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Hiltunen J, Kuutti L, Rovio S, Puhakka E, Virtanen T, Ohra-Aho T, Vuoti S. Using a low melting solvent mixture to extract value from wood biomass. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32420. [PMID: 27599741 PMCID: PMC5013283 DOI: 10.1038/srep32420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Green chemistry, sustainability and eco-efficiency are guiding the development of the next generation of industrial chemical processes. The use of non-edible lignocellulosic biomass as a source of chemicals and fuels has recently raised interest due to the need for an alternative to fossil resources. Valorisation mainly focuses on cellulose, which has been used for various industrial scale applications for decades. However, creating an economically more viable value chain would require the exploitation of the other main components, hemicellulose and lignin. Here, we present a new low melting mixture composition based in boric acid and choline chloride, and demonstrate its efficiency in the fractionation of wood-based biomass for the production of non-condensed lignin, suitable for further use in the search for sustainable industrial applications, and for the selective conversion of hemicelluloses into valuable platform chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Hiltunen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland LTD, Biologinkuja 7, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Lauri Kuutti
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland LTD, Biologinkuja 7, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Stella Rovio
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland LTD, Biologinkuja 7, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Eini Puhakka
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland LTD, Biologinkuja 7, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Tommi Virtanen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland LTD, Biologinkuja 7, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Taina Ohra-Aho
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland LTD, Biologinkuja 7, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Sauli Vuoti
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland LTD, Biologinkuja 7, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
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Siitonen M, Mykkänen K, Pescini F, Rovio S, Kääriäinen H, Baumann M, Pöyhönen M, Viitanen M. APOE and AGT in the Finnish p.Arg133Cys CADASIL population. Acta Neurol Scand 2015; 132:430-4. [PMID: 25819272 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CADASIL is an inherited systemic small vessel disease, the affected status of brain vessels leading to subcortical vascular dementia. The defective gene is NOTCH3 in which over 230 different pathogenic mutations have been identified. The clinical course of CADASIL is highly variable even within families. Previous studies have shown that additional genetic factors modify the phenotype. AIMS AND METHODS Altogether, 134 Finnish CADASIL patients with p.Arg133Cys mutation were analysed for possible associations between the apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, angiotensinogen (AGT) p.Met268Thr polymorphism or neutral p.Ala202Ala NOTCH3 polymorphism and earlier first-ever stroke or migraine. RESULTS We found no association between the APOE genotypes, AGT polymorphism, NOTCH3 polymorphism and earlier first-ever stroke or migraine. CONCLUSIONS The APOE, AGT and NOTCH3 polymorphism did not modify the onset of strokes or migraine in our CADASIL sample, which is one of the largest mutationally homogenous CADASIL populations published to date. International collaboration, pooled analyses and genomewide approaches are warranted to identify the genetic factors that modify the highly variable CADASIL phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Siitonen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics; Institute of Biomedicine; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - K. Mykkänen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics; Institute of Biomedicine; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - F. Pescini
- Stroke Unit and Neurology; Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi; Florence Italy
| | - S. Rovio
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - H. Kääriäinen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare; Helsinki Finland
| | - M. Baumann
- Protein Chemistry Unit; Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - M. Pöyhönen
- Department of Clinical Genetics; HUSLAB Helsinki University Central Hospital and Department of Medical Genetics; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - M. Viitanen
- Department of Geriatrics; Turku City Hospital and University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Department of Neurobiology; Care Sciences and Society; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
