1
|
Noureldein M, Grigorakis S, Kellil A, Nenadis N. White rice enrichment with phenols upon cooking in olive leaf infusion: a preliminary study. J Sci Food Agric 2023; 103:7403-7410. [PMID: 37384660 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND White rice is poor in health-promoting phytochemicals; therefore, the production of a phenol-enriched commodity is highly desirable. Recent findings on its enrichment via cooking in plant extracts are promising, yet studies employing aqueous extracts of olive leaves (OLs), containing well-recognized bioactive phenols (e.g. oleuropein) are absent. In addition, little is known about the levels of phenols that are maintained after rice drying and rehydration, an important aspect for the future design of 'ready-to-eat' functional rice. RESULTS The examination, for the first time, of white rice adsorption capacity of phenols from OLs upon cooking in infusions containing different levels of phenols, after freeze-drying and rehydration, showed the following: (i) the total phenol content, the antioxidant activity (assessed via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays), the oleuropein and luteolin-7-O-glucoside levels increased dose dependently; (ii) upon rehydration, the average decrease of total phenol content and antioxidant activity values was significantly lower when an exact volume of water was used compared with an excess (~10% versus 63%). A similar trend was observed for oleuropein (36% versus 83%) and the luteolin-7-O-glucoside (24 versus 82%) levels; (iii) the dried enriched kernels were less bright with a hay-yellow hue (CIELab coordinates). CONCLUSION White rice enrichment with biophenols from OLs, a by-product of olive tree cultivation, was successful using a simple approach. Despite leaching upon freeze-drying/rehydration, sufficient amounts were maintained to obtain a functional rice that could serve as an alternative dietary source of OLs phenols to non-traditional olive tree product consumers or those refraining from sodium and fats. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Noureldein
- Department of Food Quality & Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (M. A. I. Ch.), International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM), Chania, Greece
| | - Spyros Grigorakis
- Department of Food Quality & Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (M. A. I. Ch.), International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM), Chania, Greece
| | - Abdessamie Kellil
- Department of Food Quality & Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (M. A. I. Ch.), International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM), Chania, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Nenadis
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Chemistry, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alygizou A, Grigorakis S, Gotsiou P, Loupassaki S, Calokerinos AC. Quantification of Hydrogen Peroxide in Cretan Honey and Correlation with Physicochemical Parameters. J Anal Methods Chem 2021; 2021:5554305. [PMID: 33996167 PMCID: PMC8096559 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5554305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to quantify hydrogen peroxide, generated from various types of honey produced in Crete, as a potent antimicrobial agent, and establish any correlation with their physicochemical parameters. The basic physicochemical parameters (diastase activity, HMF content, moisture, electrical conductivity, color, and sugars) of 30 authentic honey samples were determined. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide in all samples was found to be within the range 0.010-0.092 mM. The known correlation between the electrical conductivity and the color of honey was confirmed in this study. Univariate and multivariate statistics applied to the results indicate that the results can be used to discriminate honey sample groups of different botanical origins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Alygizou
- Department of Food Quality & Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (M.A.I.Ch.), Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes, P.O. Box 85, Chania 73100, Greece
| | - Spyros Grigorakis
- Department of Food Quality & Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (M.A.I.Ch.), Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes, P.O. Box 85, Chania 73100, Greece
| | - Panagiota Gotsiou
