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Adjogatse D, Petkar I, Ferreira MR, Kong A, Lei M, Thomas C, Dudau C, Touska P, Barrington S, Urbano TG, Connor S. The Impact of Real-Time MRI Radiology-Based Peer Review on Head and Neck Radiotherapy Target Volume Delineation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.07.1310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Talluru S, Weiner D, Singh D, Zeng Z, Connor S, Burns A, Smith K, Rozati S. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals race-based heterogeneity of malignant T-cells and skin microenvironment in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Eur J Cancer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(22)00553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Connor S, Sit C, Anjari M, Lei M, Guerrero-Urbano T, Szyszko T, Cook G, Bassett P, Goh V. The ability of post-chemoradiotherapy DWI ADC mean and 18F-FDG SUV max to predict treatment outcomes in head and neck cancer: impact of human papilloma virus oropharyngeal cancer status. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:2323-2336. [PMID: 34159420 PMCID: PMC8236463 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03662-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the ability of post-chemo-radiotherapy (CRT) diffusion-weighted-MRI apparent diffusion coefficient (ADCmean) and 18F-FDG PET maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) to predict disease-free survival (DFS) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and to determine whether this ability is influenced by human papillomavirus oropharyngeal cancer (HPV-OPC) status. METHODS This prospective cohort observational study included 65 participants (53 male, mean ± SD age 59.9 ± 7.9 years, 46 HPV-OPC) with stage III or IV HNSCC. Primary tumour and nodal ADCmean (pre-treatment, 6- and 12-weeks post-CRT) and SUVmax (12-weeks post-CRT) were measured. Variables were compared with 2-year DFS (independent t-test/Mann-Whitney test) and overall DFS (Cox regression), before and after accounting for HPV-OPC status. Variables were also compared between HPV-OPC and other HNSCC subgroups after stratifying for DFS. RESULTS Absolute post-CRT ADCmean values predicted 2-year DFS and overall DFS for all participants (p = 0.03/0.03, 6-week node; p = 0.02/0.03 12-week primary tumour) but not in the HPV-OPC subgroup. In participants with DFS, percentage interval changes in primary tumour ADCmean at 6- and 12-weeks were higher in HPV-OPC than other HNSCC (p = 0.01, 6 weeks; p = 0.005, 12 weeks). The 12-week post-CRT SUVmax did not predict DFS. CONCLUSION Absolute post-CRT ADCmean values predicted DFS in HNSCC but not in the HPV-OPC subgroup. Amongst participants with DFS, post-CRT percentage interval changes in primary tumour ADCmean were significantly higher in HPV-OPC than in other HNSCC. Knowledge of HPV-OPC status is crucial to the clinical utilisation of post-CRT DWI-MRI for the prediction of outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Connor
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
- Department of Neuroradiology, Ruskin Wing, Kings College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK.
- Department of Radiology, Guy's Hospital, 2nd Floor, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - C Sit
- Department of Radiology, Guy's Hospital, 2nd Floor, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - M Anjari
- Department of Radiology, Guy's Hospital, 2nd Floor, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - M Lei
- Department of Oncology, Guy's Hospital, 2nd Floor, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - T Guerrero-Urbano
- Department of Oncology, Guy's Hospital, 2nd Floor, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - T Szyszko
- King's College London & Guy's and St. Thomas' PET Centre, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - G Cook
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College, London, SE1 7EH, UK
- King's College London & Guy's and St. Thomas' PET Centre, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - P Bassett
- Department of Oncology, Guy's Hospital, 2nd Floor, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - V Goh
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College, London, SE1 7EH, UK
- Department of Radiology, Guy's Hospital, 2nd Floor, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
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Chen W, Connor S, Gunathilake M. Men at risk of gonococcal urethritis: a case-control study in a Darwin sexual health clinic. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:991. [PMID: 31752720 PMCID: PMC6873514 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4625-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male urethritis is primary sexually transmitted. Northern Territory (NT) has the highest rates of gonococcal infection in Australia and local guidelines recommend empiric treatment with azithromycin and ceftriaxone for all men presenting with urethritis. As gonococcal drug resistance is a growing concern, this study aims to improve empiric use of ceftriaxone through examining local patterns of male urethritis, comparing cases of gonococcal urethritis (GU) to controls with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU). METHODS A retrospective study was undertaken of all men with symptomatic urethritis presenting to Darwin sexual health clinic from July 2015 to July 2016 and aetiology of urethritis in this population was described. Demographic, risk profile, and clinical features of GU cases were compared to NGU controls. RESULTS Among n = 145 men, the most common organisms identified were Chlamydia trachomatis (23.4%, SE 3.5%) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (17.2%, SE 3.1%). The main predictors of GU were any abnormalities on genital examination (aOR 10.4, 95% CI 2.1 to 50.8) and a history of urethral discharge (aOR 5.7, 95% CI 1.4 to 22.6). Aboriginal patients (aOR 3.0, 95% CI 0.9 to 9.6) and those over 30 years of age (aOR 1.4, 95% CI 0.3 to 7.0) were more likely to have GU in the unadjusted analysis, but not in the adjusted model. CONCLUSION This is the first study looking at patterns of male urethritis in urban NT and the results support a move towards adopting national guidelines to use ceftriaxone for empiric management of syndromic urethritis only in high-risk patients. In addition to traditional demographic risk factors, clinical features remain an important component of risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Chen
- Sexual Health and Blood Borne Virus Unit, Centre for Disease Control (NT), Ground Floor Building 4 Royal Darwin Hospital Rocklands Drive, Tiwi, NT, 0810, Australia.
