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Uno Y, Uehara S, Ushirozako G, Masatani T, Yamazaki H. Chronic Toxoplasma infection affects gene expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes in mouse liver. Xenobiotica 2023; 53:581-586. [PMID: 37991059 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2286597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite causing toxoplasmosis, an infectious disease affecting warm-blooded vertebrates worldwide. Many drug-metabolizing enzymes are located in the liver, a major organ of drug metabolism, and their function can be affected by pathogen infection.Using next-generation sequencing (RNA-seq) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), changes in the hepatic expressions of drug-metabolizing enzymes were analysed in mice chronically infected with T. gondii. The analysis found that, among drug-metabolizing enzymes, 22 genes were upregulated and 28 genes were downregulated (≥1.5-fold); of these 5 and 17 genes, respectively, were cytochromes P450 (Cyp or P450).Subsequent qPCR analysis showed that six P450 genes were upregulated significantly (≥1.5-fold, p < 0.05), namely, Cyp1b1, Cyp2c29, Cyp2c65, Cyp2d9, Cyp2d12, and Cyp3a59, whereas nine P450 genes were downregulated significantly (≥1.5-fold, p < 0.05), namely, Cyp2c38, Cyp2c39, Cyp2c44, Cyp2c69, Cyp2d40, Cyp2e1, Cyp3a11, Cyp3a41, and Cyp3a44.Moreover, metabolic assays in infected mouse liver using typical P450 substrates revealed that midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and testosterone 2-hydroxylation activities decreased significantly (≥1.5-fold, p < 0.05), whereas testosterone 16-hydroxylation activity increased significantly (≥1.5-fold, p < 0.05).Chronic Toxoplasma infection affects drug metabolism, at least partly, by altering the gene expressions of drug-metabolizing enzymes, including P450s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shotaro Uehara
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Genki Ushirozako
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Masatani
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
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Alizadeh Khatir A, Moghaddam SA, Almukhtar M, Ghorbani H, Babazadeh A, Mehravar S, Rostami A. Toxoplasma infection and risk of epilepsy: A case-control study of incident patients. Microb Pathog 2021; 161:105302. [PMID: 34808274 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We performed an age matched case-control study of incident epileptic patients to assess the relationship between Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity and epilepsy. Cases were 94 newly diagnosed patients (mean age, 36.7 ± 15.9) with unprovoked convulsive epilepsy of unknown etiology and controls were 88 healthy individuals (mean age, 37.5 ± 17.1) with no history of epilepsy or neurological disorders. Sera of all subjects were examined for anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies using commercially enzyme-linked immunoassays. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using univariate analysis and logistic regression, adjusted for potential confounders. The prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies in epileptic patients (68.1%; 95%CI, 57.6-77.3%) was significantly higher than healthy controls (47.7%; 95%CI, 36.9-58.6%), indicating a significant relationship between Toxoplasma infection seropositivity and epilepsy (adjusted OR, 2.58; 95%CI, 1.16-5.72; P value < 0.05). The univariate analyses showed more than two-fold higher Toxoplasma seropositivity in patients with focal (OR, 2.31; 95%CI, 0.94-5.67) and generalized (OR, 2.35; 95%CI, 1.215-4.57) seizures versus healthy controls. Our findings support hypothesis that Toxoplasma infection/exposure may play an important role in development of epilepsy. Preventive measures to control of Toxoplasma infection especially in north of Iran and early treatment might be effective to reduce the occurrence of epilepsy in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alizadeh Khatir
- Mobility Impairment Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | | | | | - Hossein Ghorbani
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Arefeh Babazadeh
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Saeed Mehravar
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Rostami
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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Rostami A, Riahi SM, Esfandyari S, Habibpour H, Mollalo A, Mirzapour A, Behniafar H, MohammadiMoghadam S, Azizi Kyvanani N, Aghaei S, Bazrafshan N, Ghazvini S. Geo-climatic factors and prevalence of chronic toxoplasmosis in pregnant women: A meta-analysis and meta-regression. Environ Pollut 2021; 288:117790. [PMID: 34329056 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effects of geo-climatic parameters and other potential risk factors on the prevalence of chronic toxoplasmosis (CT) in pregnant women. We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, Scopus, and SciELO databases for seroepidemiological studies published between January 1988, and February 2021. We