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Hopkins WD, Westerhausen R, Schapiro S, Sherwood CC. Heritability in corpus callosum morphology and its association with tool use skill in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Reproducibility in two genetically isolated populations. Genes Brain Behav 2022; 21:e12784. [PMID: 35044083 PMCID: PMC8830772 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The corpus callosum (CC) is the major white matter tract connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres. It has been hypothesized that individual variation in CC morphology is negatively associated with forebrain volume (FBV) and this accounts for variation in behavioral and brain asymmetries as well as sex differences. To test this hypothesis, CC surface area and thickness as well as FBV was quantified in 221 chimpanzees with known pedigrees. CC surface area, thickness and FBV were significantly heritable and phenotypically associated with each other; however, no significant genetic association was found between FBV, CC surface area and thickness. The CC surface area and thickness measures were also found to be significantly heritable in both chimpanzee cohorts as were phenotypic associations with variation in asymmetries in tool use skill, suggesting that these findings are reproducible. Finally, significant phenotypic and genetic associations were found between hand use skill and region-specific variation in CC surface area and thickness. These findings suggest that common genes may underlie individual differences in chimpanzee tool use skill and interhemispheric connectivity as manifest by variation in surface area and thickness within the anterior region of the CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D. Hopkins
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Michael E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and ResearchUniversity of Texas M D Anderson Cancer CenterBastropTexasUSA
| | | | - Steve Schapiro
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Michael E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and ResearchUniversity of Texas M D Anderson Cancer CenterBastropTexasUSA
- Department of Experimental MedicineUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Chet C. Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human PaleobiologyThe George Washington UniversityWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
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Rogge J, Sherenco K, Malling R, Thiele E, Lambeth S, Schapiro S, Williams L. A comparison of positive reinforcement training techniques in owl and squirrel monkeys: time required to train to reliability. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2013; 16:211-20. [PMID: 23795685 PMCID: PMC4652797 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2013.798223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Positive reinforcement training (PRT) techniques enhance the psychological well being of nonhuman primates by increasing the animal's control over his or her environment and desensitizing the animal to stressful stimuli. However, the literature on PRT in neotropical primates is limited. Here PRT data from owl monkeys and squirrel monkeys are presented, including the length of time to train subjects to target, present hand, and present foot, important responses that can be used to aid in health inspection and treatment. A high percentage of the squirrel and owl monkeys were successfully trained on target and present hand. Present foot, a less natural response, was harder to train and maintain. Although squirrel monkeys did learn to target significantly faster than owl monkeys, the 2 genera did not differ on time to train on subsequent behavior. These data demonstrate that although owl monkeys may require slightly more time to acclimate to a PRT program, it is still possible to establish a PRT program with neotropical primates, and once animals have been introduced to the program, they can learn new responses in a relatively few short sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rogge
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA
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Braccini S, Lambeth S, Schapiro S, Fitch WT. Bipedal tool use strengthens chimpanzee hand preferences. J Hum Evol 2010; 58:234-41. [PMID: 20089294 PMCID: PMC4675323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The degree to which non-human primate behavior is lateralized, at either individual or population levels, remains controversial. We investigated the relationship between hand preference and posture during tool use in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) during bipedal tool use. We experimentally induced tool use in a supported bipedal posture, an unsupported bipedal posture, and a seated posture. Neither bipedal tool use nor these supported conditions have been previously evaluated in apes. The hypotheses tested were 1) bipedal posture will increase the strength of hand preference, and 2) a bipedal stance, without the use of one hand for support, will elicit a right hand preference. Results supported the first, but not the second hypothesis: bipedalism induced the subjects to become more lateralized, but not in any particular direction. Instead, it appears that subtle pre-existing lateral biases, to either the right or left, were emphasized with increasing postural demands. This result has interesting implications for theories of the evolution of tool use and bipedalism, as the combination of bipedalism and tool use may have helped drive extreme lateralization in modern humans, but cannot alone account for the preponderance of right-handedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Braccini
- Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution and Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9JP, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Lambeth
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas 78602 USA
| | - Steve Schapiro
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas 78602 USA
| | - W. Tecumseh Fitch
- Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, 14 Althanstrasse, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Shively C, Clarke S, King N, Schapiro S, Mitchell G. Patterns of sexual behavior in male macaques. Am J Primatol 1982; 2:373-384. [PMID: 32188180 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.1350020406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/1981] [Accepted: 11/16/1981] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
One large social group of each of three species of macaques (Macaca mulatta, M. fascicularis, M. radiata), housed in half-acre field cages at the California Primate Research Center, were observed for a total of 150 h. Data on sexual behavior and dominance interactions were recorded by pairs of experienced observers using a focal animal technique. Single or multiple mount-to-ejaculation sequences, number of thrusts per mount, number of mounts per sequence, duration of mounts per sequence, duration of sequences, social rank and frequency of sexual activity were recorded for each adult male. M. mulatta used a multiple mount-to-ejaculation (MME) pattern in 91% of their copulations. M. radiata used a single mount-to-ejaculation (SME) pattern in 91% of their copulations. M. fascicularis used both patterns-53% MME and 47% SME. A positive correlation was found between rank and sexual activity in fascicularis and mulatta males. A negative correlation between rank and sexual activity was found in radiata males and also a positive correlation between rank and age indicating that the youngest and most subordinate radiata males were the most sexually active males. In reviewing the literature, a relationship between degree of intermale competition, intermale tolerance and type of mounting pattern was revealed. Macaque species that primarily use an SME pattern also show sa high degree of intermale tolerance and little interrnale competition. Macaque species that primarily use an MME pattern typically show a high degree of intermale competition and a low degree of intermale tolerance. Possible events leading to such relationships are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Shively
- California Primate Research Center and Psychology Department, University of California, Davis
| | - S Clarke
- California Primate Research Center and Psychology Department, University of California, Davis
| | - N King
- California Primate Research Center and Psychology Department, University of California, Davis
| | - S Schapiro
- California Primate Research Center and Psychology Department, University of California, Davis
| | - G Mitchell
- California Primate Research Center and Psychology Department, University of California, Davis
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Schapiro S, Vukovich K, Globus A. Effects of neonatal thyroxine and hydrocortisone administration on the development of dendritic spines in the visual cortex of rats. Exp Neurol 1973; 40:286-96. [PMID: 4730261 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(73)90074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
The porphyrin content of the rat Harderian gland remains low until 12 days of age at which time both porphyrin content and concentration rapidly increase. Intraperitoneal administration of tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine) into newborn animals advances the appearance of porphyrin in the gland. Conversely, a single injection of cortisol acetate into newborns retards the appearance of porphyrin. The time of porphyrin appearance in the gland parallels the time for maturation of the evoked cortical response to visual stimulation in normal and hormone-treated animals.
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Abstract
The maturation of swimming behavior and the evoked cortical response to sciatic stimulation were studied in newborn rats receiving thyroxine or cortisol. Compared to that of controls the maturation of swimming is accelerated or delayed 2 to 3 days by thyroxine or cortisol treatment, respectively, and this corresponds to ontogenetic shifts in the characteristics of the evoked potential. Front leg movement during swimming normally diminishes at about 16 days of age and is inhibited by day 22. Thyroxine also advances and cortisol delays the age at which this inhibitory mechanism becomes evident, and compresses (thyroxine) or expands (cortisol) the time interval over which it becomes functional. During early postnatal life certain circuilating hormones can affect the rate and chronology of central nervous system maturation. Swimming behavior may be a simple model to use in studies concerned with factors affecting the functional and behavioral development of the central nervouts system.
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Abstract
We studied the effects of environmental stimulation on the development of rat cortical pyramidal cell synaptic loci (dendritic spines) and the number of such cells staining by the rapid Golgi technique. Stimulation three to five times a day from the day of birth increased the number of spines per micrometer in 8-day-old animals and increased the number of neurons stanining at 8 to 16 days of age. This effect of afferent input upon development of the dendritic spine may represent the neuroanatomical basis for the influence of early experience on subsequent behavior. The number of neurons staining by the rapid Golgi technique appears to be related to those that are functionally involved at the time of tissue preparation.
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Sawano S, Arimura A, Schally AV, Redding TW, Schapiro S. Neonatal corticoid administration: effects upon adult pituitary growth hormone and hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone activity. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1969; 61:57-67. [PMID: 4977324 DOI: 10.1530/acta.0.0610057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A single subcutaneous injection of 1 mg cortisone or cortisol acetate was given to rats during the first post-natal day. As others have reported, retardation of growth, detectable a week after birth, resulted. On reaching five to six weeks of age, treated rats had no detectable growth hormone (GH)-releasing activity in their hypothalami and little GH or thyrotrophin (TSH) activity in their pituitaries. These observations suggest that the growth retardation of rats treated neonatally with these steroids may be due, at least in part, to lack of pituitary GH resulting from impaired synthesis of GH-releasing hormone (GRH**) and also to lack of TSH.
