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Bayanjargal A, Taslim C, Showpnil IA, Selich-Anderson J, Crow JC, Lessnick SL, Theisen ER. The DBD- α4 helix of EWS::FLI is required for GGAA microsatellite binding that underlies genome regulation in Ewing sarcoma. bioRxiv 2024:2024.01.31.578127. [PMID: 38352344 PMCID: PMC10862889 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.31.578127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is the second most common bone cancer in children and young adults. In 85% of patients, a translocation between chromosomes 11 and 22 results in a potent fusion oncoprotein, EWS::FLI. EWS::FLI is the only genetic alteration in an otherwise unaltered genome of Ewing sarcoma tumors. The EWS portion of the protein is an intrinsically disordered domain involved in transcriptional regulation by EWS::FLI. The FLI portion of the fusion contains a DNA binding domain shown to bind core GGAA motifs and GGAA repeats. A small alpha-helix in the DNA binding domain of FLI, DBD-α4 helix, is critical for the transcription function of EWS::FLI. In this study, we aimed to understand the mechanism by which the DBD-α4 helix promotes transcription, and therefore oncogenic transformation. We utilized a multi-omics approach to assess chromatin organization, active chromatin marks, genome binding, and gene expression in cells expressing EWS::FLI constructs with and without DBD-α4 helix. Our studies revealed DBD-α4 helix is crucial for cooperative binding of EWS::FLI at GGAA microsatellites. This binding underlies many aspects of genome regulation by EWS::FLI such as formation of TADs, chromatin loops, enhancers and productive transcription hubs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariunaa Bayanjargal
- Center for Childhood Cancer, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Cenny Taslim
- Center for Childhood Cancer, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Iftekhar A Showpnil
- Center for Childhood Cancer, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Julia Selich-Anderson
- Center for Childhood Cancer, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Jesse C Crow
- Center for Childhood Cancer, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Stephen L Lessnick
- Center for Childhood Cancer, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State Univeristy, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Division of Pediatric Heme/Onc/BMT, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Emily R Theisen
- Center for Childhood Cancer, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State Univeristy, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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2
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DuBois SG, Krailo MD, Glade-Bender J, Buxton A, Laack N, Randall RL, Chen HX, Seibel NL, Boron M, Terezakis S, Hill-Kayser C, Hayes A, Reid JM, Teot L, Rakheja D, Womer R, Arndt C, Lessnick SL, Crompton BD, Kolb EA, Daldrup-Link H, Eutsler E, Reed DR, Janeway KA, Gorlick RG. Randomized Phase III Trial of Ganitumab With Interval-Compressed Chemotherapy for Patients With Newly Diagnosed Metastatic Ewing Sarcoma: A Report From the Children's Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2023; 41:2098-2107. [PMID: 36669140 PMCID: PMC10082251 DOI: 10.1200/jco.22.01815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Monoclonal antibodies directed against insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) have shown activity in patients with relapsed Ewing sarcoma. The primary objective of Children's Oncology Group trial AEWS1221 was to determine if the addition of the IGF-1R monoclonal antibody ganitumab to interval-compressed chemotherapy improves event-free survival (EFS) in patients with newly diagnosed metastatic Ewing sarcoma. METHODS Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 at enrollment to standard arm (interval-compressed vincristine/doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide alternating once every 2 weeks with ifosfamide/etoposide = VDC/IE) or to experimental arm (VDC/IE with ganitumab at cycle starts and as monotherapy once every 3 weeks for 6 months after conventional therapy). A planned sample size of 300 patients was projected to provide 81% power to detect an EFS hazard ratio of 0.67 or smaller for the experimental arm compared with the standard arm with a one-sided α of .025. RESULTS Two hundred ninety-eight eligible patients enrolled (148 in standard arm; 150 in experimental arm). The 3-year EFS estimates were 37.4% (95% CI, 29.3 to 45.5) for the standard arm and 39.1% (95% CI, 31.3 to 46.7) for the experimental arm (stratified EFS-event hazard ratio for experimental arm 1.00; 95% CI, 0.76 to 1.33; 1-sided, P = .50). The 3-year overall survival estimates were 59.5% (95% CI, 50.8 to 67.3) for the standard arm and 56.7% (95% CI, 48.3 to 64.2) for the experimental arm. More cases of pneumonitis after radiation involving thoracic fields and nominally higher rates of febrile neutropenia and ALT elevation were reported on the experimental arm. CONCLUSION Ganitumab added to interval-compressed chemotherapy did not significantly reduce the risk of EFS event in patients with newly diagnosed metastatic Ewing sarcoma, with outcomes similar to prior trials without IGF-1R inhibition or interval compression. The addition of ganitumab may be associated with increased toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G. DuBois
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mark D. Krailo
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Julia Glade-Bender
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Allen Buxton
- Children's Oncology Group Statistics and Data Center, Monrovia, CA
| | - Nadia Laack
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - R. Lor Randall
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA
| | - Helen X. Chen
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nita L. Seibel
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Matthew Boron
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Stephanie Terezakis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Christine Hill-Kayser
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Andrea Hayes
- Department of Surgery, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Joel M. Reid
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Lisa Teot
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Richard Womer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Carola Arndt
- Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Stephen L. Lessnick
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
- The Division of Pediatric Heme/Onc/BMT, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Brian D. Crompton
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - E. Anders Kolb
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Heike Daldrup-Link
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Eric Eutsler
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Damon R. Reed
- Department of Individualized Cancer Management, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Katherine A. Janeway
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Bayanjargal A, Taslim C, Crow J, Selich-Anderson J, Lessnick SL. Abstract 3558: Role of FLI portion of EWS::FLI in transcription regulation via modulation of chromatin 3D landscape in Ewing sarcoma. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-3558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is an aggressive bone-associated tumor currently treated with dose-intense chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery and it affects adolescents and young adults. The hallmark of Ewing sarcoma is a translocated fusion transcription factor named EWS::FLI that drives the oncogenic process. We hypothesize that FLI portion of EWS::FLI containing a crucial alpha-helix plays a novel role in transcription regulation of thousands of genes by modulating chromatin looping. The hypothesis is based on recent evidences from our lab: an alpha-helix immediately downstream of DNA binding domain as an important player in regulating transcriptional activity and that EWS::FLI has a substantial role in shaping the chromatin landscape of Ewing sarcoma cells. The objective of this study is to elucidate the mechanism underlying transcriptional regulation by FLI. We utilized knockdown/rescue experiments in which EWS::FLI was depleted with shRNA and replaced with constructs containing the ETS DNA Binding Domain (DBD) alone or DBD+ (DBD and 4th alpha-helix). The binding pattern and transcriptional regulation were assessed with CUT&Tag and RNA-Seq respectively. The extent of roles each of these construct play in organization, structure, and function of chromatin are being assessed using Micro-C technique, a variation of Hi-C with improved resolution, higher signal-to-noise ratio and more information on chromatin domain boundaries and chromatin looping. The DNA binding and genomic localization of EWS::FLI was unaltered by the deletion surrounding the DNA binding domain (which contains a 4th alpha-helix) in A673 and TTC466 cells. Despite this similarity in genomic localization and binding, the transcriptional output driven by EWS::FLI was significantly diminished by the deletion. With this current study, we hope to understand if the flanking region neighboring the DNA binding domain contributes to the chromatin architecture remodeling function of EWS::FLI and whether this function could be attributed to the transcriptional output differences in the DBD and DBD+ conditions.
Citation Format: Ariunaa Bayanjargal, Cenny Taslim, Jesse Crow, Julia Selich-Anderson, Stephen L. Lessnick. Role of FLI portion of EWS::FLI in transcription regulation via modulation of chromatin 3D landscape in Ewing sarcoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3558.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jesse Crow
- 1Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
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Lu DY, Ellegast JM, Ross KN, Malone CF, Lin S, Mabe NW, Dharia NV, Meyer A, Conway A, Su AH, Selich-Anderson J, Taslim C, Byrum AK, Seong BKA, Adane B, Gray NS, Rivera MN, Lessnick SL, Stegmaier K. The ETS transcription factor ETV6 constrains the transcriptional activity of EWS-FLI to promote Ewing sarcoma. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:285-297. [PMID: 36658220 PMCID: PMC9928584 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-01059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are frequently mutated in cancer. Paediatric cancers exhibit few mutations genome-wide but frequently harbour sentinel mutations that affect TFs, which provides a context to precisely study the transcriptional circuits that support mutant TF-driven oncogenesis. A broadly relevant mechanism that has garnered intense focus involves the ability of mutant TFs to hijack wild-type lineage-specific TFs in self-reinforcing transcriptional circuits. However, it is not known whether this specific type of circuitry is equally crucial in all mutant TF-driven cancers. Here we describe an alternative yet central transcriptional mechanism that promotes Ewing sarcoma, wherein constraint, rather than reinforcement, of the activity of the fusion TF EWS-FLI supports cancer growth. We discover that ETV6 is a crucial TF dependency that is specific to this disease because it, counter-intuitively, represses the transcriptional output of EWS-FLI. This work discovers a previously undescribed transcriptional mechanism that promotes cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Y Lu
- Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jana M Ellegast
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth N Ross
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Clare F Malone
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shan Lin
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nathaniel W Mabe
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Neekesh V Dharia
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ashleigh Meyer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amy Conway
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Angela H Su
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julia Selich-Anderson
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Cenny Taslim
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Andrea K Byrum
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Bo Kyung A Seong
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Biniam Adane
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miguel N Rivera
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Stephen L Lessnick
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and BMT, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kimberly Stegmaier
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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5
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Showpnil IA, Selich-Anderson J, Taslim C, Boone MA, Crow JC, Theisen ER, Lessnick SL. EWS/FLI mediated reprogramming of 3D chromatin promotes an altered transcriptional state in Ewing sarcoma. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:9814-9837. [PMID: 36124657 PMCID: PMC9508825 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a prototypical fusion transcription factor-associated pediatric cancer that expresses EWS/FLI or a highly related FET/ETS chimera. EWS/FLI dysregulates transcription to induce and maintain sarcomagenesis, but the mechanisms utilized are not fully understood. We therefore sought to define the global effects of EWS/FLI on chromatin conformation and transcription in Ewing sarcoma cells using a well-validated ‘knock-down/rescue’ model of EWS/FLI function in combination with next generation sequencing assays to evaluate how the chromatin landscape changes with loss, and recovery, of EWS/FLI expression. We found that EWS/FLI (and EWS/ERG) genomic localization is largely conserved across multiple patient-derived Ewing sarcoma cell lines. This EWS/FLI binding signature is associated with establishment of topologically-associated domain (TAD) boundaries, compartment activation, enhancer-promoter looping that involve both intra- and inter-TAD interactions, and gene activation. In addition, EWS/FLI co-localizes with the loop-extrusion factor cohesin to promote chromatin loops and TAD boundaries. Importantly, local chromatin features provide the basis for transcriptional heterogeneity in regulation of direct EWS/FLI target genes across different Ewing sarcoma cell lines. These data demonstrate a key role of EWS/FLI in mediating genome-wide changes in chromatin configuration and support the notion that fusion transcription factors serve as master regulators of three-dimensional reprogramming of chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftekhar A Showpnil
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.,Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Julia Selich-Anderson
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Cenny Taslim
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Megann A Boone
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jesse C Crow
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Emily R Theisen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.,Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Stephen L Lessnick
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.,Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Division of Pediatric Heme/Onc/BMT, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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6
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Tokarsky EJ, Crow JC, Guenther LM, Sherman J, Taslim C, Alexe G, Pishas KI, Rask G, Justis BS, Kasumova A, Stegmaier K, Lessnick SL, Theisen ER. Mitochondrial Dysfunction Is a Driver of SP-2509 Drug Resistance in Ewing Sarcoma. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:1035-1046. [PMID: 35298000 PMCID: PMC9284474 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-22-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the fusion oncoprotein EWS/FLI causes Ewing sarcoma, an aggressive pediatric tumor characterized by widespread epigenetic deregulation. These epigenetic changes are targeted by novel lysine-specific demethylase-1 (LSD1) inhibitors, which are currently in early-phase clinical trials. Single-agent-targeted therapy often induces resistance, and successful clinical development requires knowledge of resistance mechanisms, enabling the design of effective combination strategies. Here, we used a genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 loss-of-function screen to identify genes whose knockout (KO) conferred resistance to the LSD1 inhibitor SP-2509 in Ewing sarcoma cell lines. Multiple genes required for mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complexes III and IV function were hits in our screen. We validated this finding using genetic and chemical approaches, including CRISPR KO, ETC inhibitors, and mitochondrial depletion. Further global transcriptional profiling revealed that altered complex III/IV function disrupted the oncogenic program mediated by EWS/FLI and LSD1 and blunted the transcriptomic response to SP-2509. IMPLICATIONS These findings demonstrate that mitochondrial dysfunction modulates SP-2509 efficacy and suggest that new therapeutic strategies combining LSD1 with agents that prevent mitochondrial dysfunction may benefit patients with this aggressive malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. John Tokarsky
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jesse C. Crow
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lillian M. Guenther
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John Sherman
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Cenny Taslim
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gabriela Alexe
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Galen Rask
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Blake S. Justis
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ana Kasumova
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kimberly Stegmaier