| | - Suzanne Connor
- Sexual Health and Blood Borne Virus Unit, Centre for Disease Control (NT), Ground Floor Building 4 Royal Darwin Hospital Rocklands Drive, Tiwi, NT, 0810, Australia
| | - Manoji Gunathilake
- Sexual Health and Blood Borne Virus Unit, Centre for Disease Control (NT), Ground Floor Building 4 Royal Darwin Hospital Rocklands Drive, Tiwi, NT, 0810, Australia.,Kirby Institute, Level 6, Wallace Wurth Building High Street, UNSW, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Pencharz D, Dunn J, Connor S, Siddiqui A, Sriskandan N, Thavaraj S, Jeannon JP, Oakley R, Lei M, Guerrero-Urbano T, Cook GJ, Szyszko TA. Palatine tonsil SUVmax on FDG PET-CT as a discriminator between benign and malignant tonsils in patients with and without head and neck squamous cell carcinoma of unknown primary. Clin Radiol 2019; 74:165.e17-165.e23. [PMID: 30454841 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM To analyse the maximum standardised uptake value (SUVmax) ratio between tonsils in patients with and without tonsillar carcinoma to determine useful diagnostic thresholds. MATERIALS AND METHODS Positron-emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) examinations of patients with suspected head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and controls from April 2013 to September 2016 were reviewed retrospectively. Tonsillar SUVmax ratios (ipsilateral/contralateral for malignant tonsils, maximum/minimum for patients without [controls]) were calculated and used to construct a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS Twenty-five patients had tonsillar carcinoma (mean SUVmax ratio of 2, range 0.89-5.4) and 86 patients acted as controls (mean SUVmax ratio of 1.1, range 1-1.5). Using the ROC, the most accurate SUVmax ratio for identifying malignancy was >1.2 (77% sensitivity, 86% specificity). A potentially more clinically useful SUVmax ratio is ≥1.6 with 62% sensitivity and 100% specificity. CONCLUSION An SUVmax ratio between tonsils of ≥1.6 is highly suspicious for SCC and could be used to direct site of biopsy. Some malignant tonsils had normal FDG uptake; therefore, PET/CT should not be used to exclude tonsillar cancer. Minor asymmetrical uptake is frequently seen in non-malignant tonsils and does not necessarily require further investigation. Due to the single centre nature of this study and the recognised variation in SUV measurements between PET scans, other centres may need to develop their own cut-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pencharz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK.
