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Zorea A, Pellow D, Levin L, Pilosof S, Friedman J, Shamir R, Mizrahi I. Plasmids in the human gut reveal neutral dispersal and recombination that is overpowered by inflammatory diseases. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3147. [PMID: 38605009 PMCID: PMC11009399 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47272-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasmids are pivotal in driving bacterial evolution through horizontal gene transfer. Here, we investigated 3467 human gut microbiome samples across continents and disease states, analyzing 11,086 plasmids. Our analyses reveal that plasmid dispersal is predominantly stochastic, indicating neutral processes as the primary driver of their wide distribution. We find that only 20-25% of plasmid DNA is being selected in various disease states, constraining its distribution across hosts. Selective pressures shape specific plasmid segments with distinct ecological functions, influenced by plasmid mobilization lifestyle, antibiotic usage, and inflammatory gut diseases. Notably, these elements are more commonly shared within groups of individuals with similar health conditions, such as Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), regardless of geographic location across continents. These segments contain essential genes such as iron transport mechanisms- a distinctive gut signature of IBD that impacts the severity of inflammation. Our findings shed light on mechanisms driving plasmid dispersal and selection in the human gut, highlighting their role as carriers of vital gene pools impacting bacterial hosts and ecosystem dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvah Zorea
- National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Be'er Sheva, Israel
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Be'er Sheva, Israel
- The Goldman Sonnenfeldt School of Sustainability and Climate Change, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - David Pellow
- Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liron Levin
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, llse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Shai Pilosof
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Be'er Sheva, Israel
- The Goldman Sonnenfeldt School of Sustainability and Climate Change, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Jonathan Friedman
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Shamir
- Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Itzhak Mizrahi
- National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Be'er Sheva, Israel.
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Be'er Sheva, Israel.
- The Goldman Sonnenfeldt School of Sustainability and Climate Change, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Be'er Sheva, Israel.
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2
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Galai G, He X, Rotblat B, Pilosof S. Ecological network analysis reveals cancer-dependent chaperone-client interaction structure and robustness. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6277. [PMID: 37805501 PMCID: PMC10560210 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41906-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells alter the expression levels of metabolic enzymes to fuel proliferation. The mitochondrion is a central hub of metabolic reprogramming, where chaperones service hundreds of clients, forming chaperone-client interaction networks. How network structure affects its robustness to chaperone targeting is key to developing cancer-specific drug therapy. However, few studies have assessed how structure and robustness vary across different cancer tissues. Here, using ecological network analysis, we reveal a non-random, hierarchical pattern whereby the cancer type modulates the chaperones' ability to realize their potential client interactions. Despite the low similarity between the chaperone-client interaction networks, we highly accurately predict links in one cancer type based on another. Moreover, we identify groups of chaperones that interact with similar clients. Simulations of network robustness show that this group structure affects cancer-specific response to chaperone removal. Our results open the door for new hypotheses regarding the ecology and evolution of chaperone-client interaction networks and can inform cancer-specific drug development strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geut Galai
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Xie He
- Department of Mathematics, Dartmouth College, 27 N Main St, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Barak Rotblat
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Shai Pilosof
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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3
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Vitali A, Ruiz-Suarez S, Vázquez DP, Schleuning M, Rodríguez-Cabal MA, Sasal Y, Pilosof S. Invasive species modulate the structure and stability of a multilayer mutualistic network. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230132. [PMID: 37357855 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Species interactions are critical for maintaining community structure and dynamics, but the effects of invasive species on multitrophic networks remain poorly understood. We leveraged an ongoing invasion scenario in Patagonia, Argentina, to explore how non-native ungulates affect multitrophic networks. Ungulates disrupt a hummingbird-mistletoe-marsupial keystone interaction, which alters community composition. We sampled pollination and seed dispersal interactions in intact and invaded sites. We constructed pollination and seed dispersal networks for each site, which we connected via shared plants. We calculated pollination-seed dispersal connectivity, identified clusters of highly connected species, and quantified species' roles in connecting species clusters. To link structural variation to stability, we quantified network tolerance to single random species removal (disturbance propagation) and sequential species removal (robustness) using a stochastic coextinction model. Ungulates reduced the connectivity between pollination and seed dispersal and produced fewer clusters with a skewed size distribution. Moreover, species shifted their structural role, fragmenting the network by reducing the 'bridges' among species clusters. These structural changes altered the dynamics of cascading effects, increasing disturbance propagation and reducing network robustness. Our results highlight invasive species' role in altering community structure and subsequent stability in multitrophic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Vitali
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones, INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, CONICET. San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Sofía Ruiz-Suarez
- Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones, INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, CONICET. San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Diego P Vázquez
- Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas, CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Matthias Schleuning
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mariano A Rodríguez-Cabal
- Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones, INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, CONICET. San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
| | - Yamila Sasal
- Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones, INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, CONICET. San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Shai Pilosof
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- The Goldman Sonnenfeldt School of Sustainability and Climate Change, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
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4
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Pilosof S. Conceptualizing microbe-plasmid communities as complex adaptive systems. Trends Microbiol 2023:S0966-842X(23)00025-2. [PMID: 36822952 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Plasmids shape microbial communities' diversity, structure, and function. Nevertheless, we lack a mechanistic understanding of how community structure and dynamics emerge from local microbe-plasmid interactions and coevolution. Addressing this gap is challenging because multiple processes operate simultaneously at multiple levels of organization. For example, immunity operates between a plasmid and a cell, but incompatibility mechanisms regulate coexistence between plasmids. Conceptualizing microbe-plasmid communities as complex adaptive systems is a promising approach to overcoming these challenges. I illustrate how agent-based evolutionary modeling, extended by network analysis, can be used to quantify the relative importance of local processes governing community dynamics. These theoretical developments can advance our understanding of plasmid ecology and evolution, especially when combined with empirical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Pilosof
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel.
