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Augsornworawat P, Hogrebe NJ, Ishahak M, Schmidt MD, Marquez E, Maestas MM, Veronese-Paniagua DA, Gale SE, Miller JR, Velazco-Cruz L, Millman JR. Author Correction: Single-nucleus multi-omics of human stem cell-derived islets identifies deficiencies in lineage specification. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:1546. [PMID: 37558893 PMCID: PMC10567556 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Punn Augsornworawat
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MSC 8127-057-08, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Hogrebe
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MSC 8127-057-08, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Matthew Ishahak
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MSC 8127-057-08, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mason D Schmidt
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MSC 8127-057-08, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Erica Marquez
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MSC 8127-057-08, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marlie M Maestas
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MSC 8127-057-08, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel A Veronese-Paniagua
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MSC 8127-057-08, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sarah E Gale
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MSC 8127-057-08, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julia R Miller
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MSC 8127-057-08, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Leonardo Velazco-Cruz
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MSC 8127-057-08, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Millman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MSC 8127-057-08, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Augsornworawat P, Hogrebe NJ, Ishahak M, Schmidt MD, Marquez E, Maestas MM, Veronese-Paniagua DA, Gale SE, Miller JR, Velazco-Cruz L, Millman JR. Single-nucleus multi-omics of human stem cell-derived islets identifies deficiencies in lineage specification. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:904-916. [PMID: 37188763 PMCID: PMC10264244 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-producing β cells created from human pluripotent stem cells have potential as a therapy for insulin-dependent diabetes, but human pluripotent stem cell-derived islets (SC-islets) still differ from their in vivo counterparts. To better understand the state of cell types within SC-islets and identify lineage specification deficiencies, we used single-nucleus multi-omic sequencing to analyse chromatin accessibility and transcriptional profiles of SC-islets and primary human islets. Here we provide an analysis that enabled the derivation of gene lists and activity for identifying each SC-islet cell type compared with primary islets. Within SC-islets, we found that the difference between β cells and awry enterochromaffin-like cells is a gradient of cell states rather than a stark difference in identity. Furthermore, transplantation of SC-islets in vivo improved cellular identities overtime, while long-term in vitro culture did not. Collectively, our results highlight the importance of chromatin and transcriptional landscapes during islet cell specification and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punn Augsornworawat
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MSC 8127-057-08, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Hogrebe
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MSC 8127-057-08, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Matthew Ishahak
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MSC 8127-057-08, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mason D Schmidt
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MSC 8127-057-08, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Erica Marquez
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MSC 8127-057-08, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marlie M Maestas
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MSC 8127-057-08, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel A Veronese-Paniagua
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MSC 8127-057-08, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sarah E Gale
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MSC 8127-057-08, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julia R Miller
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MSC 8127-057-08, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Leonardo Velazco-Cruz
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MSC 8127-057-08, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Millman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MSC 8127-057-08, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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3
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Lanik WE, Luke CJ, Nolan LS, Gong Q, Frazer LC, Rimer JM, Gale SE, Luc R, Bidani SS, Sibbald CA, Lewis AN, Mihi B, Agrawal P, Goree M, Maestas MM, Hu E, Peters DG, Good M. Microfluidic device facilitates in vitro modeling of human neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis-on-a-chip. JCI Insight 2023; 8:146496. [PMID: 36881475 PMCID: PMC10243823 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.146496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a deadly gastrointestinal disease of premature infants that is associated with an exaggerated inflammatory response, dysbiosis of the gut microbiome, decreased epithelial cell proliferation, and gut barrier disruption. We describe an in vitro model of human neonatal small intestinal epithelium (Neonatal-Intestine-on-a-Chip) that mimics key features of intestinal physiology. This model utilizes premature infant intestinal enteroids grown from surgically harvested intestinal tissue and co-cultured with human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells within a microfluidic device. We used our Neonatal-Intestine-on-a-Chip to recapitulate NEC pathophysiology by adding infant-derived microbiota. This model, named NEC-on-a-Chip, recapitulates the predominant features of NEC including significant upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, decreased intestinal epithelial cell markers, reduced epithelial proliferation, and disrupted epithelial barrier integrity. NEC-on-a-Chip provides an improved preclinical model of NEC that facilitates comprehensive analysis of the pathophysiology of NEC using precious clinical samples. This model is an advance towards a personalized medicine approach to test new therapeutics for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt E Lanik
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Cliff J Luke
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Lila S Nolan