- Department of Food Quality & Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (M.A.I.Ch.), Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes, P.O. Box 85, Chania 73100, Greece
| | - Sofia Loupassaki
- Department of Food Quality & Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (M.A.I.Ch.), Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes, P.O. Box 85, Chania 73100, Greece
| | - Antony C. Calokerinos
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Prokopiou L, Halahlah A, Grigorakis S, Fournaraki C, Kokkalou E, Karioti A. Threatened Cretan species Chaerophyllum creticum Boiss. & Heldr.: phenolic profile by HPLC-PDA-MS and in vitro antioxidant capacity. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:3992-3998. [PMID: 33629636 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1889545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the chemical content of the threatened Cretan endemic Chaerophyllum creticum Boiss. & Heldr. was investigated by High Performance Liquid chromatography-Photodiode Array-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-MS) analysis. Leaves, flowers and stems of C. creticum, were extracted via maceration and were assessed for their polyphenolic composition and antioxidant capacity. The highest extraction yields were achieved by methanol and methanol/water. A total of 17 compounds were characterised in C. creticum with luteolin-7-O-glucoside being the predominant glucoside found in all the extracts. Malonic esters were present in all the extracts. The main flavonoids and phenolics were quantified by HPLC-UV in parallel to standard spectrophotometric assays which were used for the determination of the Total Polyphenol content and the Total Flavonoid Content. The antioxidant activity was assessed by two different tests: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) free radical assay and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. This is the first report on the chemical content of the Cretan endemic C. creticum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Prokopiou
- Food Quality & Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (MAICh), Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennen, Chania, Greece
| | - Abealghani Halahlah
- Food Quality & Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (MAICh), Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennen, Chania, Greece
| | - Spyros Grigorakis
- Food Quality & Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (MAICh), Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennen, Chania, Greece
| | - Christini Fournaraki
- Mediterranean Plant Conservation Unit, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (MAICh), Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennen, Chania, Greece
| | - Eugene Kokkalou
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Karioti
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Grigorakis S, Halahlah A, Makris D. Stability of Salvia fruticosa Mill. polyphenols and antioxidant activity in a citrate-based natural deep eutectic solvent. Nova Biotechnol Chim 2020. [DOI: 10.36547/nbc.v19i2.775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, it was demonstrated that a novel deep eutectic solvent (DES), composed of lactic acid and sodium citrate dibasic at a molar ratio of 15:1 (LA-SCDB15), was a high-performing system with regard to polyphenol extraction from the medicinal plant Salvia fruticosa Mill. (Greek or Cretan sage). However, an issue of particular importance that should be addressed is the stability of the extract in this novel liquid since the information available to-date on extract stability in DES is rather limited and inconclusive. In this frame, this study was undertaken to generate extracts of S. fruticosa with LA-SCDB15 (a 77/23 w/w mixture of DES with water) and examine their stability in this solvent. S. fruticosa extracts exhibited remarkable stability under both accelerated and long-term conditions, and the antiradical activity and the ferric-reducing power of the extracts were shown to suffer virtually trivial modifications. Further analytical examination with liquid chromatography-diode array-tandem mass spectrometry assured that the major polyphenolic phytochemicals occurring in Salvia fruticosa extracts underwent non-significant changes and remained practically intact. It was concluded that the neoteric DES LA-SCDB15 may provide outstanding stability in polyphenol-containing extracts and its testing on other plant extracts is proposed as a further step towards revealing its stabilizing potential.
