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Galván-Ramírez MDLL, Navarro Machuca G, Covarrubias Castillo SA, Benavides González JC, Rodríguez Pérez LR, Dueñas Jiménez SH, Dueñas Jiménez JM. Toxoplasmosis Is More Frequent in Schizophrenia Patients Than in the General Population in Mexico and Is Not Associated with More Severe Course of Schizophrenia Measured with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070820. [PMID: 34208827 PMCID: PMC8308891 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a disease, which was discovered in 1908, caused by the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. T. gondii infects neuronal, glial, and muscle cells, and chronic infections are characterized by the presence of cysts, in the brain and muscle cells, formed by bradyzoites. T. gondii is capable of synthesizing L-DOPA, a precursor of dopamine. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is key in the etiology of neuropsychological disorders such as schizophrenia. Previous studies have shown high levels of IgG Toxoplasma antibodies in schizophrenia patients. Many published studies show that the prevalence of toxoplasmosis is higher in schizophrenia patients. In this study, we aimed to identify the prevalence of Toxoplasma infection in patients with schizophrenia and the relationships between, sociodemographic factors and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. A total of 27 schizophrenic patients were included and IgG anti-T. gondii was determined in serum samples by ELISA. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, sociodemographic factors were associated with seropositivity. We found that the prevalence of Toxoplasma antibodies was 51.7%. In the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, statistical significant association (p = 0.024) was found in Item 13 which is related to motor retardation, however, the association turned non-significant after of correction for multiple tests or after of analyzed with a logistic regression p = 0.059, odds ratio (OR) = 2.316 with a 95% confidence interval [0.970 to 5.532]. Other association was not found between toxoplasmosis and others factors. The prevalence of toxoplasmosis on our population under study was significantly higher than that reported by general population or other group of Mexican schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de la Luz Galván-Ramírez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara C.P. 45100, JA, Mexico; (J.C.B.G.); (L.R.R.P.); (S.H.D.J.); (J.M.D.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-(33)-10585200
| | - Gabriela Navarro Machuca
- Servicio de Psiquiatría del Hospital Civil Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara C.P. 44280, JA, Mexico; (G.N.M.); (S.A.C.C.)
| | | | - Juan Carlos Benavides González
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara C.P. 45100, JA, Mexico; (J.C.B.G.); (L.R.R.P.); (S.H.D.J.); (J.M.D.J.)
| | - Laura Roció Rodríguez Pérez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara C.P. 45100, JA, Mexico; (J.C.B.G.); (L.R.R.P.); (S.H.D.J.); (J.M.D.J.)
| | - Sergio Horacio Dueñas Jiménez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara C.P. 45100, JA, Mexico; (J.C.B.G.); (L.R.R.P.); (S.H.D.J.); (J.M.D.J.)
| | - Judith Marcela Dueñas Jiménez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara C.P. 45100, JA, Mexico; (J.C.B.G.); (L.R.R.P.); (S.H.D.J.); (J.M.D.J.)
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López Ruiz JR, Castillo Hernández L, De la Torre Valdovinos B, Franco Rodríguez NE, Dueñas Jiménez JM, Dueñas Jiménez A, Rivas-Carrillo JD, Dueñas Jiménez SH. Locomotion in intact and in brain cortex-ablated cats. Neuroscience 2017; 358:37-48. [PMID: 28663091 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The current decerebration procedures discard the role of the thalamus in the motor control and decortication only rules out the brain cortex part, leaving a gap between the brain cortex and the subthalamic motor regions. In here we define a new preparation denominated Brain Cortex-Ablated Cat (BCAC), in which the frontal and parietal brain cortices as well as the central white matter beneath them were removed, this decerebration process may be considered as suprathalamic, since the thalamus remained intact. To characterize this preparation cat hindlimb electromyograms (EMG), kinematics and cutaneous reflexes (CR) produced by electrical stimulation of sural (SU) or saphenous (SAPH) nerves were analyzed during locomotion in intact and in BCAC. In cortex-ablated cats compared to intact cats, the hindlimb EMG amplitude was increased in the flexors, whereas in most extensors the amplitude was decreased. Bifunctional muscle EMGs presented complex and speed-dependent amplitude changes. In intact cats CR produced an inhibition of extensors, as well as excitation and inhibition of flexors, and a complex pattern of withdrawal responses in bifunctional muscles. The same stimuli applied to BCAC produced no detectable responses, but in some cats cutaneous reflexes produced by electrical stimulation of saphenous nerve reappeared when the locomotion speed increased. In BCAC, EMG and kinematic changes, as well as the absence of CR, imply that for this cat preparation there is a partial compensation due to the subcortical locomotor apparatus generating close to normal locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Roberto López Ruiz
- Departmento de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, CUCS, Sierra Mojada #950, Edificio P, Tercer Piso, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico.
| | - Luis Castillo Hernández
- Departmento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro Básico, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Avenida Universidad 940, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20131, Mexico.
| | - Braniff De la Torre Valdovinos
- Departmento de Ciencias Computacionales, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán #1421, Edificio M-212, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44430, Mexico.
| | - Nancy Elizabeth Franco Rodríguez
- Departmento de Ciencias Computacionales, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán #1421, Edificio M-212, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44430, Mexico.
| | - Judith Marcela Dueñas Jiménez
- Departmento de Fisiología, Universidad de Guadalajara, CUCS, Sierra Mojada #950 Edificio P, Tercer Piso, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico.
| | - Alejandro Dueñas Jiménez
- Departmento de Electrónica, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán #1421, Edificio M-212, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44430, Mexico.
| | - Jorge David Rivas-Carrillo
- Departmento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro Básico, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Avenida Universidad 940, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20131, Mexico; Departmento de Fisiología, Universidad de Guadalajara, CUCS, Sierra Mojada #950 Edificio P, Tercer Piso, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico.
| | - Sergio Horacio Dueñas Jiménez
- Departmento de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, CUCS, Sierra Mojada #950, Edificio P, Tercer Piso, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico.
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