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Hickey C, Nguyen S, Anes J, Hurley D, Donoghue O, Fanning S, Schaffer K. Differences in antimicrobial susceptibility testing complicating management of IMP carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales infection. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2021; 27:284-288. [PMID: 34775131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES IMP-type carbapenemases are rarely detected in Europe and limited information is available to guide the treatment of infections caused by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) producing these carbapenemases. Accurate antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) results are essential for optimal antibiotic management. Here we report discrepancies in AST of IMP-producing Enterobacterales (IMP-CPE) complicating the management of severe sepsis. METHODS Antimicrobial susceptibilities were analysed by in-house VITEK® 2, Etest and broth microdilution (BMD). Carbapenemase-encoding genes were detected by PCR. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed using an Illumina MiSeq platform. RESULTS Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) determined by VITEK® 2 for Enterobacter hormaechei and Klebsiella oxytoca blood culture isolates were ≥16 mg/L for meropenem and ≤0.5 mg/L for ertapenem. In contrast, Etest analysis and BMD returned MICs of 2 mg/L and 1 mg/L, respectively. Both isolates tested positive for IMP carbapenemase-encoding genes by PCR. WGS revealed that both isolates carried the same blaIMP-4 gene. Based on VITEK® 2 susceptibilities, initial treatment was with tigecycline and amikacin. After subsequent deterioration, the patient was successfully treated with ertapenem and amikacin. CONCLUSION This case highlights that automated AST by VITEK® 2 can over-report meropenem resistance for IMP carbapenemase-producers compared with Etest and BMD. Clinicians need to be cautious deciding against carbapenem treatment based on VITEK® 2 susceptibility testing results for IMP-positive Enterobacterales. Tigecycline was inferior to carbapenem treatment for pyelonephritis caused by isolates expressing IMP carbapenemases, however specific evidence guiding the treatment of these infections is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hickey
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Department of Clinical Microbiology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin D04 T6F4, Ireland
| | - S Nguyen
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
| | - J Anes
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
| | - D Hurley
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
| | - O Donoghue
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin D04 T6F4, Ireland
| | - S Fanning
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
| | - K Schaffer
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Department of Clinical Microbiology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin D04 T6F4, Ireland.
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2
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Godwin JE, Mattar B, Maris M, Bachier C, Stevens DA, Hoda D, Varela JC, Cherry M, Fanning S, Essell J, Yimer H, Courtright J, Sharman J, Trede NS, Youssef M, Lymp J, Shaughnessy P. OUTREACH: PRELIMINARY SAFETY & EFFICACY RESULTS FROM A PHASE 2 STUDY OF LISOCABTAGENE MARALEUCEL (LISO‐CEL) IN THE NONUNIVERSITY SETTING. Hematol Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.185_2880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. E. Godwin
- Providence Cancer Center Earle A. Chiles Research Institute Oncology Hematology Clinic Portland Oregon USA
| | - B. Mattar
- Cancer Center of Kansas Internal Medicine Wichita Kansas USA
| | - M. Maris
- Colorado Blood and Cancer Institute and Sarah Cannon Research Institute Hematology/Oncology Denver Colorado USA
| | - C. Bachier
- Sarah Cannon Center for Blood Cancer Hematology Nashville Tennessee USA
| | - D. A. Stevens
- Norton Healthcare Medical Oncology Louisville Kentucky USA
| | - D. Hoda
- Intermountain Healthcare Loveland Clinic for Blood Cancer Therapy Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - J. C. Varela
- Advent Health Blood and Marrow Transplant Program Orlando Florida USA
| | - M. Cherry
- Atlantic Health System Carol Simon Cancer Center Morristown New Jersey USA
| | - S. Fanning
- Prisma Health Hematology Greenville South Carolina USA
| | - J. Essell
- Oncology Hematology Care Medical Oncology, Hematology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - H. Yimer
- Texas Oncology‐Tyler Hematology Medical Oncology Tyler Texas USA
| | | | - J. Sharman
- Willamette Valley Cancer Institute Blood Cancers General Oncology Eugene Oregon USA
| | - N. S. Trede
- Bristol Myers Squibb Clinical Development Seattle Washington USA
| | - M. Youssef
- Bristol Myers Squibb Global Drug Development Princeton New Jersey USA
| | - J. Lymp
- Bristol Myers Squibb Cell Therapy Biostatistics Seattle Washington USA
| | - P. Shaughnessy
- Sarah Cannon Transplant and Cellular Therapy Program Methodist Hospital San Antonio Texas USA
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3
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Fanning S, Palmer H, Sturrock B, Hussain A, Carney C, Jaunoo S. 546 Patient Opinions on Care Received in Virtual Clinics Compared to A Face-To-Face Clinic Appointments in General Surgery During The COVID-19 Pandemic. A Retrospective Patient Feedback Study. Br J Surg 2021. [PMCID: PMC8135990 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab134.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Virtual clinics were implemented during COVID-19 to reduce patient contact. We identified the need to seek feedback from patients relating to their perceptions on care received at a virtual clinic compared to a face-to-face clinics. Method Patients who attended a virtual clinic in General Surgery were selected at random from a database of 627 patients. They were called and asked to complete a google survey which was sent via email. A shorter survey was also conducted over the phone for patients who did not have an email address. Results 79.6% (n = 43) of patients felt their care did not suffer because of non-face-to-face contact. 63% (n = 34) reported that their symptoms were fully assessed during the virtual clinic. 77.8% (n = 42) did not feel rushed by the virtual clinic, 92.6% (n = 50) answered that they had the opportunity to ask questions. 68.5% (n = 35) answered their care did not suffer by not being examined. 72.2% (n = 39) felt that the outcome of the clinic was not changed because of non face-to-face contact. Conclusions Patient feedback on the care received in the virtual clinic was positive. This may suggest that virtual clinics could be utilised in outpatients care with good reception from patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fanning
- St Richard's Hospital, Chichester, United Kingdom
| | - H Palmer
- Worthing Hospital, Worthing, United Kingdom
| | - B Sturrock
- Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - A Hussain
- Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - C Carney
- Swansea Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - S Jaunoo
- Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, United Kingdom
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4
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Palaiodimou L, Fanning S, Fox EM. Genomic insights into persistence of Listeria species in the food processing environment. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:2082-2094. [PMID: 33768629 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Listeria species may colonize and persist in food processing facilities for prolonged periods of time, despite hygiene interventions in place. To understand the genetic factors contributing to persistence of Listeria strains, this study undertook a comparative analysis of seven persistent and six presumed non-persistent strains, isolated from a single food processing environment, to identify genetic markers correlating to promoting persistence of Listeria strains, through whole genome sequence analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS A diverse pool of genetic markers relevant to hygiene tolerance was identified, including disinfectant resistance markers qacH, emrC and the efflux cassette bcrABC. Both persistent and presumed non-persistent cohorts encoded a range of stress resistance markers, including heavy metal resistance, oxidative and pH stress, although trends were associated with each cohort (e.g., qacH and cadA1C resistance was more frequently found in persistent isolates). Persistent isolates were more likely to contain mutations associated with attenuated virulence, including a truncated InlA. Plasmids and transposons were widespread between cohorts. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that no single genetic marker identified was universally responsible for a strain's ability to persist. Persistent strains were more likely to harbour mutation associated with hypovirulence. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides additional insights into the distribution of genetic elements relevant to persistence across Listeria species, as well as strain virulence potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Palaiodimou
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - S Fanning
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - E M Fox
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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5