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen L. Lessnick
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Emily R. Theisen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Corresponding Author: Emily R. Theisen, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205. Phone: 614-355-2927; E-mail:
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Weaver DT, Pishas KI, Williamson D, Scarborough J, Lessnick SL, Dhawan A, Scott JG. Network potential identifies therapeutic miRNA cocktails in Ewing sarcoma. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008755. [PMID: 34662337 PMCID: PMC8601628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA)-based therapies are an emerging class of targeted therapeutics with many potential applications. Ewing Sarcoma patients could benefit dramatically from personalized miRNA therapy due to inter-patient heterogeneity and a lack of druggable (to this point) targets. However, because of the broad effects miRNAs may have on different cells and tissues, trials of miRNA therapies have struggled due to severe toxicity and unanticipated immune response. In order to overcome this hurdle, a network science-based approach is well-equipped to evaluate and identify miRNA candidates and combinations of candidates for the repression of key oncogenic targets while avoiding repression of essential housekeeping genes. We first characterized 6 Ewing sarcoma cell lines using mRNA sequencing. We then estimated a measure of tumor state, which we term network potential, based on both the mRNA gene expression and the underlying protein-protein interaction network in the tumor. Next, we ranked mRNA targets based on their contribution to network potential. We then identified miRNAs and combinations of miRNAs that preferentially act to repress mRNA targets with the greatest influence on network potential. Our analysis identified TRIM25, APP, ELAV1, RNF4, and HNRNPL as ideal mRNA targets for Ewing sarcoma therapy. Using predicted miRNA-mRNA target mappings, we identified miR-3613-3p, let-7a-3p, miR-300, miR-424-5p, and let-7b-3p as candidate optimal miRNAs for preferential repression of these targets. Ultimately, our work, as exemplified in the case of Ewing sarcoma, describes a novel pipeline by which personalized miRNA cocktails can be designed to maximally perturb gene networks contributing to cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis T. Weaver
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Translational Hematology Oncology Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Drew Williamson
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jessica Scarborough
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Translational Hematology Oncology Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Andrew Dhawan
- Translational Hematology Oncology Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AD); (JGS)
| | - Jacob G. Scott
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Translational Hematology Oncology Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AD); (JGS)
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Boone MA, Taslim C, Crow JC, Selich-Anderson J, Watson M, Heppner P, Hamill J, Wood AC, Lessnick SL, Winstanley M. Identification of a Novel FUS/ETV4 Fusion and Comparative Analysis with Other Ewing Sarcoma Fusion Proteins. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:1795-1801. [PMID: 34465585 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a pediatric bone cancer defined by a chromosomal translocation fusing one of the FET family members to an ETS transcription factor. There have been seven reported chromosomal translocations, with the most recent reported over a decade ago. We now report a novel FET/ETS translocation involving FUS and ETV4 detected in a patient with Ewing sarcoma. Here, we characterized FUS/ETV4 by performing genomic localization and transcriptional regulatory studies on numerous FET/ETS fusions in a Ewing sarcoma cellular model. Through this comparative analysis, we demonstrate significant similarities across these fusions, and in doing so, validate FUS/ETV4 as a bona fide Ewing sarcoma translocation. This study presents the first genomic comparison of Ewing sarcoma-associated translocations and reveals that the FET/ETS fusions share highly similar, but not identical, genomic localization and transcriptional regulation patterns. These data strengthen the notion that FET/ETS fusions are key drivers of, and thus pathognomonic for, Ewing sarcoma. IMPLICATIONS: Identification and initial characterization of the novel Ewing sarcoma fusion, FUS/ETV4, expands the family of Ewing fusions and extends the diagnostic possibilities for this aggressive tumor of adolescents and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megann A Boone
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Cenny Taslim
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jesse C Crow
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Julia Selich-Anderson
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mike Watson
- LabPLUS, Auckland City Hospital, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter Heppner
- Starship Children's Hospital, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James Hamill
- Starship Children's Hospital, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew C Wood
- Starship Children's Hospital, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand
- University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stephen L Lessnick
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mark Winstanley
- Starship Children's Hospital, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand
- University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
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9
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Reed DR, Chawla SP, Setty B, Mascarenhas L, Meyers PA, Metts J, Harrison DJ, Lessnick SL, Crompton BD, Loeb D, Stenehjem DD, Wages DS, Santiesteban DY, Mirza NQ, DuBois SG. Phase 1 expansion trial of the LSD1 inhibitor seclidemstat (SP-2577) with and without topotecan and cyclophosphamide (TC) in patients (pts) with relapsed or refractory Ewing sarcoma (ES) and select sarcomas. J Clin Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.tps11577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TPS11577 Background: Several sarcomas possess chromosomal translocations in FET family members ( FUS, EWSR1, and TAF15) responsible for cancer development. Sarcomas caused by FET family gene rearrangements include ES, desmoplastic round cell small tumors (DSRCT), myxoid liposarcoma (ML), and several others. Lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is a critical protein for sarcoma development and progression through its colocalization and/or association with several FET family oncogenic transcription factors. This suggests that pharmacologic inhibition of LSD1 may be a therapeutic strategy. Seclidemstat (SP-2577, Salarius Pharmaceuticals) is an oral, first-in-class, small molecule with reversible, noncompetitive inhibition of LSD1 (IC50: 25–50 nM). In vitro and in vivo data demonstrate seclidemstat, or analogs, modulate EWS/ETS transcriptional activity, down-regulating oncogene expression and up-regulating tumor-suppressor gene expression, leading to significant tumor growth inhibition in ES mouse xenograft studies. Seclidemstat has shown in in vitro ES cell lines near additivity efficacy when added to TC. In in vitro studies of other FET-translocated sarcomas, including ML (FUS/DDIT3 fusion) and clear cell sarcoma (EWS/ATF1 fusion), seclidemstat showed anti-proliferative activity. In an ongoing Phase 1 trial investigating single agent seclidemstat in advanced solid tumors (NCT03895684), three pts with metastatic FET-translocated sarcomas had a median progression-free survival of 5.7 months (range: 4.3–7.2) with a best response of stable disease despite having a median of 5 (range: 1–7) prior therapies. Methods: This dose expansion Phase 1 study (NCT03600649) assesses seclidemstat at 900 mg PO BID, the recommended Phase 2 dose, in two expansion cohorts: a single agent expansion in select sarcoma pts (n = 30) and a safety lead-in dose escalation and expansion (n = 24) of seclidemstat combined with TC in pts with ES. Pts must be ≥12 years old, have ECOG performance status of 0 or 1, with a life expectancy > 4 months. In the select sarcoma cohort, pts must have ML (n = 15) or other sarcomas with FET family translocations (n = 15) including DSRCT. One to 3 prior lines of therapy are allowed. In the ES combination cohort, up to 2 lines of prior therapy are allowed. Primary objective is safety/tolerability and secondary objective is efficacy. The trial is currently recruiting across 8 locations in the United States. Clinical trial information: NCT03600649.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon R. Reed
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | | | | | - Leo Mascarenhas
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Jonathan Metts
- Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL
| | | | | | | | - David Loeb
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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10
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DuBois SG, Krailo MD, Buxton A, Lessnick SL, Teot LA, Rakheja D, Crompton BD, Janeway KA, Gorlick RG, Glade-Bender J. Patterns of Translocation Testing in Patients Enrolling to a Cooperative Group Trial for Newly Diagnosed Metastatic Ewing Sarcoma: A Report From the Children's Oncology Group. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2021; 145:1564-1568. [PMID: 33769463 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2020-0671-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Molecular diagnostics play an increasing role in the diagnosis of Ewing sarcoma. The type of molecular testing used in clinical practice has been poorly described. OBJECTIVE.— To describe patterns of translocation testing for newly diagnosed Ewing sarcoma. DESIGN.— Children's Oncology Group (COG) trial AEWS1221 was a phase III randomized trial enrolling patients with newly diagnosed metastatic Ewing sarcoma from 2014 to 2019. Patients were required to have a histologic diagnosis of Ewing sarcoma, but translocation testing was not required. Sites provided types and results of any molecular diagnostics performed. RESULTS.— Data from 305 enrolled patients were available. The most common type of molecular testing was fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) performed on the primary tumor (236 of 305 patients; 77.4%), with positive testing for an EWSR1 or FUS translocation in 211 (89.4%). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on the primary tumor was performed in 61 of 305 (20%), with positive results in 48 of 61 patients (78.7%). Next-generation sequencing was reported in 7 patients on primary tumor and in 3 patients on metastatic sites. Evaluating all types of testing on either primary or metastatic tumor, 16 of 305 patients (5.2%) had no reported translocation testing. Evaluating all results from all testing, 44 of 305 patients (14.4%) lacked documentation of an abnormality consistent with a molecular diagnosis of Ewing sarcoma. CONCLUSIONS.— COG sites enrolling in a Ewing sarcoma trial have high rates of testing by FISH or PCR. A small proportion of patients have no translocation testing on either primary or metastatic sites. Next-generation sequencing techniques are not yet commonly used in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G DuBois
- From Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (DuBois, Crompton, Janeway)
| | - Mark D Krailo
- Children's Oncology Group Statistics and Data Center, Monrovia, California (Krailo, Buxton)
| | - Allen Buxton
- Children's Oncology Group Statistics and Data Center, Monrovia, California (Krailo, Buxton)
| | - Stephen L Lessnick
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, and The Division of Pediatric Heme/Onc/BMT, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (Lessnick)
| | - Lisa A Teot
- the Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (Teot)
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Rakheja)
| | - Brian D Crompton
- From Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (DuBois, Crompton, Janeway)
| | - Katherine A Janeway
- From Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (DuBois, Crompton, Janeway)
| | - Richard G Gorlick
- the Department of Pediatrics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (Gorlick)
| | - Julia Glade-Bender
- the Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (Glade-Bender)
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11
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Theisen ER, Selich-Anderson J, Miller KR, Tanner JM, Taslim C, Pishas KI, Sharma S, Lessnick SL. Chromatin profiling reveals relocalization of lysine-specific demethylase 1 by an oncogenic fusion protein. Epigenetics 2020; 16:405-424. [PMID: 32842875 PMCID: PMC7993145 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1805678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Paediatric cancers commonly harbour quiet mutational landscapes and are instead characterized by single driver events such as the mutation of critical chromatin regulators, expression of oncohistones, or expression of oncogenic fusion proteins. These events ultimately promote malignancy through disruption of normal gene regulation and development. The driver protein in Ewing sarcoma, EWS/FLI, is an oncogenic fusion and transcription factor that reshapes the enhancer landscape, resulting in widespread transcriptional dysregulation. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is a critical functional partner for EWS/FLI as inhibition of LSD1 reverses the transcriptional activity of EWS/FLI. However, how LSD1 participates in fusion-directed epigenomic regulation and aberrant gene activation is unknown. We now show EWS/FLI causes dynamic rearrangement of LSD1 and we uncover a role for LSD1 in gene activation through colocalization at EWS/FLI binding sites throughout the genome. LSD1 is integral to the establishment of Ewing sarcoma super-enhancers at GGAA-microsatellites, which ubiquitously overlap non-microsatellite loci bound by EWS/FLI. Together, we show that EWS/FLI induces widespread changes to LSD1 distribution in a process that impacts the enhancer landscape throughout the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Theisen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Julia Selich-Anderson
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kyle R Miller
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jason M Tanner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Cenny Taslim
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kathleen I Pishas
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Cancer Genomics and Genetics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, USA
| | - Sunil Sharma
- Applied Cancer Research and Drug Discovery, Translational Genomics Research Institute (Tgen), Phoenix, AX, USA
| | - Stephen L Lessnick
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplant, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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12
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Weaver DT, Pishas KI, Williamson D, Scarborough J, Lessnick SL, Dhawan A, Scott JG. Abstract 6563: Network potential identifies therapeutic miRNA cocktails in Ewings Sarcoma. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-6563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Micro-RNA (miRNA)-based therapies are an emerging class of cancer therapies with many potential applications in the field owing to their ability to repress multiple, predictable targets and cause widespread changes in a cell signaling network. New miRNA-based oligonucleotide drugs have have shown significant promise for the treatment of cancer in pre-clinical studies. Because of the broad effects miRNAs can have on different cells and tissues, a network science-based approach is well-equipped to evaluate and identify miRNA candidates and combinations of candidates for the repression of key oncogenic targets.
Methods: In this work, we present a novel network science-based approach for identification of potential miRNA therapies, using Ewings Sarcoma as a model system. We first characterized 6 Ewings cell lines using paired mRNA and miRNA sequencing. We then estimated a measure of tumor state, which we term network potential, based on both the mRNA gene expression and the underlying protein-protein interaction network in the tumor. Next, we ranked mRNA targets based on their contribution to network potential, aiming to approximate the relative importance of each protein to network stability in decreasing the network potential. After identifying these mRNA targets, we sought to identify miRNAs and combinations of miRNAs that preferentially act to repress these targets, with the aim of defining synthetic miRNA-based therapy for down-regulation of these targets.
Results: We identified TRIM25, APP, ELAV1, RNF4, XPO1 as ideal protein targets for therapy for each of the six cell lines based on the degree of network disruption induced when each gene was modeled as repressed. The expanded list of targets was enriched for genes involved in the canonical miRNA biogenesis pathway, suggesting a link between signaling network disruption and miRNA production. Using miRNA-mRNA target mappings, we identified miR-3613-3p, let-7a-3p, miR-300, miR-424-5p, and let-7b-3p as the optimal miRNAs for preferential repression of these targets.
Discussion: In this work, we applied a novel pipeline for identification of miRNAs candidates for cancer therapy. Using a measure of network state, network potential, we identified potential mRNA targets crucial to the stability of the Ewings Sarcoma signaling network, including known drivers of tumor progression and genes involved in miRNA biogenesis. Applying mRNA-miRNA mappings, we successfully identified miRNAs and combinations of miRNAs that, if introduced synthetically, are predicted to preferentially and dramatically disrupt the Ewings Sarcoma signaling network.