performed meta-analysis and meta-regression by using a random effect model to synthesize data. A total of 360 eligible datasets, including 1,289,605 pregnant women from 94 countries, were included in this study. The highest and lowest prevalence rates were estimated for latitudes of 0-10° (49.4%) and ≥50° (26.8%); and for the longitude of 80-90° (44.2%) and 110-120° (7.8%), respectively. Concerning climatic parameters, the highest and lowest prevalence rates were estimated in regions with the mean relative humidities of >80% (46.6%) and <40% (27.0); annual precipitation between 1000 and 1500 mm (39.2%) and 250-500 mm (26.8%); and mean annual temperature of 20-30 °C (36.5%), and <7 °C (24.9%), respectively. Meta-regression analyses indicated significant increasing trends in prevalence of CT in pregnant women with decrease in geographical latitude (coefficient, = -0.0035), and geographical longitudes (C = -0.0017). While it was positively associated (P < 0.01) with the mean environmental temperature (C = 0.0047), annual precipitation (C = 0.000064), and mean relative humidity (C = 0.002). Our results highlighted various effects of environmental parameters on the prevalence of CT. Therefore, different regions in the world may benefit from different types of interventions, and thus, novel preventive measures in a region should be developed according to local climate, agricultural activities and people culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rostami
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Riahi
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Sahar Esfandyari
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haniyeh Habibpour
- Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Varamin Pishva Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Mollalo
- Department of Public Health and Prevention Science, School of Health Sciences, Baldwin Wallace University, Berea, OH, USA
| | - Aliyar Mirzapour
- Innovative Medical Research Center, Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamed Behniafar
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Sarab Faculty of Medical Sciences, Sarab, Iran
| | | | | | - Shima Aghaei
- Department of Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Bazrafshan
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Sobhan Ghazvini
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Galván Ramírez ML, Dueñas-Jiménez JM, Gutiérrez-Maldonado AF, Rodríguez Pérez LR. Effect of 17β-Estradiol, Progesterone, and Tamoxifen on Neurons Infected with Toxoplasma gondii In Vitro. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2174. [PMID: 34683495 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is the causal agent of toxoplasmosis, which produces damage in the central nervous system (CNS). Toxoplasma-CNS interaction is critical for the development of disease symptoms. T. gondii can form cysts in the CNS; however, neurons are more resistant to this infection than astrocytes. The probable mechanism for neuron resistance is a permanent state of neurons in the interface, avoiding the replication of intracellular parasites. Steroids regulate the formation of Toxoplasma cysts in mice brains. 17β-estradiol and progesterone also participate in the control of Toxoplasma infection in glial cells in vitro. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 17β-estradiol, progesterone, and their specific agonists-antagonists on Toxoplasma infection in neurons in vitro. Neurons cultured were pretreated for 48 h with 17β-estradiol or progesterone at 10, 20, 40, 80, or 160 nM/mL or tamoxifen 1 μM/mL plus 17β-estradiol at 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 nM/mL. In other conditions, the neurons were pretreated during 48 h with 4,4',4″-(4-propyl-[1H] pyrozole-1,3,5-triyl) trisphenol or 23-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionitrile at 1 nM/mL, and mifepristone 1 µM/mL plus progesterone at 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 nM/mL. Neurons were infected with 5000 tachyzoites of the T. gondii strain RH. The effect of 17β estradiol, progesterone, their agonists, or antagonists on Toxoplasma infection in neurons was evaluated at 24 and 48 h by immunocytochemistry. T. gondii replication was measured with the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction assay. 17β-Estradiol alone or plus tamoxifen reduced infected neurons (50%) compared to the control at 48 h. Progesterone plus estradiol decreased the number of intracellular parasites at 48 h of treatment compared to the control (p < 0.001). 4,4',4″-(4-propyl-[1H] pyrozole-1,3,5-triyl) trisphenol and 23-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionitrile reduced infected neurons at 48 h of treatment significantly compared to the control (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). The Toxoplasma infection process was decreased by the effect of 17β-estradiol alone or combined with tamoxifen or progesterone in neurons in vitro. These results suggest the essential participation of progesterone and estradiol and their classical receptors in the regulation of T. gondii neuron infection.