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Rovio S, Sundqvíst T, Tervonen H, Väyrynen V, Kejonen P. Development of patient transfer skills by using video clips. Physiotherapy 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2015.03.1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Parviainen A, Wahlström R, Liimatainen U, Liitiä T, Rovio S, Helminen JKJ, Hyväkkö U, King AWT, Suurnäkki A, Kilpeläinen I. Sustainability of cellulose dissolution and regeneration in 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium acetate: a batch simulation of the IONCELL-F process. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12386k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A laboratory batch simulation of the recovery and reuse of [DBNH][OAc] in the IONCELL-F process, yielding future directions for optimising the recycling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Parviainen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
- 00014 Helsinki
- Finland
| | - R. Wahlström
- VTT – Technical Research Centre of Finland
- 02044 Espoo
- Finland
| | - U. Liimatainen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
- 00014 Helsinki
- Finland
| | - T. Liitiä
- VTT – Technical Research Centre of Finland
- 02044 Espoo
- Finland
| | - S. Rovio
- VTT – Technical Research Centre of Finland
- 02044 Espoo
- Finland
| | | | - U. Hyväkkö
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
- 00014 Helsinki
- Finland
| | - A. W. T. King
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
- 00014 Helsinki
- Finland
| | - A. Suurnäkki
- VTT – Technical Research Centre of Finland
- 02044 Espoo
- Finland
| | - I. Kilpeläinen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
- 00014 Helsinki
- Finland
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Heikkinen H, Elder T, Maaheimo H, Rovio S, Rahikainen J, Kruus K, Tamminen T. Impact of steam explosion on the wheat straw lignin structure studied by solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance and density functional methods. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:10437-44. [PMID: 25290760 DOI: 10.1021/jf504622j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemical changes of lignin induced by the steam explosion (SE) process were elucidated. Wheat straw was studied as the raw material, and lignins were isolated by the enzymatic mild acidolysis lignin (EMAL) procedure before and after the SE treatment for analyses mainly by two-dimensional (2D) [heteronuclear single-quantum coherence (HSQC) and heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (HMBC)] and (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The β-O-4 structures were found to be homolytically cleaved, followed by recoupling to β-5 linkages. The homolytic cleavage/recoupling reactions were also studied by computational methods, which verified their thermodynamic feasibility. The presence of the tricin bound to wheat straw lignin was confirmed, and it was shown to participate in lignin reactions during the SE treatment. The preferred homolytic β-O-4 cleavage reaction was calculated to follow bond dissociation energies: G-O-G (guaiacyl) (69.7 kcal/mol) > G-O-S (syringyl) (68.4 kcal/mol) > G-O-T (tricin) (67.0 kcal/mol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Harri Heikkinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland , Biologinkuja 7, Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
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Wahlström R, Rovio S, Suurnäkki A. Analysis of mono- and oligosaccharides in ionic liquid containing matrices. Carbohydr Res 2013; 373:42-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Rahikainen JL, Martin-Sampedro R, Heikkinen H, Rovio S, Marjamaa K, Tamminen T, Rojas OJ, Kruus K. Inhibitory effect of lignin during cellulose bioconversion: the effect of lignin chemistry on non-productive enzyme adsorption. Bioresour Technol 2013; 133:270-8. [PMID: 23428824 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of lignin as an inhibitory biopolymer for the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass was studied; specially addressing the role of lignin in non-productive enzyme adsorption. Botanical origin and biomass pre-treatment give rise to differences in lignin structure and the effect of these differences on enzyme binding and inhibition were elucidated. Lignin was isolated from steam explosion (SE) pre-treated and non-treated spruce and wheat straw and used for the preparation of ultrathin films for enzyme binding studies. Binding of Trichoderma reesei Cel7A (CBHI) and the corresponding Cel7A-core, lacking the linker and the cellulose-binding domain, to the lignin films was monitored using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). SE pre-treatment altered the lignin structure, leading to increased enzyme adsorption. Thus, the positive effect of SE pre-treatment, opening the cell wall matrix to make polysaccharides more accessible, may be compromised by the structural changes of lignin that increase non-productive enzyme adsorption.
