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Stepien TA, Singletary LA, Guerra FE, Karlinsey JE, Libby SJ, Jaslow SL, Gaggioli MR, Gibbs KD, Ko DC, Brehm MA, Greiner DL, Shultz LD, Fang FC. Nuclear factor kappa B-dependent persistence of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi in human macrophages. mBio 2024; 15:e0045424. [PMID: 38497655 PMCID: PMC11005419 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00454-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella serovars Typhi and Paratyphi cause a prolonged illness known as enteric fever, whereas other serovars cause acute gastroenteritis. Mechanisms responsible for the divergent clinical manifestations of nontyphoidal and enteric fever Salmonella infections have remained elusive. Here, we show that S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A can persist within human macrophages, whereas S. Typhimurium rapidly induces apoptotic macrophage cell death that is dependent on Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2). S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A lack 12 specific SPI2 effectors with pro-apoptotic functions, including nine that target nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Pharmacologic inhibition of NF-κB or heterologous expression of the SPI2 effectors GogA or GtgA restores apoptosis of S. Typhi-infected macrophages. In addition, the absence of the SPI2 effector SarA results in deficient signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) activation and interleukin 12 production, leading to impaired TH1 responses in macrophages and humanized mice. The absence of specific nontyphoidal SPI2 effectors may allow S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A to cause chronic infections. IMPORTANCE Salmonella enterica is a common cause of gastrointestinal infections worldwide. The serovars Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A cause a distinctive systemic illness called enteric fever, whose pathogenesis is incompletely understood. Here, we show that enteric fever Salmonella serovars lack 12 specific virulence factors possessed by nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars, which allow the enteric fever serovars to persist within human macrophages. We propose that this fundamental difference in the interaction of Salmonella with human macrophages is responsible for the chronicity of typhoid and paratyphoid fever, suggesting that targeting the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) complex responsible for macrophage survival could facilitate the clearance of persistent bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A. Stepien
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Fermin E. Guerra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joyce E. Karlinsey
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen J. Libby
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sarah L. Jaslow
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Margaret R. Gaggioli
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kyle D. Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dennis C. Ko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael A. Brehm
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dale L. Greiner
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Ferric C. Fang
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Troxell B, Jaslow SL, Tsai IW, Sullivan C, Draper BE, Jarrold MF, Lindsey K, Blue L. Partial genome content within rAAVs impacts performance in a cell assay-dependent manner. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 30:288-302. [PMID: 37583716 PMCID: PMC10423999 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) deliver DNA to numerous cell types. However, packaging of partial genomes into the rAAV capsid is of concern. Although empty rAAV capsids are studied, there is little information regarding the impact of partial DNA content on rAAV performance in controlled studies. To address this, we tested vectors containing varying levels of partial, self-complementary EGFP genomes. Density gradient cesium chloride ultracentrifugation was used to isolate three distinct rAAV populations: (1) a lighter fraction, (2) a moderate fraction, and (3) a heavy fraction. Alkaline gels, Illumina Mi-Seq, size exclusion chromatography with multi-angle light scattering (SEC-MALS), and charge detection mass spectrometry (CD-MS) were used to characterize the genome of each population and ddPCR to quantify residual DNA molecules. Live-cell imaging and EGFP ELISA assays demonstrated reduced expression following transduction with the light fraction compared with the moderate and heavy fractions. However, PCR-based assays showed that the light density delivered EGFP DNA to cells as efficiently as the moderate and heavy fractions. Mi-Seq data revealed an underrepresentation of the promoter region for EGFP, suggesting that expression of EGFP was reduced because of lack of regulatory control. This work demonstrates that rAAVs containing partial genomes contribute to the DNA signal but have reduced vector performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Troxell
- StrideBio Analytical Development and Quality Control, 5 Laboratory Drive, Suite 1200, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- AjaxBio, LLC, Holly Springs, NC 27540, USA
| | - Sarah L. Jaslow
- StrideBio Analytical Development and Quality Control, 5 Laboratory Drive, Suite 1200, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - I-Wei Tsai