Collapse
|
5
|
Shaheen S, Grigorakis S, Halahlah A, Loupassaki S, Makris DP. Extractor dimensions affect optimization of laboratory-scale batch solid-liquid extraction of polyphenols from plant material: potato peels as a case study. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2020.1805438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Shaheen
- Food Quality and Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (M.A.I.Ch), International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM), Chania, Greece
| | - Spyros Grigorakis
- Food Quality and Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (M.A.I.Ch), International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM), Chania, Greece
| | - Abedalghani Halahlah
- Food Quality and Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (M.A.I.Ch), International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM), Chania, Greece
| | - Sofia Loupassaki
- Food Quality and Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (M.A.I.Ch), International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM), Chania, Greece
| | - Dimitris P. Makris
- Green Processes and Biorefinery Group, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kaltsa O, Lakka A, Grigorakis S, Karageorgou I, Batra G, Bozinou E, Lalas S, Makris DP. A Green Extraction Process for Polyphenols from Elderberry ( Sambucus nigra) Flowers Using Deep Eutectic Solvent and Ultrasound-Assisted Pretreatment. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040921. [PMID: 32093048 PMCID: PMC7070494 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Sambucus nigra flowers, known as elderberry flowers (EBF), are a plant tissue rich in polyphenolic phytochemicals with important bioactivities. However, there are few studies dealing with the production of polyphenol-containing EBF extracts. The objective of the investigation presented herein was the development of a high-performance green extraction methodology, to generate EBF extracts enriched in polyphenolic substances, using an efficient deep eutectic solvent, combined with ultrasonication pretreatment. The DES was composed of L-lactic acid (hydrogen bond donor—HBD) and glycine (hydrogen bond acceptor—HBA) and, after an initial screening to properly regulate HBD/HBA ratio, the extraction was optimized by deploying response surface methodology. Under the optimized conditions, which were DES/water (85% w/v), liquid-to-solid ratio 60 mL g−1, and stirring speed 200 rounds per minute, the extraction yield in total polyphenols amounted to 121.24 ± 8.77 mg gallic acid equivalents per g dry matter. The integration of ultrasonication prior to the batch stirred-tank extraction boosted polyphenol recovery of up to 174.73 ± 2.62 mg gallic acid equivalents per g dry matter. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis showed that the richest EBF extract obtained was dominated by rutin, a di-p-coumaroylquic acid and chlorogenic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kaltsa
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, N. Temponera Street, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (O.K.); (A.L.); (I.K.); (G.B.); (E.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Achillia Lakka
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, N. Temponera Street, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (O.K.); (A.L.); (I.K.); (G.B.); (E.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Spyros Grigorakis
- Food Quality & Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (M.A.I.Ch.), International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM), P.O. Box 85, 73100 Chania, Greece;
| | - Ioanna Karageorgou
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, N. Temponera Street, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (O.K.); (A.L.); (I.K.); (G.B.); (E.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Georgia Batra
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, N. Temponera Street, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (O.K.); (A.L.); (I.K.); (G.B.); (E.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Eleni Bozinou
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, N. Temponera Street, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (O.K.); (A.L.); (I.K.); (G.B.); (E.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Stavros Lalas
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, N. Temponera Street, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (O.K.); (A.L.); (I.K.); (G.B.); (E.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Dimitris P. Makris
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, N. Temponera Street, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (O.K.); (A.L.); (I.K.); (G.B.); (E.B.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-24410-64792
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Affiliation(s)
- Angelos Photiades
- Food Quality & Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (M.A.I.Ch.), International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM), Chania, Greece
| | - Spyros Grigorakis
- Food Quality & Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (M.A.I.Ch.), International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM), Chania, Greece
| | - Dimitris P. Makris