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Sharman J, Coleman M, Yacoub A, Melear J, Fanning S, Kolibaba K, Lansigan F, Reynolds C, Foon K, Li J, Llorente M, Rummel M, Andorsky D. INTERIM ANALYSIS OF PHASE IIIB MAGNIFY STUDY OF INDUCTION R2
FOLLOWED BY MAINTENANCE IN PATIENTS WITH RELAPSED/REFRACTORY INDOLENT NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA. Hematol Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.76_2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Sharman
- Willamette Valley Cancer Institute and Research Center; US Oncology Research; Eugene United States
| | - M. Coleman
- Clinical Research Alliance Inc.; Weill Cornell Medicine; New York United States
| | - A. Yacoub
- Hematology; University of Kansas Cancer Center; Westwood United States
| | - J. Melear
- Texas Oncology - Austin; US Oncology Research; Austin United States
| | - S. Fanning
- Greenville Health System; US Oncology Research; Greenville United States
| | - K. Kolibaba
- Compass Oncology; US Oncology Research; Vancouver United States
| | - F. Lansigan
- Hematology; Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center; Lebanon United States
| | - C. Reynolds
- Hematology; IHA Hematology Oncology Consultants - Ann Arbor; Ypsilanti United States
| | - K. Foon
- Global Medical Affairs; Celgene Corporation; Summit United States
| | - J. Li
- BioStatistics; Celgene Corporation; Summit United States
| | - M. Llorente
- Global Medical Affairs; Celgene Corporation; Summit United States
| | - M. Rummel
- Hematology; Justus-Liebig Universität; Giessen Germany
| | - D. Andorsky
- Rocky Mountain Cancer Centers; US Oncology Research; Boulder United States
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6
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Sharman J, Coleman M, Yacoub A, Melear J, Fanning S, Kolibaba K, Lansigan F, Reynolds C, Foon K, Li J, Llorente M, Rummel M, Andorsky D. MAGNIFY PHASE IIIB INTERIM ANALYSIS: FIRST REPORT OF INDUCTION R 2
FOLLOWED BY MAINTENANCE IN PATIENTS WITH RELAPSED/REFRACTORY MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA. Hematol Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.51_2630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Sharman
- Willamette Valley Cancer Institute and Research Center; US Oncology Research; Eugene United States
| | - M. Coleman
- Clinical Research Alliance Inc.; Weill Cornell Medicine; New York United States
| | - A. Yacoub
- Hematology; University of Kansas Cancer Center; Westwood United States
| | - J. Melear
- Texas Oncology - Austin; US Oncology Research; Austin United States
| | - S. Fanning
- Greenville Health System; US Oncology Research; Greenville United States
| | - K. Kolibaba
- Compass Oncology; US Oncology Research; Vancouver United States
| | - F. Lansigan
- Hematology; Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center; Lebanon United States
| | - C. Reynolds
- Hematology; IHA Hematology Oncology Consultants - Ann Arbor; Ypsilanti United States
| | - K. Foon
- Global Medical Affairs; Celgene Corporation; Summit United States
| | - J. Li
- BioStatistics; Celgene Corporation; Summit United States
| | - M. Llorente
- Global Medical Affairs; Celgene Corporation; Summit United States
| | - M. Rummel
- Hematology; Justus-Liebig Universität; Giessen Germany
| | - D. Andorsky
- Rocky Mountain Cancer Centers; US Oncology Research; Boulder United States
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7
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Vk D, Srikumar S, Shetty S, van Nguyen S, Karunasagar I, Fanning S. Silent antibiotic resistance genes: A threat to antimicrobial therapy. Int J Infect Dis 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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8
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Ranson N, Veldhuis M, Mitchell B, Fanning S, Cook AL, Kunde D, Eri R. NLRP3-Dependent and -Independent Processing of Interleukin (IL)-1β in Active Ulcerative Colitis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010057. [PMID: 30583612 PMCID: PMC6337576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A contributing factor in the development of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) is the disruption of innate and adaptive signaling pathways due to aberrant cytokine production. The cytokine, interleukin (IL)-1β, is highly inflammatory and its production is tightly regulated through transcriptional control and both inflammasome-dependent and inflammasome- independent proteolytic cleavage. In this study, qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence confocal microscopy were used to (1) assess the mRNA expression of NLRP3, IL-1β, CASP1 and ASC in paired biopsies from UC and CD patient, and (2) the colonic localization and spatial relationship of NLRP3 and IL-1β in active and quiescent disease. NLRP3 and IL-1β were found to be upregulated in active UC and CD. During active disease, IL-1β was localized to the infiltrate of lamina propria immune cells, which contrasts with the near-exclusive epithelial cell layer expression during non-inflammatory conditions. In active disease, NLRP3 was consistently expressed within the neutrophils and other immune cells of the lamina propria and absent from the epithelial cell layer. The disparity in spatial localization of IL-1β and NLRP3, observed only in active UC, which is characterized by a neutrophil-dominated lamina propria cell population, implies inflammasome-independent processing of IL-1β. Consistent with other acute inflammatory conditions, these results suggest that blocking both caspase-1 and neutrophil-derived serine proteases may provide an additional therapeutic option for treating active UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Ranson
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.
| | - Mark Veldhuis
- Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.
| | - Brent Mitchell
- Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.
| | - Scott Fanning
- Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.
| | - Anthony L Cook
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia.
| | - Dale Kunde
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.
| | - Rajaraman Eri
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.
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9
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Kennedy CA, Walsh C, Karczmarczyk M, O'Brien S, Akasheh N, Quirke M, Farrell-Ward S, Buckley T, Fogherty U, Kavanagh K, Parker CT, Sweeney T, Fanning S. Multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli in diarrhoeagenic foals: Pulsotyping, phylotyping, serotyping, antibiotic resistance and virulence profiling. Vet Microbiol 2018; 223:144-152. [PMID: 30173740 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) possess the ability to cause extraintestinal infections such as urinary tract infections, neonatal meningitis and sepsis. While information is readily available describing pathogenic E. coli populations in food-producing animals, studies in companion/sports animals such as horses are limited. In addition, many antimicrobial agents used in the treatment of equine infections are also utilised in human medicine, potentially contributing to the spread of antibiotic resistance determinants among pathogenic strains. The aim of this study was to phenotypically and genotypically characterise the multidrug resistance and virulence associated with 83 equine E. coli isolates recovered from foals with diarrhoeal disease. Serotyping was performed by both PCR and sequencing. Antibiotic resistance was assessed by disc diffusion. Phylogenetic groups, virulence genes, antibiotic resistance genes and integrons were determined by PCR. Thirty-nine (46%) of the isolates were classified as ExPEC and hence considered to be potentially pathogenic to humans and animals. Identified serogroups O1, O19a, O40, O101 and O153 are among previously reported human clinical ExPEC isolates. Over a quarter of the E. coli were assigned to pathogenic phylogroups B2 (6%) and D (23%). Class 1 and class 2 integrons were detected in 85% of E. coli, revealing their potential to transfer MDR to other pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. With 65% of potentially pathogenic isolates harbouring one or more TEM, SHV and CTX-M-2 group β-lactamases, in addition to the high levels of resistance to fluoroquinolones observed, our findings signal the need for increased attention to companion/sport animal reservoirs as public health threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Kennedy
- UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - C Walsh
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, DIT, Cathal Brugha Street, Dublin, D01 HV58, Ireland; UCD-Center for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
| | - M Karczmarczyk
- UCD-Center for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
| | - S O'Brien
- UCD-Center for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
| | - N Akasheh
- Medical Directorate, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - M Quirke
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, DIT, Cathal Brugha Street, Dublin, D01 HV58, Ireland
| | - S Farrell-Ward
- UCD-Center for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
| | - T Buckley
- Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, W91 RH93, Ireland
| | - U Fogherty
- Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, W91 RH93, Ireland
| | - K Kavanagh
- Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, W91 RH93, Ireland
| | - C T Parker
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - T Sweeney
- UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - S Fanning
- UCD-Center for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland.