Citation Format: Davis T. Weaver, Kathleen I. Pishas, Drew Williamson, Jessica Scarborough, Stephen L. Lessnick, Andrew Dhawan, Jacob G. Scott. Network potential identifies therapeutic miRNA cocktails in Ewings Sarcoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 6563.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis T. Weaver
- 1Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland Heights, OH
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jacob G. Scott
- 4Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
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13
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Showpnil IA, Miller KR, Taslim C, Pishas KI, Lessnick SL, Theisen ER. Mapping the Structure-Function Relationships of Disordered Oncogenic Transcription Factors Using Transcriptomic Analysis. J Vis Exp 2020. [PMID: 32658189 DOI: 10.3791/61564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cancers are characterized by chromosomal translocations which result in the expression of oncogenic fusion transcription factors. Typically, these proteins contain an intrinsically disordered domain (IDD) fused with the DNA-binding domain (DBD) of another protein and orchestrate widespread transcriptional changes to promote malignancy. These fusions are often the sole recurring genomic aberration in the cancers they cause, making them attractive therapeutic targets. However, targeting oncogenic transcription factors requires a better understanding of the mechanistic role that low-complexity, IDDs play in their function. The N-terminal domain of EWSR1 is an IDD involved in a variety of oncogenic fusion transcription factors, including EWS/FLI, EWS/ATF, and EWS/WT1. Here, we use RNA-sequencing to investigate the structural features of the EWS domain important for transcriptional function of EWS/FLI in Ewing sarcoma. First shRNA-mediated depletion of the endogenous fusion from Ewing sarcoma cells paired with ectopic expression of a variety of EWS-mutant constructs is performed. Then RNA-sequencing is used to analyze the transcriptomes of cells expressing these constructs to characterize the functional deficits associated with mutations in the EWS domain. By integrating the transcriptomic analyses with previously published information about EWS/FLI DNA binding motifs, and genomic localization, as well as functional assays for transforming ability, we were able to identify structural features of EWS/FLI important for oncogenesis and define a novel set of EWS/FLI target genes critical for Ewing sarcoma. This paper demonstrates the use of RNA-sequencing as a method to map the structure-function relationship of the intrinsically disordered domain of oncogenic transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftekhar A Showpnil
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University
| | - Kyle R Miller
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Cenny Taslim
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Kathleen I Pishas
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Stephen L Lessnick
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital; Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Blood & Marrow Transplant, The Ohio State University
| | - Emily R Theisen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University;
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14
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Luo W, Xu C, Phillips S, Gardenswartz A, Rosenblum JM, Ayello J, Lessnick SL, Hao HX, Cairo MS. Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1A regulates cell cycle progression in Ewing sarcoma. Oncotarget 2020; 11:1691-1704. [PMID: 32477459 PMCID: PMC7233808 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a malignant pediatric bone and soft tissue tumor. Patients with metastatic ES have a dismal outcome which has not been improved in decades. The major challenge in the treatment of metastatic ES is the lack of specific targets and rational combinatorial therapy. We recently found that protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1A (PPP1R1A) is specifically highly expressed in ES and promotes tumor growth and metastasis in ES. In the current investigation, we show that PPP1R1A regulates ES cell cycle progression in G1/S phase by down-regulating cell cycle inhibitors p21Cip1 and p27Kip1, which leads to retinoblastoma (Rb) protein hyperphosphorylation. In addition, we show that PPP1R1A promotes normal transcription of histone genes during cell cycle progression. Importantly, we demonstrate a synergistic/additive effect of the combinatorial therapy of PPP1R1A and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) inhibition on decreasing ES cell proliferation and migration in vitro and limiting xenograft tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Taken together, our findings suggest a role of PPP1R1A as an ES specific cell cycle modulator and that simultaneous targeting of PPP1R1A and IGF-1R pathways is a promising specific and effective strategy to treat both primary and metastatic ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Changxin Xu
- James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Phillips
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Janet Ayello
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | | | - Huai-Xiang Hao
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mitchell S Cairo
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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15
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Dirksen U, Brennan B, Le Deley MC, Cozic N, van den Berg H, Bhadri V, Brichard B, Claude L, Craft A, Amler S, Gaspar N, Gelderblom H, Goldsby R, Gorlick R, Grier HE, Guinbretiere JM, Hauser P, Hjorth L, Janeway K, Juergens H, Judson I, Krailo M, Kruseova J, Kuehne T, Ladenstein R, Lervat C, Lessnick SL, Lewis I, Linassier C, Marec-Berard P, Marina N, Morland B, Pacquement H, Paulussen M, Randall RL, Ranft A, Le Teuff G, Wheatley K, Whelan J, Womer R, Oberlin O, Hawkins DS. High-Dose Chemotherapy Compared With Standard Chemotherapy and Lung Radiation in Ewing Sarcoma With Pulmonary Metastases: Results of the European Ewing Tumour Working Initiative of National Groups, 99 Trial and EWING 2008. J Clin Oncol 2019; 37:3192-3202. [PMID: 31553693 PMCID: PMC6881099 DOI: 10.1200/jco.19.00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The R2Pulm trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of busulfan-melphalan high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell rescue (BuMel) without whole-lung irradiation (WLI) on event-free survival (main end point) and overall survival, compared with standard chemotherapy with WLI in Ewing sarcoma (ES) presenting with pulmonary and/or pleural metastases. METHODS From 2000 to 2015, we enrolled patients younger than 50 years of age with newly diagnosed ES and with only pulmonary or pleural metastases. Patients received chemotherapy with six courses of vincristine, ifosfamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide (VIDE) and one course of vincristine, dactinomycin, and ifosfamide (VAI) before either BuMel or seven courses of VAI and WLI (VAI plus WLI) by randomized assignment. The analysis was conducted as intention to treat. The estimates of the hazard ratio (HR), 95% CI, and P value were corrected for the three previous interim analyses by the inverse normal method. RESULTS Of 543 potentially eligible patients, 287 were randomly assigned to VAI plus WLI (n = 143) or BuMel (n = 144). Selected patients requiring radiotherapy to an axial primary site were excluded from randomization to avoid excess organ toxicity from interaction between radiotherapy and busulfan. Median follow-up was 8.1 years. We did not observe any significant difference in survival outcomes between treatment groups. Event-free survival was 50.6% versus 56.6% at 3 years and 43.1% versus 52.9% at 8 years, for VAI plus WLI and BuMel patients, respectively, resulting in an HR of 0.79 (95% CI, 0.56 to 1.10; P = .16). For overall survival, the HR was 1.00 (95% CI, 0.70 to 1.44; P = .99). Four patients died as a result of BuMel-related toxicity, and none died after VAI plus WLI. Significantly more patients in the BuMel arm experienced severe acute toxicities than in the VAI plus WLI arm. CONCLUSION In ES with pulmonary or pleural metastases, there is no clear benefit from BuMel compared with conventional VAI plus WLI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Henk van den Berg
- Emma Children Hospital – Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vivek Bhadri
- Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Alan Craft
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Amler
- Westfalian Wilhelms University Muenster, Muenster; and Friedrich- Loeffler Institute, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | | | - Robert Goldsby
- University of California San Francisco Benioff Children’s Hospital, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Holcombe E. Grier
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorder Center, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | - Katherine Janeway
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorder Center, Boston, MA
| | | | - Ian Judson
- Royal Marsden Foundation NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Krailo
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Thomas Kuehne
- University Children’s Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Stephen L. Lessnick
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Ian Lewis
- University of Leeds, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Bruce Morland
- Birmingham Women and Children's Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Andreas Ranft
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | - Jeremy Whelan
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | - on behalf of the Euro-E.W.I.N.G. 99 and Ewing 2008 Investigators
- University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille; and Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Emma Children Hospital – Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Brussels, Belgium
- Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon; France
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Westfalian Wilhelms University Muenster, Muenster; and Friedrich- Loeffler Institute, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- University of California San Francisco Benioff Children’s Hospital, San Francisco, CA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorder Center, Boston, MA
- Hôpital René-Huguenin, Saint-Cloud, France
- Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Universitaetskinderklinik Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Royal Marsden Foundation NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Charles University Prague, Czech Republic
- University Children’s Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
- University of Leeds, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Tours, France
- Institute of Pediatric Onco-Haematology, Lyon, France
- Five Time Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA
- Birmingham Women and Children's Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany
- University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- University College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA
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16
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Abbott D, O'Brien S, Farnham JM, Young EL, Yap J, Jones K, Lessnick SL, Randall RL, Schiffman JD, Cannon‐Albright LA. Increased risk for other cancers in individuals with Ewing sarcoma and their relatives. Cancer Med 2019; 8:7924-7930. [PMID: 31670911 PMCID: PMC6912049 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few reports of the association of other cancers with Ewing sarcoma in patients and their relatives. We use a resource combining statewide genealogy and cancer reporting to provide unbiased risks. METHODS Using a combined genealogy of 2.3 million Utah individuals and the Utah Cancer Registry (UCR), relative risks (RRs) for cancers of other sites were estimated in 143 Ewing sarcoma patients using a Cox proportional hazards model with matched controls; however, risks in relatives were estimated using internal cohort-specific cancer rates in first-, second-, and third-degree relatives. RESULTS Cancers of three sites (breast, brain, complex genotype/karyotype sarcoma) were observed in excess in Ewing sarcoma patients. No Ewing sarcoma patients were identified among first-, second-, or third-degree relatives of Ewing sarcoma patients. Significantly increased risk for brain, lung/bronchus, female genital, and prostate cancer was observed in first-degree relatives. Significantly increased risks were observed in second-degree relatives for breast cancer, nonmelanoma eye cancer, malignant peripheral nerve sheath cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and translocation sarcomas. Significantly increased risks for stomach cancer, prostate cancer, and acute lymphocytic leukemia were observed in third-degree relatives. CONCLUSIONS This analysis of risk for cancer among Ewing sarcoma patients and their relatives indicates evidence for some increased cancer predisposition in this population which can be used to individualize consideration of potential treatment of patients and screening of patients and relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Abbott
- Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | | | - James M. Farnham
- Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Erin L. Young
- Huntsman Cancer InstituteUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Jeffrey Yap
- Huntsman Cancer InstituteUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Kevin Jones
- Huntsman Cancer InstituteUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Stephen L. Lessnick
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases at Nationwide Children's HospitalDivision of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow TransplantThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOHUSA
| | | | - Joshua D. Schiffman
- Huntsman Cancer InstituteUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/OncologyDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Lisa A. Cannon‐Albright
- Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Huntsman Cancer InstituteUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical CenterSalt Lake CityUTUSA
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Reed D, DuBois SG, Gorlick R, Mascarenhas L, Harrison D, Metts J, Lessnick SL, Crompton BD, Loeb DM, Hernandez R, Larson J, Stenehjem DD. Abstract CT109: A Phase I dose escalation and expansion study of seclidemstat (SP-2577) a first-in class reversible LSD1 inhibitor for patients with relapsed or refractory Ewing sarcoma. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-ct109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Ewing sarcoma is an aggressive pediatric and young adult bone tumor dependent almost exclusively on the EWS/ETS fusion protein family for transcriptional activity. EWS/FLI is the most common fusion resulting in the repression of vital tumor suppressor genes by the activity of lysine-specific histone demethylase 1 (LSD1). Seclidemstat (SP-2577) is a first in class, orally bioavailable, small molecule with reversible and noncompetitive selective inhibition of LSD1 at low nanomolar concentrations (IC50: 25-50 nM). Seclidemstat has demonstrated disruption of global transcriptional function of EWS/ETS fusions and impairs multiple EWS/ETS-associated oncogenic phenotypes in xenograft models of Ewing sarcoma. This Phase I study aims primarily to assess the safety and tolerability of seclidemstat and to secondarily characterize the pharmacokinetics (PK), food effects, and preliminary anti-tumor activity via RECIST 1.1. Exploratory objectives include using circulating tumor cells, cell-free DNA, and hemoglobin F as pharmacodynamic markers of response.
Methods: This multi-center phase I study (NCT03600649) is open-label and non-randomized and utilizes an accelerated dose escalation phase followed by a conventional 3+3 design to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Initially, one subject per dose cohort will be recruited in the accelerated dose escalation phase until the first instance of grade 2 or greater drug related toxicity or dose limiting toxicity (DLT). Further cohorts will be recruited in cohorts of three subjects in the 3+3 dose escalation phase. Once a declared suitable dose and schedule for further investigation has been identified, 14 additional patients will be enrolled in the dose expansion part of the study for a total of 20 patients treated at the MTD. The starting dose of seclidemstat is 75 mg PO BID with seven dose levels planned by modified Fibonacci schema. Food effects on PK are planned on day 1 and 2 of cycles 1 and 2. Patients at least 12 years of age will be included with histologically confirmed relapsed or refractory Ewing sarcoma with adequate performance status and organ function. Archival tumor tissue is required during screening. Tumor biopsies and measurable disease are required in dose expansion only. This trial is currently open for requirement at five locations in the United States. Dose level 2 (150 mg PO BID) began enrollment in November 2018 with no drug related grade 2 or greater adverse events or DLTs observed in dose level 1.