- StrideBio Analytical Development and Quality Control, 5 Laboratory Drive, Suite 1200, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Chelsea Sullivan
- StrideBio Analytical Development and Quality Control, 5 Laboratory Drive, Suite 1200, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Benjamin E. Draper
- Megadalton Solutions, Inc., 3750 E. Bluebird Ln., Bloomington, IN 47401, USA
| | - Martin F. Jarrold
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Kate Lindsey
- StrideBio Analytical Development and Quality Control, 5 Laboratory Drive, Suite 1200, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Levi Blue
- StrideBio Analytical Development and Quality Control, 5 Laboratory Drive, Suite 1200, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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3
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Gibbs KD, Washington EJ, Jaslow SL, Bourgeois JS, Foster MW, Guo R, Brennan RG, Ko DC. The Salmonella Secreted Effector SarA/SteE Mimics Cytokine Receptor Signaling to Activate STAT3. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 27:129-139.e4. [PMID: 31901521 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria masterfully co-opt and subvert host signal transduction. As a paradigmatic example, Salmonella uses two type-3 secretion systems to inject effector proteins that facilitate Salmonella entry, establishment of an intracellular niche, and modulation of immune responses. We previously demonstrated that the Salmonella anti-inflammatory response activator SarA (Stm2585, GogC, PagJ, SteE) activates the host transcription factor STAT3 to drive expression of immunomodulatory STAT3-targets. Here, we demonstrate-by sequence, function, and biochemical measurement-that SarA mimics the cytoplasmic domain of glycoprotein 130 (gp130, IL6ST). SarA is phosphorylated at a YxxQ motif, facilitating binding to STAT3 with greater affinity than gp130. Departing from canonical gp130 signaling, SarA function is JAK-independent but requires GSK-3, a key regulator of metabolism and development. Our results reveal that SarA undergoes host phosphorylation to recruit a STAT3-activating complex, circumventing cytokine receptor activation. Effector mimicry of gp130 suggests GSK-3 can regulate normal cytokine signaling, potentially enabling metabolic and immune crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Erica J Washington
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sarah L Jaslow
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Bourgeois
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Matthew W Foster
- Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robyn Guo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Richard G Brennan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dennis C Ko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Jaslow SL, Gibbs KD, Fricke WF, Wang L, Pittman KJ, Mammel MK, Thaden JT, Fowler VG, Hammer GE, Elfenbein JR, Ko DC. Salmonella Activation of STAT3 Signaling by SarA Effector Promotes Intracellular Replication and Production of IL-10. Cell Rep 2019; 23:3525-3536. [PMID: 29924996 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is an important foodborne pathogen that uses secreted effector proteins to manipulate host pathways to facilitate survival and dissemination. Different S. enterica serovars cause disease syndromes ranging from gastroenteritis to typhoid fever and vary in their effector repertoire. We leveraged this natural diversity to identify stm2585, here designated sarA (Salmonella anti-inflammatory response activator), as a Salmonella effector that induces production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. RNA-seq of cells infected with either ΔsarA or wild-type S. Typhimurium revealed that SarA activates STAT3 transcriptional targets. Consistent with this, SarA is necessary and sufficient for STAT3 phosphorylation, STAT3 inhibition blocks IL-10 production, and SarA and STAT3 interact by co-immunoprecipitation. These effects of SarA contribute to intracellular replication in vitro and bacterial load at systemic sites in mice. Our results demonstrate the power of using comparative genomics for identifying effectors and that Salmonella has evolved mechanisms for activating an important anti-inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Jaslow
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kyle D Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - W Florian Fricke
- Department of Nutrigenomics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Liuyang Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kelly J Pittman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mark K Mammel
- Division of Molecular Biology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Joshua T Thaden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Vance G Fowler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Gianna E Hammer
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Johanna R Elfenbein