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10
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Ranson N, Veldhuis M, Mitchell B, Fanning S, Cook AL, Kunde D, Eri R. Nod-Like Receptor Pyrin-Containing Protein 6 (NLRP6) Is Up-regulated in Ileal Crohn's Disease and Differentially Expressed in Goblet Cells. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 6:110-112.e8. [PMID: 29928676 PMCID: PMC6007817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Ranson
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Mark Veldhuis
- Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia,St Vincent’s Hospital, Calvary Health Care, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Brent Mitchell
- Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia,St Vincent’s Hospital, Calvary Health Care, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Scott Fanning
- Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia,St Vincent’s Hospital, Calvary Health Care, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Anthony L. Cook
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Dale Kunde
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rajaraman Eri
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia,Corresponding author:
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11
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Lynch H, Walia K, Leonard FC, Lawlor PG, Manzanilla EG, Grant J, Duffy G, Gardiner GE, Cormican M, King J, Markey BK, Fanning S, Argüello H. Salmonellain breeding pigs: Shedding pattern, transmission of infection and the role of environmental contamination in Irish commercial farrow-to-finish herds. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 65:e196-e206. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Lynch
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre; Ashtown Ireland
- UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - K. Walia
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre; Ashtown Ireland
- Department of Science; Waterford Institute of Technology; Waterford Ireland
| | - F. C. Leonard
- UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - P. G. Lawlor
- Teagasc, Pig Development Department; Fermoy, Co. Cork Ireland
| | | | - J. Grant
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre; Ashtown Ireland
| | - G. Duffy
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre; Ashtown Ireland
| | - G. E. Gardiner
- Department of Science; Waterford Institute of Technology; Waterford Ireland
| | - M. Cormican
- School of Medicine; National University of Ireland Galway; Galway Ireland
| | - J. King
- National Salmonella Shigella Listeria Reference Laboratory Service; Galway University Hospital; Galway Ireland
| | - B. K. Markey
- UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - S. Fanning
- UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - H. Argüello
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre; Ashtown Ireland
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12
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Reid R, Fanning S, Whyte P, Kerry J, Bolton D. An investigation of the effect of rapid slurry chilling on blown pack spoilage of vacuum-packaged beef primals. Lett Appl Microbiol 2017; 64:177-181. [PMID: 27981595 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate if rapid slurry chilling would retard or prevent blown pack spoilage (BPS) of vacuum-packaged beef primals. Beef primals were inoculated with Clostridium estertheticum subspp. estertheticum (DSMZ 8809), C. estertheticum subspp. laramenise (DSMZ 14864) and C. gasigenes (DSMZ 12272), and vacuum-packaged with and without heat shrinkage (90°C for 3 s). These packs were then subjected to immediate chilling in an ice slurry or using conventional blast chilling systems and stored at 2°C for up to 100 days. The onset and progress of BPS was monitored using the following scale; 0-no gas bubbles in drip; 1-gas bubbles in drip; 2-loss of vacuum; 3-'blown'; 4-presence of sufficient gas inside the packs to produce pack distension and 5-tightly stretched, 'overblown' packs/packs leaking. Rapid slurry chilling (as compared to conventional chilling) did not significantly affect (P > 0.05) the time to the onset or progress of BPS. It was therefore concluded that rapid chilling of vacuum-packaged beef primals, using an ice slurry system, may not be used as a control intervention to prevent or retard blown pack spoilage. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study adds to our growing understanding of blown pack spoilage of vacuum-packaged beef primals and suggests that rapid chilling of vacuum-packaged beef primals is not a control option for the beef industry. The results suggest that neither eliminating the heat shrinkage step nor rapid chilling of vacuum-packaged beef retard the time to blown pack spoilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Reid
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - S Fanning
- University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - P Whyte
- University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - J Kerry
- University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - D Bolton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
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13
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Lynch H, Leonard FC, Walia K, Lawlor PG, Duffy G, Fanning S, Markey BK, Brady C, Gardiner GE, Argüello H. Investigation of in-feed organic acids as a low cost strategy to combat Salmonella in grower pigs. Prev Vet Med 2017; 139:50-57. [PMID: 28364832 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella carriage in pigs is a significant food safety issue. Dietary supplementation with organic acids has previously been shown to reduce shedding and transmission of Salmonella. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effect of three commercially available organic acid-based products on Salmonella levels in grower pigs, using a model of experimental infection that closely mimics natural exposure to the organism. Seven week old trial pigs (n=40) with a mean weight of 14.7kg were placed in one of four pens with 10 pigs/pen. Pens had previously been contaminated with Salmonella Typhimurium 4,[5],12;i;- via seeder pigs. Trial pigs received one of four diets for 28days: 1, control diet; 2, sodium butyrate supplemented diet; 3, benzoic acid supplemented diet and 4, formic-citric acid supplemented diet. A further 10 pigs were placed in a Salmonella-free pen receiving the control diet. Pigs were weighed and blood sampled on days 0 and 28. Faeces was collected on day 0, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21 and 28 and examined for Salmonella. On day 28, 5 pigs/group were euthanised and ileocaecal lymph nodes (ILN) and caecal contents sampled for culture. The remaining 5 pigs/pen were then fed the control diet and faeces were collected on days 35 and 42. On day 42 pigs were euthanised and ILN and caecal contents tested for Salmonella levels. The trial was repeated once. Within the first two days of exposure to the contaminated environment, 96% (77/80) of pigs became infected. Most pigs shed Salmonella at levels of between 100-103 CFU/g faeces for at least 7days post-exposure. A significant reduction in Salmonella faecal concentration was observed after supplementation with sodium butyrate (p=0.001) and a formic citric acid blend (p<0.0001). Average daily weight gain (ADWG) was significantly increased in all groups fed the supplemented feed when compared to the positive control group. The use of sodium butyrate or a blend of formic and citric acid in feed could be considered a cost-effective control measure to reduce Salmonella faecal shedding and improve ADWG in Salmonella infected herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lynch
- National Food Research Centre, Teagasc, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland; UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - F C Leonard
- UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - K Walia
- National Food Research Centre, Teagasc, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - P G Lawlor
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - G Duffy
- National Food Research Centre, Teagasc, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S Fanning
- UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - B K Markey
- UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Brady
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Backweston, Ireland
| | - G E Gardiner
- Department of Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - H Argüello
- National Food Research Centre, Teagasc, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
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Clarke D, Molinaro S, Tyuftin A, Bolton D, Fanning S, Kerry JP. Incorporation of commercially-derived antimicrobials into gelatin-based films and assessment of their antimicrobial activity and impact on physical film properties. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Gibbons JF, Boland F, Egan J, Fanning S, Markey BK, Leonard FC. Antimicrobial Resistance of FaecalEscherichia coliIsolates from Pig Farms with Different Durations of In-feed Antimicrobial Use. Zoonoses Public Health 2015; 63:241-50. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. F. Gibbons
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - F. Boland
- School of Mathematical Sciences; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - J. Egan
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory; DAFF Laboratories; Backweston, Co.; Kildare Ireland
| | - S. Fanning
- UCD Centre for Food Safety; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - B. K. Markey
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - F. C. Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
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16
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Périamé M, Philippe N, Condell O, Fanning S, Pagès JM, Davin-Regli A. Phenotypic changes contributing to Enterobacter gergoviae
