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Trinh AL, Ber S, Howitt A, Valls PO, Fries MW, Venkitaraman AR, Esposito A. Fast single-cell biochemistry: theory, open source microscopy and applications. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2019; 7:044001. [PMID: 31422954 PMCID: PMC7000240 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ab3bd2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence lifetime sensing enables researchers to probe the physicochemical environment of a fluorophore providing a window through which we can observe the complex molecular make-up of the cell. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) quantifies and maps cell biochemistry, a complex ensemble of dynamic processes. Unfortunately, typical high-resolution FLIM systems exhibit rather limited acquisition speeds, often insufficient to capture the time evolution of biochemical processes in living cells. Here, we describe the theoretical background that justifies the developments of high-speed single photon counting systems. We show that systems with low dead-times not only result in faster acquisition throughputs but also improved dynamic range and spatial resolution. We also share the implementation of hardware and software as an open platform, show applications of fast FLIM biochemical imaging on living cells and discuss strategies to balance precision and accuracy in FLIM. The recent innovations and commercialisation of fast time-domain FLIM systems are likely to popularise FLIM within the biomedical community, to impact biomedical research positively and to foster the adoption of other FLIM techniques as well. While supporting and indeed pursuing these developments, with this work we also aim to warn the community about the possible shortcomings of fast single photon counting techniques and to highlight strategies to acquire data of high quality.
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Narvaez AJ, Ber S, Crooks A, Emery A, Hardwick B, Guarino Almeida E, Huggins DJ, Perera D, Roberts-Thomson M, Azzarelli R, Hood FE, Prior IA, Walker DW, Boyce R, Boyle RG, Barker SP, Torrance CJ, McKenzie GJ, Venkitaraman AR. Modulating Protein-Protein Interactions of the Mitotic Polo-like Kinases to Target Mutant KRAS. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:1017-1028.e7. [PMID: 28807782 PMCID: PMC5563081 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mutations activating KRAS underlie many forms of cancer, but are refractory to therapeutic targeting. Here, we develop Poloppin, an inhibitor of protein-protein interactions via the Polo-box domain (PBD) of the mitotic Polo-like kinases (PLKs), in monotherapeutic and combination strategies to target mutant KRAS. Poloppin engages its targets in biochemical and cellular assays, triggering mitotic arrest with defective chromosome congression. Poloppin kills cells expressing mutant KRAS, selectively enhancing death in mitosis. PLK1 or PLK4 depletion recapitulates these cellular effects, as does PBD overexpression, corroborating Poloppin's mechanism of action. An optimized analog with favorable pharmacokinetics, Poloppin-II, is effective against KRAS-expressing cancer xenografts. Poloppin resistance develops less readily than to an ATP-competitive PLK1 inhibitor; moreover, cross-sensitivity persists. Poloppin sensitizes mutant KRAS-expressing cells to clinical inhibitors of c-MET, opening opportunities for combination therapy. Our findings exemplify the utility of small molecules modulating the protein-protein interactions of PLKs to therapeutically target mutant KRAS-expressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana J Narvaez
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Suzan Ber
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Alex Crooks
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Amy Emery
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Bryn Hardwick
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Estrella Guarino Almeida
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - David J Huggins
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK; Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; University of Cambridge, Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory, 19 J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - David Perera
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Meredith Roberts-Thomson
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Roberta Azzarelli
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Fiona E Hood
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Ian A Prior
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - David W Walker
- Sentinel Oncology Ltd., Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0EY, UK
| | - Richard Boyce
- Sentinel Oncology Ltd., Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0EY, UK
| | - Robert G Boyle
- Sentinel Oncology Ltd., Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0EY, UK
| | - Samuel P Barker
- PhoreMost Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | | | - Grahame J McKenzie
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK; PhoreMost Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Ashok R Venkitaraman
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK.