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5
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Ruybal-Pesántez S, Tiedje KE, Pilosof S, Tonkin-Hill G, He Q, Rask TS, Amenga-Etego L, Oduro AR, Koram KA, Pascual M, Day KP. Age-specific patterns of DBLα var diversity can explain why residents of high malaria transmission areas remain susceptible to Plasmodium falciparum blood stage infection throughout life. Int J Parasitol 2022; 52:721-731. [PMID: 35093396 PMCID: PMC9339046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunity to Plasmodium falciparum is non-sterilising, thus individuals residing in malaria-endemic areas are at risk of infection throughout their lifetime. Here we seek to find a genomic epidemiological explanation for why residents of all ages harbour blood stage infections despite lifelong exposure to P. falciparum in areas of high transmission. We do this by exploring, for the first known time, the age-specific patterns of diversity of variant antigen encoding (var) genes in the reservoir of infection. Microscopic and submicroscopic P. falciparum infections were analysed at the end of the wet and dry seasons in 2012-2013 for a cohort of 1541 residents aged from 1 to 91 years in an area characterised by high seasonal malaria transmission in Ghana. By sequencing the near ubiquitous Duffy-binding-like alpha domain (DBLα) that encodes immunogenic domains, we defined var gene diversity in an estimated 1096 genomes detected in sequential wet and dry season sampling of this cohort. Unprecedented var (DBLα) diversity was observed in all ages with 42,399 unique var types detected. There was a high degree of maintenance of types between seasons (>40% seen more than once), with many of the same types, especially upsA, appearing multiple times in isolates from different individuals. Children and adolescents were found to be significant reservoirs of var DBLα diversity compared with adults. Var repertoires within individuals were highly variable, with children having more related var repertoires compared to adolescents and adults. Individuals of all ages harboured multiple genomes with var repertoires unrelated to those infecting other hosts. High turnover of parasites with diverse isolate var repertoires was also observed in all ages. These age-specific patterns are best explained by variant-specific immune selection. The observed level of var diversity for the population was then used to simulate the development of variant-specific immunity to the diverse var types under conservative assumptions. Simulations showed that the extent of observed var diversity with limited repertoire relatedness was sufficient to explain why adolescents and adults in this community remain susceptible to blood stage infection, even with multiple genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn E. Tiedje
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Australia,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bio21 Institute and Peter Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shai Pilosof
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, USA,Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Be’er-Sheva, Israel
| | - Gerry Tonkin-Hill
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Australia,Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medial Research, Australia
| | - Qixin He
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, USA
| | - Thomas S. Rask
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lucas Amenga-Etego
- West African Centre for Cell Biology and Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Ghana,Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Ghana
| | | | - Kwadwo A. Koram
- Epidemiology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | | | - Karen P. Day
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Australia,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bio21 Institute and Peter Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Australia,Corresponding author. (K.P. Day)
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6
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He Q, Pilosof S, Tiedje KE, Day KP, Pascual M. Corrigendum: Frequency-dependent competition between strains imparts persistence to perturbations in a model of Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.971161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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7
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Muñoz-Garcia A, Ben-Hamo M, Pilosof S, Williams JB, Korine C. Habitat aridity as a determinant of the trade-off between water conservation and evaporative heat loss in bats. J Comp Physiol B 2022; 192:325-333. [PMID: 35037994 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-021-01425-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of water balance in arid environments might represent a formidable challenge for Chiroptera, since they have high surface-to-volume ratios. In deserts, bats conserve water, for example, using daily torpor, but they also might experience episodic heat bouts, when they may need to increase total evaporative water loss (TEWL) to thermoregulate. We hypothesized that in bats, habitat aridity and its variability determine a trade-off between water conservation and thermoregulation via evaporative means. To test this hypothesis, we collated data from the literature of 22 species of bats on TEWL, body temperature and resting metabolic rate, in torpor and euthermy. We also collected data on ambient temperature (Ta) and precipitation of the locations where bats were captured, calculated an aridity index, and built an index of variability of the environment. After correcting for phylogeny, we found that, as aridity and variability of the environment increased, bats had lower values of TEWL, but the rate at which TEWL increases with Ta was higher, supporting our hypothesis. These results suggest that at high Ta there is a trade-off between water conservation and evaporative heat loss in bats. The evolution of physiological mechanisms that allow water conservation and tolerance to conditions of high Ta without access to free water might thus be crucial to explain the distribution of desert bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustí Muñoz-Garcia
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University at Mansfield, 1730 University Dr., Mansfield, OH, 44906, USA.
