139193 PMCID: PMC10743451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions play crucial roles in a wide range of biological processes, including metabolic pathways, cell cycle progression, signal transduction, and the proteasomal system. For PPIs to fulfill their biological functions, they require the specific recognition of a multitude of interacting partners. In many cases, however, protein-protein interaction domains are capable of binding different partners in the intracellular environment, but they require precise regulation of the binding events in order to exert their function properly and avoid misregulation of important molecular pathways. In this work, we focused on the MATH domain of the E3 Ligase adaptor protein SPOP in order to decipher the molecular features underlying its interaction with two different peptides that mimic its physiological partners: Puc and MacroH2A. By employing stopped-flow kinetic binding experiments, together with extensive site-directed mutagenesis, we addressed the roles of specific residues, some of which, although far from the binding site, govern these transient interactions. Our findings are compatible with a scenario in which the binding of the MATH domain with its substrate is characterized by a fine energetic network that regulates its interactions with different ligands. Results are briefly discussed in the context of previously existing work regarding the MATH domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Awa Diop
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (P.P.); (S.D.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Paola Pietrangeli
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (P.P.); (S.D.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Valeria Pennacchietti
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (P.P.); (S.D.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Livia Pagano
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (P.P.); (S.D.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Angelo Toto
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (P.P.); (S.D.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Mariana Di Felice
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (P.P.); (S.D.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Sara Di Matteo
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (P.P.); (S.D.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Lucia Marcocci
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (P.P.); (S.D.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Francesca Malagrinò
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 Coppito, Italy
| | - Stefano Gianni
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (P.P.); (S.D.M.); (L.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pennacchietti V, Pagano L, Malagrinò F, Diop A, Di Felice M, Di Matteo S, Marcocci L, Pietrangeli P, Toto A, Gianni S. Characterization of the folding and binding properties of the PTB domain of FRS2 with phosphorylated and unphosphorylated ligands. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 745:109703. [PMID: 37543351 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
PTB (PhosphoTyrosine Binding) domains are protein domains that exert their function by binding phosphotyrosine residues on other proteins. They are commonly found in a variety of signaling proteins and are important for mediating protein-protein interactions in numerous cellular processes. PTB domains can also exhibit binding to unphosphorylated ligands, suggesting that they have additional binding specificities beyond phosphotyrosine recognition. Structural studies have reported that the PTB domain from FRS2 possesses this peculiar feature, allowing it to interact with both phosphorylated and unphosphorylated ligands, such as TrkB and FGFR1, through different topologies and orientations. In an effort to elucidate the dynamic and functional properties of these protein-protein interactions, we provide a complete characterization of the folding mechanism of the PTB domain of FRS2 and the binding process to peptides mimicking specific regions of TrkB and FGFR1. By analyzing the equilibrium and kinetics of PTB folding, we propose a mechanism implying the presence of an intermediate along the folding pathway. Kinetic binding experiments performed at different ionic strengths highlighted the electrostatic nature of the interaction with both peptides. The specific role of single amino acids in early and late events of binding was pinpointed by site-directed mutagenesis. These results are discussed in light of previous experimental works on these protein systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Pennacchietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Livia Pagano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Malagrinò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Awa Diop
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariana Di Felice
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Di Matteo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Marcocci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Pietrangeli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Toto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefano Gianni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nardella C, Pagano L, Pennacchietti V, Felice MD, Matteo SD, Diop A, Malagrinò F, Marcocci L, Pietrangeli P, Gianni S, Toto A. An intramolecular energetic network regulates ligand recognition in a SH2 domain. Protein Sci 2023:e4729. [PMID: 37468946 PMCID: PMC10382797 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to investigate the molecular determinants of ligand recognition of the C-terminal SH2 domain of the SHP2 protein, we conducted extensive site-directed mutagenesis and kinetic binding experiments with a peptide mimicking a specific portion of a physiological ligand (the scaffold protein Gab2). Obtained data provided an in-depth characterization of the binding reaction, allowing us to pinpoint residues topologically far from the binding pocket of the SH2 domain to have a role in the recognition and binding of the peptide. The presence of a sparse energetic network regulating the interaction with Gab2 was identified and characterized through double mutant cycle analysis, performed by challenging all the designed site-directed variants of C-SH2 with a Gab2 peptide mutated at +3 position relative to its phosphorylated tyrosine, a key residue for C-SH2 binding specificity. Results highlighted non-optimized residues involved in the energetic network regulating the binding with Gab2, that may be at the basis of the ability of this SH2 domain to interact with different partners in the intracellular environment. Moreover, a detailed analysis of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters revealed the role of the residue at +3 position on Gab2 in the early and late events of the binding reaction with the C-SH2 domain. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Nardella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy - Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti
| | - Livia Pagano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy - Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti
| | - Valeria Pennacchietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy - Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti
| | - Mariana Di Felice
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy - Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti
| | - Sara Di Matteo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy - Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti
| | - Awa Diop
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy - Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti
| | - Francesca Malagrinò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy - Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti
| | - Lucia Marcocci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy - Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti
| | - Paola Pietrangeli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy - Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti
| | - Stefano Gianni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy - Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti
| | - Angelo Toto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy - Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Diop A, Pietrangeli P, Nardella C, Pennacchietti V, Pagano L, Toto A, Di Felice M, Di Matteo S, Marcocci L, Malagrinò F, Gianni S. Biophysical Characterization of the Binding Mechanism between the MATH Domain of SPOP and Its Physiological Partners. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10138. [PMID: 37373284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
SPOP (Speckle-type POZ protein) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase adaptor protein that mediates the ubiquitination of several substrates. Furthermore, SPOP is responsible for the regulation of both degradable and nondegradable polyubiquitination of a number of substrates with diverse biological functions. The recognition of SPOP and its physiological partners is mediated by two protein-protein interaction domains. Among them, the MATH domain recognizes different substrates, and it is critical for orchestrating diverse cellular pathways, being mutated in several human diseases. Despite its importance, the mechanism by which the MATH domain recognizes its physiological partners has escaped a detailed experimental characterization. In this work, we present a characterization of the binding mechanism of the MATH domain of SPOP with three peptides mimicking the phosphatase Puc, the chromatin component MacroH2A, and the dual-specificity phosphatase PTEN. Furthermore, by taking advantage of site-directed mutagenesis, we address the role of some key residues of MATH in the binding process. Our findings are briefly discussed in the context of previously existing data on the MATH domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Awa Diop
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Pietrangeli
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Nardella
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Pennacchietti
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Livia Pagano
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Toto
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariana Di Felice
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Di Matteo
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Marcocci
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Malagrinò
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Gianni
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|