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Qingqing Gong
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Lauren C Frazer
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Jamie M Rimer
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Sarah E Gale
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Raymond Luc
- Emulate, Inc., Emulate, Inc., Boston, United States of America
| | - Shay S Bidani
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Carrie A Sibbald
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Angela N Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Belgacem Mihi
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Pranjal Agrawal
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Martin Goree
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Marlie M Maestas
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Elise Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - David G Peters
- Ob/Gyn, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Misty Good
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States of America
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Abstract
Insulin-producing stem cell-derived islets (SC-islets) provide a virtually unlimited cell source for diabetes cell replacement therapy. While SC-islets are less functional when first differentiated in vitro compared to isolated cadaveric islets, transplantation into mice has been shown to increase their maturation. To understand the effects of transplantation on maturation and function of SC-islets, we examined the effects of cell dose, transplantation strategy, and diabetic state in immunocompromised mice. Transplantation of 2 and 5, but not 0.75 million SC-islet cells underneath the kidney capsule successfully reversed diabetes in mice with pre-existing diabetes. SQ and intramuscular injections failed to reverse diabetes at all doses and had undetectable expression of maturation markers, such as MAFA and FAM159B. Furthermore, SC-islets had similar function and maturation marker expression regardless of diabetic state. Our results illustrate that transplantation parameters are linked to SC-islet function and maturation, providing ideal mouse models for preclinical diabetes SC therapy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina G Maxwell
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington, University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michelle H Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sarah E Gale
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Millman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington, University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Corresponding author: Jeffrey R. Millman, Washington University School of Medicine, Southwest Tower 8th Floor, MSC 8127-057-08, 660 Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Tel: +1 (314) 362-3268; Fax: (314) 362-7641;
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5
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Mihi B, Gong Q, Nolan LS, Gale SE, Goree M, Hu E, Lanik WE, Rimer JM, Liu V, Parks OB, Lewis AN, Agrawal P, Laury ML, Kumar P, Huang E, Bidani SS, Luke CJ, Kolls JK, Good M. Interleukin-22 signaling attenuates necrotizing enterocolitis by promoting epithelial cell regeneration. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100320. [PMID: 34195684 PMCID: PMC8233697 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a deadly intestinal inflammatory disorder that primarily affects premature infants and lacks adequate therapeutics. Interleukin (IL)-22 plays a critical role in gut barrier maintenance, promoting epithelial regeneration, and controlling intestinal inflammation in adult animal models. However, the importance of IL-22 signaling in neonates during NEC remains unknown. We investigated the role of IL-22 in the neonatal intestine under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions by using a mouse model of NEC. Our data reveal that Il22 expression in neonatal murine intestine is negligible until weaning, and both human and murine neonates lack IL-22 production during NEC. Mice deficient in IL-22 or lacking the IL-22 receptor in the intestine display a similar susceptibility to NEC, consistent with the lack of endogenous IL-22 during development. Strikingly, treatment with recombinant IL-22 during NEC substantially reduces inflammation and enhances epithelial regeneration. These findings may provide a new therapeutic strategy to attenuate NEC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Chemokine CXCL1/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL1/immunology
- Chemokine CXCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL2/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/drug therapy
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/immunology
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/microbiology
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/pathology
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/immunology
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/microbiology
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/pathology
- Infant, Premature
- Interleukin-1beta/genetics
- Interleukin-1beta/immunology
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Regeneration/genetics
- Regeneration/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- Weaning
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Belgacem Mihi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Qingqing Gong
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lila S. Nolan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sarah E. Gale
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Martin Goree
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Elise Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wyatt E. Lanik
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jamie M. Rimer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Victoria Liu
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Olivia B. Parks
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Angela N. Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Pranjal Agrawal
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Marie L. Laury
- Genome Technology Access Center, McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shay S. Bidani
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Cliff J. Luke
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jay K. Kolls
- Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Misty Good
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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6
