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Tabata J, Nakaoku T, Araki M, Yoshino R, Kohsaka S, Otsuka A, Ikegami M, Ui A, Kanno SI, Miyoshi K, Matsumoto S, Sagae Y, Yasui A, Sekijima M, Mano H, Okuno Y, Okamoto A, Kohno T. Novel Calcium-Binding Ablating Mutations Induce Constitutive RET Activity and Drive Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2022; 82:3751-3762. [PMID: 36166639 PMCID: PMC9574375 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-0834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Distinguishing oncogenic mutations from variants of unknown significance (VUS) is critical for precision cancer medicine. Here, computational modeling of 71,756 RET variants for positive selection together with functional assays of 110 representative variants identified a three-dimensional cluster of VUSs carried by multiple human cancers that cause amino acid substitutions in the calmodulin-like motif (CaLM) of RET. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated that CaLM mutations decrease interactions between Ca2+ and its surrounding residues and induce conformational distortion of the RET cysteine-rich domain containing the CaLM. RET-CaLM mutations caused ligand-independent constitutive activation of RET kinase by homodimerization mediated by illegitimate disulfide bond formation. RET-CaLM mutants possessed oncogenic and tumorigenic activities that could be suppressed by tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting RET. This study identifies calcium-binding ablating mutations as a novel type of oncogenic mutation of RET and indicates that in silico-driven annotation of VUSs of druggable oncogenes is a promising strategy to identify targetable driver mutations. SIGNIFICANCE Comprehensive proteogenomic and in silico analyses of a vast number of VUSs identify a novel set of oncogenic and druggable mutations in the well-characterized RET oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Tabata
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakaoku
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Corresponding Authors: Takashi Nakaoku, Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan. Phone: 813-3542-2511; E-mail: ; and Takashi Kohno, Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan. Phone: 813-3547-5272; E-mail:
| | - Mitsugu Araki
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Yoshino
- Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinji Kohsaka
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayaka Otsuka
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masachika Ikegami
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Ui
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Kanno
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keiko Miyoshi
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yukari Sagae
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Yasui
- IDAC Fellow Laboratory, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masakazu Sekijima
- Department of Computer Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mano
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okuno
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Aikou Okamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kohno
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Corresponding Authors: Takashi Nakaoku, Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan. Phone: 813-3542-2511; E-mail: ; and Takashi Kohno, Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan. Phone: 813-3547-5272; E-mail:
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Kamimura R, Uchida D, Kanno SI, Shiraishi R, Hyodo T, Sawatani Y, Shimura M, Hasegawa T, Tsubura-Okubo M, Yaguchi E, Komiyama Y, Fukumoto C, Izumi S, Fujita A, Wakui T, Kawamata H. Identification of Binding Proteins for TSC22D1 Family Proteins Using Mass Spectrometry. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010913. [PMID: 34681573 PMCID: PMC8536140 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
TSC-22 (TGF-β stimulated clone-22) has been reported to induce differentiation, growth inhibition, and apoptosis in various cells. TSC-22 is a member of a family in which many proteins are produced from four different family genes. TSC-22 (corresponding to TSC22D1-2) is composed of 144 amino acids translated from a short variant mRNA of the TSC22D1 gene. In this study, we attempted to determine the intracellular localizations of the TSC22D1 family proteins (TSC22D1-1, TSC-22 (TSC22D1-2), and TSC22(86) (TSC22D1-3)) and identify the binding proteins for TSC22D1 family proteins by mass spectrometry. We determined that TSC22D1-1 was mostly localized in the nucleus, TSC-22 (TSC22D1-2) was localized in the cytoplasm, mainly in the mitochondria and translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus after DNA damage, and TSC22(86) (TSC22D1-3) was localized in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. We identified multiple candidates of binding proteins for TSC22D1 family proteins in in vitro pull-down assays and in vivo binding assays. Histone H1 bound to TSC-22 (TSC22D1-2) or TSC22(86) (TSC22D1-3) in the nucleus. Guanine nucleotide-binding protein-like 3 (GNL3), which is also known as nucleostemin, bound to TSC-22 (TSC22D1-2) in the nucleus. Further investigation of the interaction of the candidate binding proteins with TSC22D1 family proteins would clarify the biological roles of TSC22D1 family proteins in several cell systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryouta Kamimura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kita-kobayashi, Shimotsuga, Mibu 321-0293, Tochigi, Japan; (R.K.); (R.S.); (T.H.); (Y.S.); (M.S.); (T.H.); (M.T.-O.); (E.Y.); (Y.K.); (C.F.); (S.I.); (A.F.); (T.W.)
| | - Daisuke Uchida
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon 791-0295, Ehime, Japan;
| | - Shin-ichiro Kanno
- Division of Dynamic Proteome, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980-8575, Aobaku, Japan;
| | - Ryo Shiraishi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kita-kobayashi, Shimotsuga, Mibu 321-0293, Tochigi, Japan; (R.K.); (R.S.); (T.H.); (Y.S.); (M.S.); (T.H.); (M.T.-O.); (E.Y.); (Y.K.); (C.F.); (S.I.); (A.F.); (T.W.)