- Green Processes & Biorefinery Group School of Agricultural Technology, Food Technology & Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Slim Z, Jancheva M, Grigorakis S, Makris DP. Polyphenol extraction from Origanum dictamnus using low-transition temperature mixtures composed of glycerol and organic salts: Effect of organic anion carbon chain length. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2018.1458026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zaher Slim
- Food Quality & Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (M.A.I.Ch.), International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM), Chania, Greece
| | - Magdalena Jancheva
- Food Quality & Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (M.A.I.Ch.), International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM), Chania, Greece
| | - Spyros Grigorakis
- Food Quality & Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (M.A.I.Ch.), International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM), Chania, Greece
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mourtzinos I, Prodromidis P, Grigorakis S, Makris DP, Biliaderis CG, Moschakis T. Natural food colourants derived from onion wastes: application in a yoghurt product. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:1975-1983. [PMID: 29886571 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The valorization of onion (Allium cepa) solid wastes, a 450,000 tonnes/year waste in Europe, by a green extraction method is presented. Polyphenols of onion solid wastes were extracted using eco-friendly solvents, such as water and glycerol. The 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin was also used as a co-solvent for the augmentation of the extraction yield. The process has been optimized by implementing a central composite face centered design of experiments, with two replicates in the central point, taking into consideration the following independent variables: glycerol concentration, cyclodextrin concentration and temperature. The assessment of the extraction model was based on two responses: the total pigment yield and the antiradical capacity. LC-MS analysis was also employed in order to identify polyphenols and colourants of the obtained extracts. The main polyphenols found were quercetin and quercetin derivatives and the main colourant was cyanidin 3-O-glucoside. The extract was also tested as a food colourant in a yoghurt matrix. The onion leaf extract was found to be a stable natural colourant and could be utilized as an alternative ingredient to synthetic coloring agents. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Mourtzinos
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Prodromos Prodromidis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spyros Grigorakis
- Food Quality & Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (M.A.I.Ch.), Chania, Greece
| | - Dimitris P Makris
- School of Environment, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Lemnos, Greece
| | - Costas G Biliaderis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Thomas Moschakis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Grigorakis S, Makris DP. Characterisation of Polyphenol-Containing Extracts from Stachys mucronata and Evaluation of Their Antiradical Activity. Medicines (Basel) 2018; 5:medicines5010014. [PMID: 29382034 PMCID: PMC5874579 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: The aromatic plant Stachys mucronata (Lamiaceae) is endemic to the island of Crete (southern Greece), but as opposed to other native Greek members of this family, this species has never been investigated in the past with regard to its polyphenolic composition and antioxidant potency. Methods: Aerial parts of S. mucronata were exhaustively extracted and partly fractionated through partition, using n-butanol and dichloromethane. Results: Following an initial examination, which consisted of estimating the total polyphenol content and the antiradical activity, the n-butanol extract was found to be by far the richest in polyphenols, exhibiting much stronger antiradical activity compared with the dichloromethane counterpart. On this basis, the n-butanol extract was analysed by liquid chromatography-diode array-mass spectrometry, to tentatively characterise the principal polyphenolic components, which were shown to be flavonol but mainly flavone derivatives. Conclusions: The most potent radical-scavenging compounds were detected in the n-butanol fraction of the extracts, suggesting that the most active antioxidants in S. mucronate are relatively polar. The analyses suggested the major constituents to be derivatives of the flavone luteolin, accompanied by apigenin analogues, as well as flavonol glycosides and chlorogenate conjugates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spyros Grigorakis
- Food Quality & Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (M.A.I.Ch.), International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM), P.O. Box 85, 73100 Chania, Greece.
| | - Dimitris P Makris
