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Effects of empagliflozin on progression of chronic kidney disease: a prespecified secondary analysis from the empa-kidney trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2024; 12:39-50. [PMID: 38061371 PMCID: PMC7615591 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00321-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce progression of chronic kidney disease and the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in a wide range of patients. However, their effects on kidney disease progression in some patients with chronic kidney disease are unclear because few clinical kidney outcomes occurred among such patients in the completed trials. In particular, some guidelines stratify their level of recommendation about who should be treated with SGLT2 inhibitors based on diabetes status and albuminuria. We aimed to assess the effects of empagliflozin on progression of chronic kidney disease both overall and among specific types of participants in the EMPA-KIDNEY trial. METHODS EMPA-KIDNEY, a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial, was conducted at 241 centres in eight countries (Canada, China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, the UK, and the USA), and included individuals aged 18 years or older with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 20 to less than 45 mL/min per 1·73 m2, or with an eGFR of 45 to less than 90 mL/min per 1·73 m2 with a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) of 200 mg/g or higher. We explored the effects of 10 mg oral empagliflozin once daily versus placebo on the annualised rate of change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR slope), a tertiary outcome. We studied the acute slope (from randomisation to 2 months) and chronic slope (from 2 months onwards) separately, using shared parameter models to estimate the latter. Analyses were done in all randomly assigned participants by intention to treat. EMPA-KIDNEY is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03594110. FINDINGS Between May 15, 2019, and April 16, 2021, 6609 participants were randomly assigned and then followed up for a median of 2·0 years (IQR 1·5-2·4). Prespecified subgroups of eGFR included 2282 (34·5%) participants with an eGFR of less than 30 mL/min per 1·73 m2, 2928 (44·3%) with an eGFR of 30 to less than 45 mL/min per 1·73 m2, and 1399 (21·2%) with an eGFR 45 mL/min per 1·73 m2 or higher. Prespecified subgroups of uACR included 1328 (20·1%) with a uACR of less than 30 mg/g, 1864 (28·2%) with a uACR of 30 to 300 mg/g, and 3417 (51·7%) with a uACR of more than 300 mg/g. Overall, allocation to empagliflozin caused an acute 2·12 mL/min per 1·73 m2 (95% CI 1·83-2·41) reduction in eGFR, equivalent to a 6% (5-6) dip in the first 2 months. After this, it halved the chronic slope from -2·75 to -1·37 mL/min per 1·73 m2 per year (relative difference 50%, 95% CI 42-58). The absolute and relative benefits of empagliflozin on the magnitude of the chronic slope varied significantly depending on diabetes status and baseline levels of eGFR and uACR. In particular, the absolute difference in chronic slopes was lower in patients with lower baseline uACR, but because this group progressed more slowly than those with higher uACR, this translated to a larger relative difference in chronic slopes in this group (86% [36-136] reduction in the chronic slope among those with baseline uACR <30 mg/g compared with a 29% [19-38] reduction for those with baseline uACR ≥2000 mg/g; ptrend<0·0001). INTERPRETATION Empagliflozin slowed the rate of progression of chronic kidney disease among all types of participant in the EMPA-KIDNEY trial, including those with little albuminuria. Albuminuria alone should not be used to determine whether to treat with an SGLT2 inhibitor. FUNDING Boehringer Ingelheim and Eli Lilly.
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T, Tamori Y, Tamura R, Tamura Y, Tan CHH, Tan EZZ, Tanabe A, Tanabe K, Tanaka A, Tanaka A, Tanaka N, Tang S, Tang Z, Tanigaki K, Tarlac M, Tatsuzawa A, Tay JF, Tay LL, Taylor J, Taylor K, Taylor K, Te A, Tenbusch L, Teng KS, Terakawa A, Terry J, Tham ZD, Tholl S, Thomas G, Thong KM, Tietjen D, Timadjer A, Tindall H, Tipper S, Tobin K, Toda N, Tokuyama A, Tolibas M, Tomita A, Tomita T, Tomlinson J, Tonks L, Topf J, Topping S, Torp A, Torres A, Totaro F, Toth P, Toyonaga Y, Tripodi F, Trivedi K, Tropman E, Tschope D, Tse J, Tsuji K, Tsunekawa S, Tsunoda R, Tucky B, Tufail S, Tuffaha A, Turan E, Turner H, Turner J, Turner M, Tuttle KR, Tye YL, Tyler A, Tyler J, Uchi H, Uchida H, Uchida T, Uchida T, Udagawa T, Ueda S, Ueda Y, Ueki K, Ugni S, Ugwu E, Umeno R, Unekawa C, Uozumi K, Urquia K, Valleteau A, Valletta C, van Erp R, Vanhoy C, Varad V, Varma R, Varughese A, Vasquez P, Vasseur A, Veelken R, Velagapudi C, Verdel K, Vettoretti S, Vezzoli G, Vielhauer V, Viera R, Vilar E, Villaruel S, 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Yamada N, Yamagata K, Yamaguchi M, Yamaji Y, Yamamoto A, Yamamoto S, Yamamoto S, Yamamoto T, Yamanaka A, Yamano T, Yamanouchi Y, Yamasaki N, Yamasaki Y, Yamasaki Y, Yamashita C, Yamauchi T, Yan Q, Yanagisawa E, Yang F, Yang L, Yano S, Yao S, Yao Y, Yarlagadda S, Yasuda Y, Yiu V, Yokoyama T, Yoshida S, Yoshidome E, Yoshikawa H, Young A, Young T, Yousif V, Yu H, Yu Y, Yuasa K, Yusof N, Zalunardo N, Zander B, Zani R, Zappulo F, Zayed M, Zemann B, Zettergren P, Zhang H, Zhang L, Zhang L, Zhang N, Zhang X, Zhao J, Zhao L, Zhao S, Zhao Z, Zhong H, Zhou N, Zhou S, Zhu D, Zhu L, Zhu S, Zietz M, Zippo M, Zirino F, Zulkipli FH. Impact of primary kidney disease on the effects of empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease: secondary analyses of the EMPA-KIDNEY trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2024; 12:51-60. [PMID: 38061372 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00322-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The EMPA-KIDNEY trial showed that empagliflozin reduced the risk of the primary composite outcome of kidney disease progression or cardiovascular death in patients with chronic kidney disease mainly through slowing progression. We aimed to assess how effects of empagliflozin might differ by primary kidney disease across its broad population. METHODS EMPA-KIDNEY, a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial, was conducted at 241 centres in eight countries (Canada, China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, the UK, and the USA). Patients were eligible if their estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 20 to less than 45 mL/min per 1·73 m2, or 45 to less than 90 mL/min per 1·73 m2 with a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) of 200 mg/g or higher at screening. They were randomly assigned (1:1) to 10 mg oral empagliflozin once daily or matching placebo. Effects on kidney disease progression (defined as a sustained ≥40% eGFR decline from randomisation, end-stage kidney disease, a sustained eGFR below 10 mL/min per 1·73 m2, or death from kidney failure) were assessed using prespecified Cox models, and eGFR slope analyses used shared parameter models. Subgroup comparisons were performed by including relevant interaction terms in models. EMPA-KIDNEY is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03594110. FINDINGS Between May 15, 2019, and April 16, 2021, 6609 participants were randomly assigned and followed up for a median of 2·0 years (IQR 1·5-2·4). Prespecified subgroupings by primary kidney disease included 2057 (31·1%) participants with diabetic kidney disease, 1669 (25·3%) with glomerular disease, 1445 (21·9%) with hypertensive or renovascular disease, and 1438 (21·8%) with other or unknown causes. Kidney disease progression occurred in 384 (11·6%) of 3304 patients in the empagliflozin group and 504 (15·2%) of 3305 patients in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·71 [95% CI 0·62-0·81]), with no evidence that the relative effect size varied significantly by primary kidney disease (pheterogeneity=0·62). The between-group difference in chronic eGFR slopes (ie, from 2 months to final follow-up) was 1·37 mL/min per 1·73 m2 per year (95% CI 1·16-1·59), representing a 50% (42-58) reduction in the rate of chronic eGFR decline. This relative effect of empagliflozin on chronic eGFR slope was similar in analyses by different primary kidney diseases, including in explorations by type of glomerular disease and diabetes (p values for heterogeneity all >0·1). INTERPRETATION In a broad range of patients with chronic kidney disease at risk of progression, including a wide range of non-diabetic causes of chronic kidney disease, empagliflozin reduced risk of kidney disease progression. Relative effect sizes were broadly similar irrespective of the cause of primary kidney disease, suggesting that SGLT2 inhibitors should be part of a standard of care to minimise risk of kidney failure in chronic kidney disease. FUNDING Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, and UK Medical Research Council.
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Gopalakrishnan K, Sivanandam S, Aithal SS, Sakkaravarthi V, Vikash RP, Rajendran K, Jeevithan S. Estimating the Frequency of Hanifin and Rajka’s Minor Criteria among Paediatric Atopic Cases at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Western Tamil Nadu, India- A Cross-sectional Study. IJNMR 2023. [DOI: 10.7860/ijnmr/2023/61075.2370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is a common relapsing inflammatory disorder, among the paediatric population clinically, characterised by pruritus and recurring eczematous skin lesions and a host of other cutaneous changes. Diagnosis is done on the basis of clinical findings with the usage of Hanifin and Rajka’s criteria which includes 4 major and 23 minor criteria. Geographical, climatic factors and other population factors have been reported to influence the occurrence of minor criteria. Aim: To estimate the frequency of Minor criteria among paediatric atopic dermatitis in Western Tamil Nadu, India. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was done by including 110 atopic children attending Paediatric and Dermatology Outpatient Departments (OPD) of KMCH IHSR, Coimbatore, Western Tamil Nadu, India, between March 2022 to August 2022. The clinical and ophthalmological findings were documented. Categorical variables were presented as frequency and percentages, Continuous variables were presented as Mean±Standard deviation. The data was entered in excel and was analysed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 27. Results: Among the total study population of 110, 53 (48.2%) were males and the rest 57 (51.8%) were females. The mean age was 24.73±5.18 years with a range of 2-15 years. Early age of onset was seen in 73.6% of study population. Hyperlinear palms were found in 70% of the study patients. 68.2% had Dennie Morgan infraorbital fold, 64.5% had xerosis, 61% had pityriasis alba and 60% had a family history of atopy. Conclusion: Certain minor manifestations of AD like xerosis, icthyosis, hyprerlinear palms, and perifollicular accentuation were more common in the present study. Western Tamil Nadu having a tropical semi-arid climate tempered by higher altitude could explain the differences noted in the frequency of certain minor criteria.