| | - Toshiki Hyodo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kita-kobayashi, Shimotsuga, Mibu 321-0293, Tochigi, Japan; (R.K.); (R.S.); (T.H.); (Y.S.); (M.S.); (T.H.); (M.T.-O.); (E.Y.); (Y.K.); (C.F.); (S.I.); (A.F.); (T.W.)
| | - Yuta Sawatani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kita-kobayashi, Shimotsuga, Mibu 321-0293, Tochigi, Japan; (R.K.); (R.S.); (T.H.); (Y.S.); (M.S.); (T.H.); (M.T.-O.); (E.Y.); (Y.K.); (C.F.); (S.I.); (A.F.); (T.W.)
- Section of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kamitsuga General Hospital, 1-1033 Shimoda-machi, Kanuma 322-8550, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Michiko Shimura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kita-kobayashi, Shimotsuga, Mibu 321-0293, Tochigi, Japan; (R.K.); (R.S.); (T.H.); (Y.S.); (M.S.); (T.H.); (M.T.-O.); (E.Y.); (Y.K.); (C.F.); (S.I.); (A.F.); (T.W.)
- Section of Dentistry and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sano Kosei General Hospital, 1728 Horigomecho, Sano 327-8511, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tomonori Hasegawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kita-kobayashi, Shimotsuga, Mibu 321-0293, Tochigi, Japan; (R.K.); (R.S.); (T.H.); (Y.S.); (M.S.); (T.H.); (M.T.-O.); (E.Y.); (Y.K.); (C.F.); (S.I.); (A.F.); (T.W.)
| | - Maki Tsubura-Okubo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kita-kobayashi, Shimotsuga, Mibu 321-0293, Tochigi, Japan; (R.K.); (R.S.); (T.H.); (Y.S.); (M.S.); (T.H.); (M.T.-O.); (E.Y.); (Y.K.); (C.F.); (S.I.); (A.F.); (T.W.)
- Section of Dentistry and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sano Kosei General Hospital, 1728 Horigomecho, Sano 327-8511, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Erika Yaguchi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kita-kobayashi, Shimotsuga, Mibu 321-0293, Tochigi, Japan; (R.K.); (R.S.); (T.H.); (Y.S.); (M.S.); (T.H.); (M.T.-O.); (E.Y.); (Y.K.); (C.F.); (S.I.); (A.F.); (T.W.)
| | - Yuske Komiyama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kita-kobayashi, Shimotsuga, Mibu 321-0293, Tochigi, Japan; (R.K.); (R.S.); (T.H.); (Y.S.); (M.S.); (T.H.); (M.T.-O.); (E.Y.); (Y.K.); (C.F.); (S.I.); (A.F.); (T.W.)
| | - Chonji Fukumoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kita-kobayashi, Shimotsuga, Mibu 321-0293, Tochigi, Japan; (R.K.); (R.S.); (T.H.); (Y.S.); (M.S.); (T.H.); (M.T.-O.); (E.Y.); (Y.K.); (C.F.); (S.I.); (A.F.); (T.W.)
| | - Sayaka Izumi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kita-kobayashi, Shimotsuga, Mibu 321-0293, Tochigi, Japan; (R.K.); (R.S.); (T.H.); (Y.S.); (M.S.); (T.H.); (M.T.-O.); (E.Y.); (Y.K.); (C.F.); (S.I.); (A.F.); (T.W.)
| | - Atsushi Fujita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kita-kobayashi, Shimotsuga, Mibu 321-0293, Tochigi, Japan; (R.K.); (R.S.); (T.H.); (Y.S.); (M.S.); (T.H.); (M.T.-O.); (E.Y.); (Y.K.); (C.F.); (S.I.); (A.F.); (T.W.)
| | - Takahiro Wakui
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kita-kobayashi, Shimotsuga, Mibu 321-0293, Tochigi, Japan; (R.K.); (R.S.); (T.H.); (Y.S.); (M.S.); (T.H.); (M.T.-O.); (E.Y.); (Y.K.); (C.F.); (S.I.); (A.F.); (T.W.)