| | - J Dunn
- King's College London and St Guy's and St Thomas' PET Centre, London, UK
| | - S Connor
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - A Siddiqui
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - N Sriskandan
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - S Thavaraj
- Head and Neck Pathology, King's College, London, UK
| | - J-P Jeannon
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - R Oakley
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - M Lei
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - G J Cook
- King's College London and St Guy's and St Thomas' PET Centre, London, UK
| | - T A Szyszko
- King's College London and St Guy's and St Thomas' PET Centre, London, UK
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Connor S, Edvardsson K, Spelten E. Male adolescents' role in pregnancy prevention and unintended pregnancy in rural Victoria: health care Professional's and educators' perspectives. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2018; 18:245. [PMID: 29914419 PMCID: PMC6007007 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-018-1886-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While there has been a steady decline in adolescent pregnancies worldwide and in Australia over the last three decades, Australian rates still rank third highest among developed countries. Adolescent pregnancies are defined as those that occur to girls between the ages of 15 and 19. The current pregnancy rate of 15 to 19 year old females rural Victoria is 21.19%, this is more than double the Victorian state rate of 8.2% and almost double the national Australian rate at 13.1% The aim of this study was to explore Health Care Professionals and Educator perspectives on these high adolescent pregnancy rates, with particular focus on the role of adolescent males, in a rural region in Victoria, Australia. METHODS A qualitative descriptive study using focus group discussion was undertaken with Health Care Providers and Educators (N = 8) in 2016. Data was analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS Four themes emerged from analysis. The first, 'Gender Stereotyping' focused on the acceptance of traditional masculinities; the second 'Adolescent males as health consumers' was based on the consensus that adolescent males are poor consumers of health and 'invisible'; the third 'Complexity of Issues' identified that, particularly in a rural region, contributing issues are varied and complex; and the fourth 'Focus on Fatherhood', saw the participants diverge from the discussion about pregnancy prevention and the adolescent males' role in unintended pregnancy, and focus on the role adolescent males may have as unintended fathers. CONCLUSIONS Participants did not consider young males to be of importance in the prevention of adolescent pregnancy. There is a need to further explore the role of young males in pregnancy prevention, including what role traditional gender stereotyping, from health professionals' and young males' perspectives, plays in provision of adolescent sexual health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Connor
- Department of Rural Nursing & Midwifery, La Trobe Rural Health School, Vic, Mildura, 3500 Australia
| | - K. Edvardsson
- Judith Lumley Centre, School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Vic, Bundoora, 3086 Australia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, SE Sweden
| | - E. Spelten
- Department of Public Health, La Trobe Rural Health School, Mildura, Vic 3500 Australia
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Shapey J, Barkas K, Connor S, Hitchings A, Cheetham H, Thomson S, U-King-Im JM, Beaney R, Jiang D, Barazi S, Obholzer R, Thomas NWM. A standardised pathway for the surveillance of stable vestibular schwannoma. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2018; 100:216-220. [PMID: 29493353 PMCID: PMC5930097 DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2017.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Conservative management of patients with a stable vestibular schwannoma (VS) places a significant burden on National Health Service (NHS) resources and yet patients' surveillance management is often inconsistent. Our unit has developed a standardised pathway to guide surveillance imaging of patients with stable VS. In this article, we provide the basis for our imaging protocol by reviewing the measurement, natural history and growth patterns of VS, and we present a cost analysis of implementing the pathway both regionally and nationally. Methods Patients with an extrameatal VS measuring ≤20mm in maximal diameter receive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) six months after their index imaging, followed by three annual MRI scans, two two-year interval MRI scans, a single three-year interval MRI scan and then five-yearly MRI scans to be continued lifelong. Patients with purely intrameatal tumours follow the same protocol but the initial six-month imaging is omitted. A cost analysis of the new pathway was modelled on our unit's retrospective data for 2015 and extrapolated to reflect the cost of VS surveillance nationally. Results Based on an estimation that imaging surveillance would last approximately 25 years (+/- 10 years), the cost of implementing our regional surveillance programme would be £151,011 per year (for 99 new referrals per year) and it would cost the NHS £1,982,968 per year if implemented nationally. Conclusions A standardised surveillance pathway promotes safe practice in the conservative management of VS. The estimated cost of a national surveillance programme compares favourably with other tumour surveillance initiatives, and would enable the NHS to provide a safe and economical service to patients with VS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shapey
- King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK, UK
| | - K Barkas
- King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK, UK
| | - S Connor
- King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK, UK
| | - A Hitchings
- King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK, UK
| | - H Cheetham
- King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK, UK
| | - S Thomson
- King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK, UK
| | - JM U-King-Im
- King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK, UK
| | - R Beaney
- King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK, UK
| | - D Jiang
- King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK, UK
| | - S Barazi
- King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK, UK
| | - R Obholzer
- King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK, UK
| | - NWM Thomas
- King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK, UK
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8