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Galván-Ramírez MDLL, Navarro Machuca G, Covarrubias Castillo SA, Benavides González JC, Rodríguez Pérez LR, Dueñas Jiménez SH, Dueñas Jiménez JM. Toxoplasmosis Is More Frequent in Schizophrenia Patients Than in the General Population in Mexico and Is Not Associated with More Severe Course of Schizophrenia Measured with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070820. [PMID: 34208827 PMCID: PMC8308891 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a disease, which was discovered in 1908, caused by the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. T. gondii infects neuronal, glial, and muscle cells, and chronic infections are characterized by the presence of cysts, in the brain and muscle cells, formed by bradyzoites. T. gondii is capable of synthesizing L-DOPA, a precursor of dopamine. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is key in the etiology of neuropsychological disorders such as schizophrenia. Previous studies have shown high levels of IgG Toxoplasma antibodies in schizophrenia patients. Many published studies show that the prevalence of toxoplasmosis is higher in schizophrenia patients. In this study, we aimed to identify the prevalence of Toxoplasma infection in patients with schizophrenia and the relationships between, sociodemographic factors and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. A total of 27 schizophrenic patients were included and IgG anti-T. gondii was determined in serum samples by ELISA. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, sociodemographic factors were associated with seropositivity. We found that the prevalence of Toxoplasma antibodies was 51.7%. In the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, statistical significant association (p = 0.024) was found in Item 13 which is related to motor retardation, however, the association turned non-significant after of correction for multiple tests or after of analyzed with a logistic regression p = 0.059, odds ratio (OR) = 2.316 with a 95% confidence interval [0.970 to 5.532]. Other association was not found between toxoplasmosis and others factors. The prevalence of toxoplasmosis on our population under study was significantly higher than that reported by general population or other group of Mexican schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de la Luz Galván-Ramírez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara C.P. 45100, JA, Mexico; (J.C.B.G.); (L.R.R.P.); (S.H.D.J.); (J.M.D.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-(33)-10585200
| | - Gabriela Navarro Machuca
- Servicio de Psiquiatría del Hospital Civil Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara C.P. 44280, JA, Mexico; (G.N.M.); (S.A.C.C.)
| | | | - Juan Carlos Benavides González
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara C.P. 45100, JA, Mexico; (J.C.B.G.); (L.R.R.P.); (S.H.D.J.); (J.M.D.J.)
| | - Laura Roció Rodríguez Pérez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara C.P. 45100, JA, Mexico; (J.C.B.G.); (L.R.R.P.); (S.H.D.J.); (J.M.D.J.)
| | - Sergio Horacio Dueñas Jiménez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara C.P. 45100, JA, Mexico; (J.C.B.G.); (L.R.R.P.); (S.H.D.J.); (J.M.D.J.)
| | - Judith Marcela Dueñas Jiménez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara C.P. 45100, JA, Mexico; (J.C.B.G.); (L.R.R.P.); (S.H.D.J.); (J.M.D.J.)
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Khodadadi M, Ghaffarifar F, Dalimi A, Ahmadpour E. Immunogenicity of in-silico designed multi-epitope DNA vaccine encoding SAG1, SAG3 and SAG5 of Toxoplasma gondii adjuvanted with CpG-ODN against acute toxoplasmosis in BALB/c mice. Acta Trop 2021; 216:105836. [PMID: 33485872 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The causative agent of toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), is able to influence the health of humans and other vertebrates. Toxoplasma may cause severe illness in the fetus and immunocompromised individuals. The high incidence and intense damages of Toxoplasma infection clearly shows the need to achieve the safe and suitable vaccine. In this study, an immunoinformatics approach was employed to design a multi-epitope DNA vaccine encoding the T. gondii SAG1, SAG3 and SAG5. The bioinformatic outputs supported the immunogenic and non-allergic natures of multi-epitope vaccine. Thereafter, the protective efficacy of the vaccine was evaluated with/without CpG-ODN adjuvant in a laboratory animal model. BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously with multi-epitope DNA vaccine. The in vivo findings indicated that the multi-epitope DNA vaccine elicited significant production of IgG antibodies (472.90 ± 2.74 ng/ml) as well as IFN-γ (173.71 ± 26.39 pg/ml) (p < 0.001). Moreover, a significant reduced parasite-burden (17,470 per mg of spleen) and prolonged survival time (9 days) were observed in the immunized groups compared to the controls (p < 0.05). The low values of IL-4 (22.5 ± 0.16 pg/ml) were detected in vaccinated mice compared to the control (PBS) (p > 0.05). In addition, CpG-ODN as an adjuvant increased the immune efficacy of the multi-epitope DNA vaccine. In multi-epitope vaccine+CpG-ODN group, the values of IgG antibodies (535.90 ±7.29 ng/ml) and IFN-γ (358.21 ± 32.70 pg/ml) were significanly higher than the multi-epitope vaccine group. Meanwhile, an increased survival time (10 days) and fewer parasite load (15,485 per mg of spleen) were observed in multi-epitope vaccine+CpG-ODN group. The results revealed that the DNA vaccine containing epitopes of SAG1, SAG3 and SAG5 adjuvanted with CpG-ODN might be a new model for further investigations against acute T. gondii infection.