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Nolan LS, Mihi B, Agrawal P, Gong Q, Rimer JM, Bidani SS, Gale SE, Goree M, Hu E, Lanik WE, Huang E, Bando JK, Liu V, Lewis AN, Bustos A, Hodzic Z, Laury ML, Good M. Indole-3-Carbinol-Dependent Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signaling Attenuates the Inflammatory Response in Experimental Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Immunohorizons 2021; 5:193-209. [PMID: 33906960 PMCID: PMC8173979 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) causes significant morbidity and mortality in premature infants; therefore, the identification of therapeutic and preventative strategies against NEC remains a high priority. The ligand-dependent transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is well known to contribute to the regulation of intestinal microbial communities and amelioration of intestinal inflammation. However, the role of AhR signaling in NEC is unclear. Experimental NEC was induced in 4-d-old wild-type mice or mice lacking AhR expression in the intestinal epithelial cells or AhR expression in CD11c+ cells (AhRΔCD11c) by subjecting animals to twice daily hypoxic stress and gavage feeding with formula supplemented with LPS and enteric bacteria. During NEC, compared with wild-type mice treated with vehicle, littermates treated with an AhR proligand, indole-3-carbinol, had reduced expression of Il1b and Marco, a scavenger receptor that mediates dendritic cell activation and the recognition and clearance of bacterial pathogens by macrophages. Furthermore, indole-3-carbinol treatment led to the downregulation of genes involved in cytokine and chemokine, as revealed by pathway enrichment analysis. AhR expression in the intestinal epithelial cells and their cre-negative mouse littermates were similarly susceptible to experimental NEC, whereas AhRΔCD11c mice with NEC exhibited heightened inflammatory responses compared with their cre-negative mouse littermates. In seeking to determine the mechanisms involved in this increased inflammatory response, we identified the Tim-4- monocyte-dependent subset of macrophages as increased in AhRΔCD11c mice compared with their cre-negative littermates. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the potential for AhR ligands as a novel immunotherapeutic approach to the management of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila S Nolan
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Belgacem Mihi
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Qingqing Gong
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jamie M Rimer
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Shay S Bidani
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Sarah E Gale
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Martin Goree
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Elise Hu
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Wyatt E Lanik
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Elizabeth Huang
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jennifer K Bando
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Victoria Liu
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Angela N Lewis
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Aiza Bustos
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Zerina Hodzic
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; and
| | - Marie L Laury
- Genome Technology Access Center, McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Misty Good
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO;
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7
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Feltes M, Gale SE, Moores S, Ory DS, Schaffer JE. Monitoring the itinerary of lysosomal cholesterol in Niemann-Pick Type C1-deficient cells after cyclodextrin treatment. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:403-412. [PMID: 31988149 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) disease is a lipid-storage disorder that is caused by mutations in the genes encoding NPC proteins and results in lysosomal cholesterol accumulation. 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (CD) has been shown to reduce lysosomal cholesterol levels and enhance sterol homeostatic responses, but CD's mechanism of action remains unknown. Recent work provides evidence that CD stimulates lysosomal exocytosis, raising the possibility that lysosomal cholesterol is released in exosomes. However, therapeutic concentrations of CD do not alter total cellular cholesterol, and cholesterol homeostatic responses at the ER are most consistent with increased ER membrane cholesterol. To address these disparate findings, here we used stable isotope labeling to track the movement of lipoprotein cholesterol cargo in response to CD in NPC1-deficient U2OS cells. Although released cholesterol was detectable, it was not associated with extracellular vesicles. Rather, we demonstrate that lysosomal cholesterol trafficks to the plasma membrane (PM), where it exchanges with lipoprotein-bound cholesterol in a CD-dependent manner. We found that in the absence of suitable extracellular cholesterol acceptors, cholesterol exchange is abrogated, cholesterol accumulates in the PM, and reesterification at the ER is increased. These results support a model in which CD promotes intracellular redistribution of lysosomal cholesterol, but not cholesterol exocytosis or efflux, during the restoration of cholesterol homeostatic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKenna Feltes
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Sarah E Gale
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Samantha Moores
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Daniel S Ory
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jean E Schaffer
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO .,Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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8
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Davidson J, Molitor E, Moores S, Gale SE, Subramanian K, Jiang X, Sidhu R, Kell P, Zhang J, Fujiwara H, Davidson C, Helquist P, Melancon BJ, Grigalunas M, Liu G, Salahi F, Wiest O, Xu X, Porter FD, Pipalia NH, Cruz DL, Holson EB, Schaffer JE, Walkley SU, Maxfield FR, Ory DS. 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin is the active component in a triple combination formulation for treatment of Niemann-Pick C1 disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:1545-1561. [PMID: 31051283 PMCID: PMC6679735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) disease is a fatal neurovisceral disease for which there are no FDA approved treatments, though cyclodextrin (HPβCD) slows disease progression in preclinical models and in an early phase clinical trial. Our goal was to evaluate the mechanism of action of a previously described combination-therapy, Triple Combination Formulation (TCF) - comprised of the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) vorinostat/HPβCD/PEG - shown to prolong survival in Npc1 mice. In these studies, TCF's benefit was attributed to enhanced vorinostat pharmacokinetics (PK). Here, we show that TCF reduced lipid storage, extended lifespan, and preserved neurological function in Npc1 mice. Unexpectedly, substitution of an inactive analog for vorinostat in TCF revealed similar efficacy. We demonstrate that the efficacy of TCF was attributable to enhanced HPβCD PK and independent of NPC1 protein expression. We conclude that although HDACi effectively reduce cholesterol storage in NPC1-deficient cells, HDACi are ineffective in vivo in Npc1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Davidson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Elizabeth Molitor