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Connor S. Head and Neck Imaging. Clin Radiol 2018; 73:1-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lawrence B, Blenkiron C, Parker K, Fitzgerald S, Shields P, Tsai P, James S, Poonawala N, Yeong M, Kramer N, Robinson B, Connor S, Ramsaroop R, Yozu M, Elston M, Jackson C, Carroll R, Harris D, Findlay M, Print C. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour (pNET) profiles in the NETwork! programme: clinic–enabled genomics for genomic-enabled clinical decisions. Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw369.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Chen JH, Andrews JM, Kariyawasam V, Moran N, Gounder P, Collins G, Walsh AJ, Connor S, Lee TWT, Koh CE, Chang J, Paramsothy S, Tattersall S, Lemberg DA, Radford-Smith G, Lawrance IC, McLachlan A, Moore GT, Corte C, Katelaris P, Leong RW. Review article: acute severe ulcerative colitis - evidence-based consensus statements. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 44:127-44. [PMID: 27226344 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC) is a potentially life-threatening complication of ulcerative colitis. AIM To develop consensus statements based on a systematic review of the literature of the management of ASUC to improve patient outcome. METHODS Following a literature review, the Delphi method was used to develop the consensus statements. A steering committee, based in Australia, generated the statements of interest. Three rounds of anonymous voting were carried out to achieve the final results. Acceptance of statements was pre-determined by ≥80% votes in 'complete agreement' or 'agreement with minor reservation'. RESULTS Key recommendations include that patients with ASUC should be: hospitalised, undergo unprepared flexible sigmoidoscopy to assess severity and to exclude cytomegalovirus colitis, and be provided with venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and intravenous hydrocortisone 100 mg three or four times daily with close monitoring by a multidisciplinary team. Rescue therapy such as infliximab or ciclosporin should be started if insufficient response by day 3, and colectomy considered if no response to 7 days of rescue therapy or earlier if deterioration. With such an approach, it is expected that colectomy rate during admission will be below 30% and mortality less than 1% in specialist centres. CONCLUSION These evidenced-based consensus statements on acute severe ulcerative colitis, developed by a multidisciplinary group, provide up-to-date best practice recommendations that improve and harmonise management as well as provide auditable quality assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-H Chen
- Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J M Andrews
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - N Moran
- Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - P Gounder
- Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - G Collins
- Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A J Walsh
- St. Vincent Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - S Connor
- Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - T W T Lee
- Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - C E Koh
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J Chang
- Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - S Tattersall
- Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - D A Lemberg
- Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - G Radford-Smith
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - I C Lawrance
- Saint John of God Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - G T Moore
- Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - C Corte
- Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - R W Leong
- Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Elnawsra O, Fok I, Sparrow M, Gibson P, Andrews J, Connor S. Faecal calprotectin: current usage and perceived beneficial effects of third-party funding on rates of colonoscopy by Australian gastroenterologists. Intern Med J 2016; 46:590-5. [DOI: 10.1111/imj.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Elnawsra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Liverpool Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - I. Fok
- Department of Gastroenterology; Royal North Shore Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - M. Sparrow
- Department of Gastroenterology; The Alfred Hospital; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - P. Gibson
- Department of Gastroenterology; The Alfred Hospital; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Faculty of Medicine; Monash University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - J. Andrews
- Department of Gastroenterology; Royal Adelaide Hospital; Adelaide South Australia Australia
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Science; University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - S. Connor
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Liverpool Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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Andrews JM, Costello SP, Agarwal AK, Bampton P, Beswick L, Connor S, Ghaly S, O'Connor S, Pudipeddi A, Sechi A, Sparrow M, Walsh AJ. Conflict of interest: real and perceived - a more mature consideration is needed. Intern Med J 2016; 46:377-9. [DOI: 10.1111/imj.12989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Andrews
- IBD Service, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Royal Adelaide Hospital; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - S. P. Costello
- IBD Service, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Royal Adelaide Hospital; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - A. K. Agarwal
- IBD Service, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Royal Adelaide Hospital; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - P. Bampton
- Department of Gastroenterology; Flinders Medical Centre; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - L. Beswick
- Department of Gastroenterology; Barwon Health; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - S. Connor
- Department of Gastroenterology; Liverpool Hospital; Liverpool New South Wales Australia
| | - S. Ghaly
- Department of Gastroenterology; St Vincent's Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - S. O'Connor
- Department of Gastroenterology; Princess Alexandra Hospital; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - A. Pudipeddi
- Department of Gastroenterology; St Vincent's Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - A. Sechi
- IBD Service; Liverpool Hospital; Liverpool New South Wales Australia
| | - M. Sparrow
- Department of Gastroenterology; Alfred Hospital; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - A. J. Walsh
- Department of Gastroenterology; St Vincent's Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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Webb K, Connor S, Wilson K, Cooper S, Jiang D. Tough choices: The challenges of cochlear implantation when there is 'something to lose'. Cochlear Implants Int 2015; 16 Suppl 1:S50-2. [PMID: 25614270 DOI: 10.1179/1467010014z.000000000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Warner E, Ofo E, Connor S, Odell E, Jeannon JP. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma in a thyroglossal duct remnant. Int J Surg Case Rep 2015; 13:43-7. [PMID: 26101054 PMCID: PMC4529606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2015.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroglossal duct remnants should be surgically excised, if possible due to the risk of malignant transformation. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas can present in diverse locations outside of salivary glands. A high index of suspicion for malignancy is required with neck masses in adults, especially following a period of rapid growth. If aggressively treated, patients with mucoepidermoid carcinoma outside of salivary glands may still have a favourable prognosis.