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Vinnie-Siow WY, Tan TK, Low VL, Teoh YB, Prakash BK, Sivanandam S, Sharma RSK, Lim YAL. Integration of Microscopic, Serologic and Molecular Techniques for Detection of Filarial Parasites in Dogs in Malaysia. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:468-475. [PMID: 34797497 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00490-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Canine filariosis in domestic dogs caused by several species of filarids is an emerging vector-borne disease and the spread of this disease remains a global veterinary and public health concern. However, information regarding these filarids and their epidemiological patterns remains scarce in Malaysia. The present study aimed to determine the infection rate and associated risk factors of filarial parasites in dogs in Malaysia. METHODS A total of 399 dog blood samples were collected from veterinary hospitals and animal shelters in Malaysia to determine the infection rate and associated risk factors via a combination of microscopic, serologic and molecular diagnostic techniques. RESULTS Two species of canine filariae identified in this study were Dirofilaria immitis (6.5%) and Brugia pahangi (1.3%), and their infections were associated with cross breed, medium size and short hair (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A new pair of primers was developed to complement the recovery of the 12S rRNA gene fragment of filarial parasites. This study represents the first molecular evidence of B. pahangi in dogs in Malaysia.
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Sundar PM, Sivanandam S, Chitra TV. A usual parasite in an unusual location- Incidental detection of Strongyloides stercoralis in liquid-based cytology. J Postgrad Med 2022; 68:60-61. [PMID: 35073686 PMCID: PMC8860122 DOI: 10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_614_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- PM Sundar
- Department of Pathology, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail:
| | - S Sivanandam
- Department of Pathology, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail:
| | - TV Chitra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Junaid OQ, Vythilingam I, Khaw LT, Sivanandam S, Mahmud R. Effect of Brugia pahangi co-infection with Plasmodium berghei ANKA in gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1301-1315. [PMID: 32179986 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06632-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Malaria and lymphatic filariasis (LF) are two leading and common mosquito-borne parasitic diseases worldwide. These two diseases are co-endemic in many tropical and sub-tropical regions and are known to share vectors. The interactions between malaria and filarial parasites are poorly understood. Thus, this study aimed at establishing the interactions that occur between Brugia pahangi and Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) co-infection in gerbils. Briefly, the gerbils were matched according to age, sex, and weight and grouped into filarial-only infection, PbA-only infection, co-infection, and control group. The parasitemia, survival and clinical assessment of the gerbils were monitored for a period of 30 days post Plasmodium infection. The immune responses of gerbils to both mono and co-infection were monitored. Findings show that co-infected gerbils have higher survival rate than PbA-infected gerbils. Food and water consumption were significantly reduced in both PbA-infected and co-infected gerbils, although loss of body weight, hypothermia, and anemia were less severe in co-infected gerbils. Plasmodium-infected gerbils also suffered hypoglycemia, which was not observed in co-infected gerbils. Furthermore, gerbil cytokine responses to co-infection were significantly higher than PbA-only-infected gerbils, which is being suggested as a factor for their increased longevity. Co-infected gerbils had significantly elicited interleukin-4, interferon-gamma, and tumor necrotic factor at early stage of infection than PbA-infected gerbils. Findings from this study suggest that B. pahangi infection protect against severe anemia and hypoglycemia, which are manifestations of PbA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olawale Quazim Junaid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Federal University of Kashere, PMB 0182, Gombe, Gombe State, Nigeria.