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Galván-Ramírez MDLL, Salas-Lais AG, Dueñas-Jiménez SH, Mendizabal-Ruiz G, Franco Topete R, Berumen-Solís SC, Rodríguez Pérez LR, Franco Topete K. Kinematic Locomotion Changes in C57BL/6 Mice Infected with Toxoplasma Strain ME49. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7110573. [PMID: 31752159 PMCID: PMC6921015 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7110573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii produces an accumulation of cysts in the brain and muscle, causing tissue damage. The cysts in the brain motor regions affect some kinematic locomotion parameters in the host. To localize the brain cysts from Toxoplasma gondii and study the changes in kinematic locomotion in C57BL/6 mice. Female adult C57BL/6 mice were infected orally with 30 ME-49 Toxoplasma gondii cysts. An uninfected group (n = 7) and two infected groups, examined 15 and 40 days postinfection, were used for this study. To evaluate kinematic locomotion, the mice were marked with indelible ink on the iliac crest, hip, knee, ankle, and phalangeal metatarsus of the left and right hindlimbs. At least three recordings were carried out to obtain videos of the left and right hindlimbs. Mice were video recorded at 90 fps at a resolution of 640 × 480 pixels while walking freely in a transparent Plexiglass tunnel. We measured the hindlimb pendular movement and the hindlimb transfer [linear displacement] curves for each step and evaluated them statistically with Fréchet dissimilarity tests. Afterward, the mice were sacrificed, and the brain, heart, skeletal muscle, lung, liver, and kidney were obtained. The different tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for analysis with optical microscopy. Topographic localization of the cysts was made using bregma coordinates for the mouse brain. The cysts were distributed in several brain regions. In one mouse, cyst accumulation occurred in the hippocampus, coinciding with an alteration in foot displacement. The step length was different among the different studied groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de la Luz Galván-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, col.Indepdencia, Guadalajara 44320, Mexico
- Correspondence:
| | - Angel Gustavo Salas-Lais
- Instituto of Oftalmología Conde de Valenciana I.A.P.”, Chimalpopoca 14, Centro, Ciudad de México 06800, Mexico
| | - Sergio Horacio Dueñas-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, col.Indepdencia, Guadalajara 44320, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Mendizabal-Ruiz
- Departamento de Ciencias computacionales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico
| | - Ramón Franco Topete
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, col.Indepdencia, Guadalajara 44320, Mexico
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica del Nuevo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, Salvador Quevedo y Zubieta 750, Independencia Oriente, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Sofía Citlalli Berumen-Solís
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, col.Indepdencia, Guadalajara 44320, Mexico
| | - Laura Roció Rodríguez Pérez
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, col.Indepdencia, Guadalajara 44320, Mexico
| | - Karina Franco Topete
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica del Nuevo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, Salvador Quevedo y Zubieta 750, Independencia Oriente, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
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Khan AH, Noordin R. Serological and molecular rapid diagnostic tests for Toxoplasma infection in humans and animals. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:19-30. [PMID: 31428897 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03680-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Infection by Toxoplasma gondii is prevalent worldwide. The parasite can infect a broad spectrum of vertebrate hosts, but infection of fetuses and immunocompromised patients is of particular concern. Easy-to-perform, robust, and highly sensitive and specific methods to detect Toxoplasma infection are important for the treatment and management of patients. Rapid diagnostic methods that do not sacrifice the accuracy of the assay and give reproducible results in a short time are highly desirable. In this context, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), especially with point-of-care (POC) features, are promising diagnostic methods in clinical microbiology laboratories, especially in areas with minimal laboratory facilities. More advanced methods using microfluidics and sensor technology will be the future trend. In this review, we discuss serological and molecular-based rapid diagnostic tests for detecting Toxoplasma infection in humans as well as animals.