| | - Miriam Ben-Hamo
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84990, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Shai Pilosof
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84990, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Joseph B Williams
- Aronoff Laboratory, Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, 318 W 12th Ave., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Carmi Korine
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84990, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
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8
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Guerstein S, Romeo-Aznar V, Dekel M, Miron O, Davidovitch N, Puzis R, Pilosof S. The interplay between vaccination and social distancing strategies affects COVID19 population-level outcomes. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009319. [PMID: 34415900 PMCID: PMC8409608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Social distancing is an effective population-level mitigation strategy to prevent COVID19 propagation but it does not reduce the number of susceptible individuals and bears severe social consequences-a dire situation that can be overcome with the recently developed vaccines. Although a combination of these interventions should provide greater benefits than their isolated deployment, a mechanistic understanding of the interplay between them is missing. To tackle this challenge we developed an age-structured deterministic model in which vaccines are deployed during the pandemic to individuals who do not show symptoms. The model allows for flexible and dynamic prioritization strategies with shifts between target groups. We find a strong interaction between social distancing and vaccination in their effect on the proportion of hospitalizations. In particular, prioritizing vaccines to elderly (60+) before adults (20-59) is more effective when social distancing is applied to adults or uniformly. In addition, the temporal reproductive number Rt is only affected by vaccines when deployed at sufficiently high rates and in tandem with social distancing. Finally, the same reduction in hospitalization can be achieved via different combination of strategies, giving decision makers flexibility in choosing public health policies. Our study provides insights into the factors that affect vaccination success and provides methodology to test different intervention strategies in a way that will align with ethical guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Guerstein
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Victoria Romeo-Aznar
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Ecology, Genetics & Evolution, and IEGEBA (UBA-CONICET), Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos-Aires, Argentina
| | - Ma’ayan Dekel
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Oren Miron
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nadav Davidovitch
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Rami Puzis
- Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Shai Pilosof
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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9
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He Q, Pilosof S, Tiedje KE, Day KP, Pascual M. Frequency-Dependent Competition Between Strains Imparts Persistence to Perturbations in a Model of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Transmission. Front Ecol Evol 2021; 9. [PMID: 35433714 PMCID: PMC9012452 DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.633263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In high-transmission endemic regions, local populations of Plasmodium falciparum exhibit vast diversity of the var genes encoding its major surface antigen, with each parasite comprising multiple copies from this diverse gene pool. This strategy to evade the immune system through large combinatorial antigenic diversity is common to other hyperdiverse pathogens. It underlies a series of fundamental epidemiological characteristics, including large reservoirs of transmission from high prevalence of asymptomatics and long-lasting infections. Previous theory has shown that negative frequency-dependent selection (NFDS) mediated by the acquisition of specific immunity by hosts structures the diversity of var gene repertoires, or strains, in a pattern of limiting similarity that is both non-random and non-neutral. A combination of stochastic agent-based models and network analyses has enabled the development and testing of theory in these complex adaptive systems, where assembly of local parasite diversity occurs under frequency-dependent selection and large pools of variation. We show here the application of these approaches to theory comparing the response of the malaria transmission system to intervention when strain diversity is assembled under (competition-based) selection vs. a form of neutrality, where immunity depends only on the number but not the genetic identity of previous infections. The transmission system is considerably more persistent under NFDS, exhibiting a lower extinction probability despite comparable prevalence during intervention. We explain this pattern on the basis of the structure of strain diversity, in particular the more pronounced fraction of highly dissimilar parasites. For simulations that survive intervention, prevalence under specific immunity is lower than under neutrality, because the recovery of diversity is considerably slower than that of prevalence and decreased var gene diversity reduces parasite transmission. A Principal Component Analysis of network features describing parasite similarity reveals that despite lower overall diversity, NFDS is quickly restored after intervention constraining strain structure and maintaining patterns of limiting similarity important to parasite persistence. Given the described enhanced persistence under perturbation, intervention efforts will likely require longer times than the usual practice to eliminate P. falciparum populations. We discuss implications of our findings and potential analogies for ecological communities with non-neutral assembly processes involving frequency-dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixin He
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Shai Pilosof
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Kathryn E. Tiedje
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karen P. Day
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mercedes Pascual
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, United States
- Correspondence: Mercedes Pascual,
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel Farage
- Department of Life Sciences Ben‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer‐Sheva Israel
| | - Daniel Edler
- Integrated Science Lab Department of Physics Umeå University Umeå Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Anna Eklöf
- Division of Theoretical Biology Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Martin Rosvall
- Integrated Science Lab Department of Physics Umeå University Umeå Sweden
| | - Shai Pilosof
- Department of Life Sciences Ben‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer‐Sheva Israel
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11
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Galai G, Ben-David H, Levin L, Orth MF, Grünewald TGP, Pilosof S, Bershtein S, Rotblat B. Pan-Cancer Analysis of Mitochondria Chaperone-Client Co-Expression Reveals Chaperone Functional Partitioning. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040825. [PMID: 32235444 PMCID: PMC7226338 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer. Such reprogramming entails the up-regulation of the expression of specific mitochondrial proteins, thus increasing the burden on the mitochondrial protein quality control. However, very little is known about the specificity of interactions between mitochondrial chaperones and their clients, or to what extent the mitochondrial chaperone–client co-expression is coordinated. We hypothesized that a physical interaction between a chaperone and its client in mitochondria ought to be manifested in the co-expression pattern of both transcripts. Using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) gene expression data from 13 tumor entities, we constructed the mitochondrial chaperone-client co-expression network. We determined that the network is comprised of three distinct modules, each populated with unique chaperone-clients co-expression pairs belonging to distinct functional groups. Surprisingly, chaperonins HSPD1 and HSPE1, which are known to comprise a functional complex, each occupied a different module: HSPD1 co-expressed with tricarboxylic acid cycle cycle enzymes, while HSPE1 co-expressed with proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation. Importantly, we found that the genes in each module were enriched for discrete transcription factor binding sites, suggesting the mechanism for the coordinated co-expression. We propose that our mitochondrial chaperone–client interactome can facilitate the identification of chaperones supporting specific mitochondrial pathways and bring forth a fundamental principle in metabolic adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geut Galai
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (G.G.); (S.P.)