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Piccirillo SGM, Spiteri I, Sottoriva A, Touloumis A, Ber S, Price SJ, Heywood R, Francis NJ, Howarth KD, Collins VP, Venkitaraman AR, Curtis C, Marioni JC, Tavaré S, Watts C. Contributions to drug resistance in glioblastoma derived from malignant cells in the sub-ependymal zone. Cancer Res 2015; 75:194-202. [PMID: 25406193 PMCID: PMC4286248 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma, the most common and aggressive adult brain tumor, is characterized by extreme phenotypic diversity and treatment failure. Through fluorescence-guided resection, we identified fluorescent tissue in the sub-ependymal zone (SEZ) of patients with glioblastoma. Histologic analysis and genomic characterization revealed that the SEZ harbors malignant cells with tumor-initiating capacity, analogous to cells isolated from the fluorescent tumor mass (T). We observed resistance to supramaximal chemotherapy doses along with differential patterns of drug response between T and SEZ in the same tumor. Our results reveal novel insights into glioblastoma growth dynamics, with implications for understanding and limiting treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara GM Piccirillo
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Inmaculada Spiteri
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrea Sottoriva
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anestis Touloumis
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Suzan Ber
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen J Price
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard Heywood
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicola-Jane Francis
- Department of Oncology and the Medical Research Council Cancer Cell Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karen D Howarth
- Hutchison/MRC Research Centre and Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vincent P Collins
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ashok R Venkitaraman
- Department of Oncology and the Medical Research Council Cancer Cell Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christina Curtis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - John C Marioni
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Tavaré
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Colin Watts
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Liang H, Esposito A, De S, Ber S, Collin P, Surana U, Venkitaraman AR. Homeostatic control of polo-like kinase-1 engenders non-genetic heterogeneity in G2 checkpoint fidelity and timing. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4048. [PMID: 24893992 PMCID: PMC4059941 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The G2 checkpoint monitors DNA damage, preventing mitotic entry until the damage can be resolved. The mechanisms controlling checkpoint recovery are unclear. Here, we identify non-genetic heterogeneity in the fidelity and timing of damage-induced G2 checkpoint enforcement in individual cells from the same population. Single-cell fluorescence imaging reveals that individual damaged cells experience varying durations of G2 arrest, and recover with varying levels of remaining checkpoint signal or DNA damage. A gating mechanism dependent on polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1) activity underlies this heterogeneity. PLK1 activity continually accumulates from initial levels in G2-arrested cells, at a rate inversely correlated to checkpoint activation, until it reaches a threshold allowing mitotic entry regardless of remaining checkpoint signal or DNA damage. Thus, homeostatic control of PLK1 by the dynamic opposition between checkpoint signalling and pro-mitotic activities heterogeneously enforces the G2 checkpoint in each individual cell, with implications for cancer pathogenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqing Liang
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Biopolis Drive, Biopolis Way, Singapore 138673
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Biopolis Way, Singapore 138668
| | - Alessandro Esposito
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Siddharth De
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Suzan Ber
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Philippe Collin
- Gurdon Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Uttam Surana
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Biopolis Drive, Biopolis Way, Singapore 138673
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Biopolis Way, Singapore 138668
| | - Ashok R. Venkitaraman
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
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Ber S, Lee C, Voiculescu O, Surani MA. Dedifferentiation of foetal CNS stem cells to mesendoderm-like cells through an EMT process. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30759. [PMID: 22276221 PMCID: PMC3262838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-specific stem cells are considered to have a limited differentiation potential. Recently, this notion was challenged by reports that showed a broader differentiation potential of neural stem cells, in vitro and in vivo, although the molecular mechanisms that regulate plasticity of neural stem cells are unknown. Here, we report that neural stem cells derived from mouse embryonic cortex respond to Lif and serum in vitro and undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)-mediated dedifferentiation process within 48 h, together with transient upregulation of pluripotency markers and, more notably, upregulation of mesendoderm genes, Brachyury (T) and Sox17. These induced putative mesendoderm cells were injected into early gastrulating chick embryos, which revealed that they integrated more efficiently into mesoderm and endoderm lineages compared to non-induced cells. We also found that TGFβ and Jak/Stat pathways are necessary but not sufficient for the induction of mesendodermal phenotype in neural stem cells. These results provide insights into the regulation of plasticity of neural stem cells through EMT. Dissecting the regulatory pathways involved in these processes may help to gain control over cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Ber