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Santos ALC, Terças Trettel ACP, Ribeiro LDJBB, Vasconcellos ML, Zenazokenae LE, Atanaka Santos M, Lemos ERSD, Amendoeira MRR. Serological study on toxoplasmosis in the Haliti-Paresí community of the Utiariti indigenous territory, Campo Novo do Parecis, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2019; 5:e00097. [PMID: 30886914 PMCID: PMC6402422 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2019.e00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is the etiological agent of toxoplasmosis, a widespread zoonosis that affects several homeothermic animals, including humans. This disease causes serious health problems, such that 10% of infected individuals develop clinical manifestations. Some studies on indigenous human populations have indicated variations in seroprevalence from 10.6% to 80.4% in such populations in different regions of Brazil and in other countries like Venezuela and Malaysia. To date, there have been no studies regarding the prevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies in Haliti-Paresí Indians living in Campo Novo do Parecis, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Our objective here was to determine the frequency of occurrence of antibodies against this protozoon in nine Haliti-Paresí villages by correlating seroprevalence with locations and variables. Serodiagnoses were made using the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis and Other Protozoan Diseases of IOC/Fiocruz. It was considered that samples tested positive for T. gondii infection if IgG/IgM antibodies against this protozoon were detected through serodiagnosis using either IFAT or ELISA. Among the 293 samples analyzed, 66.9% presented anti-T. gondii IgG and 3.4% presented anti-T. gondii IgM. It was observed that there were no statistically significant differences in frequency of antibody occurrence among infected individuals, based on sex, schooling or occupation/activities. However, there were statistical differences based on age and villages. The prevalence observed in this study is in agreement with values found in other studies on indigenous populations in Latin America. Like among other such populations, the Haliti-Paresí villages are located close to forests and the individuals have domestic cats as pets, are involved in hunting and farming and consume water directly from water accumulation sources. These factors might cause exposure to T. gondii tissue cysts and oocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Letícia Carvalho Santos
- Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis and Other Protozoan Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcelo Leitão Vasconcellos
- Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis and Other Protozoan Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Elba Regina Sampaio de Lemos
- Hantavirus and Rickettsiosis Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Regina Reis Amendoeira
- Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis and Other Protozoan Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Fischer K, Roberts M, Roscoe S, Avci Y, Ananvoranich S. Toxoplasma gondii infection induces the formation of host's nuclear granules containing poly(A)-binding proteins. Can J Microbiol 2018; 64:551-558. [PMID: 29658303 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2017-0755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To study the mechanism by which human host cells respond to an infection of Toxoplasma gondii, we monitored the level of poly(A)-binding protein (PABP), an indicator of translation. Here, we report an observation of the relocalization of PABPs in human host cells upon T. gondii infection. Notably, the aggregates of PABPs formed upon infection are mainly found in the nucleus, which is a different response from that found after exposure to heat shock. Pyrimethamine treatment of the infected monolayers inhibits the multiplicity of the parasite and reverses the relocalization of PABP aggregates. This active interaction between the infected mammalian host cells and T. gondii appears to be different from that caused by viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlee Fischer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Mikayla Roberts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Scott Roscoe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Yasin Avci
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Sirinart Ananvoranich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
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Galván-Ramírez MDLL, Sánchez-Orozco LV, Gutiérrez-Maldonado AF, Rodriguez Pérez LR. Does Toxoplasma gondii infection impact liver transplantation outcomes? A systematic review. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:499-506. [PMID: 29458555 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Approximately one-third of the world's population has Toxoplasma gondii infection, and one of the main routes of transmission is organ transplantation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of Toxoplasma infection on liver transplantation patients. METHODOLOGY We searched PubMed, Lilacs, Medline, Science direct, Scielo, Ebsco, Springer, Wiley, Ovid and Google Scholar for reports published up to June 2017, and a systematic review was performed. RESULTS Twenty cases were analysed before and after liver transplantation. Primary and reactivated infections were investigated. Before transplantation, positive IgG antibodies were the predominant serological markers in donors and recipients: 40 % (D+/R-), 20 % (D+/R+) and 20 % (D-/R+). IgM was present in only 5 % of the donors (D+/R-). In four cases, the serological markers were not specified or were negative (D?