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Loke Tim Khaw
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sinnadurai Sivanandam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rohela Mahmud
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Vinnie-Siow WY, Low VL, Tan TK, Teoh YB, Sivanandam S, Vellayan S, Lim YAL. Observations of scrotal mass, liver mass, haemolytic jaundice, and central vestibular disorder in Brugia pahangi-infected dogs. Trop Biomed 2019; 36:252-256. [PMID: 33597445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Brugia pahangi is known to infect humans and dogs. Its associated symptoms and complications, however, have not been fully understood in dogs. Herein, we reported the observations of B. pahangi infections in dogs with scrotal mass, liver mass, haemolytic jaundice, and central vestibular disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Y Vinnie-Siow
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - V L Low
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - T K Tan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Y B Teoh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - S Sivanandam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S Vellayan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Y A L Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Junaid QO, Khaw LT, Mahmud R, Ong KC, Lau YL, Borade PU, Liew JWK, Sivanandam S, Wong KT, Vythilingam I. Pathogenesis of Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection in the gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) as an experimental model for severe malaria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 24:38. [PMID: 29034874 PMCID: PMC5642054 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2017040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background: As the quest to eradicate malaria continues, there remains a need to gain further understanding of the disease, particularly with regard to pathogenesis. This is facilitated, apart from in vitro and clinical studies, mainly via in vivo mouse model studies. However, there are few studies that have used gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) as animal models. Thus, this study is aimed at characterizing the effects of Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infection in gerbils, as well as the underlying pathogenesis. Methods: Gerbils, 5-7 weeks old were infected by PbA via intraperitoneal injection of 1 × 106 (0.2 mL) infected red blood cells. Parasitemia, weight gain/loss, hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count and body temperature changes in both control and infected groups were monitored over a duration of 13 days. RNA was extracted from the brain, spleen and whole blood to assess the immune response to PbA infection. Organs including the brain, spleen, heart, liver, kidneys and lungs were removed aseptically for histopathology. Results: Gerbils were susceptible to PbA infection, showing significant decreases in the hemoglobin concentration, RBC counts, body weights and body temperature, over the course of the infection. There were no neurological signs observed. Both pro-inflammatory (IFNγ and TNF) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines were significantly elevated. Splenomegaly and hepatomegaly were also observed. PbA parasitized RBCs were observed in the organs, using routine light microscopy and in situ hybridization. Conclusion: Gerbils may serve as a good model for severe malaria to further understand its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quazim Olawale Junaid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia - Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Federal University Kashere, Gombe State, Nigeria
| | - Loke Tim Khaw
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia - Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rohela Mahmud
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kien Chai Ong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Prajakta Uttam Borade
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jonathan Wee Kent Liew
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sinnadurai Sivanandam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kum Thong Wong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Uni S, Mat Udin AS, Agatsuma T, Saijuntha W, Junker K, Ramli R, Omar H, Lim YAL, Sivanandam S, Lefoulon E, Martin C, Belabut DM, Kasim S, Abdullah Halim MR, Zainuri NA, Bhassu S, Fukuda M, Matsubayashi M, Harada M, Low VL, Chen CD, Suganuma N, Hashim R, Takaoka H, Azirun MS. Morphological and molecular characteristics of Malayfilaria sofiani Uni, Mat Udin & Takaoka n. g., n. sp. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from the common treeshrew Tupaia glis Diard & Duvaucel (Mammalia: Scandentia) in Peninsular Malaysia. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:194. [PMID: 28427478 PMCID: PMC5397817 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The filarial nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti (Cobbold, 1877), Brugia malayi (Brug, 1927) and B. timori Partono, Purnomo, Dennis, Atmosoedjono, Oemijati & Cross, 1977 cause lymphatic diseases in humans in the tropics, while B. pahangi (Buckley & Edeson, 1956) infects carnivores and causes zoonotic diseases in humans in Malaysia. Wuchereria bancrofti, W. kalimantani Palmieri, Pulnomo, Dennis & Marwoto, 1980 and six out of ten Brugia spp. have been described from Australia, Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka and India. However, the origin and evolution of the species in the Wuchereria-Brugia clade remain unclear. While investigating the diversity of filarial parasites in Malaysia, we discovered an undescribed species in the common treeshrew Tupaia glis Diard & Duvaucel (Mammalia: Scandentia). Methods We examined 81 common treeshrews from 14 areas in nine states and the Federal Territory of Peninsular Malaysia for filarial parasites. Once any filariae that were found had been isolated, we examined their morphological characteristics and determined the partial sequences of their mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and 12S rRNA genes. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region were then cloned into the pGEM-T vector, and the recombinant plasmids were used as templates for sequencing. Results Malayfilaria sofiani Uni, Mat Udin & Takaoka, n. g., n. sp. is described based on the morphological characteristics of adults and microfilariae found in common treeshrews from Jeram Pasu, Kelantan, Malaysia. The Kimura 2-parameter distance between the cox1 gene sequences of the new species and W. bancrofti was 11.8%. Based on the three gene sequences, the new species forms a monophyletic clade with W. bancrofti and Brugia spp. The adult parasites were found in tissues surrounding the lymph nodes of the neck of common treeshrews. Conclusions The newly described species appears most closely related to Wuchereria spp. and Brugia spp., but differs from these in several morphological characteristics. Molecular analyses based on the cox1 and 12S rRNA genes and the ITS1 region indicated that this species differs from both W. bancrofti and Brugia spp. at the genus level. We thus propose a new genus, Malayfilaria, along with the new species M. sofiani. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2105-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiko Uni
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia. .,Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.