Introduction Thyroglossal duct cysts (TDC) are common midline neck swellings resulting from embryological remnants of the thyroglossal duct. They often contain ectopic thyroid tissue and malignant transformation has been reported, most commonly to papillary thyroid carcinoma. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) usually occurs in the salivary glands and only rarely in the thyroid. This is the first case of a MEC occurring within a thyroglossal duct remnant. Presentation of a case A 73 year old lady presented with a thyroglossal duct cyst. She declined surgical excision, as she was adamant she wanted to avoid surgery. The neck mass rapidly enlarged at two years following initial diagnosis. Fine needle aspiration cytology was suspicious for carcinoma. She underwent total thyroidectomy and selective central compartment neck dissection with adjuvant radiotherapy. She remains alive and well two years post treatment. Discussion Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common malignant neoplasm of salivary glands, although it has rarely been reported in diverse locations including the thyroid, lung and pancreas. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma arising from a thyroglossal duct remnant. Conclusion This case adds weight to the literature favouring surgical excision of thyroglossal duct remnants due to the risk of malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Warner
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT England, UK.
| | - E Ofo
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT England, UK
| | - S Connor
- Head and Neck Radiology, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT England, UK
| | - E Odell
- Head and Neck Pathology, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT England, UK
| | - J P Jeannon
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT England, UK
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Ghaly S, Costello S, Beswick L, Pudipeddi A, Agarwal A, Sechi A, Antoniades S, Headon B, Connor S, Lawrance IC, Sparrow M, Walsh AJ, Andrews JM. Dose tailoring of anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha therapy delivers useful clinical efficacy in Crohn disease patients experiencing loss of response. Intern Med J 2015; 45:170-7. [DOI: 10.1111/imj.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Ghaly
- Department of Gastroenterology; St Vincent's Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Fremantle Hospital; Fremantle Western Australia Australia
| | - S. Costello
- IBD Service; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; School of Medicine; University of Adelaide at Royal Adelaide Hospital; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - L. Beswick
- Department of Gastroenterology; The Alfred Hospital; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - A. Pudipeddi
- Department of Gastroenterology; St Vincent's Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - A. Agarwal
- IBD Service; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; School of Medicine; University of Adelaide at Royal Adelaide Hospital; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - A. Sechi
- Department of Gastroenterology; Liverpool Hospital; University of NSW; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - S. Antoniades
- Department of Gastroenterology; St Vincent's Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - B. Headon
- Department of Gastroenterology; The Alfred Hospital; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - S. Connor
- Department of Gastroenterology; Liverpool Hospital; University of NSW; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - I. C. Lawrance
- Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Fremantle Hospital; Fremantle Western Australia Australia
| | - M. Sparrow
- Department of Gastroenterology; The Alfred Hospital; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - A. J. Walsh
- Department of Gastroenterology; St Vincent's Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - J. M. Andrews
- IBD Service; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; School of Medicine; University of Adelaide at Royal Adelaide Hospital; Adelaide South Australia Australia
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Payne KFB, Haq J, Brown J, Connor S. The role of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis, lymph node staging and assessment of treatment response of head and neck cancer. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014; 44:1-7. [PMID: 25442741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Standard magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography continue to be the imaging modalities of choice in staging and reviewing patients with head and neck cancer. Diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI) is an advanced imaging modality that records the molecular diffusion of protons and thus provides an opportunity to further assess tissue character. Interest in DW-MRI of the head and neck continues to grow, especially its application to the assessment and treatment of head and neck cancer. We highlight the potential role of DW-MRI in the delineation, characterization, and lymph node staging of head and neck tumours. Furthermore, we discuss the ability of DW-MRI to provide a real opportunity to differentiate post-treatment tumour recurrence from chemoradiotherapy-induced local tissue changes. The future impact of these findings upon the clinical practice of the head and neck surgeon is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F B Payne
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
| | - J Haq
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - J Brown