/R? or D?/R-). After transplantation, IgM anti-Toxoplasma antibodies were found in 30 % of the recipients, and in 67 % of the seronegative recipients the presence of Toxoplasma DNA or tachyzoites was reported, suggesting a primary infection. Clinical symptoms were meningitis, massive cerebral oedema, encephalitis and seizures. Treatment was administered in 70 % of the patients, and 40 % died after presenting symptoms associated with Toxoplasma infection. CONCLUSIONS Although we review Toxoplasma infection and liver transplantation cases, problems associated with the parasite may be greater than identified. Hence, follow-up studies on Toxoplasma infection in liver transplantation patients are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria de la Luz Galván-Ramírez
- Department of Physiology, Neurophysiology Laboratory, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Laura V Sánchez-Orozco
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Adrián Fernando Gutiérrez-Maldonado
- Department of Physiology, Neurophysiology Laboratory, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Laura Roció Rodriguez Pérez
- Department of Physiology, Neurophysiology Laboratory, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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12
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Findal G, Helbig A, Haugen G, Jenum PA, Stray-Pedersen B. Management of suspected primary Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women in Norway: twenty years of experience of amniocentesis in a low-prevalence population. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2017; 17:127. [PMID: 28441952 PMCID: PMC5405501 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-017-1300-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary infection with Toxoplasma gondii during pregnancy may pose a threat to the fetus. Women infected prior to conception are unlikely to transmit the parasite to the fetus. If maternal serology indicates a possible primary infection, amniocentesis for toxoplasma PCR analysis is performed and antiparasitic treatment given. However, discriminating between primary and latent infection is challenging and unnecessary amniocenteses may occur. Procedure-related fetal loss after amniocentesis is of concern. The aim of the present study was to determine whether amniocentesis is performed on the correct patients and whether the procedure is safe for this indication. Methods Retrospective study analysing data from all singleton pregnancies (n = 346) at Oslo University Hospital undergoing amniocentesis due to suspected maternal primary toxoplasma infection during 1993–2013. Maternal, neonatal and infant data were obtained from clinical hospital records, laboratory records and pregnancy charts. All serum samples were analysed at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health or at the Toxoplasma Reference Laboratory at Oslo University Hospital. The amniocenteses were performed at Oslo University Hospital by experienced personnel. Time of maternal infection was evaluated retrospectively based on serology results. Results 50% (173) of the women were infected before pregnancy, 23% (80) possibly in pregnancy and 27% (93) were certainly infected during pregnancy. Forty-nine (14%) women seroconverted, 42 (12%) had IgG antibody increase and 255 (74%) women had IgM positivity and low IgG avidity/high dye test titre. Fifteen offspring were infected with toxoplasma, one of them with negative PCR in the amniotic fluid. Median gestational age at amniocentesis was 16.7 gestational weeks (GWs) (Q1 = 15, Q3 = 22), with median sample volume 4 ml (Q1 = 3, Q3 = 7). Two miscarriages occurred 4 weeks after the procedure, both performed in GW 13. One of these had severe fetal toxoplasma infection. Conclusions Half of our study population were infected before pregnancy. In order to reduce the unnecessary amniocenteses we advise confirmatory serology 3 weeks after a suspect result and suggest that the serology is interpreted by dedicated multidisciplinary staff. Amniocentesis is safe and useful as a diagnostic procedure in diagnosing congenital toxoplasma infection when performed after 15 GW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gry Findal
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway. .,Division of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anne Helbig
- Division of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guttorm Haugen
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål A Jenum
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Medical Microbiology, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway
| | - Babill Stray-Pedersen