| | - Ahmad Syihan Mat Udin
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Takeshi Agatsuma
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Weerachai Saijuntha
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, 783-8505, Japan.,Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, 44150, Thailand
| | - Kerstin Junker
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Rosli Ramli
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Hasmahzaiti Omar
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Yvonne Ai-Lian Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Sinnadurai Sivanandam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Emilie Lefoulon
- UMR7245, MCAM, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Coralie Martin
- UMR7245, MCAM, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Daicus Martin Belabut
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Saharul Kasim
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | | | - Nur Afiqah Zainuri
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Subha Bhassu
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Masako Fukuda
- Research Promotion Institute, Oita University, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsubayashi
- Department of International Prevention of Epidemics, Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Masashi Harada
- Laboratory Animal Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Van Lun Low
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Chee Dhang Chen
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Narifumi Suganuma
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Rosli Hashim
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Hiroyuki Takaoka
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Sofian Azirun
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
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Warang P, Kedar P, Sivanandam S, Jothilakshmi K, Sumathi R, Colah R. A novel nine base deletion mutation in NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase gene in an Indian family with recessive congenital methemoglobinemia-type-II. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2015. [PMID: 28649542 PMCID: PMC5471390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recessive hereditary methemoglobinemia (RCM) associated with severe neurological abnormalities is a very rare disorder caused by NADH- cytochrome b5 reductase (cb5r) deficiency (Type II). We report a case of 11 month old male child who had severe mental retardation, microcephaly and gross global developmental delay with methemoglobin level of 61.1%. The diagnosis of NADH-CYB5R3 deficiency was made by the demonstration of significantly reduced NADH-CYB5R3 activity in the patient and intermediate enzyme activity in both the parents. Mutation analysis of the CYB5R gene revealed a novel nine nucleotide deletion in exon 6 leading to the elimination of 3 amino acid residues (Lys173, Ser174 and Val 175). To confirm that this mutation was not an artifact, we performed PCR-RFLP analysis using the restriction enzyme Drd I. As the normal sequence has a restriction recognition site for Drd I which was eliminated by the deletion, a single band of 603-bp was seen in the presence of the homozygous mutation. Molecular modeling analysis showed a significant effect of these 3 amino acids deletion on the protein structure and stability leading to a severe clinical presentation. A novel homozygous 9 nucleotide deletion (p.K173–p.V175del3) is shown to be segregated with the disease in this family. Knowing the profile of mutations would allow us to offer prenatal diagnosis in families with severe neurological disorders associated with RCM — Type II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Warang
- National Institute of Immunohaematology (ICMR), 13th Floor, NMS Building, KEM Hospital Campus, Parel, Mumbai- 400 012, India
| | - Prabhakar Kedar
- National Institute of Immunohaematology (ICMR), 13th Floor, NMS Building, KEM Hospital Campus, Parel, Mumbai- 400 012, India
| | - S Sivanandam
- Department of Pediatrics, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Jothilakshmi
- Department of Pediatrics, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Sumathi
- Department of Pediatrics, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Roshan Colah
- National Institute of Immunohaematology (ICMR), 13th Floor, NMS Building, KEM Hospital Campus, Parel, Mumbai- 400 012, India
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Muslim A, Fong MY, Mahmud R, Sivanandam S. Vector and reservoir host of a case of human Brugia pahangi infection in Selangor, peninsular Malaysia. Trop Biomed 2013; 30:727-730. [PMID: 24522144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A case of human eye infection caused by Brugia pahangi was reported in 2010 in a semi rural village in Selangor, peninsular Malaysia. Our report here reveals results of investigation on the vector and animal host for the transmission of the infection. We conducted entomological survey and cat blood examination in the vicinity of the patient's home. The mosquito species Armigeres subalbatus was incriminated as the vector, whereas cat served as the reservoir host.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Muslim
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M Y Fong
- Department of Parasitology and TIDREC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - R Mahmud
- Department of Parasitology and TIDREC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S Sivanandam
- Department of Parasitology and TIDREC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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12
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Muslim A, Fong MY, Mahmud R, Lau YL, Sivanandam S. Armigeres subalbatus incriminated as a vector of zoonotic Brugia pahangi filariasis in suburban Kuala Lumpur, Peninsular Malaysia. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:219. [PMID: 23898840 PMCID: PMC3750234 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2011, we reported occurrence of natural human infections with Brugia pahangi, a filarial worm of dogs and cats, in a surburb of Kuala Lumpur, the capital city of Malaysia. Our preliminary entomological survey at that time suggested the mosquito species Armigeres subalbatus as the vector of the zoonotic infections. In this present report, we provide biological evidence to confirm our preliminary finding. FINDINGS A total of 1798 adult female Ar. subalbatus mosquitoes was caught in the vicinity of the suburb, and 1599 were dissected for the presence of filarial larvae. Sixty-two mosquitoes were positive, and 27 of these were infected with L3 larvae. The L3 were inoculated into male gerbils. Microfilariae could be detected in the gerbils 92 days post-infection. Post-mortem on the gerbils recovered adult worms in the peritoneal cavity, heart, lungs, tail and testis. Male adult worms were confirmed to be B. pahangi by the ratio length of their spicules (left spicule: right spicule). Female adult worms were confirmed by the absence of minute cuticular bosses in the tail region. The worms were further confirmed to be B. pahangi by PCR. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that Ar. subalbatus was the vector for the zoonotic Brugia pahangi infections. This mosquito species should now be categorised as a medically important mosquito species in Malaysia. Its role in the transmission of zoonotic B. pahangi must therefore be considered in future studies on filarial infections.
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Sivanandam S, Anburajan M, Venkatraman B, Menaka M, Sharath D. Estimation of blood glucose by non-invasive infrared thermography for diagnosis of type 2 diabetes: an alternative for blood sample extraction. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 367:57-63. [PMID: 23274424 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to estimate and validate the glycated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) using non-contact infrared thermography. The diagnostic threshold was set as (HbA(1c)≥48 mmol/mol). The optimal regression model [r=0.643, p=0.000] was achieved from the significant variables correlating with the HbA(1c) and the validation was performed against the bio-chemical assay to indicate the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and with an accuracy of [90%, 55%, 65%, 85% and 72%] respectively. The non-invasive core body temperature measurement at the inner canthi of eye [r=-0.462, p<0.01] indicated negative correlation with HbA(1c), that signifies the early metabolic changes. In type 2 diabetes, the core body temperature decreases with a decrease in the body metabolism. Thereby, a truly non-invasive infrared thermography could be used for obtaining the accurate HbA(1c) with no blood sample extraction; further, it could be used as the preferred diagnostic tool for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sivanandam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamilnadu, India.