biocide resistance. Lett Appl Microbiol 2015; 61:121-9. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Périamé
- UMR-MD1, Aix-Marseille Université; IRBA, Transporteurs Membranaires; Chimiorésistance et Drug Design; Marseille France
| | - N. Philippe
- UMR-MD1, Aix-Marseille Université; IRBA, Transporteurs Membranaires; Chimiorésistance et Drug Design; Marseille France
- Laboratoire Information Génomique et Structurale (IGS); UMR 7256 (IMM FR 3479) CNRS Aix-Marseille Université; Marseille France
| | - O. Condell
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety; School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - S. Fanning
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety; School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - J-M. Pagès
- UMR-MD1, Aix-Marseille Université; IRBA, Transporteurs Membranaires; Chimiorésistance et Drug Design; Marseille France
| | - A. Davin-Regli
- UMR-MD1, Aix-Marseille Université; IRBA, Transporteurs Membranaires; Chimiorésistance et Drug Design; Marseille France
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17
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Chandran S, Parker F, Vaughan R, Mitchell B, Fanning S, Brown G, Yu J, Efthymiou M. Right-sided adenoma detection with retroflexion versus forward-view colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2015; 81:608-13. [PMID: 25440687 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2014.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colonoscopy and polypectomy can prevent up to 80% of colon cancer; however, a significant adenoma miss rate still exists, particularly in the right side of the colon. OBJECTIVE To assess whether retroflexion in the right side of the colon significantly improves the adenoma detection rate (ADR) over forward-view assessment. DESIGN Multicenter prospective cohort study. SETTING Three tertiary care public and 2 private hospitals. PATIENTS A total of 1351 consecutive adult patients undergoing elective colonoscopy. INTERVENTION Withdrawal from the cecum was performed in the forward view initially and identified polyps removed. Once the hepatic flexure was reached, the cecum was reintubated and the right side of the colon was assessed in the retroflexed view to the hepatic flexure. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS ADR in the retroflexed view when compared with forward-view examination of the right side of the colon. RESULTS Retroflexion was successful in 95.9% of patients, with looping the predominant (69.6%) reason for failure. Forward-view assessment of the right side of the colon identified 642 polyps, of which 531 were adenomas yielding a polyp and ADR of 28.57% and 24.64%, respectively. Retroflexion identified a further 84 polyps of which 75 were adenomas, improving the polyp and ADR to 30.57% and 26.4%, respectively. LIMITATIONS Observational study. CONCLUSION Right-sided retroflexion was successful in most of our cohort with a statistically significant but small increase in ADR. Right-sided retroflexion is safe when performed by experienced endoscopists with no adverse events observed in this cohort. ( CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12613000424707.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujievvan Chandran
- Department of Gastroenterology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frank Parker
- Department of Anaesthetics, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rhys Vaughan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brent Mitchell
- Department of Gastroenterology, Launceston General Hospital, Tasmania, Australia; Calvary Health Care, St. Vincent's Campus, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Scott Fanning
- Department of Gastroenterology, Launceston General Hospital, Tasmania, Australia; Calvary Health Care, St. Vincent's Campus, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Gregor Brown
- Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Health, Victoria, Australia; Epworth HealthCare, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jenny Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marios Efthymiou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Carroll D, Wang J, Fanning S, McMahon BJ. Antimicrobial Resistance in Wildlife: Implications for Public Health. Zoonoses Public Health 2015; 62:534-42. [PMID: 25639901 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria in natural environments is a major concern with serious implications for human and animal health. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of AMR Escherichia coli (E. coli) in wild birds and mammalian species. Thirty faecal samples were collected from each of the following wildlife species: herring gulls (Larus argentatus), black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus), lesser black-back gulls (Larus fuscus), hybrid deer species (Cervus elaphus x Cervus nippon) and twenty-six from starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). A total of 115 E. coli isolates were isolated from 81 of 146 samples. Confirmed E. coli isolates were tested for their susceptibility to seven antimicrobial agents by disc diffusion. In total, 5.4% (8/146) of samples exhibited multidrug-resistant phenotypes. The phylogenetic group and AMR-encoding genes of all multidrug resistance isolates were determined by PCR. Tetracycline-, ampicillin- and streptomycin-resistant isolates were the most common resistant phenotypes. The following genes were identified in E. coli: bla(TEM), strA, tet(A) and tet(B). Plasmids were identified in all samples that exhibited multidrug-resistant phenotypes. This study indicates that wild birds and mammals may function as important host reservoirs and potential vectors for the spread of resistant bacteria and genetic determinants of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Carroll
- UCD School of Agriculture & Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Wang
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, UCD School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S Fanning
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, UCD School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - B J McMahon
- UCD School of Agriculture & Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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19
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Burns A, Shore AC, Brennan GI, Coleman DC, Egan J, Fanning S, Galligan MC, Gibbons JF, Gutierrez M, Malhotra-Kumar S, Markey BK, Sabirova JS, Wang J, Leonard FC. A longitudinal study of Staphylococcus aureus colonization in pigs in Ireland. Vet Microbiol 2014; 174:504-513. [PMID: 25465665 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in livestock has refocused attention on S. aureus colonization and transmission in pigs. This study investigated the effect of the S. aureus colonization status of a sow on the colonization status of her piglets, and whether pigs carry the same strain of S. aureus throughout production. Nasal swabs were collected from the piglets of six healthy sows two days after birth and two days before and two days after they were moved into each production stage. The average prevalence of S. aureus colonization varied between 26% and 73%. The odds of being S. aureus positive were almost 12 times higher for piglets born to nasal-positive sows than for those born to nasal-negative sows, and three times higher again for piglets born to sows that were both nasal- and vaginal-positive. Isolates recovered from piglets immediately after birth were indistinguishable from those of the dam as determined by phenotypic and molecular typing, including microarray analysis and optical mapping. All isolates belonged to clonal complex 9 and the majority exhibited a novel spa type, t10449. The findings show that the S. aureus colonization status of the sow influences the colonization status of her piglets in the early production stages but strains carried by pigs change over time. Multiresistant S. aureus was detected, in particular post-weaning. Results suggest that sow status and management practices, including mixing of pigs and antimicrobial usage at weaning, should be considered when implementing control measures for S. aureus on a farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Burns
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - A C Shore
- Microbiology Research Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - G I Brennan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - D C Coleman
- Microbiology Research Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Egan
- National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance (Food, Feed and Animal Health), Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Laboratories, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - S Fanning
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - M C Galligan
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - J F Gibbons
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - M Gutierrez
- National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance (Food, Feed and Animal Health), Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Laboratories, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - S Malhotra-Kumar
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - B K Markey
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - J S Sabirova
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - J Wang
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - F C Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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20