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Samantha Moores
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sarah E Gale
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kanagaraj Subramanian
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xuntian Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rohini Sidhu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Pamela Kell
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jesse Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hideji Fujiwara
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Cristin Davidson
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1410 Pelham Parkway South, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Paul Helquist
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 5670, USA
| | - Bruce J Melancon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 5670, USA
| | - Michael Grigalunas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 5670, USA
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 5670, USA
| | - Farbod Salahi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 5670, USA
| | - Olaf Wiest
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 5670, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), 9800 Medical Center Dr., National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Forbes D Porter
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nina H Pipalia
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dana L Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Jean E Schaffer
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Steven U Walkley
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1410 Pelham Parkway South, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Frederick R Maxfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel S Ory
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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9
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Feltes M, Moores S, Gale SE, Krishnan K, Mydock-McGrane L, Covey DF, Ory DS, Schaffer JE. Synthesis and characterization of diazirine alkyne probes for the study of intracellular cholesterol trafficking. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:707-716. [PMID: 30617147 PMCID: PMC6399506 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d091470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential structural component of cellular membranes and precursor molecule for oxysterol, bile acid, and hormone synthesis. The study of intracellular cholesterol trafficking pathways has been limited in part due to a lack of suitable cholesterol analogues. Herein, we developed three novel diazirine alkyne cholesterol probes: LKM38, KK174, and KK175. We evaluated these probes as well as a previously described diazirine alkyne cholesterol analogue, trans-sterol, for their fidelity as cholesterol mimics and for study of cholesterol trafficking. LKM38 emerged as a promising cholesterol mimic because it both sustained the growth of cholesterol-auxotrophic cells and appropriately regulated key cholesterol homeostatic pathways. When presented as an ester in lipoprotein particles, LKM38 initially localized to the lysosome and subsequently trafficked to the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum. LKM38 bound to diverse, established cholesterol binding proteins. Through a detailed characterization of the cellular behavior of a panel of diazirine alkyne probes using cell biological, biochemical trafficking assays and immunofluorescence approaches, we conclude that LKM38 can serve as a powerful tool for the study of cholesterol protein interactions and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKenna Feltes
- Departments of Medicine Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Samantha Moores
- Departments of Medicine Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Sarah E Gale
- Departments of Medicine Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Kathiresan Krishnan
- Developmental Biology Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | | | - Douglas F Covey
- Developmental Biology Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Daniel S Ory
- Departments of Medicine Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jean E Schaffer
- Departments of Medicine Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Developmental Biology Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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10
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Jiang X, Sidhu R, Mydock-McGrane L, Hsu FF, Covey DF, Scherrer DE, Earley B, Gale SE, Farhat NY, Porter FD, Dietzen DJ, Orsini JJ, Berry-Kravis E, Zhang X, Reunert J, Marquardt T, Runz H, Giugliani R, Schaffer JE, Ory DS. Development of a bile acid-based newborn screen for Niemann-Pick disease type C. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:337ra63. [PMID: 27147587 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf2326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a fatal, neurodegenerative, cholesterol storage disorder. With new therapeutics in clinical trials, it is imperative to improve diagnostics and facilitate early intervention. We used metabolomic profiling to identify potential markers and discovered three unknown bile acids that were increased in plasma from NPC but not control subjects. The bile acids most elevated in the NPC subjects were identified as 3β,5α,6β-trihydroxycholanic acid and its glycine conjugate, which were shown to be metabolites of cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol, an oxysterol elevated in NPC. A high-throughput mass spectrometry-based method was developed and validated to measure the glycine-conjugated bile acid in dried blood spots. Analysis of dried blood spots from 4992 controls, 134 NPC carriers, and 44 NPC subjects provided 100% sensitivity and specificity in the study samples. Quantification of the bile acid in dried blood spots, therefore, provides the basis for a newborn screen for NPC that is ready for piloting in newborn screening programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuntian Jiang
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rohini Sidhu
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laurel Mydock-McGrane
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Douglas F Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David E Scherrer
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian Earley
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sarah E Gale
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nicole Y Farhat