Citation Format: Damon Reed, Steven G. DuBois, Richard Gorlick, Leo Mascarenhas, Douglas Harrison, Jonathan Metts, Stephen L. Lessnick, Brian D. Crompton, David M. Loeb, Rose Hernandez, Jeff Larson, David D. Stenehjem. A Phase I dose escalation and expansion study of seclidemstat (SP-2577) a first-in class reversible LSD1 inhibitor for patients with relapsed or refractory Ewing sarcoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr CT109.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven G. DuBois
- 2Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Richard Gorlick
- 3Division of Pediatrics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Jonathan Metts
- 5Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St Petersburg, FL
| | - Stephen L. Lessnick
- 6Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases at the Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplant at The Ohio State, Columbus, OH
| | - Brian D. Crompton
- 2Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Patel PO, Pishas KI, Taslim C, Selich-Anderson J, Theisen ER, Lessnick SL. Investigating the role of LSD2 as an epigenetic regulator in Ewing sarcoma. Oncotarget 2019; 10:3865-3878. [PMID: 31231465 PMCID: PMC6570473 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is the second most common solid bone malignancy diagnosed in pediatric and young adolescent populations. Despite aggressive multi-modal treatment strategies, 5-year event-free survival remains at 75% for patients with localized disease and 20% for patients with metastases. Thus, the need for novel therapeutic options is imperative. Recent studies have focused on epigenetic misregulation in Ewing sarcoma development and potential new oncotargets for treatment. This project focused on the study of LSD2, a flavin-dependent histone demethylase found to be overexpressed in numerous cancers. We previously demonstrated that Ewing sarcoma cell lines are extremely susceptible to small molecule LSD1 blockade with SP-2509. Drug sensitivity correlated with the degree of LSD2 induction following treatment. As such, the purpose of this study was to determine the role of LSD2 in the epigenetic regulation of Ewing sarcoma, characterize genes regulated by LSD2, and examine the impact of SP-2509 drug treatment on LSD2 gene regulation. Genetic depletion (shRNA) of LSD2 significantly impaired oncogenic transformation with only a modest impact on proliferation. Transcriptional analysis of Ewing sarcoma cells following LSD2knockdown revealed modulation of genes primarily involved in metabolic regulation and nervous system development. Gene set enrichment analysis showed that SP-2509 does not impact LSD2 targeted genes. Although there are currently no small molecule agents that specifically target LSD2, our results support further investigations into agents that can inhibit this histone demethylase as a possible treatment for Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyal O Patel
- The Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology & Blood and Marrow Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kathleen I Pishas
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Cenny Taslim
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Julia Selich-Anderson
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Emily R Theisen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stephen L Lessnick
- The Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology & Blood and Marrow Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
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19
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Shulman DS, Klega K, Imamovic-Tuco A, Clapp A, Nag A, Thorner AR, Van Allen E, Ha G, Lessnick SL, Gorlick R, Janeway KA, Leavey PJ, Mascarenhas L, London WB, Vo KT, Stegmaier K, Hall D, Krailo MD, Barkauskas DA, DuBois SG, Crompton BD. Correction: Detection of circulating tumour DNA is associated with inferior outcomes in Ewing sarcoma and osteosarcoma: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Br J Cancer 2019; 120:869. [PMID: 30880335 PMCID: PMC6474275 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0424-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors have noticed that the final paragraph of the Results section contains errors in the number of patients involved. The correct number of patients is included in the text below. These errors do not affect the Figure referenced.In osteosarcoma, we focused on 8q gain as a specific biological feature of interest. Among the 41 patients with detectable ctDNA in the osteosarcoma cohort, 8q gain was detected in 73.2% (30/41). The 3-year EFS for patients with 8q gain (n = 30) in ctDNA was 60.0% (95% CI 40.5-75.0) compared to 80.8 (95% CI 42.4-94.9) in patients without 8q gain (n = 11) in ctDNA (p = 0.18; Fig. 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Shulman
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kelly Klega
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alma Imamovic-Tuco
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Clapp
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anwesha Nag
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron R Thorner
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eliezer Van Allen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gavin Ha
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephen L Lessnick
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases at Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute and the Division of Pediatric Heme/Onc/BMT at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Richard Gorlick
- Department of Pediatrics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katherine A Janeway
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrick J Leavey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Leo Mascarenhas
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wendy B London
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kieuhoa T Vo
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly Stegmaier
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Hall
- Children's Oncology Group, Monrovia, CA, USA
| | - Mark D Krailo
- Children's Oncology Group, Monrovia, CA, USA.,Department of Preventative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Donald A Barkauskas
- Children's Oncology Group, Monrovia, CA, USA.,Department of Preventative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven G DuBois
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian D Crompton
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Pediatric Oncology, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, USA.
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20
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Theisen ER, Miller KR, Showpnil IA, Taslim C, Pishas KI, Lessnick SL. Transcriptomic analysis functionally maps the intrinsically disordered domain of EWS/FLI and reveals novel transcriptional dependencies for oncogenesis. Genes Cancer 2019; 10:21-38. [PMID: 30899417 PMCID: PMC6420793 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
EWS/FLI is the pathognomic fusion oncoprotein that drives Ewing sarcoma. The amino-terminal EWS portion coordinates transcriptional regulation and the carboxy-terminal FLI portion contains an ETS DNA-binding domain. EWS/FLI acts as an aberrant transcription factor, orchestrating a complex mix of gene activation and repression, from both high affinity ETS motifs and repetitive GGAA-microsatellites. Our overarching hypothesis is that executing multi-faceted transcriptional regulation requires EWS/FLI to use distinct molecular mechanisms at different loci. Many attempts have been made to map distinct functions to specific features of the EWS domain, but described deletion mutants are either fully active or completely "dead" and other approaches have been limited by the repetitive and disordered nature of the EWS domain. Here, we use transcriptomic approaches to show an EWS/FLI mutant, called DAF, previously thought to be nonfunctional, displays context-dependent and partial transcriptional activity but lacks transforming capacity. Using transcriptomic and phenotypic anchorage-independent growth profiles of other EWS/FLI mutants coupled with reported EWS/FLI localization data, we have mapped the critical structure-function requirements of the EWS domain for EWS/FLI-mediated oncogenesis. This approach defined unique classes of EWS/FLI response elements and revealed novel structure-function relationships required for EWS/FLI activation at these response elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Theisen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kyle R Miller
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Iftekhar A Showpnil
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Cenny Taslim
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kathleen I Pishas
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stephen L Lessnick
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Blood & Marrow Transplant, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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21
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Harlow ML, Chasse MH, Boguslawski EA, Sorensen KM, Gedminas JM, Kitchen-Goosen SM, Rothbart SB, Taslim C, Lessnick SL, Peck AS, Madaj ZB, Bowman MJ, Grohar PJ. Trabectedin Inhibits EWS-FLI1 and Evicts SWI/SNF from Chromatin in a Schedule-dependent Manner. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:3417-3429. [PMID: 30723142 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The successful clinical translation of compounds that target specific oncogenic transcription factors will require an understanding of the mechanism of target suppression to optimize the dose and schedule of administration. We have previously shown trabectedin reverses the gene signature of the EWS-FLI1 transcription factor. In this report, we establish the mechanism of suppression and use it to justify the reevaluation of this drug in the clinic in patients with Ewing sarcoma.Experimental Design: We demonstrate a novel epigenetic mechanism of trabectedin using biochemical fractionation and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing. We link the effect to drug schedule and EWS-FLI1 downstream target expression using confocal microscopy, qPCR, Western blot analysis, and cell viability assays. Finally, we quantitate target suppression within the three-dimensional architecture of the tumor in vivo using 18F-FLT imaging. RESULTS Trabectedin evicts the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex from chromatin and redistributes EWS-FLI1 in the nucleus leading to a marked increase in H3K27me3 and H3K9me3 at EWS-FLI1 target genes. These effects only occur at high concentrations of trabectedin leading to suppression of EWS-FLI1 target genes and a loss of cell viability. In vivo, low-dose irinotecan is required to improve the magnitude, penetrance, and duration of target suppression in the three-dimensional architecture of the tumor leading to differentiation of the Ewing sarcoma xenograft into benign mesenchymal tissue. CONCLUSIONS These data provide the justification to evaluate trabectedin in the clinic on a short infusion schedule in combination with low-dose irinotecan with 18F-FLT PET imaging in patients with Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt L Harlow
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | | | - Jenna M Gedminas
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan.,Department of Pediatrics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | | | | | - Cenny Taslim
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Stephen L Lessnick
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio.,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | | | | | - Patrick J Grohar
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan. .,Department of Pediatrics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, Michigan
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22
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Smeland S, Bielack SS, Whelan J, Bernstein M, Hogendoorn P, Krailo MD, Gorlick R, Janeway KA, Ingleby FC, Anninga J, Antal I, Arndt C, Brown KLB, Butterfass-Bahloul T, Calaminus G, Capra M, Dhooge C, Eriksson M, Flanagan AM, Friedel G, Gebhardt MC, Gelderblom H, Goldsby R, Grier HE, Grimer R, Hawkins DS, Hecker-Nolting S, Sundby Hall K, Isakoff MS, Jovic G, Kühne T, Kager L, von Kalle T, Kabickova E, Lang S, Lau CC, Leavey PJ, Lessnick SL, Mascarenhas L, Mayer-Steinacker R, Meyers PA, Nagarajan R, Randall RL, Reichardt P, Renard M, Rechnitzer C, Schwartz CL, Strauss S, Teot L, Timmermann B, Sydes MR, Marina N. Survival and prognosis with osteosarcoma: outcomes in more than 2000 patients in the EURAMOS-1 (European and American Osteosarcoma Study) cohort. Eur J Cancer 2019; 109:36-50. [PMID: 30685685 PMCID: PMC6506906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background High-grade osteosarcoma is a primary malignant bone tumour mainly affecting children and young adults. The European and American Osteosarcoma Study (EURAMOS)-1 is a collaboration of four study groups aiming to improve outcomes of this rare disease by facilitating randomised controlled trials. Methods Patients eligible for EURAMOS-1 were aged ≤40 years with M0 or M1 skeletal high-grade osteosarcoma in which case complete surgical resection at all sites was deemed to be possible. A three-drug combination with methotrexate, doxorubicin and cisplatin was defined as standard chemotherapy, and between April 2005 and June 2011, 2260 patients were registered. We report survival outcomes and prognostic factors in the full cohort of registered patients. Results For all registered patients at a median follow-up of 54 months (interquartile range: 38–73) from biopsy, 3-year and 5-year event-free survival were 59% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 57–61%) and 54% (95% CI: 52–56%), respectively. Multivariate analyses showed that the most adverse factors at diagnosis were pulmonary metastases (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.34, 95% CI: 1.95–2.81), non-pulmonary metastases (HR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.38–2.73) or an axial skeleton tumour site (HR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.10–2.13). The histological subtypes telangiectatic (HR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.33–0.80) and unspecified conventional (HR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.52–0.88) were associated with a favourable prognosis compared with chondroblastic subtype. The 3-year and 5-year overall survival from biopsy were 79% (95% CI: 77–81%) and 71% (95% CI: 68–73%), respectively. For patients with localised disease at presentation and in complete remission after surgery, having a poor histological response was associated with worse outcome after surgery (HR = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.76–2.58). In radically operated patients, there was no good evidence that axial tumour site was associated with worse outcome. Conclusions In conclusion, data from >2000 patients registered to EURAMOS-1 demonstrated survival rates in concordance with institution- or group-level osteosarcoma trials. Further efforts are required to drive improvements for patients who can be identified to be at higher risk of adverse outcome. This trial reaffirms known prognostic factors, and owing to the large numbers of patients registered, it sheds light on some additional factors to consider. Osteosarcoma is a rare disease, and treatment can only improve with international collaboration. We have assembled prospectively collected data from treatments of all the patients in the intercontinental European and American Osteosarcoma Study-1 protocol. These consistently treated patients provided a strong data set for reporting survival outcomes and reporting on prognostic factors. The trial reaffirms known prognostic factors, and the most adverse factors were metastases and tumours in the axial skeleton. Owing to the large numbers of patients registered, light is shed on some additional factors to be considered. Around seven in ten patients were still alive five years after diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigbjørn Smeland
- SSG Oslo University Hospital and Scandinavian Sarcoma Group and Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | | - Mark Bernstein
- COG IWK Health Center, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | | | - Richard Gorlick
- COG the University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - Imre Antal
- COSS Semmelweis Egyetem Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Ken L B Brown
- COG University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Gabriele Calaminus
- QLCC Pädiatrische Hämatologie und Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Adrienne M Flanagan
- EOI Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore; Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Hans Gelderblom
- EOI Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Goldsby
- COG UCSF Medical Center-Mission Bay, Pediatric Oncology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Kühne
- COSS Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leo Kager
- COSS St. Anna Kinderspital /CCRI, Wien, Austria
| | | | | | - Susanna Lang
- COSS Medizinische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ching C Lau
- COG Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Stephen L Lessnick
- COG Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Leo Mascarenhas
- COG Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Paul A Meyers
- COG Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Raj Nagarajan
- COG Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - R Lor Randall
- COG Primary Childrens Hospital, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | | | | | - Cindy L Schwartz
- COG the University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Lisa Teot
- COG Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Neyssa Marina
- COG Five Prime Therapeutics, Inc South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is the second most common solid bone malignancy diagnosed in pediatric and young adolescent populations. Despite global co-operative efforts, outcomes for patients with relapsed and refractory disease remains obstinately poor. It has become increasingly clear that disruption of the epigenome as a result of alterations in epigenetic regulators, plays a pivotal role in tumorigenesis. As such, this study investigated Ewing sarcoma mechanisms of acquired resistance to the small molecule reversible lysine specific demethylase (LSD1/KDM1A) inhibitor SP-2509. Surprisingly, whole exome sequencing analysis of our generated A673 SP-2509 drug resistant cell line revealed an absence of mutations in KDM1A. Compared to parental counterparts, SP-2509 drug resistant cells demonstrated decreased anchorage independent growth capacity, enhanced sensitivity to the HDAC inhibitors vorinostat/entinostat and a distinct transcriptional profile that was enriched for extracellular matrix proteins. SP-2509 drug resistant cells also exhibited elevated expression levels of the multi-drug resistance genes ABCB1, ABCC3, and ABBC5 and decreased expression of the transcriptional repressor RCOR1/CoREST. Following several months of SP-2509 withdrawal, low level SP-2509 resistance was still apparent (6.3 fold increase in IC50), with drug resistant cell populations maintaining their distinct transcriptional profile. Furthermore, compared to parental cells, washout drug resistant lines displayed equal sensitivity to the standard Ewing sarcoma chemotherapeutic agent's vincristine and doxorubicin. Together these findings indicate that resistance to SP-2509 is not fully reversible or driven by direct mutation in KDM1A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen I Pishas
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stephen L Lessnick
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplant, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Theisen ER, Miller KR, Lessnick SL. Abstract B15: Different structural features of EWS are required for distinct modes of EWS/FLI-mediated oncogenic gene regulation. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.pedca17-b15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to define the biochemical characteristics of EWS required for distinct modes of EWS/FLI-mediated gene regulation. EWS/FLI is the fusion protein and oncogenic transcription factor that drives Ewing sarcoma. While EWS/FLI is well characterized as a transcriptional activator, both gene activation and repression are necessary for EWS/FLI-mediated oncogenesis. Whether EWS/FLI-mediated repression is active or passive is unknown. We previously demonstrated that recruitment of the nucleosome modeling and deacetylase (NuRD) and lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) complex is important for repression, supporting an active model. Targeted inhibition of either the histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity of NuRD or LSD1 impairs repression. Interestingly, inhibition of LSD1, but not HDACs, also disrupts gene activation, suggesting different protein complexes dictate different modes of transcriptional regulation. We hypothesize that EWS/FLI-mediated activation and repression result from separate active molecular mechanisms driven by distinct elements within the EWS domain. Prior studies using a deletion mutant strategy failed to identify a mutant that activated target genes, but did not repress, or vice versa.