- Department of Food Technology, Technological Educational Institute (T.E.I.) of Thessaly, N. Temponera Street, 43100 Karditsa, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Benchennouf A, Grigorakis S, Loupassaki S, Kokkalou E. Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of Lycium barbarum (Goji) cultivated in Greece. Pharm Biol 2017; 55:596-602. [PMID: 27937034 PMCID: PMC6130502 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1265987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The fruit of Lycium barbarum L. (Solanaceae), known as goji berry, has been exploited for a long time in traditional Chinese medicine. In recent decades, it has received much attention as one of the trendiest functional foods with a wide array of pharmacological activities in Western diets. OBJECTIVE In this study the phenolic profile and potential antioxidant capacity of Lycium barbarum cultivated in Crete (Greece) were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS The berries were defatted with hexane and then extracted with dichloromethane and methanol using a Soxhlet apparatus. Furthermore, the methanol extract was fractionated with ethyl acetate and butanol. All fractions/extracts were tested for their antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP, chemiluminescence). Folin-Ciocalteu and LC-DAD-MS analyses were utilized for the identification of the phenolic compounds. RESULTS The total phenolic content ranged from 14.13 ± 0.40 (water fraction) to 109.72 ± 4.09 (ethyl acetate fraction) mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry extract. Ethyl acetate extract exhibited the highest scavenging activities determined as EC50 (4.73 ± 0.20 mg/mL) and IC50 (0.47 ± 0.001 mg/mL) using DPPH and chemiluminescence assays. Seventeen phenolic compounds, including cinnamoylquinic acids and derivatives, hydrocinnamic acids and flavonoid derivatives, were tentatively identified. To the best of our knowledge, quercetin 3-O-hexose coumaric ester and quercetin 3-O-hexose-O-hexose-O-rhamnose are reported for the first time in goji berry fruits. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that consumption of goji berry fruits could serve as a potential source of natural antioxidant compounds and that goji berry phenolic extracts could be exploited for nutritional pharmaceutical purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amina Benchennouf
- Department of Food Quality and Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (MAICh), Chania, Greece
| | - Spyros Grigorakis
- Department of Food Quality and Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (MAICh), Chania, Greece
| | - Sofia Loupassaki
- Department of Food Quality and Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (MAICh), Chania, Greece
| | - Eugene Kokkalou
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy-Phytochemistry, Department of Pharmacognosy-Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Karageorgou I, Grigorakis S, Lalas S, Makris DP. Enhanced extraction of antioxidant polyphenols from Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves using a biomolecule-based low-transition temperature mixture. Eur Food Res Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-017-2887-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
13
|
Mourtzinos I, Anastasopoulou E, Petrou A, Grigorakis S, Makris D, Biliaderis CG. Optimization of a green extraction method for the recovery of polyphenols from olive leaf using cyclodextrins and glycerin as co-solvents. J Food Sci Technol 2016; 53:3939-3947. [PMID: 28035149 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-016-2381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Olive leaf, an agricultural by-product, was studied for the valorization of its biophenols using green extraction techniques; i.e. non-toxic and eco-friendly extraction solvents were used, involving water and glycerol. 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (CD), was also employed as an enhancer of the extraction, since cyclodextrins (CD's) are known to improve the extractability of olive leaf polyphenols by forming water soluble inclusion complexes. The process was optimized by implementing a central composite (Box-Behnken) experimental design and response surface methodology, taking into consideration the following independent variables: glycerol concentration (Cgl), CD concentration (CCD) and temperature (T). The evaluation of the extraction model was based on two responses: the total polyphenol yield (YTP) and the antiradical activity (AAR). Optimum values for the extraction process were obtained at 60% (w/v) glycerol content, T = 60 °C and 7% (w/v) CD content. LC-MS analysis was also applied in order to characterize the polyphenolic composition of extracts containing cyclodextrins. The main polyphenols present were oleuropein and oleuropein derivatives. Olive leaf aqueous extracts containing glycerol and cyclodextrins may be used as raw materials/ingredients for several end-users in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Mourtzinos
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Anastasopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Petrou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spyros Grigorakis
- Food Quality and Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (M.A.I.Ch.), 73100 Chania, Greece
| | - Dimitris Makris
- School of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mitr. Ioakim Street, Myrina, 81400 Lemnos, Greece
| | - Costas G Biliaderis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tomic D, Grigorakis S, Loupassaki S, Makris DP. Implementation of kinetics and response surface methodology reveals contrasting effects of catechin and chlorogenic acid on the development of browning in wine model systems containing either ascorbic acid or sulphite. Eur Food Res Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-016-2766-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
15
|
Shehata E, Grigorakis S, Loupassaki S, Makris DP. Extraction optimisation using water/glycerol for the efficient recovery of polyphenolic antioxidants from two Artemisia species. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