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel;
| | - Hila Ben-David
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (G.G.); (S.P.)
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel;
| | - Liron Levin
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel;
| | - Martin F. Orth
- Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology of the LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (M.F.O.); (T.G.P.G.)
| | - Thomas G. P. Grünewald
- Max-Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology of the LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (M.F.O.); (T.G.P.G.)
- Institute of Pathology of the LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Division of Translational Pediatric Sarcoma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shai Pilosof
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (G.G.); (S.P.)
| | - Shimon Bershtein
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (G.G.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (B.R.)
| | - Barak Rotblat
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (G.G.); (S.P.)
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel;
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (B.R.)
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12
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Pilosof S, He Q, Tiedje KE, Ruybal-Pesántez S, Day KP, Pascual M. Competition for hosts modulates vast antigenic diversity to generate persistent strain structure in Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000336. [PMID: 31233490 PMCID: PMC6611651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In their competition for hosts, parasites with antigens that are novel to the host immune system will be at a competitive advantage. The resulting frequency-dependent selection can structure parasite populations into strains of limited genetic overlap. For the causative agent of malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, the high recombination rates and associated vast diversity of its highly antigenic and multicopy var genes preclude such clear clustering in endemic regions. This undermines the definition of strains as specific, temporally persisting gene variant combinations. We use temporal multilayer networks to analyze the genetic similarity of parasites in both simulated data and in an extensively and longitudinally sampled population in Ghana. When viewed over time, populations are structured into modules (i.e., groups) of parasite genomes whose var gene combinations are more similar within than between the modules and whose persistence is much longer than that of the individual genomes that compose them. Comparison to neutral models that retain parasite population dynamics but lack competition reveals that the selection imposed by host immunity promotes the persistence of these modules. The modular structure is, in turn, associated with a slower acquisition of immunity by individual hosts. Modules thus represent dynamically generated niches in host immune space, which can be interpreted as strains. Negative frequency-dependent selection therefore shapes the organization of the var diversity into parasite genomes, leaving a persistence signature over ecological time scales. Multilayer networks extend the scope of phylodynamics analyses by allowing quantification of temporal genetic structure in organisms that generate variation via recombination or other non-bifurcating processes. A strain structure similar to the one described here should apply to other pathogens with large antigenic spaces that evolve via recombination. For malaria, the temporal modular structure should enable the formulation of tractable epidemiological models that account for parasite antigenic diversity and its influence on intervention outcomes. A combination of computational modeling and empirical data reveals persistent strain structure despite vast antigenic diversity in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, with potential consequences for the acquisition of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Pilosof
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Qixin He
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kathryn E. Tiedje
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute/University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Karen P. Day
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute/University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mercedes Pascual
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
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Hutchinson MC, Bramon Mora B, Pilosof S, Barner AK, Kéfi S, Thébault E, Jordano P, Stouffer DB. Seeing the forest for the trees: Putting multilayer networks to work for community ecology. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Hutchinson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton New Jersey
| | - Bernat Bramon Mora
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Shai Pilosof
- Department of Ecology & Evolution University of Chicago Chicago Illinois
| | - Allison K. Barner
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management University of California Berkeley Berkeley California
| | - Sonia Kéfi
- ISEM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, EPHE Montpellier France
| | - Elisa Thébault
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris Paris France
| | - Pedro Jordano
- Department of Integrative Ecology Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD‐CSIC) Seville Spain
| | - Daniel B. Stouffer
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
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Korine C, Pilosof S, Gross A, Morales-Malacara JB, Krasnov BR. The effect of water contamination and host-related factors on ectoparasite load in an insectivorous bat. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:2517-2526. [PMID: 28735468 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5561-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of sex, age, and reproductive state of the insectivorous bat Pipistrellus kuhlii on the abundance and prevalence of arthropod ectoparasites (Macronyssidae and Cimicidae) in habitats with either sewage-polluted or natural bodies of water, in the Negev Desert, Israel. We chose water pollution as an environmental factor because of the importance of water availability in desert environments, particularly for P. kuhlii, which needs to drink on a daily basis. We predicted that parasite infestation rates would be affected by both environment and demographic cohort of the host. We found that female bats in the polluted site harbored significantly more mites than female bats in the natural site and that juveniles in the polluted site harbored significantly more cimicid individuals than juveniles in the natural site. We further found that age and sex (host-related factors) affected ectoparasite prevalence and intensity (i.e., the abundance of parasites) in the polluted site. Our results may suggest that the interaction between host-related and environment-related factors affected parasite infestations, with females and young bats being more susceptible to ectoparasites when foraging over polluted water. This effect may be particularly important for bats that must drink or forage above water for other wildlife that depend on drinking water for survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmi Korine
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Beersheba, Israel.
