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Tsang SM, Kim H, Oliemuller E, Newman R, Boateng NA, Guppy N, Howard BA. Sox11 regulates mammary tumour-initiating and metastatic capacity in Brca1-deficient mouse mammary tumour cells. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:261799. [PMID: 33969421 PMCID: PMC8188883 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.046037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the role of Sox11 in the regulation of mammary progenitor cells. Sox11 is expressed by mammary bud epithelial cells during embryonic mammary gland development and is not detected in mammary epithelial cells after birth. As Sox11 is an oncofetal gene, we investigated the effects of reducing Sox11 levels in embryonic mammary progenitor cells and found that Sox11 regulates proliferative state, stem cell activity and lineage marker expression. We also investigated the effect of reducing Sox11 levels in two transplantable Brca1-deficient oestrogen receptor-negative mouse mammary tumour cell lines, to assess whether Sox11 regulates similar functions in tumour progenitor cells. When Sox11 levels were reduced in one Brca1-deficient mammary tumour cell line that expressed both epithelial and mesenchymal markers, similar effects on proliferation, stem cell activity and expression of lineage markers to those seen in the embryonic mammary progenitor cells were observed. Orthotopic grafting of mammary tumour cells with reduced Sox11 levels led to alterations in tumour-initiating capacity, latency, expression of lineage markers and metastatic burden. Our results support a model in which tumours expressing higher levels of Sox11 have more stem and tumour-initiating cells, and are less proliferative, whereas tumours expressing lower levels of Sox11 become more proliferative and capable of morphogenetic/metastatic growth, similar to what occurs during embryonic mammary developmental progression. Summary:Brca1−/− mammary tumours expressing Sox11 at high levels have more stem- and tumour-initiating cells, and are less proliferative, whereas tumours expressing Sox11 at lower levels become more proliferative and are capable of morphogenetic/metastatic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Man Tsang
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Hyojin Kim
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Erik Oliemuller
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Richard Newman
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Naa-Anyima Boateng
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Naomi Guppy
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Beatrice A Howard
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
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Tsang SM, Oliemuller E, Howard BA. Regulatory roles for SOX11 in development, stem cells and cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 67:3-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Oliemuller E, Newman R, Tsang SM, Foo S, Muirhead G, Noor F, Haider S, Aurrekoetxea-Rodríguez I, Vivanco MDM, Howard BA. SOX11 promotes epithelial/mesenchymal hybrid state and alters tropism of invasive breast cancer cells. eLife 2020; 9:58374. [PMID: 32909943 PMCID: PMC7518891 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX11 is an embryonic mammary epithelial marker that is normally silenced prior to birth. High SOX11 levels in breast tumours are significantly associated with distant metastasis and poor outcome in breast cancer patients. Here, we show that SOX11 confers distinct features to ER-negative DCIS.com breast cancer cells, leading to populations enriched with highly plastic hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal cells, which display invasive features and alterations in metastatic tropism when xenografted into mice. We found that SOX11+DCIS tumour cells metastasize to brain and bone at greater frequency and to lungs at lower frequency compared to cells with lower SOX11 levels. High levels of SOX11 leads to the expression of markers associated with mesenchymal state and embryonic cellular phenotypes. Our results suggest that SOX11 may be a potential biomarker for breast tumours with elevated risk of developing metastases and may require more aggressive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Oliemuller
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Newman
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Siu Man Tsang
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shane Foo
- Translational Immunotherapy Team, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Muirhead
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Farzana Noor
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Syed Haider
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Maria dM Vivanco
- CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Beatrice A Howard
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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Wan H, Lin K, Tsang SM, Uttagomol J. Evidence for Dsg3 in regulating Src signaling by competing with it for binding to caveolin-1. Data Brief 2015; 6:124-34. [PMID: 26858977 PMCID: PMC4706560 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2015.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This data article contains extended, complementary analysis related to the research articles entitled “Desmoglein 3, via an interaction with E-cadherin, is associated with activation of Src” (Tsang et al., 2010) [1] and figures related to the review article entitled “Desmoglein 3: a help or a hindrance in cancer progression?” (Brown et al., 2014) [2]. We show here that both Src and caveolin-1 (Cav-1) associate with Dsg3 in a non-ionic detergent soluble pool and that modulation of Dsg3 levels inversely alters the expression of Src in the Cav-1 complex. Furthermore, immunofluorescence analysis revealed a reduced colocalization of Cav-1/total Src in cells with overexpression of Dsg3 compared to control cells. In support, the sequence analysis has identified a region within the carboxyl-terminus of human Dsg3 for a likelihood of binding to the scaffolding domain of Cav-1, the known Src binding site in Cav-1, and this region is highly conserved across most of 18 species as well as within desmoglein family members. Based on these findings, we propose a working model that Dsg3 activates Src through competing with its inactive form for binding to Cav-1, thus leading to release of Src followed by its auto-activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wan
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, London
| | - Kuang Lin
- Institute of Psychiatry, King׳s College London, London
| | - Siu Man Tsang
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, London
| | - Jutamas Uttagomol
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, London