| | - Hitoshi Kawamata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kita-kobayashi, Shimotsuga, Mibu 321-0293, Tochigi, Japan; (R.K.); (R.S.); (T.H.); (Y.S.); (M.S.); (T.H.); (M.T.-O.); (E.Y.); (Y.K.); (C.F.); (S.I.); (A.F.); (T.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-282-87-2130; Fax: +81-282-86-1681
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Matsui A, Kobayashi J, Kanno SI, Hashiguchi K, Miyaji M, Yoshikawa Y, Yasui A, Zhang-Akiyama QM. Oxidation resistance 1 prevents genome instability through maintenance of G2/M arrest in gamma-ray-irradiated cells. J Radiat Res 2020; 61:1-13. [PMID: 31845986 PMCID: PMC6976731 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrz080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human oxidation resistance 1 (OXR1) was identified as a protein that decreases genomic mutations in Escherichia coli caused by oxidative DNA damage. However, the mechanism by which OXR1 defends against genome instability has not been elucidated. To clarify how OXR1 maintains genome stability, the effects of OXR1-depletion on genome stability were investigated in OXR1-depleted HeLa cells using gamma-rays (γ-rays). The OXR1-depleted cells had higher levels of superoxide and micronucleus (MN) formation than control cells after irradiation. OXR1-overexpression alleviated the increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and MN formation after irradiation. The increased MN formation in irradiated OXR1-depleted cells was partially attenuated by the ROS inhibitor N-acetyl-L-cysteine, suggesting that OXR1-depeletion increases ROS-dependent genome instability. We also found that OXR1-depletion shortened the duration of γ-ray-induced G2/M arrest. In the presence of the cell cycle checkpoint inhibitor caffeine, the level of MN formed after irradiation was similar between control and OXR1-depleted cells, demonstrating that OXR1-depletion accelerates MN formation through abrogation of G2/M arrest. In OXR1-depleted cells, the level of cyclin D1 protein expression was increased. Here we report that OXR1 prevents genome instability by cell cycle regulation as well as oxidative stress defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ako Matsui
- Laboratory of Stress Response Biology, Department of Zoology, Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Junya Kobayashi
- Department of Genome Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Kanno
- Division of Dynamic Proteome in Cancer and Aging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazunari Hashiguchi
- Laboratory of Stress Response Biology, Department of Zoology, Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
| | - Masahiro Miyaji
- Laboratory of Stress Response Biology, Department of Zoology, Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Stress Response Biology, Department of Zoology, Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Akira Yasui
- Division of Dynamic Proteome in Cancer and Aging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Qiu-Mei Zhang-Akiyama
- Laboratory of Stress Response Biology, Department of Zoology, Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Okano S, Yasui A, Kanno SI, Satoh K, Igarashi M, Nakajima O. Karyopherin Alpha 2-Expressing Pancreatic Duct Glands and Intra-Islet Ducts in Aged Diabetic C414A-Mutant-CRY1 Transgenic Mice. J Diabetes Res 2019; 2019:7234549. [PMID: 31179341 PMCID: PMC6507265 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7234549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our earlier studies demonstrated that cysteine414- (zinc-binding site of mCRY1-) alanine mutant mCRY1 transgenic mice (Tg mice) exhibit diabetes characterized by the reduction of β-cell proliferation and by β-cell dysfunction, presumably caused by senescence-associated secretory phenotype- (SASP-) like characters of islets. Earlier studies also showed that atypical duct-like structures in the pancreas developed age-dependently in Tg mice. Numerous reports have described that karyopherin alpha 2 (KPNA2) is highly expressed in cancers of different kinds. However, details of the expression of KPNA2 in pancreatic ductal atypia and in normal pancreatic tissues remain unclear. To assess the feature of the expression of KPNA2 in the development of the ductal atypia and islet architectures, we scrutinized the pancreas of Tg mice histopathologically. Results showed that considerable expression of KPNA2 was observed in pancreatic β-cells, suggesting its importance in maintaining the functions of β-cells. In mature stages, the level of KPNA2 expression was lower in islets of Tg mice than in wild-type controls. At 4 weeks, the expression levels of KPNA2 in islets of Tg mice were the same as those in wild-type controls. These results suggest that the reduction of KPNA2 might contribute to β-cell dysfunction in mature Tg mice. Additionally, the formation of mucin-producing intra-islet ducts, islet fibrosis, and massive T cell recruitment to the islet occurred in aged Tg mice. In exocrine areas, primary pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs) with mucinous pancreatic duct glands (PDGs) emerged in aged Tg mice. High expression of KPNA2 was observed in the ductal atypia. By contrast, KPNA2 expression in normal ducts was quite low. Thus, upregulation of KPNA2 seemed to be correlated with progression of the degree of atypia in pancreatic ductal cells. The SASP-like microenvironment inside islets might play stimulatory roles in the formation of ductal metaplasia inside islets and in islet fibrosis in Tg mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Okano
- Research Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Promotion of Medical Science Research, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
- Department of Functional Genomics, Innovative Medical Science Research, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Akira Yasui
- Division of Dynamic Proteome in Cancer and Aging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Kanno
- Division of Dynamic Proteome in Cancer and Aging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kennichi Satoh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 983-8512, Japan
| | - Masahiko Igarashi
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Yamagata City Hospital Saiseikan, Yamagata 990-8533, Japan
| | - Osamu Nakajima
- Research Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Promotion of Medical Science Research, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