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Wahlström R, Rovio S, Suurnäkki A. Partial enzymatic hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose in ionic liquids by Trichoderma reesei endoglucanases. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra01299e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Niemi H, Lahti J, Hatakka H, Kärki S, Rovio S, Kallioinen M, Mänttäri M, Louhi-Kultanen M. Fractionation of Organic and Inorganic Compounds from Black Liquor by Combining Membrane Separation and Crystallization. Chem Eng Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201000520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Rovio S, Sirén K, Sirén H. Application of capillary electrophoresis to determine metal cations, anions, organic acids, and carbohydrates in some Pinot Noir red wines. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Rusanen M, Rovio S, Ngandu T, Nissinen A, Tuomilehto J, Soininen H, Kivipelto M. Midlife smoking, apolipoprotein E and risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a population-based cardiovascular risk factors, aging and dementia study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2011; 30:277-84. [PMID: 20847559 DOI: 10.1159/000320484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To elucidate the effect of midlife smoking on the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the possible modification of this relation by the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4. METHODS Participants of the Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging and Dementia study were randomly selected from population-based samples originally studied in midlife (1972, 1977, 1982 or 1988). After an average follow-up of 21 years, 1,449 persons (73%) aged 65-79 years took part in a reexamination in 1998. RESULTS Smoking in midlife increased the risk of dementia (odds ratio, OR: 4.93; 95% CI: 1.51-16.11) and AD (OR: 6.56; 95% CI: 1.80-23.94) among the APOE ε4 carriers, but not among the APOE ε4 noncarriers. CONCLUSION Midlife smoking was associated with an increased risk of dementia and AD later in life only among those individuals carrying the APOE ε4 allele. These results suggest that the association between smoking and AD may be complex and vary according to genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rusanen
- Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Rovio S, Kalliola A, Sirén H, Tamminen T. Determination of the carboxylic acids in acidic and basic process samples by capillary zone electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1407-13. [PMID: 20034630 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stella Rovio
- Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
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Junna M, Mykkanen K, Pescini F, Rovio S, Roine S, Poyhonen M, Tuisku S, Verkkoniemi A, Kalimo H, Viitanen M. Genetic factors modify the clinical course of CADASIL. J Neurol Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.02.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sprung C, Sirén H, Rovio S, Työppönen T. On-Line Flow Injection—Capillary Electrophoresis Instrument with Contactless Conductivity Detection for Sensitive Cation Analyses. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/01496390802282313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Rovio S, Simolin H, Koljonen K, Sirén H. Determination of monosaccharide composition in plant fiber materials by capillary zone electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1185:139-44. [PMID: 18255080 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The neutral sugar composition of acid hydrolyzed extracts of cellulose fiber samples, i.e. oat spelt, wheat straw, thermomechanica pulp (TMP) made of spruce, aspen stemwood, and bleached birch kraft pulp, was determined by a new capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method employing an alkaline background electrolyte. The method relies on in-capillary reaction and direct UV detection at wavelength 270 nm. Neutral carbohydrates D-(+)-galactose, D-(+)-glucose, L-rhamnose, D-(+)-mannose, D-(-)-arabinose, and D-(+)-xylose were simultaneously separated. The calibration plots were linear over a range from 10 to 150 mg/L for D-(+)-galactose, L-rhamnose, D-(+)-mannose, and D-(-)-arabinose and from 50 to 400mg/L for D-(+)-glucose and D-(+)-xylose. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) of peak areas during a 5-day analysis period varied from 3.3% for galactose to 11.8% for rhamnose. RSDs of migration times varied between 0.3 and 0.7%. The detection limit (at S/N 3) was 5mg/L for each monosaccharide. The results obtained by CZE agreed well with results obtained by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. Glucose and xylose were the two predominant monosaccharides in the plants, except in the spruce TMP sample where glucose and mannose dominated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Rovio
- Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT, Espoo, Finland
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Amundsen LK, Nevanen TK, Takkinen K, Rovio S, Sirén H. Microscale immunoaffinity SPE and MEKC in fast determination of testosterone in male urine. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:3232-41. [PMID: 17722186 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods for the determination of testosterone in body fluids typically suffer from poor recovery, lack of specificity, complex sample pretreatment, or the need for derivatization. Here, a simple, specific, and fast analysis method for testosterone was developed, with a methodology based on testosterone-specific immunoaffinity SPE (IA-SPE) and subsequent analysis by partial filling MEKC (PF-MEKC). An immunosorbent consisting of a recombinant antitestosterone Fab fragment covalently attached to activated Sepharose was prepared. IA-SPE and PF-MEKC were set up in hyphenated and off-line constructions, and the applicability of the two constructions in analysis of testosterone in male urine was investigated. The results obtained with the hyphenated construction proved to be only indicative of the presence of testosterone. The off-line IA-SPE and PF-MEKC construction, however, was successfully used in the determination of free testosterone in male urine samples after enzymatic hydrolysis of the glucuronide conjugates. Except for the hydrolysis reaction, no sample pretreatment was required. After hydrolysis, the overall analysis time per sample was only 14 min. The off-line IA-SPE and PF-MEKC method proved to be robust, sensitive (LOQ 35 mug/L), and specific, enabling separation of testosterone from four related steroids. Thus, it provides attractive features when compared to traditional methods for determination of testosterone in male urine.