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Forbes D Porter
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dennis J Dietzen
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joseph J Orsini
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | | | - Xiaokui Zhang
- Genzyme, 500 Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Janice Reunert
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin-Allgemeine Pädiatrie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thorsten Marquardt
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin-Allgemeine Pädiatrie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Heiko Runz
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Department of Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Roberto Giugliani
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Jean E Schaffer
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniel S Ory
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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11
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Iaea DB, Gale SE, Bielska AA, Krishnan K, Fujiwara H, Jiang H, Maxfield FR, Schlesinger PH, Covey DF, Schaffer JE, Ory DS. A novel intrinsically fluorescent probe for study of uptake and trafficking of 25-hydroxycholesterol. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:2408-19. [PMID: 26497473 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d064287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol homeostasis is regulated not only by cholesterol, but also by oxygenated cholesterol species, referred to as oxysterols. Side-chain oxysterols, such as 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC), regulate cholesterol homeostasis through feedback inhibition and feed-forward activation of transcriptional pathways that govern cholesterol synthesis, uptake, and elimination, as well as through direct nongenomic actions that modulate cholesterol accessibility in membranes. Elucidating the cellular distribution of 25-HC is required to understand its biological activity at the molecular level. However, studying oxysterol distribution and behavior within cells has proven difficult due to the lack of fluorescent analogs of 25-HC that retain its chemical and physical properties. To address this, we synthesized a novel intrinsically fluorescent 25-HC mimetic, 25-hydroxycholestatrienol (25-HCTL). We show that 25-HCTL modulates sterol homeostatic responses in a similar manner as 25-HC. 25-HCTL associates with lipoproteins in media and is taken up by cells through LDL-mediated endocytosis. In cultured cells, 25-HCTL redistributes among cellular membranes and, at steady state, has a similar distribution as cholesterol, being enriched in both the endocytic recycling compartment as well as the plasma membrane. Our findings indicate that 25-HCTL is a faithful fluorescent 25-HC mimetic that can be used to investigate the mechanisms through which 25-HC regulates sterol homeostatic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Iaea
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Sarah E Gale
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Agata A Bielska
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Kathiresan Krishnan
- Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Hideji Fujiwara
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Hui Jiang
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | | | - Paul H Schlesinger
- Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Douglas F Covey
- Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jean E Schaffer
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Daniel S Ory
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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12
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Jinn S, Brandis KA, Ren A, Chacko A, Dudley-Rucker N, Gale SE, Sidhu R, Fujiwara H, Jiang H, Olsen BN, Schaffer JE, Ory DS. snoRNA U17 regulates cellular cholesterol trafficking. Cell Metab 2015; 21:855-67. [PMID: 25980348 PMCID: PMC4456254 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is required for the growth and viability of mammalian cells and is an obligate precursor for steroid hormone synthesis. Using a loss-of-function screen for mutants with defects in intracellular cholesterol trafficking, a Chinese hamster ovary cell mutant with haploinsufficiency of the U17 snoRNA was isolated. U17 is an H/ACA orphan snoRNA, for which a function other than ribosomal processing has not previously been identified. Through expression profiling, we identified hypoxia-upregulated mitochondrial movement regulator (HUMMR) mRNA as a target that is negatively regulated by U17 snoRNA. Upregulation of HUMMR in U17 snoRNA-deficient cells promoted the formation of ER-mitochondrial contacts, decreasing esterification of cholesterol and facilitating cholesterol trafficking to mitochondria. U17 snoRNA and HUMMR regulate mitochondrial synthesis of steroids in vivo and are developmentally regulated in steroidogenic tissues, suggesting that the U17 snoRNA-HUMMR pathway may serve a previously unrecognized, physiological role in gonadal tissue maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jinn
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Katrina A Brandis
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aileen Ren
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Anita Chacko
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nicole Dudley-Rucker
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sarah E Gale
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rohini Sidhu
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hideji Fujiwara
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hui Jiang
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brett N Olsen
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jean E Schaffer
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniel S Ory
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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13
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Bielska AA, Olsen BN, Gale SE, Mydock-McGrane L, Krishnan K, Baker NA, Schlesinger PH, Covey DF, Ory DS. Side-chain oxysterols modulate cholesterol accessibility through membrane remodeling. Biochemistry 2014; 53:3042-51. [PMID: 24758724 PMCID: PMC4020583 DOI: 10.1021/bi5000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Side-chain
oxysterols, such as 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC), are
key regulators of cholesterol homeostasis. New evidence suggests that
the alteration of membrane structure by 25-HC contributes to its regulatory
effects. We have examined the role of oxysterol membrane effects on
cholesterol accessibility within the membrane using perfringolysin
O (PFO), a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin that selectively binds
accessible cholesterol, as a sensor of membrane cholesterol accessibility.