| | - Shai Pilosof
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Amit Gross
- Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Juan B Morales-Malacara
- Laboratorio Espeleobiología y Acarología, Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, 76230, Querétaro, C.P., Mexico
| | - Boris R Krasnov
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Beersheba, Israel
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15
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Pilosof S, Greenbaum G, Krasnov BR, Zelnik YR. Asymmetric disease dynamics in multihost interconnected networks. J Theor Biol 2017; 430:237-244. [PMID: 28735858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Epidemic spread in single-host systems strongly depends on the population's transmission network. However, little is known regarding the spread of epidemics across networks representing populations of multiple hosts. We explored cross-species transmission in a multilayer network where layers represent populations of two distinct hosts, and disease can spread across intralayer (within-host) and interlayer (between-host) edges. We developed an analytic framework for the SIR epidemic model to examine the effect of (i) source of infection and (ii) between-host asymmetry in infection probabilities, on disease risk. We measured risk as outbreak probability and outbreak size in a focal host, represented by one network layer. Numeric simulations were used to validate the analytic formulations. We found that outbreak probability is determined by a complex interaction between source of infection and between-host infection probabilities, whereas outbreak size is mainly affected by the non-focal host to focal host infection probability. Hence, inter-specific asymmetry in infection probabilities shapes disease dynamics in multihost networks. These results highlight the importance of considering multiple measures of disease risk and advance our understanding of disease spread in multihost systems. The study provides a flexible way to model disease dynamics in multiple hosts while considering contact heterogeneity within and between species. We strongly encourage empirical studies that include information on both cross-species infection rates and network structure of multiple hosts. Such studies are necessary to corroborate our theoretical results and to improve our understanding of multihost epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Pilosof
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, 1103 E 57 st, Chicago, 60637, USA.
| | - Gili Greenbaum
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel; Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
| | - Boris R Krasnov
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
| | - Yuval R Zelnik
- Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
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Toubiana D, Xue W, Zhang N, Kremling K, Gur A, Pilosof S, Gibon Y, Stitt M, Buckler ES, Fernie AR, Fait A. Correlation-Based Network Analysis of Metabolite and Enzyme Profiles Reveals a Role of Citrate Biosynthesis in Modulating N and C Metabolism in Zea mays. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:1022. [PMID: 27462343 PMCID: PMC4940414 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the natural variability of leaf metabolism and enzymatic activity in a maize inbred population, statistical and network analyses were employed on metabolite and enzyme profiles. The test of coefficient of variation showed that sugars and amino acids displayed opposite trends in their variance within the population, consistently with their related enzymes. The overall higher CV values for metabolites as compared to the tested enzymes are indicative for their greater phenotypic plasticity. H(2) tests revealed galactinol (1) and asparagine (0.91) as the highest scorers among metabolites and nitrate reductase (0.73), NAD-glutamate dehydrogenase (0.52), and phosphoglucomutase (0.51) among enzymes. The overall low H(2) scores for metabolites and enzymes are suggestive for a great environmental impact or gene-environment interaction. Correlation-based network generation followed by community detection analysis, partitioned the network into three main communities and one dyad, (i) reflecting the different levels of phenotypic plasticity of the two molecular classes as observed for the CV values and (ii) highlighting the concerted changes between classes of chemically related metabolites. Community 1 is composed mainly of enzymes and specialized metabolites, community 2' is enriched in N-containing compounds and phosphorylated-intermediates. The third community contains mainly organic acids and sugars. Cross-community linkages are supported by aspartate, by the photorespiration amino acids glycine and serine, by the metabolically related GABA and putrescine, and by citrate. The latter displayed the strongest node-betweenness value (185.25) of all nodes highlighting its fundamental structural role in the connectivity of the network by linking between different communities and to the also strongly connected enzyme aldolase.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Toubiana
- Institute of Dryland Biotechnology and Agriculture, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevMidreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Wentao Xue
- Institute of Dryland Biotechnology and Agriculture, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevMidreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Nengyi Zhang
- Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA
| | - Karl Kremling
- Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA
| | - Amit Gur
- Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA
| | - Shai Pilosof
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevMidreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Yves Gibon
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyGolm, Germany
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyGolm, Germany
| | - Edward S. Buckler
- Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA
- *Correspondence: Edward S. Buckler
| | | | - Aaron Fait
- Institute of Dryland Biotechnology and Agriculture, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevMidreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
- *Correspondence: Edward S. Buckler
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Bordes F, Morand S, Pilosof S, Claude J, Krasnov BR, Cosson JF, Chaval Y, Ribas A, Chaisiri K, Blasdell K, Herbreteau V, Dupuy S, Tran A. Habitat fragmentation alters the properties of a host-parasite network: rodents and their helminths in South-East Asia. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:1253-63. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Bordes
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution; CNRS-IRD-UM2, CC065; Université de Montpellier 2; 34095 Montpellier France
| | - Serge Morand
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution; CNRS-IRD-UM2, CC065; Université de Montpellier 2; 34095 Montpellier France
- CNRS-CIRAD; Centre d'Infectiologie Christophe Mérieux du Laos; PO Box 3888 Samsenthai Road Vientiane Lao PDR
| | - Shai Pilosof
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology; Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research; Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies; Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Sede Boqer Campus 84990 Midreshet Ben-Gurion Israel
| | - Julien Claude
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution; CNRS-IRD-UM2, CC065; Université de Montpellier 2; 34095 Montpellier France
| | - Boris R. Krasnov