Methods: Exploring EWS structure/function relationships is limited by its disordered and repetitive nature. We used a strategy in which conserved tyrosine residues in repetitive regions are mutated to alanine. This mutant, DAF, was assayed for its ability to regulate key EWS/FLI targets and transformation using a knockdown-rescue approach with subsequent qRT-PCR, RNA-seq, and agar assays. We also evaluated the function of DAF in microsatellite response element in reporter assays.
Results: DAF is the first mutant profiled that partially rescues EWS/FLI function. We observe DAF is capable of activating microsatellite-driven target genes, including NR0B1, CAV1, and GSTM4, while failing to repress IGFBP3, LOX, and TGFBR2. RNA-seq studies largely confirm this. Rescue of EWS/FLI knockdown with DAF expression fails to rescue the growth of A673 cells in soft agar, demonstrating DAF is incapable of transformation. In luciferase assays, DAF activates gene expression from the NR0B1 microsatellite.
Conclusions: We conclude DAF separates microsatellite-driven gene activation from other modes of EWS/FLI-mediated gene regulation. Whether this difference is due to altered DNA binding or recruitment of protein interaction partners is unknown. Future studies are under way to investigate these questions. The DAF mutant thus represents an important tool to dissect the molecular requirements for distinct mechanisms of EWS/FLI function in order to identify novel therapeutic liabilities in Ewing sarcoma.
Citation Format: Emily R. Theisen, Kyle R. Miller, Stephen L. Lessnick. Different structural features of EWS are required for distinct modes of EWS/FLI-mediated oncogenic gene regulation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Pediatric Cancer Research: From Basic Science to the Clinic; 2017 Dec 3-6; Atlanta, Georgia. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(19 Suppl):Abstract nr B15.
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Pishas KI, Sharma S, Lessnick SL. Abstract A14: Therapeutic targeting of KDM1A/LSD1 in Ewing sarcoma. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.pedca17-a14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective: Multiagent chemotherapeutic regimes remain the cornerstone treatment for Ewing sarcoma, the second most common solid bone malignancy diagnosed in pediatric and young adolescent populations. We have reached a therapeutic ceiling with conventional cytotoxic agents, highlighting the need to adopt novel approaches that specifically target the drivers of Ewing sarcoma oncogenesis. As KDM1A/LSD1 (Lysine Specific Demethylase 1) is highly expressed in Ewing sarcoma cell lines and tumors, with elevated expression levels associated with worse overall survival (P=0.033), this study has examined biomarkers of sensitivity and mechanisms of cytotoxicity to targeted KDM1A inhibition using SP-2509 (reversible KDM1A inhibitor).
Methods: The antiproliferative effects of SP-2509 was determined through Cell Titre Glo assays following 72 hours of treatment in a comprehensive panel of 17 Ewing sarcoma cell lines with varying STAG2/TP53 mutational status and basal KDM1A expression levels. RNA-seq analysis of six Ewing sarcoma cell lines -/+ SP-2509 treatment (2μM) was also conducted.
Results: We report that innate resistance to SP-2509 was not observed in our Ewing sarcoma cell line cohort (72hr IC50 range 81nM-1593nM); in contrast, resistance to the next-generation KDM1A irreversible inhibitor GSK-LSD1 was observed across multiple cell lines (144hr IC50>300μM). Although TP53/STAG2 mutational status and basal KDM1A mRNA and protein levels did not correlate with SP-2509 response, induction of KDM1B (mammalian homologue of KDM1A) following SP-2509 treatment was strongly associated with SP-2509 hypersensitivity (R2=0.562). Indeed, shRNA-mediated knockdown of KDM1B significantly reduced the cytotoxic effects of SP-2509 (4.3-fold IC50 increase) only in hypersensitive cell lines. Mechanistically, RNA-seq analysis revealed that SP-2509 imparts robust apoptosis through engagement of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway, and that hypersensitive cell lines (IC50<300nM) share similar transcriptomic profiles. In addition, ETS1/ HIST1H2BM were specifically induced/repressed, respectively, following SP-2509 treatment only in our hypersensitive cell lines. Finally, we demonstrate that the transcriptional profile driven by SP-2509 strongly mirrors KDM1A genetic depletion.
Conclusion: Together, our findings provide key insights into the mechanisms of SP-2509 cytotoxicity as well as biomarkers that can be used to predict KDM1A inhibitor sensitivity in Ewing sarcoma.
Citation Format: Kathleen I. Pishas, Sunil Sharma, Stephen L. Lessnick. Therapeutic targeting of KDM1A/LSD1 in Ewing sarcoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Pediatric Cancer Research: From Basic Science to the Clinic; 2017 Dec 3-6; Atlanta, Georgia. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(19 Suppl):Abstract nr A14.
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Pishas KI, Drenberg CD, Taslim C, Theisen ER, Johnson KM, Saund RS, Pop IL, Crompton BD, Lawlor ER, Tirode F, Mora J, Delattre O, Beckerle MC, Callen DF, Sharma S, Lessnick SL. Therapeutic Targeting of KDM1A/LSD1 in Ewing Sarcoma with SP-2509 Engages the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1902-1916. [PMID: 29997151 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multi-agent chemotherapeutic regimes remain the cornerstone treatment for Ewing sarcoma, the second most common bone malignancy diagnosed in pediatric and young adolescent populations. We have reached a therapeutic ceiling with conventional cytotoxic agents, highlighting the need to adopt novel approaches that specifically target the drivers of Ewing sarcoma oncogenesis. As KDM1A/lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is highly expressed in Ewing sarcoma cell lines and tumors, with elevated expression levels associated with worse overall survival (P = 0.033), this study has examined biomarkers of sensitivity and mechanisms of cytotoxicity to targeted KDM1A inhibition using SP-2509 (reversible KDM1A inhibitor). We report, that innate resistance to SP-2509 was not observed in our Ewing sarcoma cell line cohort (n = 17; IC50 range, 81 -1,593 nmol/L), in contrast resistance to the next-generation KDM1A irreversible inhibitor GSK-LSD1 was observed across multiple cell lines (IC50 > 300 μmol/L). Although TP53/STAG2/CDKN2A status and basal KDM1A mRNA and protein levels did not correlate with SP-2509 response, induction of KDM1B following SP-2509 treatment was strongly associated with SP-2509 hypersensitivity. We show that the transcriptional profile driven by SP-2509 strongly mirrors KDM1A genetic depletion. Mechanistically, RNA-seq analysis revealed that SP-2509 imparts robust apoptosis through engagement of the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. In addition, ETS1/HIST1H2BM were specifically induced/repressed, respectively following SP-2509 treatment only in our hypersensitive cell lines. Together, our findings provide key insights into the mechanisms of SP-2509 cytotoxicity as well as biomarkers that can be used to predict KDM1A inhibitor sensitivity in Ewing sarcoma. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(9); 1902-16. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen I Pishas
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Christina D Drenberg
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Cenny Taslim
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Emily R Theisen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kirsten M Johnson
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ranajeet S Saund
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ioana L Pop
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Brian D Crompton
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth R Lawlor
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Franck Tirode
- Univ Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon, Centre Leon Berard, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jaume Mora
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olivier Delattre
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Service de Genetique, Pole de Medecine Diagnostique et Theranostique, Unité de Génétique Somatique, Paris, France
| | - Mary C Beckerle
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - David F Callen
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sunil Sharma
- TGen Clinical Sciences, Applied Cancer Research and Drug Discovery, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Stephen L Lessnick
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio. .,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplant, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Pishas KI, Sharma S, Lessnick SL. Abstract 910: Mechanisms of Ewing sarcoma resistance to LSD1 inhibition. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Given the modest efficacy of current sarcoma therapeutic modalities, there is a major unmet clinical need for the translation of novel agents to tackle the burden of Ewing sarcoma (pediatric and young adolescent bone cancer). We have recently shown that therapeutic targeting of LSD1, a highly expressed lysine specific demethylase, with the reversible small molecule inhibitor SP-2509, comprehensively disrupts the global transcriptional function of EWS-FLI, and significantly impairs the growth of Ewing sarcoma cell lines both in vitro and in vivo. Prior to clinical trial evaluation, the goal of this study was to elucidate mechanisms of Ewing sarcoma SP-2509 drug resistance.
In order to investigate SP-2509 resistance, A673 Ewing sarcoma cells were cultured in escalating concentrations of SP-2509 for 8 months. Cell Titer Glo analysis revealed that these SP-2509 drug resistant (DR) cells were 54.9 fold more resistant to SP-2509 compared to parental A673 cells (72hr IC50 0.138μM versus 7.586μM). SP-2509 DR cells also exhibited a significant decrease in their ability to form anchorage-independent colonies in soft agar. Whole exome (250X coverage) and RNA seq analysis of parental and SP-2509 DR A673 cells revealed 25 drug induced mutations, with 88% of the whole cell population harboring a Glu53* stop-gain mutation in MRPL45 (mitochondrial ribosomal protein L45). In addition, SP-2509 DR cells displayed a distinct transcriptomic profile, with 3250/2376 genes significantly up/down regulated (≥1.5 fold) in SP-2509 DR cells compared to parental controls. KEGG Pathway analysis revealed that the genes were highly enriched for hepatic stellate cell activation/interferon signaling and cholesterol biosynthesis respectively. Lastly, SP-2509 DR cells were shown to be equally sensitive to etoposide, resistant to vincristine/doxorubicin and surprisingly more sensitive to the HDAC inhibitors vorinostat and entinostat compared to parental A673 cells.
Together, our preliminary findings provide key insights into the mechanisms of SP-2509 drug resistance, information of which can be used to find combinatorial agents that can potentially be used to circumvent resistant clones to achieve maximal therapeutic effect.
Citation Format: Kathleen I. Pishas, Sunil Sharma, Stephen L. Lessnick. Mechanisms of Ewing sarcoma resistance to LSD1 inhibition [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 910.
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Gorthi A, Romero JC, Loranc E, Cao L, Lawrence LA, Goodale E, Iniguez AB, Bernard X, Masamsetti VP, Roston S, Lawlor ER, Toretsky JA, Stegmaier K, Lessnick SL, Chen Y, Bishop AJR. Author Correction: EWS-FLI1 increases transcription to cause R-loops and block BRCA1 repair in Ewing sarcoma. Nature 2018; 559:E11. [PMID: 29950716 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this Letter, the sentence beginning "This work was funded…." in the Acknowledgements should have read "CPRIT (RP140105) to J.C.R." rather than "CPRIT (RP150445) to J.C.R." This error has been corrected online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Gorthi
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA.,Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA
| | - July Carolina Romero
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA.,Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA
| | - Eva Loranc
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA
| | - Lin Cao
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA
| | - Liesl A Lawrence
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA.,Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA
| | - Elicia Goodale
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA
| | - Amanda Balboni Iniguez
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA.,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Xavier Bernard
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA.,Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA
| | - V Pragathi Masamsetti
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA
| | - Sydney Roston
- Departments of Oncology and Pediatrics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Lawlor
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Toretsky
- Departments of Oncology and Pediatrics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Kimberly Stegmaier
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA.,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Stephen L Lessnick
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, 43205, USA
| | - Yidong Chen
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA.,Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA
| | - Alexander J R Bishop
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA. .,Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA. .,Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA.