We show that 25-HC increases cholesterol accessibility in a manner
dependent on the membrane lipid composition. Structural analysis of
molecular dynamics simulations reveals that increased cholesterol
accessibility is associated with membrane thinning, and that the effects
of 25-HC on cholesterol accessibility are driven by these changes
in membrane thickness. Further, we find that the 25-HC antagonist
LY295427 (agisterol) abrogates the membrane effects of 25-HC in a
nonenantioselective
manner, suggesting that agisterol antagonizes the cholesterol-homeostatic
effects of 25-HC indirectly through its membrane interactions. These
studies demonstrate that oxysterols regulate cholesterol accessibility,
and thus the availability of cholesterol to be sensed
and transported throughout the cell, by modulating the membrane environment.
This work
provides new insights into how alterations in membrane structure can
be used to relay cholesterol regulatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata A Bielska
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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14
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Porter FD, Scherrer DE, Lanier MH, Langmade SJ, Molugu V, Gale SE, Olzeski D, Sidhu R, Dietzen DJ, Fu R, Wassif CA, Yanjanin NM, Marso SP, House J, Vite C, Schaffer JE, Ory DS. Cholesterol oxidation products are sensitive and specific blood-based biomarkers for Niemann-Pick C1 disease. Sci Transl Med 2010; 2:56ra81. [PMID: 21048217 PMCID: PMC3170139 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) disease is a rare progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by accumulation of cholesterol in the endolysosomes. Previous studies implicating oxidative stress in NPC1 disease pathogenesis raised the possibility that nonenzymatic formation of cholesterol oxidation products could serve as disease biomarkers. We measured these metabolites in the plasma and tissues of the Npc1(-/-) mouse model and found several cholesterol oxidation products that were elevated in Npc1(-/-) mice, were detectable before the onset of symptoms, and were associated with disease progression. Nonenzymatically formed cholesterol oxidation products were similarly increased in the plasma of all human NPC1 subjects studied and delineated an oxysterol profile specific for NPC1 disease. This oxysterol profile also correlated with the age of disease onset and disease severity. We further show that the plasma oxysterol markers decreased in response to an established therapeutic intervention in the NPC1 feline model. These cholesterol oxidation products are robust blood-based biochemical markers for NPC1 disease that may prove transformative for diagnosis and treatment of this disorder, and as outcome measures to monitor response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forbes D. Porter
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, DHHS Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - David E. Scherrer
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Michael H. Lanier
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - S. Joshua Langmade
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Vasumathi Molugu
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Sarah E. Gale
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Dana Olzeski
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Rohini Sidhu
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Dennis J. Dietzen
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Rao Fu
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, DHHS Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Christopher A. Wassif
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, DHHS Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nicole M. Yanjanin
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, DHHS Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Steven P. Marso
- St. Luke’s Mid-America Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine
| | - John House
- St. Luke’s Mid-America Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine
| | - Charles Vite
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Jean E. Schaffer
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Daniel S. Ory
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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15
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Gale SE, Westover EJ, Dudley N, Krishnan K, Merlin S, Scherrer DE, Han X, Zhai X, Brockman HL, Brown RE, Covey DF, Schaffer JE, Schlesinger P, Ory DS. Side chain oxygenated cholesterol regulates cellular cholesterol homeostasis through direct sterol-membrane interactions. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:1755-64. [PMID: 18996837 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807210200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Side chain oxysterols exert cholesterol homeostatic effects by suppression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein maturation and promoting degradation of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase. To examine whether oxysterol-membrane interactions contribute to the regulation of cellular cholesterol homeostasis, we synthesized the enantiomer of 25-hydroxycholesterol. Using this unique oxysterol probe, we provide evidence that oxysterol regulation of cholesterol homeostatic responses is not mediated by enantiospecific oxysterol-protein interactions. We show that side chain oxysterols, but not steroid ring-modified oxysterols, exhibit membrane expansion behavior in phospholipid monolayers and bilayers in vitro. This behavior is non-enantiospecific and is abrogated by increasing the saturation of phospholipid acyl chain constituents. Moreover, we extend these findings into cultured cells by showing that exposure to saturated fatty acids at concentrations that lead to endoplasmic reticulum membrane phospholipid remodeling inhibits oxysterol activity. These studies implicate oxysterol-membrane interactions in acute regulation of sterol homeostatic responses and provide new insights into the mechanism through which oxysterols regulate cellular cholesterol balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Gale