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Lennon G, Reidy N, Collins PJ, Gunn L, Coyle PV, Cryan B, Fanning S, O'Shea H. A comparison of the efficiency of ELISA and selected primer sets to detect Norovirus isolates in southern Ireland over a four-year period (2002-2006): variation in detection rates and evidence for continuing predominance of NoV GII.4 genotype. Arch Virol 2014; 159:1697-705. [PMID: 24473708 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-1987-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) gastroenteritis occurs in all age groups and is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in the community. However, detection methods and rates vary widely, and few data are available to compare these, particularly in Ireland. Detection of noroviruses through antigen and molecular-based strategies was carried out on 135 suspected NoV-positive samples, collected over the course of three NoV outbreaks, from 2002 to 2006, in the southern region of Ireland. A commercially available ELISA and a panel of six primer sets were evaluated to determine their suitability for NoV detection in Irish clinical samples. The key findings of this study were the detection of both GGI and GGII noroviruses by ELISA, but the detection of only GGII noroviruses by RT-PCR. In addition to this, a variation in the levels of detection from 9.4 % to 17.3 % was observed for conventional PCR assays, while a detection rate of 46.3 % was observed for the real-time PCR assay. A proportion (17.8 %) of samples were found to be negative by all detection strategies, suggesting the possibility of reporting false positives for these samples or low-copy positives that do not often repeat. Sequencing information from selected samples also revealed nucleotide polymorphisms, compromising efficient primer binding in the case of one primer pairing. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial polymerase gene identified NoV GII.4 as the dominant genotype, in accordance with previous NoV studies in Ireland. Investigating the NoV diversity of the circulating strains and the dynamics of strain replacement is important to better assess the efficacy of future NoV vaccines and to facilitate the early detection of changes in circulating NoV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lennon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
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21
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Haughton PN, Lyng J, Fanning S, Whyte P. Potential of a commercially available water acidification product for reducing Campylobacter in broilers prior to slaughter. Br Poult Sci 2013; 54:319-24. [PMID: 23796116 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2013.786806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1. This study investigated the potential of a commercially available acidified water treatment (PWT) for reducing the number of Campylobacter in vitro and other bacteria in the gut of live broilers. 2. In vitro tests indicated that PWT was highly effective for reducing Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli at the recommended concentration in water, reducing populations by greater than 7 log10 CFU/ml after 24 h exposure. The decrease in the number of Salmonella serovar Enteritidis and Escherichia coli was not significant. 3. Addition of PWT to the broiler drinking water for the first 7 d, 2 d before and 2 d after each feed change and at feed withdrawal prior to slaughter or only after feed withdrawal had no effect on the number of Campylobacter in caecal samples on farm before thinning and depopulation compared to untreated controls. 4. Although PWT was effective for reducing Campylobacter in water, the results suggest that it does not reduce the number of Campylobacter in the caeca of broilers prior to slaughter under the conditions used in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Haughton
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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22
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Sheridan Á, Lenahan M, Condell O, Bonilla-Santiago R, Sergeant K, Renaut J, Duffy G, Fanning S, Nally J, Burgess C. Proteomic and phenotypic analysis of triclosan tolerant verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157:H19. J Proteomics 2013; 80:78-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Monaghan Á, Byrne B, Fanning S, Sweeney T, McDowell D, Bolton D. Serotypes and virulence profiles of atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli
(EPEC) isolated from bovine farms and abattoirs. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 114:595-603. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Á. Monaghan
- Department of Food Safety; Ashtown Food Research Centre; Teagasc Ashtown Dublin Ireland
| | - B. Byrne
- Department of Food Safety; Ashtown Food Research Centre; Teagasc Ashtown Dublin Ireland
| | - S. Fanning
- Centres for Food Safety & Food-borne Zoonomics; School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin Ireland
| | - T. Sweeney
- Centres for Food Safety & Food-borne Zoonomics; School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin Ireland
| | - D. McDowell
- School of Health Sciences; University of Ulster; Newtownabbey Co Antrim UK
| | - D.J. Bolton
- Department of Food Safety; Ashtown Food Research Centre; Teagasc Ashtown Dublin Ireland
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24
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Gibbons JF, Boland F, Buckley JF, Butler F, Egan J, Fanning S, Markey BK, Leonard FC. Influences on antimicrobial prescribing behaviour of veterinary practitioners in cattle practice in Ireland. Vet Rec 2012; 172:14. [PMID: 23293148 DOI: 10.1136/vr.100782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Guidelines on prudent antimicrobial use in veterinary medicine have been developed to reduce inappropriate prescribing of antimicrobials. Such guidelines focus mainly on the clinical and pharmacological indications for prescribing. A questionnaire study of veterinary surgeons engaged in cattle practice was completed to determine if non-clinical issues influence the decision to prescribe antimicrobials, and to assess if pharmacological and non-pharmacological issues influence the choice of antimicrobial prescribed. Non-clinical issues, including issues related to professional stress, influenced the prescribing decision of the majority of respondents. However, the nature of the veterinarian-client relationship did not influence the prescribing behaviour of the majority of respondents. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological issues influenced the choice of antimicrobial prescribed. The veterinary surgeon's prior experience of a drug was considered 'often' or 'always' by 95.7 per cent of respondents when making this decision. The findings of this study have implications for the recognition and management of stress within the profession, and for the development of intervention strategies to reduce inappropriate antimicrobial prescribing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Gibbons
- Pathobiology Section, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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25
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Gibbons JF, Markey BK, Jahns H, Boland F, Abbott Y, Burns A, Egan J, Fanning S, Gutierrez M, Leonard FC. Investigation of the persistence and transmission of MRSA CC 5 in pigs following intra-nasal inoculation. Vet Microbiol 2012; 162:771-778. [PMID: 23116587 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MRSA CC5 spa type t002 appears to have a broad host range, has been isolated from animals and in-contact humans in Ireland and could potentially become established in pigs in Ireland. The aims of this study were to determine if MRSA CC5 spa type t002 could persist in the tissues of the porcine upper respiratory tract following intra-nasal inoculation; to determine the relative importance of environmental and animal sources of the bacterium in the transmission cycle and to determine the importance of the pharynx as a carriage site of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA. Twelve pigs were inoculated intra-nasally with MRSA CC5 t002. After 1 or 6 days, the inoculated pigs were removed from the contaminated environment, were washed in an antiseptic solution and placed in a clean house with a group of naive pigs (in-contact group). Another group of naive pigs was placed in the contaminated environment to assess transmission from the environment (environmental group). Nasal swabs, environmental swabs and tissue samples from the upper respiratory tract were taken for MRSA culture. Infection rates were calculated for each group of exposed pigs. MRSA persisted in the pharyngeal tissues of 6 inoculated pigs for at least 30 days and higher counts of S. aureus were found in pharyngeal tissues than in other sites. In this study we were able to demonstrate the establishment of colonisation by MRSA CC5 spa type t002 in commercially sourced pigs already colonised by S. aureus; however, colonisation was sporadic despite the inoculation of large doses. Onward transmission via pig-to-pig contact or environmental contamination was possible and a significant difference was found between the proportion of pigs infected in the environmental group and the proportion infected in the in-contact group during the first 5 days. However, no significant difference was detected in overall infection rates between the 2 groups. The tissues of the pharynx were found to carry greater numbers of S. aureus than other tissues of the upper respiratory tract; therefore, pharyngeal carriage of MRSA and S. aureus in pigs may be more significant than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Gibbons
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - B K Markey
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - H Jahns
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - F Boland
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Y Abbott
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - A Burns
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - J Egan
- National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance (Food, Feed and Animal Health), Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry, Backweston Laboratories, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - S Fanning