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Gorthi A, Romero JC, Loranc E, Cao L, Lawrence LA, Goodale E, Iniguez AB, Bernard X, Masamsetti VP, Roston S, Lawlor ER, Toretsky JA, Stegmaier K, Lessnick SL, Chen Y, Bishop AJR. EWS-FLI1 increases transcription to cause R-loops and block BRCA1 repair in Ewing sarcoma. Nature 2018. [PMID: 29513652 DOI: 10.1038/nature25748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is an aggressive paediatric cancer of the bone and soft tissue. It results from a chromosomal translocation, predominantly t(11;22)(q24:q12), that fuses the N-terminal transactivation domain of the constitutively expressed EWSR1 protein with the C-terminal DNA binding domain of the rarely expressed FLI1 protein. Ewing sarcoma is highly sensitive to genotoxic agents such as etoposide, but the underlying molecular basis of this sensitivity is unclear. Here we show that Ewing sarcoma cells display alterations in regulation of damage-induced transcription, accumulation of R-loops and increased replication stress. In addition, homologous recombination is impaired in Ewing sarcoma owing to an enriched interaction between BRCA1 and the elongating transcription machinery. Finally, we uncover a role for EWSR1 in the transcriptional response to damage, suppressing R-loops and promoting homologous recombination. Our findings improve the current understanding of EWSR1 function, elucidate the mechanistic basis of the sensitivity of Ewing sarcoma to chemotherapy (including PARP1 inhibitors) and highlight a class of BRCA-deficient-like tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Gorthi
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.,Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - July Carolina Romero
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.,Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Eva Loranc
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Lin Cao
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Liesl A Lawrence
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.,Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Elicia Goodale
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Amanda Balboni Iniguez
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Xavier Bernard
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.,Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - V Pragathi Masamsetti
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Sydney Roston
- Departments of Oncology and Pediatrics, Georgetown University, Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Lawlor
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Toretsky
- Departments of Oncology and Pediatrics, Georgetown University, Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Kimberly Stegmaier
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Stephen L Lessnick
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
| | - Yidong Chen
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.,Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Alexander J R Bishop
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.,Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.,Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
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Gardiner JD, Abegglen LM, Huang X, Carter BE, Schackmann EA, Stucki M, Paxton CN, Lor Randall R, Amatruda JF, Putnam AR, Kovar H, Lessnick SL, Schiffman JD. C/EBPβ-1 promotes transformation and chemoresistance in Ewing sarcoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:26013-26026. [PMID: 28148901 PMCID: PMC5432234 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CEBPB copy number gain in Ewing sarcoma was previously shown to be associated with worse clinical outcome compared to tumors with normal CEBPB copy number, although the mechanism was not characterized. We employed gene knockdown and rescue assays to explore the consequences of altered CEBPB gene expression in Ewing sarcoma cell lines. Knockdown of EWS-FLI1 expression led to a decrease in expression of all three C/EBPβ isoforms while re-expression of EWS-FLI1 rescued C/EBPβ expression. Overexpression of C/EBPβ-1, the largest of the three C/EBPβ isoforms, led to a significant increase in colony formation when cells were grown in soft agar compared to empty vector transduced cells. In addition, depletion of C/EBPβ decreased colony formation, and re-expression of either C/EBPβ-1 or C/EBPβ-2 rescued the phenotype. We identified the cancer stem cell marker ALDH1A1 as a target of C/EBPβ in Ewing sarcoma. Furthermore, increased expression of C/EBPβ led to resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. In summary, we have identified CEBPB as an oncogene in Ewing sarcoma. Overexpression of C/EBPβ-1 increases transformation, upregulates expression of the cancer stem cell marker ALDH1A1, and leads to chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie D Gardiner
- Department of Pediatrics, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lisa M Abegglen
- Department of Pediatrics, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Xiaomeng Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Bryce E Carter
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Marcus Stucki
- Department of Pediatrics, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Christian N Paxton
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology®, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - R Lor Randall
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sarcoma Services, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - James F Amatruda
- Department of Pediatrics, Internal Medicine and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Angelica R Putnam
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Heinrich Kovar
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephen L Lessnick
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the Division of Pediatric Heme/Onc/BMT, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joshua D Schiffman
- Department of Pediatrics, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Johnson KM, Taslim C, Saund RS, Lessnick SL. Identification of two types of GGAA-microsatellites and their roles in EWS/FLI binding and gene regulation in Ewing sarcoma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186275. [PMID: 29091716 PMCID: PMC5665490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a bone malignancy of children and young adults, frequently harboring the EWS/FLI chromosomal translocation. The resulting fusion protein is an aberrant transcription factor that uses highly repetitive GGAA-containing elements (microsatellites) to activate and repress thousands of target genes mediating oncogenesis. However, the mechanisms of EWS/FLI interaction with microsatellites and regulation of target gene expression is not clearly understood. Here, we profile genome-wide protein binding and gene expression. Using a combination of unbiased genome-wide computational and experimental analysis, we define GGAA-microsatellites in a Ewing sarcoma context. We identify two distinct classes of GGAA-microsatellites and demonstrate that EWS/FLI responsiveness is dependent on microsatellite length. At close range “promoter-like” microsatellites, EWS/FLI binding and subsequent target gene activation is highly dependent on number of GGAA-motifs. “Enhancer-like” microsatellites demonstrate length-dependent EWS/FLI binding, but minimal correlation for activated and none for repressed targets. Our data suggest EWS/FLI binds to “promoter-like” and “enhancer-like” microsatellites to mediate activation and repression of target genes through different regulatory mechanisms. Such characterization contributes valuable insight to EWS/FLI transcription factor biology and clarifies the role of GGAA-microsatellites on a global genomic scale. This may provide unique perspective on the role of non-coding DNA in cancer susceptibility and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M. Johnson
- The Medical Scientist Training Program and the Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Cenny Taslim
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ranajeet S. Saund
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Stephen L. Lessnick
- The Medical Scientist Training Program and the Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tanner JM, Bensard C, Wei P, Krah NM, Schell JC, Gardiner J, Schiffman J, Lessnick SL, Rutter J. EWS/FLI is a Master Regulator of Metabolic Reprogramming in Ewing Sarcoma. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:1517-1530. [PMID: 28720588 PMCID: PMC5668171 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a bone malignancy driven by a translocation event resulting in the fusion protein EWS/FLI1 (EF). EF functions as an aberrant and oncogenic transcription factor that misregulates the expression of thousands of genes. Previous work has focused principally on determining important transcriptional targets of EF, as well as characterizing important regulatory partnerships in EF-dependent transcriptional programs. Less is known, however, about EF-dependent metabolic changes or their role in Ewing sarcoma biology. Therefore, the metabolic effects of silencing EF in Ewing sarcoma cells were determined. Metabolomic analyses revealed distinct separation of metabolic profiles in EF-knockdown versus control-knockdown cells. Mitochondrial stress tests demonstrated that knockdown of EF increased respiratory as well as glycolytic functions. Enzymes and metabolites in several metabolic pathways were altered, including de novo serine synthesis and elements of one-carbon metabolism. Furthermore, phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) was found to be highly expressed in Ewing sarcoma and correlated with worse patient survival. PHGDH knockdown or pharmacologic inhibition in vitro caused impaired proliferation and cell death. Interestingly, PHGDH modulation also led to elevated histone expression and methylation. These studies demonstrate that the translocation-derived fusion protein EF is a master regulator of metabolic reprogramming in Ewing sarcoma, diverting metabolites toward biosynthesis. As such, these data suggest that the metabolic aberrations induced by EF are important contributors to the oncogenic biology of these tumors.Implications: This previously unexplored role of EWS/FLI1-driven metabolic changes expands the understanding of Ewing sarcoma biology, and has potential to significantly inform development of therapeutic strategies. Mol Cancer Res; 15(11); 1517-30. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Tanner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Claire Bensard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Peng Wei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Nathan M Krah
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - John C Schell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jamie Gardiner
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Joshua Schiffman
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Stephen L Lessnick
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jared Rutter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Luo W, Xu C, Ayello J, Dela Cruz F, Rosenblum JM, Lessnick SL, Cairo MS. Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1A in ewing sarcoma tumorigenesis and metastasis. Oncogene 2017; 37:798-809. [PMID: 29059150 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase inhibitors are often considered as tumor promoters. Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1A (PPP1R1A) is a potent protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) inhibitor; however, its role in tumor development is largely undefined. Here we characterize, for the first time, the functions of PPP1R1A in Ewing sarcoma (ES) pathogenesis. We found that PPP1R1A is one of the top ranked target genes of EWS/FLI, the master regulator of ES, and is upregulated by EWS/FLI via a GGAA microsatellite enhancer element. Depletion of PPP1R1A resulted in a significant decrease in oncogenic transformation and cell migration in vitro as well as xenograft tumor growth and metastasis in an orthotopic mouse model. RNA-sequencing and functional annotation analyses revealed that PPP1R1A regulates genes associated with various cellular functions including cell junction, adhesion and neurogenesis. Interestingly, we found a significant overlap of PPP1R1A-regulated gene set with that of ZEB2 and EWS, which regulates metastasis and neuronal differentiation in ES, respectively. Further studies for characterization of the molecular mechanisms revealed that activation of PPP1R1A by PKA phosphorylation at Thr35, and subsequent PP1 binding and inhibition, was required for PPP1R1A-mediated tumorigenesis and metastasis, likely by increasing the phosphorylation levels of various PP1 substrates. Furthermore, we found that a PKA inhibitor impaired ES cell proliferation, tumor growth and metastasis, which was rescued by the constitutively active PPP1R1A. Together, these results offered new insights into the role and mechanism of PPP1R1A in tumor development and identified an important kinase and phosphatase pathway, PKA/PPP1R1A/PP1, in ES pathogenesis. Our findings strongly suggest a potential therapeutic value of inhibition of the PKA/PPP1R1A/PP1 pathway in the treatment of primary and metastatic ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Luo
- Departments of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Departments of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - C Xu
- James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - J Ayello
- Departments of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - F Dela Cruz
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - J M Rosenblum
- Departments of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - S L Lessnick
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - M S Cairo
- Departments of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Departments of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Departments of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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Luo W, Xu C, Ayello J, Cruz FDL, Rosenblum J, Lessnick SL, Cairo MS. Abstract 5817: Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1A promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis in Ewing sarcoma. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-5817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a highly invasive and metastatic pediatric soft tissue and bone tumor. Children with metastatic ES have a cure rate of less than 30% (De loris MA et al, 2013). Novel and specific therapeutic targets are urgently needed. ES is characterized by the oncogenic fusions, mostly EWS/FLI, which functions as an aberrant transcription factor to deregulate downstream targets and mediate ES pathogenesis. By comparing genes dysregulated by EWS/FLI across multiple model systems (Niedan S et al, 2014; Sankar S et al, 2013; Tirode F et al, 2007), we identified protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1A (PPP1R1A), a potent protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) inhibitor upon PKA phosphorylation, as one of the core EWS/FLI targets (Luo W et al, 2016).
Objective: In the current study, we seek to define the role of PPP1R1A in ES pathogenesis.
Methods: Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and luciferase reporter assays were performed to investigate transcriptional regulation of PPP1R1A by EWS/FLI. In vitro functional assays and orthotopic injections in immune-deficient mice were conducted to investigate the effect of PPP1R1A on ES oncogenic transformation and cell migration, and tumorigenesis and metastasis, respectively. High-throughput sequencing and functional annotation were utilized to identify PPP1R1A regulated genes and cellular functions. Drug treatment was performed to test the effect of PKA inhibitors on ES cell proliferation and tumor development.
Results: We found that PPP1R1A is directly up-regulated by EWS/FLI via a GGAA microsatellite enhancer element. Depletion of PPP1R1A caused a significant decrease in oncogenic transformation (p<0.05) and cell migration (p=0.009) in vitro and limited xenograft tumor growth (p=0.0009) and metastasis (p=0.009) in vivo. We also discovered that PPP1R1A regulates genes involved in various cellular processes including acting binding, cell adhesion, and differentiation. Interestingly, PPP1R1A regulated gene set significantly overlap with that of ZEB2 (p=2.67246E-33) and EWS (p=1.2559E-45), which regulates metastasis and neuronal differentiation in ES, respectively. Further, we demonstrated that PKA phosphorylation and activation of PPP1R1A, and subsequent PP1 binding and inhibition by activated PPP1R1A, is required for PPP1R1A mediated ES pathogenesis, likely by increasing the phosphorylation level of various PP1 substrates, such as RB and CREB, which are critical for fundamental cellular functions including proliferation and differentiation. Consistently, we found that PKA inhibitors impaired ES cell proliferation and xenograft tumor growth and metastasis.
Conclusion: Collectively, we identified an essential kinase and phosphatase pathway, PKA/PPP1R1A/PP1, that plays a critical role in ES tumorigenesis and metastasis, and thus is a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of primary and metastatic ES.
Citation Format: Wen Luo, Changxin Xu, Janet Ayello, Filemon De La Cruz, Jeremy Rosenblum, Stephen L. Lessnick, Mitchell S. Cairo. Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1A promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis in Ewing sarcoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5817. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5817
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Luo
- 1New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Changxin Xu
- 2James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY
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Johnson KM, Taslim C, Lessnick SL. Abstract 3509: EWS/FLI regulates transcriptional activation via length-dependent GGAA microsatellites. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-3509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate how EWS/FLI transcriptionally activates gene targets via polymorphic GGAA microsatellites. Ewing Sarcoma is a pediatric bone malignancy initiated by a t(11;22) chromosomal translocation that produces the EWS/FLI oncoprotein. EWS/FLI transcriptionally activates and represses its target genes to mediate oncogenic reprogramming. Expression of its up-regulated targets correlates with EWS/FLI binding to associated GGAA microsatellites, which show length polymorphisms. These microsatellite polymorphisms may critically affect EWS/FLI-responsiveness of key gene targets. For example, NR0B1 is necessary for EWS/FLI mediated oncogenic transformation, and we found a “sweet-spot” of 20-25 repeat length as optimal for EWS/FLI mediated transcriptional activity at NR0B1 through clinical observation and in vitro studies. The mechanism underlying this optimal length is unknown.
Methods: We explored the stoichiometry and binding affinity of EWS/FLI for different repeat lengths through biochemical studies, including fluorescence polarization, and immunoprecipitation assays, combined with bioinformatics analysis. Additionally, use of EWS/FLI mutant constructs has been critical for elucidating particular binding behavior of EWS/FLI at different microsatellite repeat lengths.
Results: Fluorescence anisotropy studies demonstrate that FLI binding affinity is independent of GGAA microsatellite length. In contrast, the stoichiometry of protein to DNA binding increases in specific incremental patterns with increasing microsatellite repeats. EWS/FLI mutants inform on binding, suggesting a complex relationship between microsatellite length and transcriptional activity.
Conclusion: Overall our data suggests a model in which the DNA binding domain of multiple FLI monomers function as independent binding units to facilitate transcriptional activity in a length-dependent manner. The EWS portion appears to be critical for in vivo binding of genomic DNA globally. We propose that GGAA microsatellites are necessary and sufficient for EWS/FLI-mediated oncogenic transformation and that repeat length affects optimal DNA binding stoichiometry and transcriptional activity.
