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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have been shown to have important functions in anti-tumor responses and therefore have been used as adoptive immunotherapy for cancer. Here, we review the current methods of ex vivo activation, enrichment, expansion, and shipment of clinical NK cell products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Lapteva
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | | | - Frits van Rhee
- University of Arkansas Medical Center, Little Rock, AK 72205
| | - Cliona M. Rooney
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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Stone K, Woods E, Szmania SM, Stephens OW, Garg TK, Barlogie B, Shaughnessy JD, Hall B, Reddy M, Hoering A, Hansen E, van Rhee F. Interleukin-6 receptor polymorphism is prevalent in HIV-negative Castleman Disease and is associated with increased soluble interleukin-6 receptor levels. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54610. [PMID: 23372742 PMCID: PMC3553080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicentric Castleman Disease is largely driven by increased signaling in the pathway for the plasma cell growth factor interleukin-6. We hypothesized that interleukin-6/interleukin-6 receptor/gp130 polymorphisms contribute to increased interleukin-6 and/or other components of the interleukin-6 signaling pathway in HIV-negative Castleman Disease patients. The study group was composed of 58 patients and 50 healthy donors of a similar racial/ethnic profile. Of seven polymorphisms chosen for analysis, we observed an increased frequency between patients and controls of the minor allele of interleukin-6 receptor polymorphism rs4537545, which is in linkage disequilibrium with interleukin-6 receptor polymorphism rs2228145. Further, individuals possessing at least one copy of the minor allele of either polymorphism expressed higher levels of soluble interleukin-6 receptor. These elevated interleukin-6 receptor levels may contribute to increased interleukin-6 activity through the trans-signaling pathway. These data suggest that interleukin-6 receptor polymorphism may be a contributing factor in Castleman Disease, and further research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Stone
- Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Emily Woods
- Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Susann M. Szmania
- Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Owen W. Stephens
- Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Tarun K. Garg
- Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Bart Barlogie
- Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | | | - Brett Hall
- Janssen Research and Development, Radnor, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Manjula Reddy
- Janssen Research and Development, Radnor, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Antje Hoering
- Cancer Research and Biostatistics, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Emily Hansen
- Cancer Research and Biostatistics, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Frits van Rhee
- Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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3
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Garg TK, Szmania SM, Khan JA, Hoering A, Malbrough PA, Moreno-Bost A, Greenway AD, Lingo JD, Li X, Yaccoby S, Suva LJ, Storrie B, Tricot G, Campana D, Shaughnessy JD, Nair BP, Bellamy WT, Epstein J, Barlogie B, van Rhee F. Highly activated and expanded natural killer cells for multiple myeloma immunotherapy. Haematologica 2012; 97:1348-56. [PMID: 22419581 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2011.056747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with gene expression profiling-defined high-risk myeloma in relapse have poor outcomes with current therapies. We tested whether natural killer cells expanded by co-culture with K562 cells transfected with 41BBL and membrane-bound interleukin-15 could kill myeloma cells with a high-risk gene expression profile in vitro and in a unique model which recapitulates human myeloma. DESIGN AND METHODS OPM2 and high-risk primary myeloma tumors were grown in human fetal bone implanted into non-obese diabetic severe combined immunodeficiency mice with a deficient interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain. These mice are devoid of endogenous natural killer and T-cell activity and were used to determine whether adoptively transferred expanded natural killer cells could inhibit myeloma growth and myeloma-associated bone destruction. RESULTS Natural killer cells from healthy donors and myeloma patients expanded a median of 804- and 351-fold, respectively, without significant T-cell expansion. Expanded natural killer cells killed both allogeneic and autologous primary myeloma cells avidly via a perforin-mediated mechanism in which the activating receptor NKG2D, natural cytotoxicity receptors, and DNAX-accessory molecule-1 played a central role. Adoptive transfer of expanded natural killer cells inhibited the growth of established OPM2 and high-risk primary myeloma tumors grown in the murine model. The transferred, expanded natural killer cells proliferated in vivo in an interleukin-2 dose-dependent fashion, persisted up to 4 weeks, were readily detectable in the human bone, inhibited myeloma growth and protected bone from myeloma-induced osteolysis. CONCLUSIONS These studies provide the rationale for testing expanded natural killer cells in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun K Garg
- Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
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van Rhee F, Szmania SM, Dillon M, van Abbema AM, Li X, Stone MK, Garg TK, Shi J, Moreno-Bost AM, Yun R, Balasa B, Ganguly B, Chao D, Rice AG, Zhan F, Shaughnessy JD, Barlogie B, Yaccoby S, Afar DEH. Combinatorial efficacy of anti-CS1 monoclonal antibody elotuzumab (HuLuc63) and bortezomib against multiple myeloma. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:2616-24. [PMID: 19723891 PMCID: PMC2748787 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy for multiple myeloma, a malignancy of plasma cells, has not been clinically efficacious in part due to a lack of appropriate targets. We recently reported that the cell surface glycoprotein CS1 (CD2 subset 1, CRACC, SLAMF7, CD319) was highly and universally expressed on myeloma cells while having restricted expression in normal tissues. Elotuzumab (formerly known as HuLuc63), a humanized mAb targeting CS1, is currently in a phase I clinical trial in relapsed/refractory myeloma. In this report we investigated whether the activity of elotuzumab could be enhanced by bortezomib, a reversible proteasome inhibitor with significant activity in myeloma. We first showed that elotuzumab could induce patient-derived myeloma cell killing within the bone marrow microenvironment using a SCID-hu mouse model. We next showed that CS1 gene and cell surface protein expression persisted on myeloma patient-derived plasma cells collected after bortezomib administration. In vitro bortezomib pretreatment of myeloma targets significantly enhanced elotuzumab-mediated antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, both for OPM2 myeloma cells using natural killer or peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors and for primary myeloma cells using autologous natural killer effector cells. In an OPM2 myeloma xenograft model, elotuzumab in combination with bortezomib exhibited significantly enhanced in vivo antitumor activity. These findings provide the rationale for a clinical trial combining elotuzumab and bortezomib, which will test the hypothesis that combining both drugs would result in enhanced immune lysis of myeloma by elotuzumab and direct targeting of myeloma by bortezomib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frits van Rhee
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, Little Rock AR 72205, USA.