- Centres for Food Safety & Food-borne Zoonomics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - M Gutierrez
- National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance (Food, Feed and Animal Health), Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry, Backweston Laboratories, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - F C Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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26
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Fanning S, Xu W, Beaurepaire C, Suhan JP, Nantel A, Mitchell AP. Functional control of the Candida albicans cell wall by catalytic protein kinase A subunit Tpk1. Mol Microbiol 2012; 86:284-302. [PMID: 22882910 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.08193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The cyclic AMP protein kinase A pathway governs numerous biological features of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. The catalytic protein kinase A subunits, Tpk1 (orf19.4892) and Tpk2 (orf19.2277), have divergent roles, and most studies indicate a more pronounced role for Tpk2. Here we dissect two Tpk1-responsive properties: adherence and cell wall integrity. Homozygous tpk1/tpk1 mutants are hyperadherent, and a Tpk1 defect enables biofilm formation in the absence of Bcr1, a transcriptional regulator of biofilm adhesins. A quantitative gene expression-based assay reveals that tpk1/tpk1 and bcr1/bcr1 genotypes show mixed epistasis, as expected if Tpk1 and Bcr1 act mainly in distinct pathways. Overexpression of individual Tpk1-repressed genes indicates that cell surface proteins Als1, Als2, Als4, Csh1 and Csp37 contribute to Tpk1-regulated adherence. Tpk1 is also required for cell wall integrity, but has no role in the gene expression response to cell wall inhibition by caspofungin. Interestingly, increased expression of the adhesin gene ALS2 confers a cell wall defect, as manifested in hypersensitivity to the cell wall inhibitor caspofungin and a shallow cell wall structure. Our findings indicate that Tpk1 governs C. albicans cell wall properties through repression of select cell surface protein genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fanning
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Sheng Lim
- Department of Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
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28
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Sheridan À, Lenahan M, Duffy G, Fanning S, Burgess C. The potential for biocide tolerance in Escherichia coli and its impact on the response to food processing stresses. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Ringwood T, Murphy BP, Drummond N, Buckley JF, Coveney AP, Redmond HP, Power JP, Fanning S, Prentice MB. Current evidence for human yersiniosis in Ireland. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 31:2969-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-012-1649-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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30
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Condell O, Sheridan Á, Power KA, Bonilla-Santiago R, Sergeant K, Renaut J, Burgess C, Fanning S, Nally JE. Comparative proteomic analysis of Salmonella tolerance to the biocide active agent triclosan. J Proteomics 2012; 75:4505-19. [PMID: 22579747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Concern has been expressed about the overuse of biocides in farm animal production and food industries. Biocide application can create selective pressures that lead to increased tolerance to one or more of these compounds and are concomitant with the emergence of cross-resistance to antibiotics. A triclosan sensitive Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and the isogenic triclosan tolerant mutant were studied at the proteomic level in order to elucidate cellular mechanisms that facilitate biocide tolerance. 2-D differential fluorescent gel electrophoresis (DIGE) compared protein profiles of parent and mutant Salmonella, in the presence and absence of triclosan. Differentially expressed proteins were identified by mass spectrometry and divided into two groups: Group A describes proteins differentially expressed between susceptible and triclosan tolerant Salmonella and includes the known triclosan target FabI which contained a mutation at the triclosan target binding site. Group B identified proteins differentially expressed in response to triclosan exposure and defines a general cell defence network. Only four proteins were common to both groups highlighting the diverse range of pathways employed by Salmonella to counteract biocides. These data suggest that sub-lethal concentrations of triclosan induce discernible changes in the proteome of exposed Salmonella and provide insights into mechanisms of response and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Condell
- UCD Centre for Food Safety & the Centre for Food-borne Zoonomics, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, Ireland
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31
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Haughton P, Lyng J, Cronin D, Morgan D, Fanning S, Whyte P. Efficacy of pulsed electric fields for the inactivation of indicator microorganisms and foodborne pathogens in liquids and raw chicken. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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32
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Yan QQ, Condell O, Power K, Butler F, Tall BD, Fanning S. Cronobacter species (formerly known as Enterobacter sakazakii) in powdered infant formula: a review of our current understanding of the biology of this bacterium. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:1-15. [PMID: 22420458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cronobacter species (formerly known as Enterobacter sakazakii) are opportunistic pathogens that can cause necrotizing enterocolitis, bacteraemia and meningitis, predominantly in neonates. Infection in these vulnerable infants has been linked to the consumption of contaminated powdered infant formula (PIF). Considerable research has been undertaken on this organism in the past number of years which has enhanced our understanding of this neonatal pathogen leading to improvements in its control within the PIF production environment. The taxonomy of the organism resulted in the recognition of a new genus, Cronobacter, which consists of seven species. This paper presents an up-to-date review of our current knowledge of Cronobacter species. Taxonomy, genome sequencing, current detection protocols and epidemiology are all discussed. In addition, consideration is given to the control of this organism in the manufacturing environment, as a first step towards reducing the occurrence of this pathogen in PIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Q Yan
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research, Reference & Training on Cronobacter, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Chung A, Bourke MJ, Hourigan LF, Lim G, Moss A, Williams SJ, McLeod D, Fanning S, Kariyawasam V, Byth K. Complete Barrett's excision by stepwise endoscopic resection in short-segment disease: long term outcomes and predictors of stricture. Endoscopy 2011; 43:1025-32. [PMID: 22068701 DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1257049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Complete Barrett's excision (CBE) of short-segment Barrett's high grade dysplasia (HGD) and early esophageal adenocarcinoma by stepwise endoscopic resection is a precise staging tool, detects covert synchronous disease, and may produce a sustained treatment response. Esophageal stricture is the most commonly reported complication of CBE although risk factors have not yet been clearly defined. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data were recorded prospectively on patients with limited co-morbidity and age ≤ 80 years undergoing CBE for histologically proven HGD or esophageal adenocarcinoma within ≤ C3M5 segments. Endoscopic resection was performed by standardized protocol every 6 - 8 weeks until CBE was achieved. Esophageal dilation was performed when patients reported dysphagia. Dysphagia scores were recorded at scheduled endoscopic surveillance or by telephone interview. RESULTS By intention-to-treat analysis, complete eradication of neoplasia and intestinal metaplasia was achieved in 95 % and 82 %, respectively, in 77 patients undergoing a median of 2 resection sessions (interquartile range [IQR] 1 - 3). Esophageal dilation was required in 33 % (median 3 dilations, IQR 1 - 3.5) at median follow-up of 20 months (IQR 6 - 40). Independent risk factors for dilation requirement were the number of mucosal resections at the index procedure (odds ratio [OR] 1.3 per resection, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.0 - 1.9; P = 0.043) and maximal extent of the Barrett's segment (OR 2.2 per cm, 95 %CI 1.2 - 3.9; P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Although CBE is highly effective in the treatment of Barrett's HGD and esophageal adenocarcinoma, the risk of post-CBE dysphagia increases with the maximal extent of the Barrett's segment and the number of mucosal resections at the index procedure. These data could be used to inform treatment decisions and identify those patients who may benefit from prophylactic therapies such as dilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chung
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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34
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Bolton DJ, O'Neill CJ, Fanning S. A Preliminary Study of Salmonella, Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli/Escherichia coli O157 and Campylobacter on Four Mixed Farms. Zoonoses Public Health 2011; 59:217-28. [PMID: 21951421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2011.01438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D J Bolton
- Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland.