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Abstract
The activities of the glucocorticoid-inducible enzymes, tryptophan pyrrolase, tryptophan and tyrosine α-ketoglutarate transaminases, and phenylalanine and tryptophan hydroxylases, were measured during fasting and realimentation. Of these, only tryptophan pyrrolase activity increased during the fasting period, despite sustained elevations in adrenocortical activity as evidenced by increased levels of corticosteroids. The increase appeared to reflect increased synthesis and resembled substrate induction. Total liver transaminase activity was unaltered by fasting whereas hydroxylase activity decreased. The results demonstrate the non-equivalence of exogenous glucocorticoid administration and the endogenous adrenal activation accompanying this stress in eliciting enzyme induction.
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Schapiro S, Norman RJ. Thyroxine: Effects of Neonatal Administration on Maturation, Development, and Behavior. Science 1967; 156:369. [PMID: 17812380 DOI: 10.1126/science.156.3773.369-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In the report, "Thyroxine: effects of neonatal administration on maturation, development, and behavior," by S. Schapiro and R. J. Norman (10 Mar., p. 1279), the first line of Fig. 2 should read: "Fig. 2. Electroencephalograms from the cortex of thyroxine-treated and control infant...."
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Abstract
Thyroxine was administered to infant rats within the first 3 days of postnatal life; controls receiving 0.01N NaOH were from the same litter. Thyroxine accelerated the maturation of the pituitary-adrenal response to elec tric shock. The "startle response" ap peared earlier in the experimental ani mals, as did the development and re sponse of the electroencephalogram to novel stimuli. The thyroxine-treated rats, when 16 to 18 days old, acquired a conditioned-avoidance response faster than did controls.
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Schapiro S. Allergic and psychogenic factors in ulcerative colitis in children. GP 1967; 35:110-7. [PMID: 6037479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
Rats of various ages were subjected to the stress of 30 minutes on a noisy reciprocating shaker 4 hours before their liver tyrosine transaminase and tryptophan pyrrolase activities were measured. Adrenalectomized infants and adults and hypophysectomized adults were also stressed. Intact, stressed infants exhibited an increase in tyrosine transaminase activity, while intact, stressed adults showed no change. In the stressed adrenalectomized adult, tyrosine transaminase activity markedly decreased, while adrenalectomized infants showed no change. Hypophysectomy largely, but not completely, abolished inhibition in the adults. Tryptophan pyrrolase activity, when present, was increased by stress in all age groups, but the increase was abolished by adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy. The results suggest stress-activation of a pituitary mechanism that inhibits or represses activation of tyrosine transaminase and that may not function during early postnatal life.
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Yuwiler A, Geller E, Schapiro S, Guze LB. Absence of adrenocortical stress responses in experimental pyelonephritis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1966; 122:465-8. [PMID: 4382785 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-122-31163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Schapiro S. Androgen treatment in early infancy: effect upon adult adrenal cortical response to stress and adrenal and ovarian compensatory hypertrophy. Endocrinology 1965; 77:585-7. [PMID: 5891263 DOI: 10.1210/endo-77-3-585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Abstract
The mechanism whereby high blood levels of the adrenal cortical hormones inhibit the secretion of ACTH following stress has been investigated. The 4-hour change in circulating eosinophils was used as criterion for ACTH secretion. DCA administration into intact rats prevented the endogenous mobilization of ACTH following stress. When the venous brain blood from the stressed hypophysectomized rat was injected into these DCA-treated intact rats, a discharge of ACTH occurred in the recipients as indicated by a pronounced 4-hour eosinopenia. Carotid artery blood from stressed hypophysectomized rats was relatively inactive in provoking ACTH secretion when injected into intact DCA-treated recipients. If DCA is administered to the hypophysectomized donor rat, its brain blood contains no, or only slight, pituitary stimulating activity. It is concluded that at least one mechanism whereby high levels of the adrenal cortical hormones inhibit the release of ACTH following stress is by blocking the secretion from a cerebral structure, presumably the hypothalamus, of a pituitary stimulating substance (s).
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