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology; Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research; Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies; Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Sede Boqer Campus 84990 Midreshet Ben-Gurion Israel
| | - Jean-François Cosson
- INRA; UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro); Campus International de Baillarguet CS 30016 F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex France
| | - Yannick Chaval
- INRA; UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro); Campus International de Baillarguet CS 30016 F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex France
| | - Alexis Ribas
- Biodiversity Research Group; Faculty of Science; Udon Thani Rajabhat University; Udon Thani 41000 Thailand
| | - Kittipong Chaisiri
- Department of Helminthology; Faculty of Tropical Medicine; Mahidol University; 420/6 Ratchavithi Rd Ratchathevi Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Kim Blasdell
- CSIRO Biosecurity flagship; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; 5 Portarlington Road Geelong Vic. 3220 Australia
| | - Vincent Herbreteau
- ESPACE-DEV; IRD - Université des Antilles et de la Guyane - Université de Montpellier 2 - Université de la Réunion; Station SEAS-OI F-97410 Saint-Pierre France
| | | | - Annelise Tran
- CIRAD; UMR TETIS; F-34093 Montpellier France
- UR22 AGIRs; Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD); Campus International de Baillarguet 34398 Montpellier France
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Morand S, Bordes F, Blasdell K, Pilosof S, Cornu JF, Chaisiri K, Chaval Y, Cosson JF, Claude J, Feyfant T, Herbreteau V, Dupuy S, Tran A. Assessing the distribution of disease-bearing rodents in human-modified tropical landscapes. J Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serge Morand
- CNRS; Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution; CIRAD - AGIRs; Centre d'Infectiologie Christophe Mérieux du Laos; PO Box 3888 Samsenthai Road Vientiane Lao PDR
| | - Frédéric Bordes
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution; CNRS-IRD-UM2; Université de Montpellier 2; F-34093 Montpellier France
| | - Kim Blasdell
- CSIRO Animal, Biosecurity Flagship; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; 5 Portarlington Road Geelong Vic 3220 Australia
| | - Shai Pilosof
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology; Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research; Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies; Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Sede Boqer Campus 84990 Midreshet Ben-Gurion Israel
| | - Jean-François Cornu
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution; CNRS-IRD-UM2; Université de Montpellier 2; F-34093 Montpellier France
| | - Kittipong Chaisiri
- Department of Helminthology; Faculty of Tropical Medicine; Mahidol University; 420/6 Ratchavithi Rd Ratchathevi Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Yannick Chaval
- Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Population; INRA; Campus International de Baillarguet CS 30016 34988 Montferrier sur Lez France
| | - Jean-François Cosson
- Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Population; INRA; Campus International de Baillarguet CS 30016 34988 Montferrier sur Lez France
| | - Julien Claude
- CNRS; Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution; CIRAD - AGIRs; Centre d'Infectiologie Christophe Mérieux du Laos; PO Box 3888 Samsenthai Road Vientiane Lao PDR
| | | | - Vincent Herbreteau
- ESPACE-DEV; IRD; Université des Antilles et de la Guyane; Université de Montpellier 2; Université de la Réunion; Station SEAS-OI F-97410 Saint-Pierre France
| | | | - Annelise Tran
- CIRAD; UMR TETIS; F-34093 Montpellier France
- CIRAD; UR AGIRs; F-34398 Montpellier France
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Pilosof S, Morand S, Krasnov BR, Nunn CL. Potential parasite transmission in multi-host networks based on parasite sharing. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117909. [PMID: 25748947 PMCID: PMC4352066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological networks are commonly used to explore dynamics of parasite transmission among individuals in a population of a given host species. However, many parasites infect multiple host species, and thus multi-host networks may offer a better framework for investigating parasite dynamics. We investigated the factors that influence parasite sharing--and thus potential transmission pathways--among rodent hosts in Southeast Asia. We focused on differences between networks of a single host species and networks that involve multiple host species. In host-parasite networks, modularity (the extent to which the network is divided into subgroups of rodents that interact with similar parasites) was higher in the multi-species than in the single-species networks. This suggests that phylogeny affects patterns of parasite sharing, which was confirmed in analyses showing that it predicted affiliation of individuals to modules. We then constructed "potential transmission networks" based on the host-parasite networks, in which edges depict the similarity between a pair of individuals in the parasites they share. The centrality of individuals in these networks differed between multi- and single-species networks, with species identity and individual characteristics influencing their position in the networks. Simulations further revealed that parasite dynamics differed between multi- and single-species networks. We conclude that multi-host networks based on parasite sharing can provide new insights into the potential for transmission among hosts in an ecological community. In addition, the factors that determine the nature of parasite sharing (i.e. structure of the host-parasite network) may impact transmission patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Pilosof
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Serge Morand
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
- Unité de Recherche Animal et Gestion Intégrée des Risques, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
- Centre d'Infectiologie Christophe Mérieux du Laos (CICML), Ministry of Health of Lao PDR, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Boris R. Krasnov
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Charles L. Nunn
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology & Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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Pilosof S, Fortuna MA, Cosson JF, Galan M, Kittipong C, Ribas A, Segal E, Krasnov BR, Morand S, Bascompte J. Host-parasite network structure is associated with community-level immunogenetic diversity. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5172. [PMID: 25312328 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) encode proteins that recognize foreign antigens and are thus crucial for immune response. In a population of a single host species, parasite-mediated selection drives MHC allelic diversity. However, in a community-wide context, species interactions may modulate selection regimes because the prevalence of a given parasite in a given host may depend on its prevalence in other hosts. By combining network analysis with immunogenetics, we show that host species infected by similar parasites harbour similar alleles with similar frequencies. We further show, using a Bayesian approach, that the probability of mutual occurrence of a functional allele and a parasite in a given host individual is nonrandom and depends on other host-parasite interactions, driving co-evolution within subgroups of parasite species and functional alleles. Therefore, indirect effects among hosts and parasites can shape host MHC diversity, scaling it from the population to the community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Pilosof