- Department of Dental Radiology, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - S Connor
- Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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Lee J, Lei M, Connor S, Siddiqui A, Lynn R, Convery D, Guerrero Urbano T. Dosimetric Analysis of the Brachial Plexus using Monte Carlo-based Intensity-modulated Radiotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2014; 26:516-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Miller TA, Wittenberg JS, Wen H, Connor S, Cui Y, Lindenberg AM. The mechanism of ultrafast structural switching in superionic copper (I) sulphide nanocrystals. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1369. [PMID: 23340409 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Superionic materials are multi-component solids with simultaneous characteristics of both a solid and a liquid. Above a critical temperature associated with a structural phase transition, they exhibit liquid-like ionic conductivities and dynamic disorder within a rigid crystalline structure. Broad applications as electrochemical storage materials and resistive switching devices follow from this abrupt change in ionic mobility, but the microscopic pathways and speed limits associated with this switching process are largely unknown. Here we use ultrafast X-ray spectroscopy and scattering techniques to obtain an atomic-level, real-time view of the transition state in copper sulphide nanocrystals. We observe the transformation to occur on a twenty picosecond timescale and show that this is determined by the ionic hopping time.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Miller
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Bakir M, Connor S, Thomas N, Barazi S. Trigeminal Schwannomas in Neurofibromatosis 2. Skull Base Surg 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1314195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Dhar V, Pai I, Connor S, Jiang D, Fitzgerald O'Connor A. Cochlear Implantation in Patients with Vestibular Schwannomas: A Single UK Center Review. Skull Base Surg 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1314168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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De Cruz P, Kamm M, Hamilton A, Ritchie K, Gorelik A, Liew D, Prideaux L, Lawrance I, Andrews J, Bampton P, Sparrow M, Jakobovits S, Florin T, Gibson P, Debinski H, Gearry R, Macrae F, Leong R, Kronborg I, Connor S, Pavli P, Smith GR, Selby W, Johnston M, Brouwer R, Keck J, Woods R, Connell W, Brown S, Bell S, Lust M, Elliott R, Desmond P. P342 Adalimumab prevents post-operative Crohn's disease recurrence and is superior to thiopurines: Early results from the prospective POCER study. J Crohns Colitis 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1873-9946(12)60361-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cervical paragangliomas are slow-growing tumours that eventually cause lower cranial nerve palsies and infiltrate the skull base. Surgical treatment may cause the same deficits and, in some, risks more serious neurological deficits. We describe a classification used to guide investigation, consent and management of cervical paragangliomas based on extensive experience. METHODS The case notes of patients managed by the senior author at a tertiary referral skull base unit between 1987 and 2010 were reviewed retrospectively. A total of 87 cervical paragangliomas were identified in 70 patients (mean age: 46 years, range: 13-77 years). Of these, 35 patients had 36 vagal paragangliomas, 43 patients had 50 carotid body paragangliomas and 8 had both. One cervical paraganglioma arose from neither the carotid body nor the nodose ganglion. The main outcome measures were death, stroke, gastrostomy and tracheotomy. RESULTS All tumours were classified pre-operatively based on their relationship to the carotid artery, skull base and lower cranial nerves. Type 1 tumours were excised with a transcervical approach, type 2 with a transcervical-parotid approach and type 3 with a combined transcervical-parotid and infratemporal fossa approach. Type 4 patients underwent careful assessment and genetic counselling before any treatment was undertaken. There were no peri-operative deaths; two patients had strokes, one required a long-term feeding gastrostomy and none required a tracheotomy. CONCLUSIONS The use of a pre-operative classification system guides management and surgical approach, improves accuracy of consent, facilitates audit and clarifies which patients should be referred to specialised centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Obholzer
- Department of Otolaryngology, Guy's hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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Beegun I, Dua R, Connor S, Bentley R. Prenatal diagnosis and management of a craniofacial glioma detected at 20 weeks' gestation. Case report and review of the literature. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011; 41:200-2. [PMID: 22137638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Foetal imaging and anomaly detection is advancing at a rapid rate. As a result, detection of foetal craniofacial abnormalities is increasing. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging are currently the imaging modalities most commonly used. The authors describe the detection of a nasal glioma at 20 weeks' gestation, subsequent prenatal monitoring and postnatal management with surgical excision at 2 months of age. The world literature regarding prenatal diagnosis and management of craniofacial malformations is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Beegun
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Kings College University Hospital, UK.