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Abstract
A new CZE method relying on in-capillary reaction and direct UV detection at the wavelength 270 nm is presented for the simultaneous separation of the neutral carbohydrates xylitol, D-(-)-mannitol, sucrose, D-(+)-fucose, D-(+)-cellobiose, D-(+)-galactose, D-(+)-glucose, L-rhamnose, D-(+)-mannose, D-(-)-arabinose, D-(+)-xylose, and D-(-)-ribose. The alkaline electrolyte solution was prepared of 130 mM sodium hydroxide and 36 mM disodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate. Separation of the sample mixture was achieved within 35 min. Calibration plots were linear in the range of 0.05-3 mM. Reproducibility of migration times was between 0.3 and 1.1%, and the detection limits for the analytes were 0.02 and 0.05 mM. The optimized method was applied for the determination of neutral monosaccharides in lemon, pineapple, and orange juices and a cognac sample. The methodology is fast since no other sample preparation except dilution is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Rovio
- Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT, Finland
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Rovio S, Sirén H, Riekkola ML. Determination of Sufentanil in Human Plasma by Capillary Electrophoresis and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079708010978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stella Rovio
- a Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry , P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Heli Sirén
- a Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry , P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Marja-Liisa Riekkola
- a Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry , P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014, Finland
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Laitinen MH, Ngandu T, Rovio S, Helkala EL, Uusitalo U, Viitanen M, Nissinen A, Tuomilehto J, Soininen H, Kivipelto M. Fat intake at midlife and risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a population-based study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2006; 22:99-107. [PMID: 16710090 DOI: 10.1159/000093478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lifestyle and vascular factors have been linked to dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the role of dietary fats in the development of dementia is less clear. METHODS Participants were derived from random, population-based samples initially studied in midlife (1972, 1977, 1982, or 1987). Fat intake from spreads and milk products was assessed using a structured questionnaire and an interview. After an average follow-up of 21 years, a total of 1,449 (73%) individuals aged 65-80 years participated in the re-examination in 1998. Altogether 117 persons had dementia. RESULTS Moderate intake of polyunsaturated fats at midlife decreased the risk of dementia even after adjustment for demographic variables, other subtypes of fats, vascular risk factors and disorders, and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype (OR 0.40, CI 0.17-0.94 for the 2nd quartile vs. 1st quartile), whereas saturated fat intake was associated with an increased risk (OR 2.45, CI 1.10-5.47 for the 2nd quartile). The associations were seen only among the ApoE epsilon4 carriers. CONCLUSIONS Moderate intake of unsaturated fats at midlife is protective, whereas a moderate intake of saturated fats may increase the risk of dementia and AD, especially among ApoE epsilon4 carriers. Thus, dietary interventions may potentially modify the risk of dementia, particularly among genetically susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Laitinen
- Aging Research Center, Division of Geriatric Epidemiology, Neurotec, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Tuomikoski S, Virkkala N, Rovio S, Hokkanen A, Sirén H, Franssila S. Design and fabrication of integrated solid-phase extraction-zone electrophoresis microchip. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1111:258-66. [PMID: 16257410 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2005] [Revised: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Integrated solid-phase extraction-zone electrophoresis (SPE-ZE) device has been designed and fabricated on microchip. The structures were fabricated by using multiple layers of SU-8 polymer with a novel technique that enables easy alignment and high yield of the chips. SU-8 adhesive bonding has two major advantages: it enables bonding of high aspect ratio pillars and it results in fully SU-8 microchannels with uniform electrokinetic flow properties. The SPE-ZE device has a fluidic reservoir with 15:1 high aspect ratio pillars for bead filters that act as a SPE part in the chip structure. The separation unit is a 25 mm long electrophoresis channel starting from the outlet of SPE reservoir. Argon laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detector was used to monitor simultaneously the SPE reservoir and the detection site at the end of the electrophoresis channel. Flow characteristics and electric field distributions were simulated with Femlab software. Fluorescein was used as the analyte for detecting the operational performance of the chip. Adsorption, bead rinsing, elution and detection were tested to verify functioning of the chip design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santeri Tuomikoski
- Helsinki University of Technology, Microelectronics Centre, Espoo, Finland
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Sirén H, Luomanperä K, Työppönen T, Rovio S, Vastamäki P, Savolahti P. Process control and drug analysis with an on-line capillary electrophoresis system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 60:295-307. [PMID: 15345297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2004.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic and organic ions in pulp and paper process waters and drug mixtures were studied. Real-time measurements and on-line simulated analyses were made. A novel on-line capillary electrophoresis instrument equipped with a fixed wavelength UV detector having a 254-nm filter was used for the analyses. Three dynamic sample and electrolyte micromodules provided on-line sampling, sample introduction and solution feedings. The system was used to monitor process samples containing thiosulphate, chloride, sulphate, oxalate, acetate and carbonate. It approved good performance in separation of ethacrynic acid, furosemide, probenecid, bumetanide and hydrochlorothiazide as well as that of normethanephrine, methanephrine and dopamine standard mixtures. The LOD and LOQ values of the ions and drugs ranged from 0.1 to 1 mg/l for LOD and from 1 to 10 mg/l for LOQ. Sensitivity of the drugs was higher due to the single wavelength available in the system. It required that the drugs were to be identified by indirect UV detection. Repeatability of the analyses was good (RSD% below 5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Sirén
- Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT Processes, P.O. Box 1602, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland.