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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16
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Gelsthorpe ME, Baumann N, Millard E, Gale SE, Langmade SJ, Schaffer JE, Ory DS. Niemann-Pick type C1 I1061T mutant encodes a functional protein that is selected for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation due to protein misfolding. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:8229-36. [PMID: 18216017 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708735200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 200 disease-causing mutations have been identified in the NPC1 gene. The most prevalent mutation, NPC1(I1061T), is predicted to lie within the cysteine-rich luminal domain and is associated with the classic juvenile-onset phenotype of Niemann-Pick type C disease. To gain insight into the molecular mechanism by which the NPC1(I1061T) mutation causes disease, we examined expression of the mutant protein in human fibroblasts homozygous for the NPC1(I1061T) mutation. Despite similar NPC1 mRNA levels between wild type and NPC1(I1061T) fibroblasts, NPC1 protein levels are decreased by 85% in NPC1(I1061T) cells. Metabolic labeling studies demonstrate that unlike wild type protein, which undergoes a glycosylation pattern shift from Endo H-sensitive to Endo H-resistant species, NPC1(I1061T) protein remains almost exclusively Endo H-sensitive and exhibits a reduced half-life (t((1/2)) 6.5 h) versus wild type Endo H-resistant species (t((1/2)) 42 h). Treatment with chemical chaperones, growth at permissive temperature, or inhibition of proteasomal degradation increases NPC1(I1061T) protein levels, indicating that the mutant protein is likely targeted for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) due to protein misfolding. Overexpression of NPC1(I1061T) in NPC1-deficient cells results in late endosomal localization of the mutant protein and complementation of the NPC mutant phenotype, likely due to a small proportion of the nascent NPC1(I1061T) protein that is able to fold correctly and escape the endoplasmic reticulum quality control checkpoints. Our findings provide the first description of an endoplasmic reticulum trafficking defect as a mechanism for human NPC disease, shedding light on the mechanism by which the NPC1(I1061T) mutation causes disease and suggesting novel approaches to treat NPC disease caused by the NPC1(I1061T) mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Gelsthorpe
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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17
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Abstract
Cell dysfunction and death induced by lipid accumulation in nonadipose tissues, or lipotoxicity, may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, the mechanisms leading to lipotoxic cell death are poorly understood. We recently reported that, in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts, lipid overload induced by incubation with 500 muM palmitate leads to intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species, which subsequently induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cell death. Here, we show that palmitate also impairs ER function through a more direct mechanism. Palmitate was rapidly incorporated into saturated phospholipid and triglyceride species in microsomal membranes of CHO cells. The resulting membrane remodeling was associated with dramatic dilatation of the ER and redistribution of protein-folding chaperones to the cytosol within 5 h, indicating compromised ER membrane integrity. Increasing beta-oxidation, through the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase, decreased palmitate incorporation into microsomes, decreased the escape of chaperones to the cytosol, and decreased subsequent caspase activation and cell death. Thus, palmitate rapidly increases the saturated lipid content of the ER, leading to compromised ER morphology and integrity, suggesting that impairment of the structure and function of this organelle is involved in the cellular response to fatty acid overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nica M Borradaile
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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18
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Langmade SJ, Gale SE, Frolov A, Mohri I, Suzuki K, Mellon SH, Walkley SU, Covey DF, Schaffer JE, Ory DS. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) activation: a mechanism for neuroprotection in a mouse model of Niemann-Pick C disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:13807-12. [PMID: 16940355 PMCID: PMC1564205 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0606218103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by neuronal lipid storage and progressive Purkinje cell loss in the cerebellum. We investigated whether therapeutic approaches to bypass the cholesterol trafficking defect in NPC1 disease might delay disease progression in the npc1(-/-) mouse model. We show that the neurosteroid allopregnanolone (ALLO) and T0901317, a synthetic oxysterol ligand, act in concert to delay onset of neurological symptoms and prolong the lifespan of npc1(-/-) mice. ALLO and T0901317 therapy preserved Purkinje cells, suppressed cerebellar expression of microglial-associated genes and inflammatory mediators, and reduced infiltration of activated microglia in the cerebellar tissue. To establish whether the mechanism of neuroprotection in npc1(-/-) mice involves GABA(A) receptor activation, we compared treatment of natural ALLO and ent-ALLO, a stereoisomer that has identical physical properties of natural ALLO but is not a GABA(A) receptor agonist. ent-ALLO provided identical functional and survival benefits as natural ALLO in npc1(-/-) mice, strongly supporting a GABA(A) receptor-independent mechanism for ALLO action. On the other hand, the efficacy of ALLO, ent-ALLO, and T0901317 therapy correlated with the ability of these compounds to activate pregnane X receptor-dependent pathways in vivo. These findings suggest that treatment with pregnane X receptor ligands may be useful clinically in delaying the progressive neurodegeneration in human NPC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Joshua Langmade