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Alavi SM, Alavi L. Toxoplasmosis in Iran: A guide for general physicians working in the Iranian health network setting: A systematic review. Caspian J Intern Med 2016; 7:233-241. [PMID: 27999640 PMCID: PMC5153514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human toxoplasmosis is an important zoonotic infection worldwide which is caused by the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii (T.gondii). The aim of this study was to review briefly the general aspects of toxoplasma infection in in Iranian health system network. METHODS We searched published toxoplasmosis related articles in English databases including Science Direct, Pub Med, Scopus, Google Scholar, Magiran, Iran Medex, Iran Doc and Scientific Information Database (SID) for toxoplasmosis. RESULTS Out of 1267 articles from the English and Persian databases search, 40 articles were suitable with our research objectives and so were selected for the study. It is estimated that at least a third of the world human population is infected with T.gondii, suggesting it as one of the most common parasitic infections through the world. Maternal infection during pregnancy may affect dangerous outcome for the fetus, or even cause intrauterine death. Reactivation of a previous infection in immunocompromised patient such as drug induced, AIDS and organ transplantation can cause life-threating central nervous system infection. Ocular toxoplasmosis is one of the most important causes of blindness, especially in individuals with a deficient immune system. CONCLUSION According to the increasing burden of toxoplasmosis on human health, the findings of this study highlight the appropriate preventive measures, diagnosis, and management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Alavi
- Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Joundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Leila Alavi
- Food and Drug Deputy, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran ,Correspondence: Leila Alavi, Food and Drag Deputy, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Address: NO 52, 11 West Street, Ian Abad, Ahvaz, Iran. E-mail: , Tel: 0098 6133387724, Fax: 0098 6133387724
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14
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MOHAMMADI A, SHOJAEE S, SALIMI M, ZAREEI M, MOHEBALI M, KESHAVARZ H. Seroepidemiological Study of Toxoplasmosis in Women Referred to Arak Marriage Consulting Center during 2012-2013. Iran J Public Health 2015; 44:654-8. [PMID: 26284206 PMCID: PMC4537622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic and usually asymptomatic infection. This study was carried out to investigate the seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma infection in women referred to Arak Marriage Consulting Center during 2012-2013. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, serum samples were collected from 400 women referred to Marriage Consulting Center in Arak City, Markazi Province, central Iran during 2012-2013. Anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies were measured by ELISA using homemade antigen. Results were analyzed by SPSS 18 and the correlation between toxoplasmosis and some affecting factors were estimated. RESULTS Overall, 97 cases (24.3%) had IgG antibodies against T. gondii and 19 cases (4.8%) were positive for IgM antibodies. A significant correlation was seen between T. gondii infection with clinical symptoms, keeping cat as pet animal, education and handling or eating raw or undercooked meat (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The prevalence of (24.3%) for Toxoplasma infection was seen in Arak City. It seems that keeping cat as pet and consumption of undercooked liver and uncooked hamburger are the most important transmission routes for the infection in this city. Since the majority of women are Toxoplasma sero-negative (75.7%) in Arak City, using serological tests and health education prior to marriage or during pregnancy is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza MOHAMMADI
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Heath, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeedeh SHOJAEE
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Heath, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh SALIMI
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Heath, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi ZAREEI
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Heath, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi MOHEBALI
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Heath, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran,Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein KESHAVARZ
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Heath, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Author:
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Galván-Ramírez MDLL, Gutiérrez-Maldonado AF, Verduzco-Grijalva F, Jiménez JMD. The role of hormones on Toxoplasma gondii infection: a systematic review. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:503. [PMID: 25346725 PMCID: PMC4191157 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Toxoplasma gondii is the causal agent of toxoplasmosis in which one third of the world's population has been infected. In pregnant women, it may cause abortion and severe damage to the fetal central nervous system. During pregnancy, the prevalence of toxoplasmosis increases throughout the second and third quarter of gestation, simultaneously progesterone and 17β-estradiol also increase. Thus, it has been suggested that these hormones can aggravate or reduce parasite reproduction. The aim of this study was reviewing the relationship between hormones and infection caused by T. gondii in several experimental animal models and humans, focused mainly on: (a) congenital transmission, (b) parasite reproduction, (c) strain virulence, (d) levels of hormone in host induced by T. gondii infection, and (e) participation of hormone receptors in T. gondii infection. Are the hormones specific modulators of T. gondii infection? A systematic review methodology was used to consult several databases (Pub