Citation Format: Kirsten M. Johnson, Cenny Taslim, Stephen L. Lessnick. EWS/FLI regulates transcriptional activation via length-dependent GGAA microsatellites [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3509. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3509
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Theisen ER, Pishas KI, Saund RS, Lessnick SL. Therapeutic opportunities in Ewing sarcoma: EWS-FLI inhibition via LSD1 targeting. Oncotarget 2017; 7:17616-30. [PMID: 26848860 PMCID: PMC4951237 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is an aggressive primary pediatric bone tumor, often diagnosed in adolescents and young adults. A pathognomonic reciprocal chromosomal translocation results in a fusion gene coding for a protein which derives its N-terminus from a FUS/EWS/TAF15 (FET) protein family member, commonly EWS, and C-terminus containing the DNA-binding domain of an ETS transcription factor, commonly FLI1. Nearly 85% of cases express the EWS-FLI protein which functions as a transcription factor and drives oncogenesis. As the primary genomic lesion and a protein which is not expressed in normal cells, disrupting EWS-FLI function is an attractive therapeutic strategy for Ewing sarcoma. However, transcription factors are notoriously difficult targets for the development of small molecules. Improved understanding of the oncogenic mechanisms employed by EWS-FLI to hijack normal cellular programming has uncovered potential novel approaches to pharmacologically block EWS-FLI function. In this review we examine targeting the chromatin regulatory enzymes recruited to conspire in oncogenesis with a focus on the histone lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1). LSD1 inhibitors are being aggressively investigated in acute myeloid leukemia and the results of early clinical trials will help inform the future use of LSD1 inhibitors in sarcoma. High LSD1 expression is observed in Ewing sarcoma patient samples and mechanistic and preclinical data suggest LSD1 inhibition globally disrupts the function of EWS-ETS proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Theisen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kathleen I Pishas
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ranajeet S Saund
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephen L Lessnick
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplant at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Cash T, McIlvaine E, Krailo MD, Lessnick SL, Lawlor ER, Laack N, Sorger J, Marina N, Grier HE, Granowetter L, Womer RB, DuBois SG. Comparison of clinical features and outcomes in patients with extraskeletal versus skeletal localized Ewing sarcoma: A report from the Children's Oncology Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:1771-9. [PMID: 27297500 PMCID: PMC4995129 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic significance of having extraskeletal (EES) versus skeletal Ewing sarcoma (ES) in the setting of modern chemotherapy protocols is unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical characteristics, biologic features, and outcomes for patients with EES and skeletal ES. METHODS Patients had localized ES and were treated on two consecutive protocols using five-drug chemotherapy (INT-0154 and AEWS0031). Patients were analyzed based on having an extraskeletal (n = 213) or skeletal (n = 826) site of tumor origin. Event-free survival (EFS) was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, compared using the log-rank test, and modeled using Cox multivariate regression. RESULTS Patients with extraskeletal ES (EES) were more likely to have axial tumors (72% vs. 55%; P < 0.001), less likely to have tumors >8 cm (9% vs. 17%; P < 0.01), and less likely to be white (81% vs. 87%; P < 0.001) compared to patients with skeletal ES. There was no difference in key genomic features (type of EWSR1 translocation, TP53 mutation, CDKN2A mutation/loss) between groups. After controlling for age, race, and primary site, EES was associated with superior EFS (hazard ratio = 0.69; 95% confidence interval: 0.50-0.95; P = 0.02). Among patients with EES, age ≥18, nonwhite race, and elevated baseline erythrocyte sedimentation rate were independently associated with inferior EFS. CONCLUSION Clinical characteristics, but not key tumor genomic features, differ between EES and skeletal ES. Extraskeletal origin is a favorable prognostic factor, independent of age, race, and primary site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cash
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Health Sciences Research Building, Brumley Bridge, 3 Floor, W-350, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Elizabeth McIlvaine
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N Soto Street, SSB 210C, MC 9234, Los Angeles, CA 90032
| | - Mark D. Krailo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N Soto Street, SSB 210C, MC 9234, Los Angeles, CA 90032
| | - Stephen L. Lessnick
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders at Nationwide Children’s Hospital and the Division of Hematology, Oncology and BMT at The Ohio State University, 700 Children’s Drive, WA5011, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Elizabeth R. Lawlor
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, D4204 Med Prof Building Box 5718, 1500 East Med Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5718
| | - Nadia Laack
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Joel Sorger
- Department of Orthopedics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, ML 2017, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Neyssa Marina
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucille Packard Children’s Hospital at Stanford, 1000 Welch Rd., Suite 300, Mail Code 5798, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1812
| | - Holcombe E. Grier
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Boston/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Linda Granowetter
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU School of Medicine and NYU Langone Medical Center, 160 East 32nd Street, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10016
| | - Richard B. Womer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 324 South 34th St, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Steven G. DuBois
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF School of Medicine and UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94158
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Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is an aggressive, poorly differentiated neoplasm of solid bone that disproportionally afflicts the young. Despite intensive multi-modal therapy and valiant efforts, 70% of patients with relapsed and metastatic Ewing sarcoma will succumb to their disease. The persistent failure to improve overall survival for this subset of patients highlights the urgent need for rapid translation of novel therapeutic strategies. As Ewing sarcoma is associated with a paucity of mutations in readily targetable signal transduction pathways, targeting the key genetic aberration and master regulator of Ewing sarcoma, the EWS/ETS fusion, remains an important goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen I Pishas
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stephen L Lessnick
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplant, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Osgood CL, Maloney N, Kidd CG, Kitchen-Goosen S, Segars L, Gebregiorgis M, Woldemichael GM, He M, Sankar S, Lessnick SL, Kang M, Smith M, Turner L, Madaj ZB, Winn ME, Núñez LE, González-Sabín J, Helman LJ, Morís F, Grohar PJ. Identification of Mithramycin Analogues with Improved Targeting of the EWS-FLI1 Transcription Factor. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4105-18. [PMID: 26979396 PMCID: PMC4987166 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study was to identify second-generation mithramycin analogues that better target the EWS-FLI1 transcription factor for Ewing sarcoma. We previously established mithramycin as an EWS-FLI1 inhibitor, but the compound's toxicity prevented its use at effective concentrations in patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We screened a panel of mithralogs to establish their ability to inhibit EWS-FLI1 in Ewing sarcoma. We compared the IC50 with the MTD established in mice to determine the relationship between efficacy and toxicity. We confirmed the suppression of EWS-FLI1 at the promoter, mRNA, gene signature, and protein levels. We established an improved therapeutic window by using time-lapse microscopy to model the effects on cellular proliferation in Ewing sarcoma cells relative to HepG2 control cells. Finally, we established an improved therapeutic window using a xenograft model of Ewing sarcoma. RESULTS EC-8105 was found to be the most potent analogue and was able to suppress EWS-FLI1 activity at concentrations nontoxic to other cell types. EC-8042 was substantially less toxic than mithramycin in multiple species but maintained suppression of EWS-FLI1 at similar concentrations. Both compounds markedly suppressed Ewing sarcoma xenograft growth and inhibited EWS-FLI1 in vivo CONCLUSIONS These results provide a basis for the continued development of EC-8042 and EC-8105 as EWS-FLI1 inhibitors for the clinic. Clin Cancer Res; 22(16); 4105-18. ©2016 AACR.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Mice
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/antagonists & inhibitors
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Plicamycin/pharmacology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Proto-Oncogene Protein c-fli-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Protein c-fli-1/metabolism
- RNA-Binding Protein EWS/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA-Binding Protein EWS/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Ewing/drug therapy
- Sarcoma, Ewing/genetics
- Sarcoma, Ewing/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Ewing/mortality
- Transcription Factors
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy L Osgood
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nichole Maloney
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Christopher G Kidd
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Laura Segars
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Meti Gebregiorgis
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Girma M Woldemichael
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Laboratory, Inc., Molecular Targets Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Min He
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Savita Sankar
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Stephen L Lessnick
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Min Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Science Center, School of Medicine, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Malcolm Smith
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland. Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lisa Turner
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | | | - Mary E Winn
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | | | | | - Lee J Helman
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Patrick J Grohar
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan. Helen De Vos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, Michigan. Department of Pediatrics, Michigan State University School of Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan.
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Sankar S, Bell R, Stephens B, Zhuo R, Sharma S, Bearss DJ, Lessnick SL. Erratum: Mechanism and relevance of EWS/FLI-mediated transcriptional repression in Ewing sarcoma. Oncogene 2016; 35:6155-6156. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Johnson KM, Gangwal K, Robertson J, Cheatham TE, Lessnick SL. Abstract A34: EWS/FLI regulates transcriptional activation in Ewing sarcoma via length dependent GGAA microsatellites. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.pedca15-a34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate how EWS/FLI transcriptionally activates gene targets via polymorphic GGAA microsatellites. Ewing Sarcoma is a pediatric bone malignancy initiated by a t(11;22) chromosomal translocation that produces the EWS/FLI oncoprotein. EWS/FLI transcriptionally activates and represses its target genes to mediate oncogenic reprogramming. Expression of its up-regulated targets correlates with EWS/FLI binding to associated GGAA microsatellites. These microsatellites show length polymorphisms, suggesting that microsatellite polymorphisms may have critical effects on EWS/FLI-responsiveness of key gene targets. For example, NR0B1 is necessary for EWS/FLI mediated oncogenic transformation, and we found a “sweet-spot” of 24-25 repeat length as optimal for EWS/FLI mediated transcriptional activity at NR0B1. The mechanism underlying this optimal length is unknown. We therefore explored the stoichiometry and binding affinity of EWS/FLI for different repeat lengths through biochemical studies combined with molecular modeling simulation. Our data demonstrate a complex relationship between microsatellite length and transcriptional activity. Fluorescence anisotropy studies demonstrate that FLI binding affinity is independent of GGAA microsatellite length. In contrast, the stoichiometry of protein to DNA binding increases in specific incremental patterns with increasing microsatellite repeats. Gel shift binding assays elucidate the minimal microsatellite length critical for binding. Overall our data suggests a model in which the DNA binding domain of multiple monomers of FLI function as independent binding units to facilitate transcriptional activity in a length-dependent fashion. We propose that GGAA microsatellites are necessary and sufficient for EWS/FLI-mediated oncogenic transformation and that repeat length affects optimal DNA binding stoichiometry and transcriptional activity.
Citation Format: Kirsten M. Johnson, Kunal Gangwal, James Robertson, Thomas E. Cheatham, Stephen L. Lessnick. EWS/FLI regulates transcriptional activation in Ewing sarcoma via length dependent GGAA microsatellites. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Pediatric Cancer Research: From Mechanisms and Models to Treatment and Survivorship; 2015 Nov 9-12; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(5 Suppl):Abstract nr A34.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M. Johnson
- 1The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH,
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Vo KT, Edwards JV, Epling CL, Sinclair E, Hawkins DS, Grier HE, Janeway KA, Barnette P, McIlvaine E, Krailo MD, Barkauskas DA, Matthay KK, Womer RB, Gorlick RG, Lessnick SL, Mackall CL, DuBois SG. Impact of Two Measures of Micrometastatic Disease on Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Ewing Sarcoma: A Report from the Children's Oncology Group. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:3643-50. [PMID: 26861456 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Flow cytometry and RT-PCR can detect occult Ewing sarcoma cells in the blood and bone marrow. These techniques were used to evaluate the prognostic significance of micrometastatic disease in Ewing sarcoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Newly diagnosed patients with Ewing sarcoma were enrolled on two prospective multicenter studies. In the flow cytometry cohort, patients were defined as "positive" for bone marrow micrometastatic disease if their CD99(+)/CD45(-) values were above the upper limit in 22 control patients. In the PCR cohort, RT-PCR on blood or bone marrow samples classified the patients as "positive" or "negative" for EWSR1/FLI1 translocations. The association between micrometastatic disease burden with clinical features and outcome was assessed. Coexpression of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) on detected tumor cells was performed in a subset of flow cytometry samples. RESULTS The median total bone marrow CD99(+)CD45(-) percent was 0.0012% (range 0%-1.10%) in the flow cytometry cohort, with 14 of 109 (12.8%) of Ewing sarcoma patients defined as "positive." In the PCR cohort, 19.6% (44/225) patients were "positive" for any EWSR1/FLI1 translocation in blood or bone marrow. There were no differences in baseline clinical features or event-free or overall survival between patients classified as "positive" versus "negative" by either method. CD99(+)CD45(-) cells had significantly higher IGF-1R expression compared with CD45(+) hematopoietic cells (mean geometric mean fluorescence intensity 982.7 vs. 190.9; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The detection of micrometastatic disease at initial diagnosis by flow cytometry or RT-PCR is not associated with outcome in newly diagnosed patients with Ewing sarcoma. Flow cytometry provides a tool to characterize occult micrometastatic tumor cells for proteins of interest. Clin Cancer Res; 22(14); 3643-50. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieuhoa T Vo
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Jeremy V Edwards
- Department of Pediatrics, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - C Lorrie Epling
- Division of Experimental Medicine Core Immunology Laboratory, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Elizabeth Sinclair
- Division of Experimental Medicine Core Immunology Laboratory, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Douglas S Hawkins
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Holcombe E Grier
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katherine A Janeway
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Phillip Barnette
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Center for Children's Cancer Research, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Elizabeth McIlvaine
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mark D Krailo
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Donald A Barkauskas
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Katherine K Matthay
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Richard B Womer
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Richard G Gorlick
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Stephen L Lessnick
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders at Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Division of Hematology, Oncology, and BMT at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Crystal L Mackall
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Steven G DuBois
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California.
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Abegglen LM, Gardiner JD, Mason CC, Carter BE, Schackmann EA, Stucki M, Putnam AR, Randall RL, Kovar H, Lessnick SL, Schiffman JD. Abstract 483: Functional validation of CEBPB as an oncogenic target of EWS-FLI1 in Ewing sarcoma. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We previously identified increased copies of CEBPB in a subset of Ewing sarcoma (ES) tumors, and this gain was associated with worse clinical outcome. Due to CEBPB's role in cell growth and differentiation, as well as the gene's ability to transform normal mammary epithelial cells, we hypothesized that CEBPB acts as an oncogene in ES by increasing cell proliferation and transformation. To address this hypothesis, we altered gene expression using viral gene delivery systems in ES cell lines. First, we tested if CEBPB is a target of the EWS-FLI1 fusion protein using a FLI1 shRNA to knockdown EWS-FLI1 in an ES cell line (A673), followed by re-expression of the fusion gene. We then measured expression of the three C/EBPβ (protein) isoforms by western blot. Knockdown of EWS-FLI1 expression led to decreased protein expression of all three C/EBPβ isoforms. Re-expression of EWS-FLI1 rescued C/EBPβ protein expression, suggesting that C/EBPβ is a target of EWS-FLI1. To explore the functional consequence of altered expression of CEBPB, we transduced ES cell lines to knockdown, overexpress, and rescue C/EBPβ. Changes in protein expression were confirmed by western blot. Following transduction and antibiotic selection, cell proliferation and colony formation were measured by quantification of cellular ATP (Cell Titer Glo, Promega). Overexpression of C/EBPβ-1, the largest of the three C/EBPβ isoforms, led to a significant (p<0.005) increase in colony formation when cells were grown in soft agar compared to empty vector transduced cells. In addition, knockdown of C/EBPβ decreased colony formation (p<0.05), and re-expression of either C/EBPβ-1 (p<0.0001) or C/EBPβ-2 (p<0.005) rescued the phenotype. To identify downstream targets of C/EBPβ we measured changes in protein expression by western blot of potential CEBPB targets in cells with overexpression of each C/EBPβ isoform. Overexpression of C/EBPβ-1 and CEBPβ-2 led to increased protein expression of ALDH1A1. In addition, overexpression of C/EBPβ-1 and C/EBPβ-2 led to resistance to chemotherapeutic agents similar to previous reports of chemoresistance for ES cells that overexpressed ALDH. In conclusion, the increased transformation potential of ES cells that overexpress either C/EBPβ-1 or C/EBPβ-2 indicates that CEBPB is an oncogenic target of EWS-FLI1. Poor outcome for patients with CEBPB amplifications may result from chemoresistance mediated by increased expression of ALDH1A1. In addition, increased expression of ALDH may suggest that overexpression of C/EBPβ in ES tumors induces a stem cell like state. Patients with CEBPB amplifications may benefit from pretreatment with ALDH inhibitors prior to chemotherapy.