- *Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Sarah E. Gale
- *Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Andrey Frolov
- *Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Ikuko Mohri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Kinuko Suzuki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Synthia H. Mellon
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Steven U. Walkley
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Douglas F. Covey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jean E. Schaffer
- *Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Daniel S. Ory
- *Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, and
- **To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8086, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110. E-mail:
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Gale SE, Frolov A, Han X, Bickel PE, Cao L, Bowcock A, Schaffer JE, Ory DS. A regulatory role for 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate-O-acyltransferase 2 in adipocyte differentiation. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:11082-9. [PMID: 16495223 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m509612200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate-O-acyltransferase 2 (AGPAT2) gene have been identified in individuals affected with congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL). AGPAT2 catalyzes acylation of lysophosphatidic acid to phosphatidic acid, a precursor for both triacylglycerol (TAG) and phospholipid synthesis. Recent studies suggest that reduced AGPAT2 enzymatic activity may underlie the CGL clinical phenotype. To gain insight into how altered AGPAT2 activity causes lipodystrophy, we examined the effect of knockdown of AGPAT2 expression in preadipocytes on TAG synthesis and storage, and on adipocyte differentiation. We show that AGPAT2 mRNA expression is induced 30-fold during adipocyte differentiation and that AGPAT2 enzymatic activity is required for TAG mass accumulation in mature adipocytes. We demonstrate that small interference RNA-mediated knockdown of AGPAT2 expression prevents appropriate early induction of C/EBPbeta and PPARgamma, key transcriptional activators of the adipogenic program, and delays expression of multiple adipocyte-related genes. The unexpected finding, that levels of several phospholipid species, including phosphatidic acid (PA), are elevated in TAG-depleted adipocytes with AGPAT2 knockdown, suggests that impaired AGPAT2 activity affects availability of PA for TAG synthesis but not overall PA synthesis nor utilization of PA for phospholipid synthesis. These findings underscore the importance of an AGPAT2-mediated metabolic pathway in adipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Gale
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110-1010, USA
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Millard EE, Gale SE, Dudley N, Zhang J, Schaffer JE, Ory DS. The sterol-sensing domain of the Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) protein regulates trafficking of low density lipoprotein cholesterol. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:28581-90. [PMID: 15908696 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m414024200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) protein is a key participant in intracellular sterol trafficking and regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. NPC1 contains a pentahelical region that is evolutionarily related to sterol-sensing domains found in other polytopic proteins involved in sterol interactions or sterol metabolism, including sterol regulatory element-binding protein cleavage-activating protein and hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase. To gain insight into the role of the sterol-sensing domain of NPC1, we examined the effect of point mutations in the NPC1 sterol-sensing domain on the trafficking of low density lipoprotein-derived cholesterol and sphingolipids. We show that an NPC1 P692S loss of function mutation results in decreased cholesterol delivery to the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum. By contrast, NPC1 proteins carrying a L657F or D787N point mutation, which correspond to the activating SCAP L315F and D443N mutations, respectively, exhibit a gain of function phenotype. Specifically, cell lines expressing the NPC1 L657F or D787N mutations show a nearly 2-fold increase in the rates of low density lipoprotein cholesterol trafficking to the plasma membrane and to the endoplasmic reticulum, and more rapid suppression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-dependent gene expression. Trafficking of sphingolipids is intact in the D787N and L657F cell lines. Our finding that D787N and L657F are activating NPC1 mutations provide evidence for a conserved mechanism for the sterol-sensing domain among cholesterol homeostatic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E Millard
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110-1010, USA
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Abstract
The preparation and properties of the copper(II) complex Cu(SUP)2.H2O are reported for the anti-inflammatory drug Suprofen (SUP). The diffuse reflectance spectra and magnetic moment are consistent with a dinuclear structure as found for [Cu(aspirinate)2(H2O)]2. The copper(II) complex exhibits an increased superoxide dismutase activity compared with the parent drug molecule in the nitroblue tetrazolium assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Underhill
- Department of Chemistry, University College of North Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, United Kingdom
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