Med, Lilacs, Medline, Science direct, Scielo, Ebsco, Sprinker, Wiley, and Google Scholar) dated from September, 2013 to March, 2014. Results: Thirty studies were included; eight studies in humans and 22 in animals and cell cultures. In the human studies, the most studied hormones were testosterone, progesterone, prolactin, and 17β-estradiol. Type I (RH and BK) and Type II (Prugniaud, SC, ME49, T45, P78, and T38) were the most frequent experimental strains. Conclusions: Thirty-five years have passed since the first studies regarding T. gondii infection and its relationship with hormones. This systematic review suggests that hormones modulate T. gondii infection in different animal models. However, given that data were not comparable, further studies are required to determine the mechanism of hormone action in the T. gondii infectious process.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de la Luz Galván-Ramírez
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Adrián Fernando Gutiérrez-Maldonado
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Fabiola Verduzco-Grijalva
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Judith Marcela Dueñas Jiménez
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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Daryani A, Sarvi S, Aarabi M, Mizani A, Ahmadpour E, Shokri A, Rahimi MT, Sharif M. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in the Iranian general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Trop 2014; 137:185-94. [PMID: 24887263 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most common protozoan parasites with widespread distribution globally. It is the causative agent of Toxoplasma infection, which is prevalent in human and other warm-blooded vertebrates. While T. gondii infection in healthy people is usually asymptomatic, it can lead to serious pathological effects in congenital cases and immunodeficient patients. We sought to identify the seroprevalence rate of Toxoplasma infection in the Iranian general population to develop a comprehensive description of the disease condition in Iran for future use. Electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Scopus) and Persian language databases (Magiran, Scientific Information Database [SID], Iran Medex, and Iran Doc) were searched. Furthermore, graduate student dissertations and proceedings of national parasitology congresses were searched manually. Our search resulted in a total of 35 reports published from 1978 to 2012.These include 22 published articles, 1 unpublished study, 8 proceedings from the Iranian conference of parasitology, and 4 graduate student dissertations, resulting in 52,294 individuals and 23,385 IgG seropositive cases. The random errors method was used for this meta-analysis. The result shows that the overall seroprevalence rate of toxoplasmos is among the general population in Iran was 39.3% (95% CI=33.0%-45.7%). There was no significant difference in the seroprevalence rate between male and female patients. A significant linear trend of increasing overall prevalence by age was noted (P<0.0001). In addition, the data indicates that there are high seroprevalence in groups who have direct contact with cats, consume uncooked meat and raw fruits or vegetables, in farmers and Housewife, individuals who have a low level of education, and live in rural areas. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review of T. gondii infection seroprevalence in Iran, which shows a high prevalence of Toxoplasma infection (more than one third). We highly recommend further study for the purposes of aiding patient management and developing more efficient diagnostic tests and effective prevention approaches.
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Galván-Ramírez MDLL, Dueñas Jiménez JM, Rocío Rodríguez Pérez L, Troyo-Sanroman R, Ramírez-Herrera M, García-Iglesias T. Effect of nitaxozanide and pyrimethamine on astrocytes infected by Toxoplasma gondii in vitro. Arch Med Res 2013; 44:415-21. [PMID: 23973195 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS T. gondii is a causal agent of encephalitis in immunocompromised patients. Pyrimethamine (PYR) has been the treatment of choice for toxoplasmosis. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of nitazoxanide and pyrimethamine on astrocytes infected with T. gondii in vitro. METHODS Rat astrocytes were cultured and infected with T. gondii. The effect of nitazoxanide (10, 20 and 30 μg/mL) and pyrimethamine (7, 10 and 13 μg/mL) on astrocytes infected was evaluated at 24 and 48 h post-infection. Tachyzoites and astrocytes were detected by the immunocytochemical method. T. gondii viability in astrocytes infected and treated with NTZ and PYR as well as NTZ and PYR cytotoxicity on astrocytes in vitro were evaluated by the MTT assay. RESULTS The number of parasites in astrocytes treated with the drugs was significantly reduced when compared to control (p <0.001) at 24 and 48 h. Nitazoxanide produced 97% T. gondii death in a concentration of 10 μg/mL in 48 h infected astrocytes. At 48 h, the death rate of T. gondii was higher when treated with nitazoxanide than with pyrimethamine. A higher toxicity rate in astrocyte was observed when using pyrimethamine at 40 μg/mL. CONCLUSIONS Nitazoxanide reduced T. gondii infection more efficiently than pyrimethamine and is not cytotoxic to astrocytes at the administered dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma de la Luz Galván-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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