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology and Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Miguel A Fortuna
- Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville 41092, Spain
| | - Jean-François Cosson
- INRA, UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro), Campus International de Baillarguet, CS 30016, 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez cedex, France
| | - Maxime Galan
- INRA, UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro), Campus International de Baillarguet, CS 30016, 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez cedex, France
| | - Chaisiri Kittipong
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Alexis Ribas
- Biodiversity Research Group, Faculty of Science, Udon Thani Rajabhat University, Udon Thani 41000, Thailand
| | - Eran Segal
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Boris R Krasnov
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology and Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Serge Morand
- 1] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier 34095, France [2] Centre de coopération International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Animal et Gestion Intégrée des Risques, Campus de Baillarguet, F-34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France [3] Centre d'Infectiologie Christophe Mérieux du Laos, PO Box 3888, Samsenthai Road, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Jordi Bascompte
- Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville 41092, Spain
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Kedem H, Cohen C, Messika I, Einav M, Pilosof S, Hawlena H. Multiple effects of host-species diversity on coexisting host-specific and host-opportunistic microbes. Ecology 2014; 95:1173-83. [DOI: 10.1890/13-0678.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Khokhlova IS, Pilosof S, Fielden LJ, Degen AA, Krasnov BR. A trade-off between quantity and quality of offspring in haematophagous ectoparasites: the effect of the level of specialization. J Anim Ecol 2013; 83:397-405. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina S. Khokhlova
- Wyler Department of Dryland Agriculture; French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands; Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Sede-Boqer Campus; Midreshet Ben-Gurion 84990 Israel
| | - Shai Pilosof
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology; Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research; Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Sede-Boqer Campus; Midreshet Ben-Gurion 84990 Israel
| | - Laura J. Fielden
- School of Science and Math; Truman State University; Kirksville MO 63501 USA
| | - A. Allan Degen
- Wyler Department of Dryland Agriculture; French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands; Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Sede-Boqer Campus; Midreshet Ben-Gurion 84990 Israel
| | - Boris R. Krasnov
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology; Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research; Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Sede-Boqer Campus; Midreshet Ben-Gurion 84990 Israel
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Poulin R, Krasnov BR, Pilosof S, Thieltges DW. Phylogeny determines the role of helminth parasites in intertidal food webs. J Anim Ecol 2013; 82:1265-75. [PMID: 23800281 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
1. Parasites affect interactions among species in food webs and should be considered in any analysis of the structure, dynamics or resilience of trophic networks. 2. However, the roles of individual parasite species, such as their importance as connectors within the network, and what factors determine these roles, are yet to be investigated. Here, we test the hypotheses that the species roles of trematode, cestode and nematode parasites in aquatic food webs are influenced by the type of definitive host they use, and also determined by their phylogenetic affiliations. 3. We quantified the network role of 189 helminth species from six highly resolved intertidal food webs. We focused on four measures of centrality (node degree, closeness centrality, betweenness centrality and eigenvalue centrality), which characterize each parasite's position within the web, and on relative connectedness of a parasite species to taxa in its own module vs. other modules of the web (within-module degree and participation coefficient). 4. All six food webs displayed a significant modular structure, that is, they consisted of subsets of species interacting mostly with each other and less with species from other subsets. We demonstrated that the parasites themselves are not generating this modularity, though they contribute to intermodule connectivity. 5. Mixed-effects models revealed only a modest influence of the type of definitive host used (bird or fish) and of the web of origin on the different measures of parasite species roles. In contrast, the taxonomic affiliations of the parasites, included in the models as nested random factors, accounted for 37-93% of the total variance, depending on the measure of species role. 6. Our findings indicate that parasites are important intermodule connectors and thus contribute to web cohesion. We also uncover a very strong phylogenetic signal in parasite species roles, suggesting that the role of any parasite species in a food web, including new invasive species, is to some extent predictable based solely on its taxonomic affiliations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
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Krasnov BR, Pilosof S, Stanko M, Morand S, Korallo-Vinarskaya NP, Vinarski MV, Poulin R. Co-occurrence and phylogenetic distance in communities of mammalian ectoparasites: limiting similarity versus environmental filtering. OIKOS 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Krasnov BR, Pilosof S, Shenbrot GI, Khokhlova IS. Spatial variation in the phylogenetic structure of flea assemblages across geographic ranges of small mammalian hosts in the Palearctic. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:763-70. [PMID: 23747801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated spatial variation in the phylogenetic structure (measured as a degree of phylogenetic clustering) of flea assemblages across the geographic ranges of 11 Palearctic species of small mammalian hosts and asked whether the phylogenetic structure of the flea assemblage of a host in a locality is affected by (i) distance of this locality from the centre of the host's geographic range, (ii) geographic position of the locality (distance to the equator) and (iii) phylogenetic structure of the entire flea assemblage of the locality. Our results demonstrated that the key factor underlying spatial variation of the phylogenetic structure of the flea assemblage of a host was the distance from the centre of the host's geographic range. However, the pattern of this spatial variation differed between host species and might be explained by their species-specific immunogenetic and/or distributional patterns. Local flea assemblages may also, to some extent, be shaped by environmental filtering coupled with historical events. In addition, the phylogenetic structure of a local within-host flea assemblage may mirror the phylogenetic structure of the entire across-host flea assemblage in that locality and, thus, be affected by the availability of certain phylogenetic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris R Krasnov
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, The Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, 84990 Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel.