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Amundsen LK, Kokkonen JT, Rovio S, Sirén H. Analysis of anabolic steroids by partial filling micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography and electrospray mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1040:123-31. [PMID: 15248432 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A partial filling micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (PF-MEKC) separation of six anabolic androgenic steroids (androstenedione, metandienone, fluoxymesterone, methyltestosterone, 17-epimetandienone and testosterone) is introduced. The method utilises a mixed micellar solution consisting of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and sodium taurocholate. The analytes are detected with a photodiode array detector at 247 nm wavelength. Methyltestosterone is used as internal standard. The detection limits were 39 microg/L for androstenedione, 40 microg/L for testosterone, 45 microg/L for fluoxymesterone, 45-90 microg/L for 17-epimetandienone, 59 microg/L for methyltestosterone and 90 microg/L for metandienone. Linear correlation between concentration (0.1-5.0 mg/L) and detector response was obtained with r2 of 0.994 for fluoxymesterone, 0.998 for 17-epimetandienone and 0.999 for androstenedione, metandienone and testosterone. In addition, ionisation of the investigated compounds in electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was studied in positive ion mode. The most intense signal (100%) was the protonated molecular ion [M + H]+, except for 17-epimetandienone, which gave its strongest signal at m/z corresponding to [M - H2O + H]+. Finally, separation and identification of fluoxymesterone, androstenedione and testosterone by PF-MEKC-ESI-MS is described. This is the first use of PF-MEKC and PF-MEKC-ESI-MS assays for anabolic androgenic steroids.
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Kokkonen R, Sirén H, Kauliomäki S, Rovio S, Luomanperä K. On-line process monitoring of water-soluble ions in pulp and paper machine waters by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1032:243-52. [PMID: 15065802 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, capillary electrophoresis (CE) was used for separation of inorganic and organic ions from waters of paper and paperboard machines at mills. The instrument was constructed for on-line measurements by building a batch-type sample feeding unit. Chloride, thiosulphate, sulphate, oxalate, sulphite, hydrogen sulphide, formate, carbonate, phosphate and acetate in the process water samples were separated using an ion-specific separation system in CE with dicarboxylic acid buffer (pH 8.2), with pyridinium-2,3-dicarboxylic acid modified with commercial NICE-Pak OFM-OH solution (pH 12.0) or with a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide solution modified with chromate (pH 10.6). In addition, Analis CEofix Anions 8 electrolyte solution was tested in on-line studies at mills. It allowed 5 min separation time for the anions. Aluminium was determined at pH 3.6 in 10 min by using a laboratory-made imidazole buffer modified with 18-crown 6-ether. The developed CE systems were used to monitor the concentrations of sulphur species in dithionite degradation, to estimate corrosion degree in the water tanks, to monitor formaldehyde as the biocide chemical in wire washing and, in general, to observe process disturbances resulting from chemical feedings and their sites. The CE combination was on-line coupled to eight different process machines for continuous monitoring of concentrations for periods between two weeks and one month at paper and pulp mills in Finland.
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