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Abstract
The occurrence of nephrotic syndrome following a bee sting is rarely reported in the literature. Hypersensitivity is believed to be the precipitating factor for the renal disease. We report a two-year-old boy, who developed generalized edema and decreased urine output, seven days after a bee sting. Physical examination and laboratory findings were consistent with nephrotic syndrome; and corticosteroid treatment induced prompt remission with resolution of clinical symptoms and normalization of laboratory findings. There was no relapse of the disease during a one-year follow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kaarthigeyan
- Department of Pediatrics, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Coimbatore, India
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Sivanandam S, Anburajan M, Venkatraman B, Menaka M, Sharath D. Medical thermography: a diagnostic approach for type 2 diabetes based on non-contact infrared thermal imaging. Endocrine 2012; 42:343-51. [PMID: 22411072 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-012-9645-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
To test the potential of Infrared (IR) thermography in diagnosing as well as predicting type 2 diabetes and its complications compared with biochemical assay of HbA(1c) as standard. As per American Diabetes Association criteria, threshold for diagnosis of diabetes was set as HbA(1c) ≥ 6.5 % (7.7 mmol L⁻¹). The total subjects (n = 62) were studied out of which control (n = 32) and diabetic subjects (n = 30). IR camera was used to capture the thermal images of the skin for diagnosis of the disease; receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to set temperature (°C) as threshold for statistically significant body regions under t test. In diabetic group, HbA(1c) showed negative correlation with carotid region (r = -0.471, p < 0.01) and the mean skin temperature was lower than the normal group at body regions namely knee (p = 0.002), tibia (p = 0.003), forehead (p = 0.014), and palm (p = 0.019). The palm region showed highest area under the curve of 0.711 (95% CI: 0.581-0.842) and the threshold was set as ≤33.85 °C, thereby sensitivity (90%) and specificity (56%) was obtained in determining the undiagnosed diabetes with positive predictive value of 65%, negative predictive value of 85% and accuracy of 73%. As HbA(1c) increases, skin temperature decreases. Skin temperature enables early detection of diabetes as compared to HbA(1c). The decrease in skin temperature may be due to the decrease in the basal metabolic rate, poor blood perfusion and high insulin resistance. Thermography can be used as a diagnostic as well as prognostic tool for the diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sivanandam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamilnadu, India.
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16
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Anburajan M, Sivanandam S, Bidyarasmi S, Venkatraman B, Menaka M, Raj B. Changes of skin temperature of parts of the body and serum asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in type-2 diabetes mellitus Indian patients. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2012; 2011:6254-9. [PMID: 22255768 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2011.6091544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In India, number of people with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) would be 87 million by the year 2030. DM disturbs autonomic regulation of skin micro-circulation, and causes decrease in resting blood flows through the skin. The skin blood flow has a major effect on its temperature. The aim of the study was to evaluate changes of skin temperature of all parts of the body and serum asymmetric dimethylarginine, ADMA (μmol/L) in type-2 DM Indian patients. Group-I: Normal (n = 17; M/F: 10/15, mean ± SD = 43.2 ± 9.4 years); Group-II: Type-2 DM without cardiovascular (CV) complications (n = 15; M/F: 10/7, mean ± SD = 46.3 ± 14.0 years); Thermograms of all parts of the body were acquired using a non-contact infrared (IR) thermography camera (ThermaCAM T400, FLIR Systems, Sweden). Blood parameters and thyroid hormone were measured biochemically. Indian diabetic risk score (IDRS) was calculated for each subject. In type-2 DM patients without CV group (n = 15), there was a statistically significant (p = 0.01) negative correlations between HbA(1c) and skin temperature of eye and nose (r = -0.57 and r = -0.55 respectively). ADMA was correlated significantly (p = 0.01) with HbA(1c) (r = 0.65) and estimated average glucose, eAG (r = 0.63). In normal subjects, mean minimum and maximum values of skin temperatures were observed at posterior side of sole (26.89 °C) and ear (36.85 °C) respectively. In type-2 DM without CV, mean values of skin temperature in different parts of the body from head to toe were lesser than those values in control group; but this decreases were statistically significant in nose (32.66 Vs 33.99 °C, p = 0.024) as well as in tibia (32.78 Vs 33.13 °C, p = 0.036) regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Anburajan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Abstract
AIMS We previously reported that Modified Field Stain (MF) can be used as a rapid stain for diagnosis. In the present study we extend the observation to include the stain as an alternative method to assess viability of the cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Six isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis were used to assess the utility of the Modified Field stain as a rapid viability test for T. vaginalis and to compare with 0·4% Trypan Blue dye exclusion test in three conditions; normal in vitro culture growth using Hollander medium, lysed in distilled water and treated with metronidazole. MF stain showed similar growth profile pattern as Trypan Blue dye exclusion for identifying viable cells of T. vaginalis. Although, Trypan Blue dye exclusion test is ready made, rapid and widely used in laboratory as reliable viability assay, however, the limitation using Trypan Blue is the dye was unable to show internal morphological changes during the parasite's transition from being viable to non-viable. On day 3 where cultures peaked the correlation factor of both assays done to assess the viability of parasites harvested from the controls, metronidazole and distilled water treated parasites were more than 0·9 respectively. CONCLUSIONS This confirms that MF staining does not only record permanently the morphological changes and retain internal structural details but also provides a reliable and rapid viability assay for the parasites. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Therefore, in our study, Modified Field's stain may offer the researchers and laboratory technologists the opportunity to get the result on the same day and the most important thing is the ability to differentiate between viable and non-viable of T. vaginalis under three different conditions (normal culture, drug and distilled water condition). Modified Field's staining method enhanced the morphological identification of T. vaginalis compared to Trypan Blue dye exclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Afzan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Dietz AC, Sivanandam S, Kaufman C, Kelly A, Neglia JP, Gaillard PR, Mulrooney DA. Evaluation of traditional and novel measures of cardiac function to detect anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in survivors of childhood cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.9580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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19
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Afzan MY, Sivanandam S, Kumar GS. Modified Field's staining--a rapid stain for Trichomonas vaginalis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 68:159-62. [PMID: 20846588 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis, a flagellate protozoan parasite commonly found in the human genitourinary tract, is transmitted primarily by sexual intercourse. Diagnosis is usually by in vitro culture method and staining with Giemsa stain. There are laboratories that use Gram stain as well. We compared the use of modified Field's (MF), Giemsa, and Gram stains on 2 axenic and xenic isolates of T. vaginalis, respectively. Three smears from every sediment of spun cultures of all 4 isolates were stained, respectively, with each of the stains. We showed that MF staining, apart from being a rapid stain (20 s), confers sharper staining contrast, which differentiates the nucleus and the cytoplasm of the organism when compared to Giemsa and Gram staining especially on parasites from spiked urine samples. The alternative staining procedure offers in a diagnostic setting a rapid stain that can easily visualize the parasite with sharp contrasting characteristics between organelles especially the nucleus and cytoplasm. Vacuoles are more clearly visible in parasites stained with MF than when stained with Giemsa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yusuf Afzan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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20
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Abstract
Acanthamoeba sp. is a free-living amoeba known to cause chronic central nervous system infection or eye infection in humans. Many cases remain undetected for want of a good detection system. We report for the first time a rapid staining method to facilitate the identification of Acanthamoeba sp. using the modified Field's staining technique. A. castellanii, which was used in the present experiment, is maintained in our laboratory in mycological peptone medium (Gibco). The cultures were pooled together and smears were made on glass slides for staining purposes. Different types of stains such as Field's stain, modified Field's stain, Wright's stain, Giemsa stain, Ziehl-Neelsen stain, and trichrome stain were used to determine the best stain for the identification of this amoeba. The concentration of various stains and the duration of staining were varied to provide the best color and contrast for each stain. Acanthamoeba was also obtained from the brain of experimentally infected mice and was stained with various stains as mentioned above to determine the best stain for use in identifying the presence of this parasite in experimentally infected animals. The modified Field's stain gives a very good color contrast as compared with other stains. Furthermore, it takes only 20 s to be carried out using the least number of reagents, making it suitable for both laboratory and field use.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pirehma
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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21
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Cheah WC, Cheong WH, Mahadevan S, Lai KP, Sivanandam S. Filariasis in Negri Sembilan--a follow-up study. Med J Malaysia 1977; 32:103-10. [PMID: 614475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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22
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Fong YL, Liat LB, de Witt GF, Krishnasamy M, Sivanandam S, Foong PY. Protozoan and helminth parasites of small wild mammals in a new Felda settlement Jenderak Utara, Central Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1977; 8:345-53. [PMID: 415370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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23
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Wong MM, Guest MF, Lim KC, Sivanandam S. Experimental Brugia malayi infections in the rhesus monkey. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1977; 8:265-73. [PMID: 411182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-eight rhesus monkeys in 3 groups were exposed to single (Group I), double (Group II), and multiple (Group III) inoculations with B. malayi infective larvae. Infections were monitored by microfilarial and blood counts, selected biochemical tests, IFA responses, and records of body temperature and lymphadenopathy before and/or after treatment with DEC. As a whole, the highest microfilaraemia levels were observed in Group II and lowest in Group III monkeys. Eosinophilia was a common occurrence but reached the highest mean levels in Group III. Intermittent fevers and lymph node enlargements were observed in all groups of monkeys and the occurrence of these appeared to be correlated. No definite pattern of antibody production was discernable among groups, but an inverse relationship existed between microfilaraemia and detectable microfilarial antibodies. Treatment with DEC produced a microfilaraemia-taxic effect within the initial half hour and responses to treatment varied according to individuals. Although post-treatment reinfection appeared to cause lymphoid responses and tissue eosinophilia, no substantial resistance to reinfection was observed.