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Beegun I, Dua R, Bentley R, Connor S. The evolving world of craniofacial abnormalities: advancements in detection and management. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2011.07.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Sharma S, Mahalingam S, Nicoli T, Connor S, Fan K. Patterns of cervicofacial infections: comparison of pre- and post-operative computed tomography. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2011.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dalzell L, Connor S, Penner M, Saari MJ, Leboutillier JC, Weeks ACW. Fear conditioning is associated with synaptogenesis in the lateral amygdala. Synapse 2010; 65:513-9. [PMID: 20936683 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fear conditioning in the rat typically involves pairing a conditioned stimulus (tone) with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (foot shock) which elicits a freeze response. Although the circuitry that underlies this form of learning is well defined, potential synaptic changes associated with this form of learning have not been fully investigated. This experiment examined synaptic structural plasticity in the lateral amygdala which is critical for the acquisition of the conditioned fear response. Adult male rats were randomly allocated to either a paired, unpaired or tone only condition. One day after the initial fear conditioning session and 1 h after a probe trial confirmation of a conditioned fear response, the rats were perfused and the relevant tissue was embedded for electron microscopic analysis. Synaptic changes were quantified in the lateral amygdala using a stereological approach. The results showed a significant increase in the number of synapses in the conditioned animals compared to controls. This finding suggests that an increase in synaptic compliment in the amygdala may underlie the acquisition of the conditioned fear response.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dalzell
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, 100 College Dr., North Bay, ON P1B8L7, Canada
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Lee A, Jiang D, McLaren S, Nunn T, Demler JM, Tysome JR, Connor S, Fitzgerald O'Connor A. Electric acoustic stimulation of the auditory system: experience and results of ten patients using MED-EL's M and FlexEAS electrodes. Clin Otolaryngol 2010; 35:190-7. [PMID: 20636737 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-4486.2010.02140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the hearing preservation rate and speech perception scores in patients with profound high frequency hearing loss and acoustically aidable low frequency hearing, managed with the MED-EL electric acoustic stimulation system referenced to the insertion depth of the electrode array. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective data analysis. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Ten patients implanted at the Auditory Implant Centre, Guy's and St Thomas's Hospital, London, UK. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Pure tone audiometry, speech perception tests and electrode insertion depth angle. RESULTS Postoperatively, functional hearing preservation allowing electric acoustic stimulation was achieved in eight patients and total preservation of residual hearing in five patients with follow-up periods of more than 12 months. Three of four (75%) patients with an insertion depth of >360 degrees had a threshold shift of >25 dB, and all four patients had a threshold shift of >10 dB. All patients with total hearing preservation had the electrode inserted up to 360 degrees at maximum. Overall, speech perception outcomes increased significantly and hearing impairment was significantly reduced after electric acoustic stimulation or electric stimulation alone as compared with the preoperative scores. CONCLUSION Electric acoustic stimulation provides significant benefit to individuals with profound high frequency hearing loss. Studies with larger number of patients are needed to establish the optimal electrode insertion angle as well as to further analyse the benefit of electric acoustic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lee
- Auditory Implant Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Trust, London, UK
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Windsor J, Loveday B, Petrov M, Connor S, Rossaak J, Mittal A, Phillips A. Classification of Invasive Procedures for Treating the Local Complications of Acute Pancreatitis. J Surg Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.11.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Manganaris A, Conn B, Connor S, Simo R. Uncommon presentation of nasopharyngeal extramedullary plasmacytoma: a case report and literature review. B-ENT 2010; 6:143-146. [PMID: 20681370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We report an exceptional presentation of extramedullary plasmacytoma of the nasopharynx without bone marrow involvement or other characteristics of multiple myeloma. METHOD Case report and a review of the world literature concerning the clinical presentation, histopathological features, optimal treatment and prognosis of nasopharyngeal extramedullary plasmacytoma. RESULTS Reports of patients with symptomatic extramedullary plasmacytomas of the nasopharynx eventually being documented with histopathological evidence are not uncommon; however, the converse appears to be an extremely rare event. The patient was completely asymptomatic and following a paroxysm of coughing, expectorated a polypoidal nodule, which on histopathological investigation had features suggestive of extramedullary plasmacytoma. CONCLUSION Although these tumours commonly present with significant nasal symptoms, this exceptional presentation in an asymptomatic patient has never been previously reported. Unusual presentations of rare tumours can pose considerable diagnostic dilemmas to both the surgeon and histopathologist. Awareness of these rarities is important to ensure the best patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Manganaris