Citation Format: Lisa M. Abegglen, Jamie D. Gardiner, Clinton C. Mason, Bryce E. Carter, Elizabeth A. Schackmann, Marcus Stucki, Angelica R. Putnam, R Lor Randall, Heinrich Kovar, Stephen L. Lessnick, Joshua D. Schiffman. Functional validation of CEBPB as an oncogenic target of EWS-FLI1 in Ewing sarcoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 483. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-483
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Abegglen
- 1Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Clinton C. Mason
- 1Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | | | - Marcus Stucki
- 1Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - R Lor Randall
- 1Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Heinrich Kovar
- 3Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria
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Cash T, McIlvaine E, Krailo MD, Lessnick SL, Lawlor ER, Laack NN, Sorger J, Marina N, Grier HE, Granowetter L, Womer RB, DuBois SG. Comparison of clinical features and outcomes in patients with extraskeletal versus skeletal localized Ewing sarcoma: A report from the Children’s Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.10051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cash
- Emory Univ/Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joel Sorger
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
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Lerman DM, Monument MJ, McIlvaine E, Liu XQ, Huang D, Monovich L, Beeler N, Gorlick RG, Marina NM, Womer RB, Bridge JA, Krailo MD, Randall RL, Lessnick SL. Tumoral TP53 and/or CDKN2A alterations are not reliable prognostic biomarkers in patients with localized Ewing sarcoma: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62:759-65. [PMID: 25464386 PMCID: PMC4376595 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing collection of retrospective studies have suggested that TP53 mutations and/or CDKN2A deletions have prognostic significance in Ewing sarcoma. We sought to evaluate these variables in patients with localized disease treated prospectively on a single Children's Oncology Group protocol. PROCEDURE Of the 568 patients enrolled on Children's Oncology Group protocol AEWS0031 (NCT00006734), 112 had tumor specimens of sufficient quality and quantity to allow for analysis of TP53 mutations status by DNA sequencing, and CDKN2A deletion by dual color fluorescent in situ hybridization. RESULTS Eight of 93 cases (8.6%) were found to have TP53 point mutations and 12 of 107 cases (11.2%) demonstrated homozygous CDKN2A deletion. Two cases were found to have an alteration in both genes. There was no significant difference in event-free survival of patients with TP53 mutations and/or CDKN2A deletions compared to patients with normal TP53/CDKN2A gene status, as demonstrated by log rank test (p = 0.58). CONCLUSIONS Although previous retrospective studies suggest their significance, TP53 mutation and/or CDKN2A deletion are not reliable prognostic biomarkers in localized Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Lerman
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,Center for Children’s Cancer Research, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Michael J. Monument
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,Center for Children’s Cancer Research, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Elizabeth McIlvaine
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiao-qiong Liu
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NB, USA
| | - Dali Huang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NB, USA
| | - Laura Monovich
- Children’s Oncology Group Biopathology Center, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Natalie Beeler
- Children’s Oncology Group Biopathology Center, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Richard G. Gorlick
- Department of Pediatrics, Montefiore Medical Center, The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Neyssa M. Marina
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Richard B. Womer
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julia A. Bridge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NB, USA
| | - Mark D. Krailo
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R. Lor Randall
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,Center for Children’s Cancer Research, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Stephen L. Lessnick
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,Center for Children’s Cancer Research, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and the Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Zhuo R, Kosak KM, Sankar S, Wiles ET, Sun Y, Zhang J, Prestwich GD, Shami PJ, Lessnick SL, Cairo MS, Luo W. Abstract 3965: Modulating glutathione s-transferase M4 activity for the treatment of Ewing sarcoma. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-3965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a malignant pediatric bone and soft tissue tumor. The prognosis for Ewing sarcoma remains dismal despite of intensive treatments including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Moreover, these unspecific treatments often have severe side effects. We previously reported that Glutathione S-transferase M4 (GSTM4) is a potential specific treatment target for Ewing sarcoma. GSTM4 is required for oncogenic transformation and confers chemotherapeutic drug resistance in Ewing sarcoma cells; high GSTM4 level in primary tumor is correlated with poor patient outcome. Here we further evaluate the efficacy of modulating GSTM4 activity in treating Ewing sarcoma using patient-derived cells and mouse xenograft models. RNA-seq analysis for RNA levels of all GSTs in A673 Ewing sarcoma cells as well as online database searching for GSTM4 RNA level in tumor samples of various sarcomas demonstrate that GSTM4 is specifically highly expressed in Ewing sarcoma. By MTT and soft agar assays, we find that NBDHEX, a GSTM4 inhibitory compound, inhibits cellular proliferation and oncogenic transformation of Ewing sarcoma cells. Furthermore, NBDHEX has a synergistic effect in cytotoxicity with chemotherapeutic drug etoposide. Conversely, a GSTM4-activated anti-cancer agent, JS-K, significantly decreases Ewing sarcoma cell viability (p<0.05). We find that JS-K works through GSTM4 because knockdown of GSTM4 by shRNA in Ewing sarcoma cells significantly decreases their sensitivity to JS-K (p<0.05). Moreover, JS-K significantly decreases Ewing sarcoma xenograft tumor growth in immunodeficient mice (Mantel-Cox test p=0.0002). Next we examine the underlying mechanism of GSTM4 mediated drug resistance and find that GSTM4 interacts with Apoptosis Signal-regulating Kinase 1 (ASK1) and inhibits ASK1 activation of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) mediated apoptosis upon etoposide treatment. Taken together, these data provide further evidence that GSTM4 is a novel therapeutic target for Ewing sarcoma. GSTM4 targeted inhibition by inhibitors or knockdown by RNA interference combined with standard chemotherapeutic regimens are potential treatments more specific and effective for Ewing sarcoma. GSTM4 pro-drugs are promising for treatment of patients with high GSTM4 expression tumors. Our data also suggest that agents intervening of GSTM4/ASK interaction may increase drug sensitivity of Ewing sarcoma cells and tumors and therefore be of therapeutic values.
Citation Format: Rupeng Zhuo, Kenneth M. Kosak, Savita Sankar, Elizabeth T. Wiles, Yin Sun, Jianxing Zhang, Glenn D. Prestwich, Paul J. Shami, Stephen L. Lessnick, Mitchell S. Cairo, Wen Luo. Modulating glutathione s-transferase M4 activity for the treatment of Ewing sarcoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3965. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3965
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupeng Zhuo
- 1Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | | | | | - Yin Sun
- 1Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wen Luo
- 3New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
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Theisen ER, Sankar S, Bearss J, Mulvihill T, Sorna V, Sharma S, Lessnick SL. Abstract 3679: Inhibition of LSD1 disrupts global EWS/ETS transcriptional function in Ewing sarcoma. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-3679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is an aggressive pediatric bone tumor characterized by an absolute reliance on the transcriptional activity of the EWS/ETS family of transcription factor fusion oncoproteins. The most common fusion is EWS/FLI, present in 85-95% of cases, though less common fusions include EWS/ERG, EWS/ETV1, EWS/ETV4 and EWS/FEV. EWS/FLI utilizes lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) as member of the NuRD complex to mediate transcriptional repression of critical tumor suppressors in Ewing sarcoma. LSD1 overexpression has been observed in clinical samples from Ewing sarcoma patients and small molecule blockade of LSD1 using tranylcypromine has been suggested as a therapeutic approach for Ewing sarcoma. We therefore evaluated the effects of LSD1 inhibition with the small molecule inhibitor, HCI-2509, in both in vitro and in vivo models of Ewing sarcoma. HCI-2509 is an LSD1 inhibitor with a Ki of ∼30 nM and multiple Ewing sarcoma cell lines show IC50s in cell viability assays from 500 nM-1 μM. Using RNA-seq, we show that HCI-2509 dramatically reverses both the up- and downregulated transcriptional profiles of both EWS/FLI and EWS/ERG accompanied by the induction of apoptosis and disruption of oncogenic phenotypes modulated by EWS/FLI. We further developed a 9-gene panel based on the RNA-seq data to assess the transcriptional phenotype of HCI-2509 in additional cell lines and showed that it HCI-2509 disrupted both EWS/FLI-activated and -repressed genes similarly across the tested Ewing sarcoma cell lines. HCI-2509 impaired transformation of Ewing sarcoma cell lines in colony forming assays with IC50s from from 25 nM-1 μM. Notably, HCI-2509 displayed single-agent efficacy in multiple xenograft models. We investigated the PK/PD relationship using tumor histone H3K4 and H3K9 methylation. Taken together, these data suggest that epigenetic modulation through LSD1 inhibition may be a therapeutic strategy for Ewing sarcoma, and highlight a critical dual role for LSD1 in the oncogenic transcriptional activity of EWS/ETS proteins.
Citation Format: Emily Rose Theisen, Savita Sankar, Jared Bearss, Timothy Mulvihill, Venkataswamy Sorna, Sunil Sharma, Stephen L. Lessnick. Inhibition of LSD1 disrupts global EWS/ETS transcriptional function in Ewing sarcoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3679. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3679
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Savita Sankar
- University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jared Bearss
- University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | | | - Sunil Sharma
- University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT
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Monument MJ, Johnson KM, McIlvaine E, Abegglen L, Watkins WS, Jorde LB, Womer RB, Beeler N, Monovich L, Lawlor ER, Bridge JA, Schiffman JD, Krailo MD, Randall RL, Lessnick SL. Clinical and biochemical function of polymorphic NR0B1 GGAA-microsatellites in Ewing sarcoma: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104378. [PMID: 25093581 PMCID: PMC4122435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetics involved in Ewing sarcoma susceptibility and prognosis are poorly understood. EWS/FLI and related EWS/ETS chimeras upregulate numerous gene targets via promoter-based GGAA-microsatellite response elements. These microsatellites are highly polymorphic in humans, and preliminary evidence suggests EWS/FLI-mediated gene expression is highly dependent on the number of GGAA motifs within the microsatellite. OBJECTIVES Here we sought to examine the polymorphic spectrum of a GGAA-microsatellite within the NR0B1 promoter (a critical EWS/FLI target) in primary Ewing sarcoma tumors, and characterize how this polymorphism influences gene expression and clinical outcomes. RESULTS A complex, bimodal pattern of EWS/FLI-mediated gene expression was observed across a wide range of GGAA motifs, with maximal expression observed in constructs containing 20-26 GGAA motifs. Relative to white European and African controls, the NR0B1 GGAA-microsatellite in tumor cells demonstrated a strong bias for haplotypes containing 21-25 GGAA motifs suggesting a relationship between microsatellite function and disease susceptibility. This selection bias was not a product of microsatellite instability in tumor samples, nor was there a correlation between NR0B1 GGAA-microsatellite polymorphisms and survival outcomes. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that GGAA-microsatellite polymorphisms observed in human populations modulate EWS/FLI-mediated gene expression and may influence disease susceptibility in Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Monument
- Sarcoma Services, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Center for Children's Cancer Research, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Kirsten M. Johnson
- Center for Children's Cancer Research, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth McIlvaine
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa Abegglen
- Center for Children's Cancer Research, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - W. Scott Watkins
- Department of Human Genetics and Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Lynn B. Jorde
- Department of Human Genetics and Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Richard B. Womer
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Natalie Beeler
- Children's Oncology Group Biopathology Center, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Laura Monovich
- Children's Oncology Group Biopathology Center, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth R. Lawlor
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Julia A. Bridge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Joshua D. Schiffman
- Center for Children's Cancer Research, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Krailo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - R. Lor Randall
- Sarcoma Services, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Center for Children's Cancer Research, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Stephen L. Lessnick
- Sarcoma Services, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Center for Children's Cancer Research, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chaturvedi A, Hoffman LM, Jensen CC, Lin YC, Grossmann AH, Randall RL, Lessnick SL, Welm AL, Beckerle MC. Molecular dissection of the mechanism by which EWS/FLI expression compromises actin cytoskeletal integrity and cell adhesion in Ewing sarcoma. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:2695-709. [PMID: 25057021 PMCID: PMC4161506 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-01-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is the second-most-common bone cancer in children. Driven by an oncogenic chromosomal translocation that results in the expression of an aberrant transcription factor, EWS/FLI, the disease is typically aggressive and micrometastatic upon presentation. Silencing of EWS/FLI in patient-derived tumor cells results in the altered expression of hundreds to thousands of genes and is accompanied by dramatic morphological changes in cytoarchitecture and adhesion. Genes encoding focal adhesion, extracellular matrix, and actin regulatory proteins are dominant targets of EWS/FLI-mediated transcriptional repression. Reexpression of genes encoding just two of these proteins, zyxin and α5 integrin, is sufficient to restore cell adhesion and actin cytoskeletal integrity comparable to what is observed when the EWS/FLI oncogene expression is compromised. Using an orthotopic xenograft model, we show that EWS/FLI-induced repression of α5 integrin and zyxin expression promotes tumor progression by supporting anchorage-independent cell growth. This selective advantage is paired with a tradeoff in which metastatic lung colonization is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashi Chaturvedi
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Laura M Hoffman
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | | | - Yi-Chun Lin
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Allie H Grossmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - R Lor Randall
- Center for Children's Cancer Research, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 Department of Orthopaedics, Sarcoma Services, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Stephen L Lessnick
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 Center for Children's Cancer Research, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
| | - Alana L Welm
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Mary C Beckerle
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
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