16
|
Karakashov B, Grigorakis S, Loupassaki S, Mourtzinos I, Makris DP. Optimisation of organic solvent-free polyphenol extraction from Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra using Box–Behnken experimental design and kinetics. Int J Ind Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40090-015-0034-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
17
|
Michail A, Sigala P, Grigorakis S, Makris DP. Kinetics of Ultrasound-Assisted Polyphenol Extraction from Spent Filter Coffee Using Aqueous Glycerol. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2015.1004667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
18
|
Apostolakis A, Grigorakis S, Makris DP. Optimisation and comparative kinetics study of polyphenol extraction from olive leaves (Olea europaea) using heated water/glycerol mixtures. Sep Purif Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
19
|
Abstract
Somatostatin (SRIF) receptors (ssts) comprise a family of heptahelical membrane proteins encoded by five related genes that map to separate chromosomes and which, with the exception of sst1, are intronless. The ssts1-4 display weak selectivity for SRIF-14 binding, whereas sst5 is SRIF-28-selective. Based on structural similarity and reactivity for octapeptide and hexapeptide sst analogs, ssts2,3 and sst5 belong to a similar sst subclass; ssts1-4 react poorly with these analogs and belong to a separate subclass. All five ssts are functionally coupled to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase via pertussis toxin-sensitive guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins. mRNA for ssts1-5 is widely expressed in brain and peripheral organs and displays an overlapping but characteristic pattern that is subtype-selective and tissue- and species-specific. All pituitary cell subsets express sst2 and sst5, with sst5 being more abundant. Individual pituitary cells coexpress multiple sst subtypes. The binding pocket for SRIF-14 ligand lies deep within the membrane in transmembrane domains (TMDs) 3 to 7. Except for extracellular loop 2, it does not involve the other exofacial structures. Human (h)sst2A and hsst5 undergo agonist-mediated desensitization, associated with receptor internalization. The C-tail segment of hsst5 displays positive molecular internalization signals. The ssts inhibit the growth of tumor cells directly, through blockade of mitogenic signaling leading to growth arrest and through induction of apoptosis. This process is associated with translocation of phosphotyrosine phosphatase (PTP) 1C from the cytosol to the membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y C Patel
- Fraser Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kontessis PA, Bossinakou I, Sarika L, Iliopoulou E, Papantoniou A, Trevisan R, Roussi D, Stipsanelli K, Grigorakis S, Souvatzoglou A. Renal, metabolic, and hormonal responses to proteins of different origin in normotensive, nonproteinuric type I diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1995; 18:1233. [PMID: 8612436 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.18.9.1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Whether the differences in renal function found in vegetarian compared with omnivorous subjects are related to quantity or quality of the protein is unknown. We have studied the renal function of nine normotensive, nonproteinuric type I diabetic patients who were fed in random order for 4 weeks either an animal protein diet (APD) (protein intake 1.1 g . kg-1 . day-1) or a vegetable protein diet VPD (protein intake 0.95 g . kg-1 . day-1). The two diets were isocaloric. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In a crossover study, we measured glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (inulin clearance), renal plasma flow (RPF) (p-aminohippurate clearance), plasma amino acids, growth hormone, glucagon, insulin-like growth factor I-(IGF-I), and microalbuminuria. RESULTS GFR and RPF were lower with the VPD than with the APD (89.9 +/- 4.1 vs. 105.6 +/- 5.1 ml . min-1 . 1.73 m-2, P < 0.05, and 425.7 +/- 22.2 vs. 477.8 +/- 32.2 ml . min-1 1.73m-2, P < 0.05, respectively). Renal vascular resistance (RVR) was higher with the VPD than with the APD (101 +/- 25 vs. 91 +/- 10 mmHg . min-1 . ml-1, P < 0.05). Filtration fraction (FF) remained unchanged after either diet. Fractional clearance of albumin fell with the VPD to 2.0 +/- 0.65 from 3.4 +/- 1.15 x 10-6 (P < 0.05). At the end of the APD and VPD, the plasma levels of growth hormone and glucagon did not differ significantly. Plasma levels of IGF-I were higher with the APD than with the VPD (1.1 +/- 0.6 vs. 0.9 +/- 0.13 U/ml, P < 0.05). Plasma concentrations of valine and lysine were significantly higher with the APD than with the VPD (234.6 +/- 30.3 vs. 164.5 +/- 25.4 mm1/1, P < 0.05, and 565 +/- 45.1 vs. 430 +/- 56.1 mmol/l, P < 0.05, respectively), whereas plasma valine was strongly correlated to the GFR (r = 0.832, P < 0.01). No differences were found in other amino acids. CONCLUSIONS A VPD has significantly different renal effects from an APD equal in protein intake in normotensive type I diabetic patients. This could be explained partly by differences in plasma concentrations of amino acids and IGF-I.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Kontessis
- Renal Unit, Alexandra General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|