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Mak JW, Cheong WH, Omar AH, Sivanandam S, Mahadevan S. Filariasis in Perlis, Peninsular Malaysia. Med J Malaysia 1977; 31:198-203. [PMID: 904512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Mak JW, Rajagopal V, Cheon WH, Sivanandam S, Mahadevan S. Filariasis Survey at the Youth Training Centre in Dusun Tua, Selangor. Med J Malaysia 1976; 31:153-157. [PMID: 35008162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2022]
Abstract
No abstract available.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Mak
- Institute for Medical Research, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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26
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Joon-Wah M, Sivanandam S. Experimental attempts to induce ocular infection in cats with subperiodic Brugia malayi. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1976:21-9. [PMID: 1027103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to determine whether the finding of human ocular lesions due to B. malayi was due to the site of entry of the infective larvae, cats were infected via ocular instillation, subconjunctival inoculation, subcutaneous inoculation around and infective mosquito bites over the eyes. Although no conjunctival lesion was seen patent infections were produced via ocular instillation, subconjunctival and subcutaneous inoculation of infective larvae. Adult worms were also recovered from periorbital tissues. Adult worms were localized mainly in the lymphatic system of the head and neck regions of the cat. The results show that the conjunctival lesions seen in humans could be due to the site of bite of the mosquito and thus the entry of the infective larvae.
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Sivanandam S, Mak JW, Lai PF. Experimental infection of Rattus sabanus and Rattus muelleri with subperiodic Brugia malayi. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1975; 6:68-73. [PMID: 1145240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
R. sabanus and R. muelleri are very common in the lowland forests of Malaysia. In nature they are infected with Breinlia sp. and D. ramachandrani. In an attempt to determine whether they are also susceptible to subperiodic B. malayi and thereby being potential reservoirs of infection of the disease, 24 R. muelleri and 17 R. sabanus were experimentally infected with the parasite. Results show that although they can support the full development of the parasite, they are poor hosts. This confirms the observation that in Malaysia natural infection of Rattus spp. with the parasite has not been seen. These rats therefore are probably not important in the zoonotic transmission of subperiodic B. malayi in Malaysia.
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Joon-Wah M, Singh D, Sukoaryono J, Sivanandam S. Brugia malayi infection of the human eye: A case report. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1974; 5:226-9. [PMID: 4412254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Joon-Wah M, Zaman V, Sivanandam S. Antifilarial activity of levamisole hydrochloride against subperiodic Brugia malayi infection of domestic cats. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1974; 23:369-74. [PMID: 4522905 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1974.23.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Dondero TJ, Sivanandam S. Filariasis blood survey in Kelantan. Med J Malaysia 1973; 27:306-9. [PMID: 4270791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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31
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Sivanandam S, Dondero TJ. Differentiation between periodic and subperiodic Brugia malayi and Brugia pahangi on the basis of microfilarial sheath-casting in vitro. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1972; 66:487-96. [PMID: 4656450 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1972.11686851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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32
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Mullin SW, Dondero TJ, Yusoff M, Sivanandam S. A search for natural infections of periodic Brugia malayi in cats. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1971; 2:263. [PMID: 5167567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Ramachandran CP, Dondero TJ, Mullin SW, Sivanandam S, Stevens S. Filariasis in a rubber plantation in Negeri Sembilan, West Malaysia. Med J Malaya 1971; 25:273-7. [PMID: 4261299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ramachandran CP, Sivanandam S, Mullin SW. Inoculation of infective larvae of sub-periodic Brugia malayi into domestic cats by various routes. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1971; 2:92-3. [PMID: 5112356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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35
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Sivanandam S, Dondero TJ. Abnormally long microfilariae found in periodic Brugia malayi infections in man and cat. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1971; 2:93-4. [PMID: 5112357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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36
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37
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Sandosham AA, Sivanandam S. Adult Wuchereria bancrofti (Cobbald, 1877) in subcutaneous cyst of man. Med J Malaya 1968; 22:236. [PMID: 4234372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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38
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Sivanandam S, Sandosham AA. The casting of sheaths by microfilariae. Med J Malaya 1968; 22:238. [PMID: 4234713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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39
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Sivanandam S, Fredericks HJ. Abnormally long microfilariae found in Brugia pahangi and sub-periodic B. malayi infections. Med J Malaya 1968; 22:237-8. [PMID: 4234373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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40
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Sandosham AA, Sivanandam S. A new filarial worm in the heart of a forest rat (Rattus sabanus). Med J Malaya 1966; 20:339-40. [PMID: 4224352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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41
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Sandosham AA, Sivanandam S, Fong YL, Omar I. A sheathed microfilaria from a tree-shrew (Tupaia glis). Med J Malaya 1966; 20:340. [PMID: 4224353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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42
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Strauss JM, Sivanandam S. A double infection of filariasis in a black panther (Panthera pardus) from Pahang. Med J Malaya 1966; 20:336. [PMID: 4224351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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43
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Sivanandam S, Fredericks HJ. The "Innenkorper" in differentiation between the microfilanriae of Brugia pahangi and B. malayi (sub-periodic form). Med J Malaya 1966; 20:337-8. [PMID: 4224563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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44
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Ramachandran CP, Sandosham AA, Sivanandam S. Development of Wuchereria bancrofti in the domestic cat. Med J Malaya 1966; 20:333. [PMID: 4224348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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45
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Sivanandam S. The size of microfilariae in relation to the storage time of unfixed and fixed thick blood films. Med J Malaya 1965; 20:63-4. [PMID: 4221424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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