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Tsang SM, Brown L, Gadmor H, Gammon L, Fortune F, Wheeler A, Wan H. Desmoglein 3 acting as an upstream regulator of Rho GTPases, Rac-1/Cdc42 in the regulation of actin organisation and dynamics. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:2269-83. [PMID: 22796473 PMCID: PMC4022105 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Desmoglein 3 (Dsg3), a member of the desmoglein sub-family, serves as an adhesion molecule in desmosomes. Our previous study showed that overexpression of human Dsg3 in several epithelial lines induces formation of membrane protrusions, a phenotype suggestive of Rho GTPase activation. Here we examined the interaction between Dsg3 and actin in detail and showed that endogenous Dsg3 colocalises and interacts with actin, particularly the junctional actin in a Rac1-dependent manner. Ablation of Rac1 activity by dominant negative Rac1 mutant (N17Rac1) or the Rac1 specific inhibitor (NSC23766) directly disrupts the interaction between Dsg3 and actin. Assembly of the junctional actin at the cell borders is accompanied with enhanced levels of Dsg3, while inhibition of Dsg3 by RNAi results in profound changes in the organisation of actin cytoskeleton. In accordance, overexpression of Dsg3 results in a remarkable increase of Rac1 and Cdc42 activities and to a lesser extent, RhoA. The enhancements in Rho GTPases are accompanied by the pronounced actin-based membrane structures such as lamellipodia and filopodia, enhanced rate of actin turnover and cell polarisation. Together, our results reveal an important novel function for Dsg3 in promoting actin dynamics through regulating Rac1 and Cdc42 activation in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Man Tsang
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, London, UK
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Tsang SM, Brown L, Lin K, Liu L, Piper K, O'Toole EA, Grose R, Hart IR, Garrod DR, Fortune F, Wan H. Non-junctional human desmoglein 3 acts as an upstream regulator of Src in E-cadherin adhesion, a pathway possibly involved in the pathogenesis of pemphigus vulgaris. J Pathol 2012; 227:81-93. [DOI: 10.1002/path.3982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Tsang SM, Liu L, Teh MT, Wheeler A, Grose R, Hart IR, Garrod DR, Fortune F, Wan H. Desmoglein 3, via an interaction with E-cadherin, is associated with activation of Src. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14211. [PMID: 21151980 PMCID: PMC2997060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Desmoglein 3 (Dsg3), a desmosomal adhesion protein, is expressed in basal and immediate suprabasal layers of skin and across the entire stratified squamous epithelium of oral mucosa. However, increasing evidence suggests that the role of Dsg3 may involve more than just cell-cell adhesion. Methodology/Principal Findings To determine possible additional roles of Dsg3 during epithelial cell adhesion we used overexpression of full-length human Dsg3 cDNA, and RNAi-mediated knockdown of this molecule in various epithelial cell types. Overexpression of Dsg3 resulted in a reduced level of E-cadherin but a colocalisation with the E-cadherin-catenin complex of the adherens junctions. Concomitantly these transfected cells exhibited marked migratory capacity and the formation of filopodial protrusions. These latter events are consistent with Src activation and, indeed, Src-specific inhibition reversed these phenotypes. Moreover Dsg3 knockdown, which also reversed the decreased level of E-cadherin, partially blocked Src phosphorylation. Conclusions/Significance Our data are consistent with the possibility that Dsg3, as an up-stream regulator of Src activity, helps regulate adherens junction formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Man Tsang
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Li Liu
- Centre for Infectious Disease, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Muy-Teck Teh
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Wheeler
- Imaging Facility, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Grose
- Centre for Tumor Biology, Institute of Cancer, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R. Hart
- Centre for Tumor Biology, Institute of Cancer, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - David R. Garrod
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farida Fortune
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hong Wan
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
One hundred seventy-one laparoscopic cholecystectomies were done by senior surgery residents who received only traditional "hands-on" training. Eight patients (5%) required conversion to open cholecystectomy, and two had complications requiring immediate celiotomy (one common bile duct injury, one "dropped" gallbladder). The average operative time was 91 minutes (range, 30 to 245 minutes). There were no deaths and only five postoperative complications related to the procedure (retained common bile duct stone in four cases, intra-abdominal hemorrhage in one). There were three complications unrelated to the procedure. Data acquired from recent resident training program graduates show that these practicing surgeons are doing laparoscopic cholecystectomy with a 95% success rate and have yet to encounter appreciable complications. We concluded that a large-volume general surgery resident training program provides adequate opportunity for training surgeons in the techniques of laparoscopic cholecystectomy; there is no need to attend an expensive and time-consuming classroom and animal laboratory course.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Tsang
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La 70112
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Abstract
Thin mandibles and small incisors found in New World monkeys as compared with Old World monkeys suggest that there may be differences in craniofacial loading patterns between these two groups, particularly in levels of mandibular corpus twisting (Hylander, 1975, 1979a; Eaglen, 1984; Bouvier, 1986a,b). This study examined the hypothesis that changes in the relative force contributions of the masticatory muscles were responsible for lowering torsion on the mandibular corpus in New World monkeys. Muscle weight and physiological cross-sections were compared using data from the literature (Schumacher, 1960: Turnbull, 1970; Cachel, 1979) as well as new data on adult male Cebus apella and Macaca mulatta. Both age and sex had an effect on muscle ratios. Mixed samples such as those used by Schumacher and Turnbull probably are not appropriate for drawing conclusions concerning species or group differences in muscle ratios. In addition, biomechanical conclusions based on muscle weight ratios alone to estimate muscle force may be misleading because fiber length inversely affects the amount of force a muscle can exert. A comparison of ratios based on physiological cross-section as an estimator of muscle force in New and Old World monkeys does not support the hypothesis that alterations in force contribution by individual masticatory muscles are responsible for minimizing mandibular corpus twisting in New World monkeys. Therefore, if twisting has been minimized in New World monkeys as suggested by their thin corpora, other changes in the craniofacial musculoskeletal complex, such as different muscle recruitment or pinnation patterns, may be responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bouvier
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida 33101
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