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Dennis C Ko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Wang L, Ko ER, Gilchrist JJ, Pittman KJ, Rautanen A, Pirinen M, Thompson JW, Dubois LG, Langley RJ, Jaslow SL, Salinas RE, Rouse DC, Moseley MA, Mwarumba S, Njuguna P, Mturi N, Williams TN, Scott JAG, Hill AVS, Woods CW, Ginsburg GS, Tsalik EL, Ko DC. Human genetic and metabolite variation reveals that methylthioadenosine is a prognostic biomarker and an inflammatory regulator in sepsis. Sci Adv 2017; 3:e1602096. [PMID: 28345042 PMCID: PMC5342653 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a deleterious inflammatory response to infection with high mortality. Reliable sepsis biomarkers could improve diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Integration of human genetics, patient metabolite and cytokine measurements, and testing in a mouse model demonstrate that the methionine salvage pathway is a regulator of sepsis that can accurately predict prognosis in patients. Pathway-based genome-wide association analysis of nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia showed a strong enrichment for single-nucleotide polymorphisms near the components of the methionine salvage pathway. Measurement of the pathway's substrate, methylthioadenosine (MTA), in two cohorts of sepsis patients demonstrated increased plasma MTA in nonsurvivors. Plasma MTA was correlated with levels of inflammatory cytokines, indicating that elevated MTA marks a subset of patients with excessive inflammation. A machine-learning model combining MTA and other variables yielded approximately 80% accuracy (area under the curve) in predicting death. Furthermore, mice infected with Salmonella had prolonged survival when MTA was administered before infection, suggesting that manipulating MTA levels could regulate the severity of the inflammatory response. Our results demonstrate how combining genetic data, biomolecule measurements, and animal models can shape our understanding of disease and lead to new biomarkers for patient stratification and potential therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyang Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Emily R. Ko
- Duke Regional Hospital, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - James J. Gilchrist
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, U.K
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, U.K
| | - Kelly J. Pittman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Anna Rautanen
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, U.K
| | - Matti Pirinen
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, U.K
| | - J. Will Thompson
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Laura G. Dubois
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Raymond J. Langley
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Sarah L. Jaslow
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Raul E. Salinas
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - D. Clayburn Rouse
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - M. Arthur Moseley
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Salim Mwarumba
- Kenya Medical Research Institute–Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya
| | - Patricia Njuguna
- Kenya Medical Research Institute–Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya
| | - Neema Mturi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute–Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya
| | | | | | - Thomas N. Williams
- Kenya Medical Research Institute–Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, U.K
| | - J. Anthony G. Scott
- Kenya Medical Research Institute–Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, U.K
| | - Adrian V. S. Hill
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, U.K
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Christopher W. Woods
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Medical Service, Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Geoffrey S. Ginsburg
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ephraim L. Tsalik
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Emergency Medicine Service, Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Dennis C. Ko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Ko DC, Jaslow SL. The marriage of quantitative genetics and cell biology: a novel screening approach reveals people have genetically encoded variation in microtubule stability. Bioarchitecture 2014; 4:58-61. [PMID: 24618686 DOI: 10.4161/bioa.28481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules play a central role in many essential cellular processes, including chromosome segregation, intracellular transport, and cell polarity. As these dynamic polymers are crucial components of eukaryotic cellular architecture, we were surprised by our recent discovery that a common human genetic difference leads to variation in microtubule stability in cells from different people. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) near the TUBB6 gene, encoding class V β-tubulin, is associated with the expression level of this protein, which reduces microtubule stability at higher levels of expression. We discuss the novel cellular GWAS (genome-wide association study) platform that led to this discovery of natural, common variation in microtubule stability and the implications this finding may have for human health and disease, including cancer and neurological disorders. Furthermore, our generalizable approach provides a gateway for cell biologists to help interpret the functional consequences of human genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis C Ko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology; School of Medicine; Duke University; Durham, NC USA; Department of Medicine and the Center for Human Genome Variation; School of Medicine; Duke University; Durham, NC USA
| | - Sarah L Jaslow
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology; School of Medicine; Duke University; Durham, NC USA
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