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35
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Prendergast D, O’Grady D, Fanning S, Cormican M, Delappe N, Egan J, Mannion C, Fanning J, Gutierrez M. Application of multiple locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), phage typing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing to subtype Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolated from pig farms, pork slaughterhouses and meat producing plants in Ireland. Food Microbiol 2011; 28:1087-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Arku B, Fanning S, Jordan K. Flow cytometry to assess biochemical pathways in heat-stressed Cronobacter spp. (formerly Enterobacter sakazakii). J Appl Microbiol 2011; 111:616-24. [PMID: 21672098 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Using a flow cytometry (FC)-based approach in combination with four selected fluorescent probes, the biochemical pathway activated following the adaptation of Cronobacter spp. to lethal heat stress was investigated. This approach assessed the physiological changes induced in four strains of Cronobacter spp. METHODS AND RESULTS Using the commercially available live/dead viability assessment fluorescence probes, live, injured or dead bacterial cells were studied. Cellular respiration and membrane potential were evaluated using the dye-labelled probe 3,3'-dihexylocarbocyanine iodide, metabolic activity was evaluated using a fluorescein diacetate (FDA) probe, intracellular pH changes were measured using a carboxy-fluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester probe, and reactive oxygen species were measured using a hydroethidine fluorescent probe. Adaptation to lethal heat stress induced physiological changes that potentially improve the survival of Cronobacter spp. CONCLUSIONS These data showed that in situ assessment of physiological behaviour of lethally stressed cells using multiparameter FC is a useful, rapid and sensitive tool to study and assess the viability and physiological state of Cronobacter cells. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study shows that FC is a valuable tool in the study of physiological aspects of increased survival because of sublethal adaptation to heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Arku
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
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37
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Solomon K, Fanning S, McDermott S, Murray S, Scott L, Martin A, Skally M, Burns K, Kuijper E, Fitzpatrick F, Fenelon L, Kyne L. PCR ribotype prevalence and molecular basis of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) and fluoroquinolone resistance in Irish clinical Clostridium difficile isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66:1976-82. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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38
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Bolton D, Monaghan A, Byrne B, Fanning S, Sweeney T, McDowell D. Incidence and survival of non-O157 verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli in soil. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 111:484-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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39
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Pages JM, Amaral L, Fanning S. An Original Deal for New Molecule: Reversal of Efflux Pump Activity, A Rational Strategy to Combat Gram-Negative Resistant Bacteria. Curr Med Chem 2011; 18:2969-80. [DOI: 10.2174/092986711796150469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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40
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Solomon K, Murray S, Scott L, McDermott S, Drudy D, Martin A, O'Donoghue C, Skally M, Burns K, Fenelon L, Fitzpatrick F, Kyne L, Fanning S. An investigation of the subtype diversity of clinical isolates of Irish Clostridium difficile ribotypes 027 and 078 by repetitive-extragenic palindromic PCR. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:1080-1087. [PMID: 21459905 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.029983-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A repetitive-extragenic palindromic PCR (rep-PCR) subtyping method (DiversiLab) in conjunction with ribotyping, toxinotyping and antimicrobial-susceptibility testing was used to detect subtypes within Clostridium difficile ribotypes 027 and 078. Clinical isolates of ribotypes 027 (toxinotype III) (n = 30) and 078 (toxinotype V) (n = 23) were provided by health-care facilities across the Republic of Ireland over 2 months in 2006 and 1 month in 2009. Ribotype 027 isolates were significantly more related to each other (9 different subtype profiles) when compared to ribotype 078 isolates (14 different profiles) (P = 0.001; cut-off >90 % similarity). Almost half of ribotype 078 isolates (45.5 %) showed no relationship to each other. The clonality of ribotype 027 isolates suggests effective adaptation to the human niche, whereas the considerable genetic diversity within ribotype 078 isolates suggests that they may have originated from a variety of sources. Subtyping correlated well with antimicrobial susceptibility, in particular clindamycin susceptibility for ribotype 027, but diverse antimicrobial-susceptibility profiles were seen in ribotype 078 isolates, even within a single health-care facility. Between 2006 and 2009, a change in the predominant subtype of ribotype 027 was seen, with the recent clone representing half of all ribotype 027 isolates studied. This strain exhibited 89 % similarity to a rep-PCR profile of the North American NAP-1 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Solomon
- UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - S Murray
- UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - L Scott
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - S McDermott
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - D Drudy
- UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - A Martin
- Department of Medicine for the Older Person, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
- UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - C O'Donoghue
- Department of Medicine for the Older Person, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
- UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - M Skally
- Health Protection and Surveillance Centre, Gardiner Street, Dublin 1, Ireland
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - K Burns
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont Road, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - L Fenelon
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - F Fitzpatrick
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont Road, Dublin 9, Ireland
- Health Protection and Surveillance Centre, Gardiner Street, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - L Kyne
- Department of Medicine for the Older Person, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
- UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - S Fanning
- UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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41
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Haughton PN, Lyng JG, Cronin DA, Morgan DJ, Fanning S, Whyte P. Efficacy of UV light treatment for the microbiological decontamination of chicken, associated packaging, and contact surfaces. J Food Prot 2011; 74:565-72. [PMID: 21477470 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
UV light was investigated for the decontamination of raw chicken, associated packaging, and contact surfaces. The UV susceptibilities of a number of Campylobacter isolates (seven Campylobacter jejuni isolates and three Campylobacter coli isolates), Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis ATCC 10376 in liquid media were also investigated. From an initial level of 7 log CFU/ml, no viable Campylobacter cells were detected following exposure to the most intense UV dose (0.192 J/cm(2)) in liquid media (skim milk subjected to ultrahigh-temperature treatment and diluted 1:4 with maximum recovery diluent). Maximum reductions of 4.8 and 6.2 log CFU/ml were achieved for E. coli and serovar Enteritidis, respectively, in liquid media. Considerable differences in susceptibilities were found between the Campylobacter isolates examined, with variations of up to 4 log CFU/ml being observed. UV treatment of raw chicken fillet (0.192 J/cm(2)) reduced C. jejuni, E. coli, serovar Enteritidis, total viable counts, and Enterobacteriaceae by 0.76, 0.98, 1.34, 1.76, and 1.29 log CFU/g, respectively. Following UV treatment of packaging and surface materials, reductions of up to 3.97, 4.50, and 4.20 log CFU/cm(2) were obtained for C. jejuni, E. coli, and serovar Enteritidis, respectively (P < 0.05). Overall, the color of UV-treated chicken was not significantly affected (P ≥ 0.05). The findings of this study indicate that Campylobacter is susceptible to UV technology and that differences in sensitivities exist between investigated isolates. Overall, UV could be used for improving the microbiological quality of raw chicken and for decontaminating associated packaging and surface materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Haughton
- Institute of Food & Health, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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42
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Walsh D, Molloy C, Iversen C, Carroll J, Cagney C, Fanning S, Duffy G. Survival characteristics of environmental and clinically derived strains of Cronobacter sakazakii in infant milk formula (IMF) and ingredients. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 110:697-703. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04921.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Duggan SJ, Mannion C, Prendergast DM, Leonard N, Fanning S, Gonzales-Barron U, Egan J, Butler F, Duffy G. Tracking the Salmonella status of pigs and pork from lairage through the slaughter process in the Republic of Ireland. J Food Prot 2010; 73:2148-60. [PMID: 21219731 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.12.2148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium is the predominant serotype isolated from humans in Europe. Pork and pork products are recognized vehicles of Salmonella and are responsible for outbreaks of human salmonellosis. Pigs can become infected with Salmonella on the breeding or fattening farm and during transport, lairage, and slaughter. The aim of this study was to investigate selected points of Salmonella contamination from the time pigs entered the lairage to the time the carcass was processed in the boning hall and to determine the importance of different sources of Salmonella along the Irish pork production chain. A second objective was to evaluate whether the serological status or category of a herd influenced the levels of bacteriological contamination detected on individual carcasses and pork cuts during slaughter and dressing operations. All samples were tested for the presence and numbers of Salmonella. Enterobacteriaceae numbers were also determined. Serotype, phage type, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis were utilized to determine similarity among Salmonella isolates. Lairage was a major source of cross-contamination with Salmonella as were the hands of evisceration operatives, conveyor belts, and equipment in the boning hall. Cross-contamination within the slaughter plant environment accounted for up to 69 % of Salmonella carcass contamination. In general, herd category reflected the bacteriological status of carcasses and pork cuts. Major findings were a strong association (P < 0.01) between Enterobacteriaceae counts and Salmonella occurrence on prechill carcasses and a significant association (P < 0.05) between Enterobacteriaceae counts and Salmonella occurrence on pork cut samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Duggan