- Department of Functional Genomics, Innovative Medical Science Research, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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Tatsumi D, Hayashi Y, Endo M, Kobayashi H, Yoshioka T, Kiso K, Kanno S, Nakai Y, Maeda I, Mochizuki K, Tachibana M, Koseki H, Okuda A, Yasui A, Kono T, Matsui Y. DNMTs and SETDB1 function as co-repressors in MAX-mediated repression of germ cell-related genes in mouse embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205969. [PMID: 30403691 PMCID: PMC6221296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In embryonic stem cells (ESCs), the expression of development-related genes, including germ cell-related genes, is globally repressed. The transcription factor MAX represses germ cell-related gene expression in ESCs via PCGF6-polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1), which consists of several epigenetic factors. However, we predicted that MAX represses germ cell-related gene expression through several additional mechanisms because PCGF6-PRC1 regulates the expression of only a subset of genes repressed by MAX. Here, we report that MAX associated with DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and the histone methyltransferase SETDB1 cooperatively control germ cell-related gene expression in ESCs. Both DNA methylation and histone H3 lysine 9 tri-methylation of the promoter regions of several germ cell-related genes were not affected by knockout of the PRC1 components, indicating that the MAX-DNMT and MAX-SETDB1 pathways are independent of the PCGF6-PRC1 pathway. Our findings provide insights into our understanding of MAX-based repressive mechanisms of germ cell-related genes in ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Tatsumi
- Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yohei Hayashi
- Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- The Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mai Endo
- Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hisato Kobayashi
- NODAI Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Yoshioka
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Kiso
- Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Kanno
- Division of Dynamic Proteome in Cancer and Aging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakai
- Institute for Food Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Ikuma Maeda
- Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kentaro Mochizuki
- Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Center for Environmental Conservation and Research Safety, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Makoto Tachibana
- Department of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Shinkura-cho, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Koseki
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akihiko Okuda
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Yamane Hidaka, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akira Yasui
- Division of Dynamic Proteome in Cancer and Aging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kono
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Matsui
- Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- The Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Takahashi K, Kanno SI, Mizuno K. Activation of cytosolic Slingshot-1 phosphatase by gelsolin-generated soluble actin filaments. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 454:471-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.10.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Wei L, Nakajima S, Hsieh CL, Kanno S, Masutani M, Levine AS, Yasui A, Lan L. Damage response of XRCC1 at sites of DNA single strand breaks is regulated by phosphorylation and ubiquitylation after degradation of poly(ADP-ribose). J Cell Sci 2013; 126:4414-23. [PMID: 23868975 PMCID: PMC3784821 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.128272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-strand breaks (SSBs) are the most common type of oxidative DNA damage and they are related to aging and many genetic diseases. The scaffold protein for repair of SSBs, XRCC1, accumulates at sites of poly(ADP-ribose) (pAR) synthesized by PARP, but it is retained at sites of SSBs after pAR degradation. How XRCC1 responds to SSBs after pAR degradation and how this affects repair progression are not well understood. We found that XRCC1 dissociates from pAR and is translocated to sites of SSBs dependent on its BRCTII domain and the function of PARG. In addition, phosphorylation of XRCC1 is also required for the proper dissociation kinetics of XRCC1 because (1) phosphorylation sites mutated in XRCC1 (X1 pm) cause retention of XRCC1 at sites of SSB for a longer time compared to wild type XRCC1; and (2) phosphorylation of XRCC1 is required for efficient polyubiquitylation of XRCC1. Interestingly, a mutant of XRCC1, LL360/361DD, which abolishes pAR binding, shows significant upregulation of ubiquitylation, indicating that pARylation of XRCC1 prevents the poly-ubiquitylation. We also found that the dynamics of the repair proteins DNA polymerase beta, PNK, APTX, PCNA and ligase I are regulated by domains of XRCC1. In summary, the dynamic damage response of XRCC1 is regulated in a manner that depends on modifications of polyADP-ribosylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitylation in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leizhen Wei
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA
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Itoh G, Sugino S, Ikeda M, Mizuguchi M, Kanno SI, Amin MA, Iemura K, Yasui A, Hirota T, Tanaka K. Nucleoporin Nup188 is required for chromosome alignment in mitosis. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:871-9. [PMID: 23551833 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cancer cells are aneuploid, which could be caused by defects in chromosome segregation machinery. Nucleoporins (Nup) are components of the nuclear pore complex, which is essential for nuclear transport during interphase, but several nucleoporins are also known to be involved in chromosome segregation. Here we report a novel function of Nup188, one of the nucleoporins regulating chromosome segregation. Nup188 localizes to spindle poles during mitosis, through the C-terminal region of Nup188. In Nup188-depleted mitotic cells, chromosomes fail to align to the metaphase plate, which causes mitotic arrest due to the spindle assembly checkpoint. Both the middle and the C-terminal regions were required for chromosome alignment. Robust K-fibers, microtubule bundles attaching to kinetochores, were hardly formed in Nup188-depleted cells. Significantly, we found that Nup188 interacts with NuMA, which plays an instrumental role in focusing microtubules at centrosomes, and NuMA localization to spindle poles is perturbed in Nup188-depleted cells. These data suggest that Nup188 promotes chromosome alignment through K-fiber formation and recruitment of NuMA to spindle poles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Itoh
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
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9
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Mori C, Yamaguchi Y, Teranishi M, Takanami T, Nagase T, Kanno S, Yasui A, Higashitani A. Over-expression of ATR causes autophagic cell death. Genes Cells 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Mori
- Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Sendai; 980-8577; Japan
| | | | - Mika Teranishi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Sendai; 980-8577; Japan
| | - Takako Takanami
- Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Sendai; 980-8577; Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagase
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute; Kisarazu; Chiba; 292-0818; Japan
| | - Shinichiro Kanno
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University; Sendai; 980-8575; Japan
| | - Akira Yasui
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University; Sendai; 980-8575; Japan
| | - Atsushi Higashitani
- Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Sendai; 980-8577; Japan
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Li S, Kanno SI, Watanabe R, Ogiwara H, Kohno T, Watanabe G, Yasui A, Lieber MR. Polynucleotide kinase and aprataxin-like forkhead-associated protein (PALF) acts as both a single-stranded DNA endonuclease and a single-stranded DNA 3' exonuclease and can participate in DNA end joining in a biochemical system. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:36368-77. [PMID: 21885877 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.287797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Polynucleotide kinase and aprataxin-like forkhead-associated protein (PALF, also called aprataxin- and PNK-like factor (APLF)) has been shown to have nuclease activity and to use its forkhead-associated domain to bind to x-ray repair complementing defective repair in Chinese hamster cells 4 (XRCC4). Because XRCC4 is a key component of the ligase IV complex that is central to the nonhomologous DNA end joining (NHEJ) pathway, this raises the possibility that PALF might play a role in NHEJ. For this reason, we further studied the nucleolytic properties of PALF, and we searched for any modulation of PALF by NHEJ components. We verified that PALF has 3' exonuclease activity. However, PALF also possesses single-stranded DNA endonuclease activity. This single-stranded DNA endonuclease activity can act at all single-stranded sites except those within four nucleotides 3' of a double-stranded DNA junction, suggesting that PALF minimally requires approximately four nucleotides of single-strandedness. Ku, DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit, and XRCC4-DNA ligase IV do not modulate PALF nuclease activity on single-stranded DNA or overhangs of duplex substrates. PALF does not open DNA hairpins. However, in a reconstituted end joining assay that includes Ku, XRCC4-DNA ligase IV, and PALF, PALF is able to resect 3' overhanging nucleotides and permit XRCC4-DNA ligase IV to complete the joining process in a manner that is as efficient as Artemis. Reduction of PALF in vivo reduces the joining of incompatible DNA ends. Hence, PALF can function in concert with other NHEJ proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicong Li
- Department of Pathology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California 90089-9176, USA
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11
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Itoh G, Kanno SI, Uchida KSK, Chiba S, Sugino S, Watanabe K, Mizuno K, Yasui A, Hirota T, Tanaka K. CAMP (C13orf8, ZNF828) is a novel regulator of kinetochore-microtubule attachment. EMBO J 2010; 30:130-44. [PMID: 21063390 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2010.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper attachment of microtubules to kinetochores is essential for accurate chromosome segregation. Here, we report a novel protein involved in kinetochore-microtubule attachment, chromosome alignment-maintaining phosphoprotein (CAMP) (C13orf8, ZNF828). CAMP is a zinc-finger protein containing three characteristic repeat motifs termed the WK, SPE, and FPE motifs. CAMP localizes to chromosomes and the spindle including kinetochores, and undergoes CDK1-dependent phosphorylation at multiple sites during mitosis. CAMP-depleted cells showed severe chromosome misalignment, which was associated with the poor resistance of K-fibres to the tension exerted upon establishment of sister kinetochore bi-orientation. We found that the FPE region, which is responsible for spindle and kinetochore localization, is essential for proper chromosome alignment. The C-terminal region containing the zinc-finger domains negatively regulates chromosome alignment, and phosphorylation in the FPE region counteracts this regulation. Kinetochore localization of CENP-E and CENP-F was affected by CAMP depletion, and by expressing CAMP mutants that cannot functionally rescue CAMP depletion, placing CENP-E and CENP-F as downstream effectors of CAMP. These data suggest that CAMP is required for maintaining kinetochore-microtubule attachment during bi-orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Itoh
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
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12
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Awano K, Amano K, Nagaura Y, Kanno SI, Echigo S, Tamura S, Kobayashi T. Phosphorylation of Protein Phosphatase 2Cζ by c-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinase at Ser92 Attenuates Its Phosphatase Activity. Biochemistry 2008; 47:7248-55. [DOI: 10.1021/bi800067p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Awano
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan, and Division of Oral Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Amano
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan, and Division of Oral Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuko Nagaura
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan, and Division of Oral Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Kanno
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan, and Division of Oral Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Seishi Echigo
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan, and Division of Oral Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shinri Tamura
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan, and Division of Oral Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takayasu Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan, and Division of Oral Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Hong Z, Jiang J, Lan L, Nakajima S, Kanno SI, Koseki H, Yasui A. A polycomb group protein, PHF1, is involved in the response to DNA double-strand breaks in human cell. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:2939-47. [PMID: 18385154 PMCID: PMC2396414 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) represent the most toxic DNA damage arisen from endogenous and exogenous genotoxic stresses and are known to be repaired by either homologous recombination or nonhomologous end-joining processes. Although many proteins have been identified to participate in either of the processes, the whole processes still remain elusive. Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are epigenetic chromatin modifiers involved in gene silencing, cancer development and the maintenance of embryonic and adult stem cells. By screening proteins responding to DNA damage using laser micro-irradiation, we found that PHF1, a human homolog of Drosophila polycomb-like, Pcl, protein, was recruited to DSBs immediately after irradiation and dissociated within 10 min. The accumulation at DSBs is Ku70/Ku80-dependent, and knockdown of PHF1 leads to X-ray sensitivity and increases the frequency of homologous recombination in HeLa cell. We found that PHF1 interacts physically with Ku70/Ku80, suggesting that PHF1 promotes nonhomologous end-joining processes. Furthermore, we found that PHF1 interacts with a number of proteins involved in DNA damage responses, RAD50, SMC1, DHX9 and p53, further suggesting that PHF1, besides the function in PcG, is involved in genome maintenance processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Hong