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Berger-Tal R, Kiekebusch E, Sandomirsky I, Pilosof S. FOREWORD: Evolution of culture. Isr J Ecol Evol 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15659801.2013.865338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reut Berger-Tal
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
| | - Elsita Kiekebusch
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
| | - Iara Sandomirsky
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
| | - Shai Pilosof
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
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Pilosof S, Fortuna MA, Vinarski MV, Korallo-Vinarskaya NP, Krasnov BR. Temporal dynamics of direct reciprocal and indirect effects in a host-parasite network. J Anim Ecol 2013; 82:987-96. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shai Pilosof
- Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies and Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology; Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Midreshet Ben-Gurion; Israel
| | - Miguel A. Fortuna
- Integrative Ecology Group; Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC); Seville; Spain
| | - Maxim V. Vinarski
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Chemistry and Biology; Omsk State Pedagogical University; Tukhachevskogo emb. 14; 644099; Omsk; Russia
| | - Natalia P. Korallo-Vinarskaya
- Laboratory of Arthropod-Borne Viral Infections; Omsk Research Institute of Natural Foci Infections; Mira str. 7; 644080; Omsk; Russia
| | - Boris R. Krasnov
- Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies and Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology; Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Midreshet Ben-Gurion; Israel
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Benharroch D, Pilosof S, Gopas J, Levi I. Primary Refractory and Relapsed Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma - Significance of Differential CD15 Expression in Hodgkin-Reed-Sternberg Cells. J Cancer 2012; 3:322-7. [PMID: 22866166 PMCID: PMC3408696 DOI: 10.7150/jca.4716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We recognized a few possible complications of classical Hodgkin lymphoma therapy in a cohort of 209 patients: 8 developed a primary refractory disease (primary progression), 36 showed an early relapse and 21 showed a late relapse. Sialyl-CD15 expression in Hodgkin-Reed-Sternberg cells was significantly more positive in primary refractory Hodgkin lymphoma, which confirms our previously published findings. Bcl-2 showed a significantly lower level of expression in primary refractory disease than in the other follow-up groups. This is in contrast with a previous finding of Bcl-2, associated with a poor prognosis in primary refractory illness. Another category of variables, old age and advanced stages, was significantly different in the various complications but this finding is probably to be expected. We could not demonstrate a difference between the sequels and the control group with regard to several clinical and immunohistochemical markers. Sialyl-CD15 and Bcl-2 expression, in contrast, were confirmed as prognostic factors, mainly of tumor progression into primary refractory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Benharroch
- 1. Departments of Pathology, Soroka University Medical Center, Israel
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Pilosof S, Dick CW, Korine C, Patterson BD, Krasnov BR. Effects of anthropogenic disturbance and climate on patterns of bat fly parasitism. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41487. [PMID: 22829953 PMCID: PMC3400619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental conditions, including anthropogenic disturbance, can significantly alter host and parasite communities. Yet, our current knowledge is based mainly on endoparasites, while ectoparasites remain little studied. We studied the indirect effects of anthropogenic disturbance (human population density) and climate (temperature, precipitation and elevation) on abundance of highly host-specific bat flies in four Neotropical bat species across 43 localities in Venezuela. We formulated a set of 11 a priori hypotheses that included a combination of the two effectors and host species. Statistically, each of these hypotheses was represented by a zero-inflated negative binomial mixture model, allowing us to control for excess zeros in the data. The best model was selected using Akaike's information criteria. Fly abundance was affected by anthropogenic disturbance in Artibeus planirostris, Carollia perspicillata and Pteronotus parnellii, but not Desmodus rotundus. Climate affected fly abundance in all bat species, suggesting mediation of these effects via the host or by direct effects on flies. We conclude that human disturbance may play a role in shaping bat-bat fly interactions. Different processes could determine fly abundance in the different bat species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Pilosof
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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