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SB); (MAS)
| | - Caroline Lee
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Octavian Voiculescu
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - M. Azim Surani
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SB); (MAS)
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Abstract
This study aimed at guiding osteoblast cells from rat bone marrow on chemically modified and patterned collagen films to study the influence of patterns on cell guidance. The films were stabilized using different treatment methods including crosslinking with carbodiimide (EDC) and glutaraldehyde, dehydrothermal treatment (DHT), and deposition of calcium phosphate on the collagen membrane. Mesenchymal osteoprogenitor cells were differentiated into osteoblasts and cultured for 7 and 14 days on micropatterned (groove width: 27 microm, groove depth: 12 microm, ridge width: 2 microm) and macropatterned (groove width: 250 microm, groove depth: 250 microm, ridge width: 100 microm) collagen films to study the influence of pattern dimensions on osteoblast alignment and orientation. Fibrinogen was added to the patterned surfaces as a chemical cue to induce osteoblast adhesion. Cell proliferation on collagen films was determined using MTS assay. Deposition of calcium phosphate on the surface of the film increased surface hydrophilicity and roughness and allowed a good cell proliferation. Combined DHT and EDC treatment provided an intermediate wettability, and also promoted cell proliferation. Glutaraldehyde crosslinking was found to lead to the lowest cell proliferation but fibrinogen adsorption on glutaraldehyde treated film surfaces increased the cell proliferation significantly. Macropatterns were first tested for alignment and only microscopy images were enough to see that there is no specific alignment. As a result of this, micropatterned samples with the topography that affect cell alignment and guidance were used. Osteoblast phenotype expression (ALP activity) was observed to be highest in calcium phosphate deposited samples, emphasizing the effect of mineralization on osteoblast differentiation. In general ALP activity per cell was found to decrease from day 7 to day 14 of incubation. SEM and fluorescence microscopy revealed good osteoblast alignment and orientation along the axis of the patterns when micropatterned films were used. This study shows that it is possible to prepare cell carriers suitable for tissue engineering through choice of appropriate surface topography and surface chemistry. Presence of chemical cues and micropatterns on the surface enhance cell orientation and bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ber
- Biotechnology Research Unit and Biomaterials Research Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Inonu Bulvari, Ankara TR06531, Turkey
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Köse GT, Ber S, Korkusuz F, Hasirci V. Poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-3-hydroxyvaleric acid) based tissue engineering matrices. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2003; 14:121-126. [PMID: 15348483 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022063628099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the aim was to produce tissue-engineered bone using osteoblasts and a novel matrix material, poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-3-hydroxyvaleric acid) (PHBV). In order to prepare a porous PHBV matrix with uniform pore size, sucrose crystals were loaded in the foam and then leached leaving pores behind. The surface of the PHBV matrix was treated with rf-oxygen plasma to increase the surface hydrophilicity. SEM examination of the PHBV matrices was carried out. Stability of PHBV foams in aqueous media was studied. The pH decrease is an indication of the degradation extent. The weight and density were unchanged for a period of 120 days but then a significant decrease was observed for the rest of the study. Osteoblast cells were then isolated from rat bone marrow and seeded onto PHBV matrices. The metabolization and proliferation on the foams was determined with MTS assay which showed that osteoblasts proliferated on PHBV. It was also found that cells proliferated better on large pore size foams (300-500 microm) than on the small pore size foams (75-300 microm). Production of ALP was measured spectrophotometrically. The present study demonstrated that PHBV matrices are suitable substrates for osteoblast proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Torun Köse
- Middle East Technical University, Department of Biological Sciences, Biotechnology Research Unit, 06531 Ankara, Turkey
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