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryomachi 4-1, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Prasad R, Liu Y, Deterding LJ, Poltoratsky VP, Kedar PS, Horton JK, Kanno SI, Asagoshi K, Hou EW, Khodyreva SN, Lavrik OI, Tomer KB, Yasui A, Wilson SH. HMGB1 is a cofactor in mammalian base excision repair. Mol Cell 2007; 27:829-41. [PMID: 17803946 PMCID: PMC2799894 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2007.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Deoxyribose phosphate (dRP) removal by DNA polymerase beta (Pol beta) is a pivotal step in base excision repair (BER). To identify BER cofactors, especially those with dRP lyase activity, we used a Pol beta null cell extract and BER intermediate as bait for sodium borohydride crosslinking. Mass spectrometry identified the high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) as specifically interacting with the BER intermediate. Purified HMGB1 was found to have weak dRP lyase activity and to stimulate AP endonuclease and FEN1 activities on BER substrates. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed interactions of HMGB1 with known BER enzymes, and GFP-tagged HMGB1 was found to accumulate at sites of oxidative DNA damage in living cells. HMGB1(-/-) mouse cells were slightly more resistant to MMS than wild-type cells, probably due to the production of fewer strand-break BER intermediates. The results suggest HMGB1 is a BER cofactor capable of modulating BER capacity in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Prasad
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Leesa J. Deterding
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Vladimir P. Poltoratsky
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Padmini S. Kedar
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Julie K. Horton
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Shin-ichiro Kanno
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Asagoshi
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Esther W. Hou
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Svetlana N. Khodyreva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga I. Lavrik
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Kenneth B. Tomer
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Akira Yasui
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Samuel H. Wilson
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: 919-541-3267; Fax.: 919-541-3592
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15
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Kanno SI, Kuzuoka H, Sasao S, Hong Z, Lan L, Nakajima S, Yasui A. A novel human AP endonuclease with conserved zinc-finger-like motifs involved in DNA strand break responses. EMBO J 2007; 26:2094-103. [PMID: 17396150 PMCID: PMC1852789 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage causes genome instability and cell death, but many of the cellular responses to DNA damage still remain elusive. We here report a human protein, PALF (PNK and APTX-like FHA protein), with an FHA (forkhead-associated) domain and novel zinc-finger-like CYR (cysteine-tyrosine-arginine) motifs that are involved in responses to DNA damage. We found that the CYR motif is widely distributed among DNA repair proteins of higher eukaryotes, and that PALF, as well as a Drosophila protein with tandem CYR motifs, has endo- and exonuclease activities against abasic site and other types of base damage. PALF accumulates rapidly at single-strand breaks in a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1)-dependent manner in human cells. Indeed, PALF interacts directly with PARP1 and is required for its activation and for cellular resistance to methyl-methane sulfonate. PALF also interacts directly with KU86, LIGASEIV and phosphorylated XRCC4 proteins and possesses endo/exonuclease activity at protruding DNA ends. Various treatments that produce double-strand breaks induce formation of PALF foci, which fully coincide with gammaH2AX foci. Thus, PALF and the CYR motif may play important roles in DNA repair of higher eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichiro Kanno
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
- Japan Bio Services Co., Ltd, Asaka, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 4-1, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan. Tel.: +81 22 717 8469; Fax: +81 22 717 8470; E-mail:
| | - Hiroyuki Kuzuoka
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sasao
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Zehui Hong
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Li Lan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakajima
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akira Yasui
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 4-1, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan. Tel.: +81 22 717 8465; Fax: +81 22 717 8470; E-mail:
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Nakajima S, Lan L, Kanno SI, Usami N, Kobayashi K, Mori M, Shiomi T, Yasui A. Replication-dependent and -independent responses of RAD18 to DNA damage in human cells. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:34687-95. [PMID: 16980296 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m605545200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Postreplication repair facilitates tolerance of DNA damage during replication, overcoming termination of replication at sites of DNA damage. A major post-replication repair pathway in mammalian cells is translesion synthesis, which is carried out by specialized polymerase(s), such as polymerase eta, and is identified by focus formation by the polymerase after irradiation with UVC light. The formation of these foci depends on RAD18, which ubiquitinates PCNA for the exchange of polymerases. To understand the initial processes in translesion synthesis, we have here analyzed the response to damage of RAD18 in human cells. We find that human RAD18 accumulates very rapidly and remains for a long period of time at sites of different types of DNA damage, including UVC light-induced lesions, and x-ray microbeam- and laser-induced single-strand breaks, in a cell cycle-independent manner. The accumulation of RAD18 at DNA damage is observed even when DNA replication is inhibited, and a small region containing a zinc finger motif located in the middle of RAD18 is essential and sufficient for the replication-independent damage accumulation. The zinc finger motif of RAD18 is not necessary for UV-induced polymerase eta focus formation, but another SAP (SAF-A/B, Acinus and PIAS) motif near the zinc finger is required. These data indicate that RAD18 responds to DNA damage in two distinct ways, one replication-dependent and one replication-independent, involving the SAP and zinc finger motifs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nakajima