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Batchu RB, Moreno AM, Szmania SM, Bennett G, Spagnoli GC, Ponnazhagan S, Barlogie B, Tricot G, van Rhee F. Protein transduction of dendritic cells for NY-ESO-1-based immunotherapy of myeloma. Cancer Res 2005; 65:10041-9. [PMID: 16267030 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Myeloma vaccines, based on dendritic cells pulsed with idiotype or tumor lysate, have been met with limited success, probably in part due to insufficient cross-priming of myeloma antigens. A powerful method to introduce myeloma-associated antigens into the cytosol of dendritic cells is protein transduction, a process by which proteins fused with a protein transduction domain (PTD) freely traverse membrane barriers. NY-ESO-1, an immunogenic antigen by itself highly expressed in 60% of high-risk myeloma patients, was purified to near homogeneity both alone and as a recombinant fusion protein with a PTD, derived from HIV-Tat. Efficient entry of PTD-NY-ESO-1 into dendritic cells, confirmed by microscopy, Western blotting, and intracellular flow cytometry, was achieved without affecting dendritic cell phenotype. Experiments with amiloride, which inhibits endocytosis, and N-acetyl-l-leucinyl-l-norleucinal, a proteasome inhibitor, confirmed that PTD-NY-ESO-1 entered dendritic cells by protein transduction and was degraded by the proteasome. Tetramer analysis indicated superior generation of HLA-A2.1, CD8+ T lymphocytes specific for NY-ESO-1(157-165) with PTD-NY-ESO-1 compared with NY-ESO-1 control protein (44% versus 2%, respectively). NY-ESO-1-specific T lymphocytes generated with PTD-NY-ESO-1 secreted IFN-gamma indicative of a Tc1-type cytokine response. Thus, PTD-NY-ESO-1 accesses the cytoplasm by protein transduction, is processed by the proteasome, and NY-ESO-1 peptides presented by HLA class I elicit NY-ESO-1-specific T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh B Batchu
- Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, Section for Gene and Immunotherapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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van Rhee F, Szmania SM, Zhan F, Gupta SK, Pomtree M, Lin P, Batchu RB, Moreno A, Spagnoli G, Shaughnessy J, Tricot G. NY-ESO-1 is highly expressed in poor-prognosis multiple myeloma and induces spontaneous humoral and cellular immune responses. Blood 2005; 105:3939-44. [PMID: 15671442 PMCID: PMC1895070 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-09-3707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of a metaphase cytogenetic abnormality (CA) is the key negative predictor of outcome in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Gene expression profiling (GEP) of such patients showed increased expression of NY-ESO-1 compared to patients with normal cytogenetics (60% versus 31%; P = .004). NY-ESO-1 was also highly expressed in relapsing MM especially patients with CA (100% versus 60.7%; P < .001). GEP findings were confirmed at the protein level by immunostaining of marrow biopsies for NY-ESO-1. We detected spontaneous NY-ESO-1-specific antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 33% of patients with NY-ESO-1+ MM, especially in CA patients (9 of 13; 70%), but in none of the NY-ESO-1- patients with MM (n = 27) or healthy donors (n = 21). Spontaneous NY-ESO-1(157-165)-specific T cells (0.2%-0.6% of CD8+ T cells) were found in the peripheral blood of NY-ESO-1+ MM with HLA-A*0201/NY-ESO-1(157-165) tetramers. These NY-ESO-1-specific T cells, when expanded, killed primary MM cells (50% lysis, effector-target [E/T] ratio, 10:1). Our data demonstrate that NY-ESO-1 is frequently expressed in MM with CA and is capable of eliciting spontaneous humoral and T-cell immunity. The pool of NY-ESO-1-specific cytotoxic T cells expands easily on NY-ESO-1 peptide stimulation and is functionally active. NY-ESO-1 should therefore be an ideal tumor target antigen for immunotherapy of patients with poor-prognosis MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frits van Rhee
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, 4301 West Markham, no. 776, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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