- Department of Food Safety, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Teagasc, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Republic of Ireland
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44
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Kennedy C, Lenahan M, Ryan M, Fanning S, Sheridan J, McNamara E, Carroll A, Sweeney T. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from human and pig origin induce different gene expression profiles in human Caco-2 epithelial cells. Livest Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2010.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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45
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Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effect of diet on the survival of Salmonella in the bovine abomasum. METHODS AND RESULTS Five fistulated cows were randomly assigned to one of five diets denoted as: (i) 100% grass, (ii) grass + 5·3 kg DM concentrate, (iii) 100% grass silage, (iv) 100% hay and (v) maize/grass silage plus concentrates. Rumen fluid was harvested from each dietary treatment and inoculated with nonacid (NA) and acid-adapted (AA) 5-strain Salmonella cocktails. After 24-h incubation period, Salmonella were acid challenged to synthetic abomasum fluid (SAF, pH 2·5) for 5 h to determine their resistance to low pH. The study found that the volatile fatty acids composition and the pH profile of bovine rumen fluid were significantly altered (P <0·05) by some of the dietary treatments but not others. Regression analysis found that significantly higher numbers of acid-adapted Salmonella survived in SAF after incubation in rumen fluid from diets 1, 2 and 4, but fewer significant differences were found between diets for nonacid-adapted Salmonella. The results suggest that the acid-adapted cells were subjected to a higher level of cell injury than the nonadapted cells. CONCLUSIONS Pre-incubation in rumen fluid did influence the resistance of nonacid and acid-adapted Salmonella to SAF but it was dependant on the dietary treatment fed to the cows. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study examined the use of diet, as a modulating factor to limit the bovine excretion of Salmonella with a view to providing a scientific basis for the design of dietary management controls in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lenahan
- Teagasc, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland.
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46
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Collins PJ, Martella V, Sleator RD, Fanning S, O'Shea H. Detection and characterisation of group A rotavirus in asymptomatic piglets in southern Ireland. Arch Virol 2010; 155:1247-59. [PMID: 20526785 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Porcine group A rotaviruses (GARV) are causative agents of enteritis in piglets and are a large reservoir of genetic material for the diversification of human GARVs. Accumulation of information on the genetic heterogeneity of porcine viruses is pivotal for readily characterising unusual human strains. Screening of 292 fecal samples, collected from 4-5- to 8-9-week-old asymptomatic pigs from four herds in Ireland between 2005 and 2007 resulted in 19 (6.5%) samples testing positive by reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) for GARV. The strains were molecularly characterized to collate data on the VP7 and partial VP4 outer capsid genes. By sequence analysis of the VP7 gene, the Irish strains were identified as G2, G4, G5, G9 and G11 viruses. The G11 strains were closely related to other human and porcine G11 strains, while the G2 strains resembled porcine G2 viruses detected recently in Europe and southern Asia. The G4 strains were distantly related to other G4 human and animal strains, constituting a separate G4 VP7 lineage. Analysis of the G5 strains revealed that they were similar to a selection of G5 human and porcine strains, while the G9 strains resembled other porcine G9 viruses. By sequence analysis of the VP8* fragment of the VP4, the Irish viruses were characterised as P[6], P[7], P[13], P[13]/[22], P[26] and P[32].
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Collins
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
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47
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Cashman O, Lennon G, Sleator RD, Power E, Fanning S, O'Shea H. Changing profile of the bovine rotavirus G6 population in the south of Ireland from 2002 to 2009. Vet Microbiol 2010; 146:238-44. [PMID: 20541335 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 04/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Bovine group A rotavirus is one of the main causes of neonatal diarrhoea in calves. This study examined the different G and P genotypes circulating in the bovine population, from 2002-2009, in the south of Ireland. Rotavirus positive bovine faecal samples (n=332) were collected from the Cork Regional Veterinary Laboratory, between 2002 and 2009 and subjected to RNA extraction, PAGE analysis, and G and P genotyping. Genotyping analysis identified G6, G10, P[5], and P[11] to be the predominant G and P genotypes in the present study, with G6 rotavirus responsible for 70-80% of rotavirus infections. The highest combination of G and P types found was G6 P[5], followed by G6 P[5+11] mixed infection. The prevalence of G6 and G10 has shifted over the years, with an increase in the amount of G10 P[11] being detected. Novel combinations (G6+G10P[11], G6+G10P[5+11] and G10P[5+11]) were also detected for the first time. In addition to this, sequence analysis of the VP7 RT-PCR amplicons has revealed that Irish G6 strains are falling within three different lineages, III-V. During this study, two samples, initially genotyped as G8P[11] were identified through sequence analysis as being true G6, lineage III with a high nucleotide identity to Hun4, a G6 human sample from Hungary. The increase in novel G and P type combinations, as well as changes seen in G6 samples could have an impact on rotavirus vaccination programmes, as the current vaccine available may not offer protection against all of these circulating types.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Cashman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Rossa Ave, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
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48
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Fanning S, Whyte P, O'Mahony M. Essential veterinary education on the development of antimicrobial and antiparasitic resistance: consequences for animal health and food safety and the need for vigilance. REV SCI TECH OIE 2010; 28:575-82. [PMID: 20128466 DOI: 10.20506/rst.28.2.1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The role played by the veterinary profession in protecting animal and public health, along with food safety, is unique. Thus, it is important that veterinarians have the necessary knowledge to be pro-active in responding to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Many current veterinary educational programmes do not attempt to enhance the understanding of undergraduate students of this complex situation. As a first step, a modern veterinary education programme should provide students with a holistic view of the ecology of resistance and clearly describe how antimicrobial resistance emerges. Understanding the relationships between drug use, natural selection and antimicrobial-resistant organisms, as well as gene mobilisation and recombination, and how these contribute to the emergence of resistant organisms are important facets of a modern veterinary education.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fanning
- Herd & Veterinary Public Health Section, Centres for Food Safety and Food-borne Zoonomics, UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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49
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Acke E, McGill K, Lawlor A, Jones BR, Fanning S, Whyte P. Genetic diversity among Campylobacter jejuni
isolates from pets in Ireland. Vet Rec 2010; 166:102-6. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.c357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Acke
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin, Belfield; Dublin 4 Ireland
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital; Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences; Massey University; Private Bag 11222 Palmerston North 4442 New Zealand
| | - K. McGill
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin, Belfield; Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - A. Lawlor
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin, Belfield; Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - B. R. Jones
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin, Belfield; Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - S. Fanning
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin, Belfield; Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - P. Whyte
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin, Belfield; Dublin 4 Ireland
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50
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Healy B, Huynh S, Mullane N, O'Brien S, Iversen C, Lehner A, Stephan R, Parker C, Fanning S. Microarray-based comparative genomic indexing of the Cronobacter genus (Enterobacter sakazakii). Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 136:159-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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