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Nakajima S, Lan L, Kanno SI, Takao M, Yamamoto K, Eker APM, Yasui A. UV light-induced DNA damage and tolerance for the survival of nucleotide excision repair-deficient human cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:46674-7. [PMID: 15342631 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m406070200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage can cause cell death unless it is either repaired or tolerated. The precise contributions of repair and tolerance mechanisms to cell survival have not been previously evaluated. Here we have analyzed the cell killing effect of the two major UV light-induced DNA lesions, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and 6-4 pyrimidine-pyrimidone photoproducts (6-4PPs), in nucleotide excision repair-deficient human cells by expressing photolyase(s) for light-dependent photorepair of either or both lesions. Immediate repair of the less abundant 6-4PPs enhances the survival rate to a similar extent as the immediate repair of CPDs, indicating that a single 6-4PP lesion is severalfold more toxic than a CPD in the cells. Because UV light-induced DNA damage is not repaired at all in nucleotide excision repair-deficient cells, proliferation of these cells after UV light irradiation must be achieved by tolerance of the damage at replication. We found that RNA interference designed to suppress polymerase zeta activity made the cells more sensitive to UV light. This increase in sensitivity was prevented by photorepair of 6-4PPs but not by photorepair of CPDs, indicating that polymerase zeta is involved in the tolerance of 6-4PPs in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nakajima
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 980-8575 Sendai
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Abstract
Oxidative DNA damage has been shown to accumulate with age in the nuclear and mitochondrial genome and cause cancer. Among DNA lesions produced by reactive oxygen species, base lesions and single-strand breaks are most frequently produced and cause mutation and cell death. However, these lesions are effectively repaired by base excision repair, which is very well conserved from bacteria to human. Since many proteins are involved in the repair process, understanding of their functions and the effects of repair deficiency will provide the relation between DNA damage and aging-related diseases. For this purpose we analyzed the proteins involved in the repair of oxidative DNA damage and found novel mechanisms protecting mammals against oxidative stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yasui
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer Tohoku University
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Takao M, Kanno SI, Shiromoto T, Hasegawa R, Ide H, Ikeda S, Sarker AH, Seki S, Xing JZ, Le X, Weinfeld M, Kobayashi K, Miyazaki JI, Muijtjens M, Hoeijmakers JH, van der Horst G, Yasui A. Novel nuclear and mitochondrial glycosylases revealed by disruption of the mouse Nth1 gene encoding an endonuclease III homolog for repair of thymine glycols. EMBO J 2002; 21:3486-93. [PMID: 12093749 PMCID: PMC125395 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdf350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Endonuclease III, encoded by nth in Escherichia coli, removes thymine glycols (Tg), a toxic oxidative DNA lesion. To determine the biological significance of this repair in mammals, we established a mouse model with mutated mNth1, a homolog of nth, by gene targeting. The homozygous mNth1 mutant mice showed no detectable phenotypical abnormality. Embryonic cells with or without wild-type mNth1 showed no difference in sensitivity to menadione or hydrogen peroxide. Tg produced in the mutant mouse liver DNA by X-ray irradiation disappeared with time, though more slowly than in the wild-type mouse. In extracts from mutant mouse liver, we found, instead of mNTH1 activity, at least two novel DNA glycosylase activities against Tg. One activity is significantly higher in the mutant than in wild-type mouse in mitochondria, while the other is another nuclear glycosylase for Tg. These results underscore the importance of base excision repair of Tg both in the nuclei and mitochondria in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tatsuya Shiromoto
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575,
Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama 700-8558, Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Medical School, Suita 565-0871, Japan, Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada and MGC, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Present address: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Division, M.S. 74–157 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Present address: Department of Human Nutrition, Chugoku Junior College, Okayama, Japan Corresponding author e-mail: M.Takao and S.-i.Kanno contributed equally to this work
| | - Rei Hasegawa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575,
Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama 700-8558, Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Medical School, Suita 565-0871, Japan, Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada and MGC, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Present address: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Division, M.S. 74–157 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Present address: Department of Human Nutrition, Chugoku Junior College, Okayama, Japan Corresponding author e-mail: M.Takao and S.-i.Kanno contributed equally to this work
| | - Hiroshi Ide
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575,
Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama 700-8558, Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Medical School, Suita 565-0871, Japan, Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada and MGC, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Present address: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Division, M.S. 74–157 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Present address: Department of Human Nutrition, Chugoku Junior College, Okayama, Japan Corresponding author e-mail: M.Takao and S.-i.Kanno contributed equally to this work
| | - Shogo Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575,
Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama 700-8558, Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Medical School, Suita 565-0871, Japan, Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada and MGC, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Present address: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Division, M.S. 74–157 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Present address: Department of Human Nutrition, Chugoku Junior College, Okayama, Japan Corresponding author e-mail: M.Takao and S.-i.Kanno contributed equally to this work
| | - Altraf H. Sarker
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575,
Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama 700-8558, Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Medical School, Suita 565-0871, Japan, Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada and MGC, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Present address: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Division, M.S. 74–157 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Present address: Department of Human Nutrition, Chugoku Junior College, Okayama, Japan Corresponding author e-mail: M.Takao and S.-i.Kanno contributed equally to this work
| | - Shuji Seki
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575,
Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama 700-8558, Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Medical School, Suita 565-0871, Japan, Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada and MGC, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Present address: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Division, M.S. 74–157 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Present address: Department of Human Nutrition, Chugoku Junior College, Okayama, Japan Corresponding author e-mail: M.Takao and S.-i.Kanno contributed equally to this work
| | - James Z. Xing
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575,
Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama 700-8558, Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Medical School, Suita 565-0871, Japan, Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada and MGC, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Present address: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Division, M.S. 74–157 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Present address: Department of Human Nutrition, Chugoku Junior College, Okayama, Japan Corresponding author e-mail: M.Takao and S.-i.Kanno contributed equally to this work
| | - X.Chris Le
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575,
Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama 700-8558, Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Medical School, Suita 565-0871, Japan, Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada and MGC, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Present address: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Division, M.S. 74–157 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Present address: Department of Human Nutrition, Chugoku Junior College, Okayama, Japan Corresponding author e-mail: M.Takao and S.-i.Kanno contributed equally to this work
| | - Michael Weinfeld
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575,
Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama 700-8558, Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Medical School, Suita 565-0871, Japan, Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada and MGC, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Present address: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Division, M.S. 74–157 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Present address: Department of Human Nutrition, Chugoku Junior College, Okayama, Japan Corresponding author e-mail: M.Takao and S.-i.Kanno contributed equally to this work
| | | | - Jun-ichi Miyazaki
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575,
Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama 700-8558, Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Medical School, Suita 565-0871, Japan, Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada and MGC, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Present address: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Division, M.S. 74–157 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Present address: Department of Human Nutrition, Chugoku Junior College, Okayama, Japan Corresponding author e-mail: M.Takao and S.-i.Kanno contributed equally to this work
| | - Manja Muijtjens
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575,
Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama 700-8558, Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Medical School, Suita 565-0871, Japan, Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada and MGC, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Present address: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Division, M.S. 74–157 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Present address: Department of Human Nutrition, Chugoku Junior College, Okayama, Japan Corresponding author e-mail: M.Takao and S.-i.Kanno contributed equally to this work
| | - Jan H.J. Hoeijmakers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575,
Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama 700-8558, Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Medical School, Suita 565-0871, Japan, Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada and MGC, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Present address: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Division, M.S. 74–157 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Present address: Department of Human Nutrition, Chugoku Junior College, Okayama, Japan Corresponding author e-mail: M.Takao and S.-i.Kanno contributed equally to this work
| | - Gijsbertus van der Horst
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575,
Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama 700-8558, Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Medical School, Suita 565-0871, Japan, Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada and MGC, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Present address: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Division, M.S. 74–157 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Present address: Department of Human Nutrition, Chugoku Junior College, Okayama, Japan Corresponding author e-mail: M.Takao and S.-i.Kanno contributed equally to this work
| | - Akira Yasui
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575,
Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama 700-8558, Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Medical School, Suita 565-0871, Japan, Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada and MGC, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Present address: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Division, M.S. 74–157 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Present address: Department of Human Nutrition, Chugoku Junior College, Okayama, Japan Corresponding author e-mail: M.Takao and S.-i.Kanno contributed equally to this work
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