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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Connor S, Bloomfield J, LeBoutillier JC, Thompson RF, Petit TL, Weeks ACW. Eyeblink conditioning leads to fewer synapses in the rabbit cerebellar cortex. Behav Neurosci 2009; 123:856-62. [PMID: 19634946 DOI: 10.1037/a0016370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Eyeblink conditioning involves the pairing of a conditioned stimulus (tone) to an aversive unconditioned stimulus (air puff). Although the circuitry that underlies this form of learning is well defined, synaptic changes in these structures have not been fully investigated. This experiment examined synaptic structural plasticity in the cerebellar cortex, a structure that has been found to modulate the acquisition and timing of the conditioned response. Long-term depression of Purkinje cells (PCs) in the cerebellar cortex has been proposed as a mechanism for releasing inhibition of the interpositus nuclei, a structure critical for the formation of the CR. Adult albino rabbits were randomly allocated to either a paired, unpaired, or exposure-only condition. The results showed a significant decrease in the number of excitatory synapses in the outer layer of the cerebellar cortex in the conditioned rabbits compared with controls. This finding suggests that a reduction in the number of excitatory synapses may contribute to the lasting depression of PC activity that is associated with eyeblink conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Connor
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, Canada
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Blythe J, Matthews N, Connor S. Eagle’s syndrome after fracture of the elongated styloid process. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009; 47:233-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mirza RS, Green WW, Connor S, Weeks ACW, Wood CM, Pyle GG. Do you smell what I smell? Olfactory impairment in wild yellow perch from metal-contaminated waters. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2009; 72:677-683. [PMID: 19108892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we sampled yellow perch from three lakes along a metal-contamination gradient and examined their olfactory ability in response to conspecific chemical alarm cues and metal-binding characteristics of their olfactory epithelium (OE). We measured the electrophysiological response at the OE, tested their antipredator behaviour and measured neuronal density at the olfactory rosette and bulb. Yellow perch from contaminated lakes exhibited significantly larger electrophysiological responses to alarm cues than clean lake fish, but showed no antipredator behaviour contrary to clean lake fish. Neuron density did not differ at either the olfactory rosette or bulb between clean and contaminated fish. Unlike fishes raised under laboratory or aquaculture settings, fish from contaminated lakes possessed a functional OE after metal exposure, but similar to laboratory/aquaculture fishes, yellow perch did not exhibit olfactory-mediated behaviours. Thus, wild fish from contaminated lakes can detect chemical stimuli but olfactory signal processing is disrupted which could alter ecological functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Mirza
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Clark EJ, Taylor MA, Connor S, O'Neill R, Brennan MF, Garden OJ, Parks RW. Validation of a prognostic nomogram in patients undergoing resection for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in a UK tertiary referral centre. HPB (Oxford) 2008; 10:501-5. [PMID: 19088940 PMCID: PMC2597327 DOI: 10.1080/13651820802356606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Survival following resection for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains poor. The aim of this study was to validate a survival nomogram designed at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Centre (MSKCC) in a UK tertiary referral centre. METHODS Patients who underwent resection for PDAC between 1995 and 2005 were analysed retrospectively. Standard prognostic factors and nomogram-specific data were collected. Continuous data are presented as median (inter-quartile range). RESULTS Sixty-three patients were analysed. The median survival was 326 (209-680) days. On univariate analysis lymph node status (node +ve 297 (194-471) days versus node -ve 367 (308-1060) days, p=0.005) and posterior margin involvement (margin +ve 210 (146-443) days versus margin -ve 355 (265-835) days, p=0.024) were predictors of a poor survival. Only lymph node positivity was significant on multivariate analysis (p=0.006). The median nomogram score was 217 (198-236). A nomogram score of 113-217 predicted a median survival of 367 (295-847) days compared to 265 (157-443) days for a score of 218-269, p=0.012. CONCLUSION Increasing nomogram score was associated with poorer survival. However the accuracy demonstrated by MSKCC could not be replicated in the current cohort of patients and may reflect differences in patient demographics, accuracy of pathological staging and differences in treatment regimens between the two centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. J. Clark
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), Royal Infirmary of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - M. A. Taylor
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), Royal Infirmary of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - S. Connor
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), Royal Infirmary of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - R. O'Neill
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), Royal Infirmary of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - M. F. Brennan
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CentreNew York NYUSA
| | - O. J. Garden
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), Royal Infirmary of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - R. W. Parks
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), Royal Infirmary of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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Casarett D, Connor S. National and International Measurement Opportunities. Int J Infect Dis 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2008.05.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Halloran CM, Ghaneh P, Connor S, Sutton R, Neoptolemos JP, Raraty MGT. Carbohydrate antigen 19.9 accurately selects patients for laparoscopic assessment to determine resectability of pancreatic malignancy. Br J Surg 2008; 95:453-9. [PMID: 18161888 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.6043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laparoscopy with laparoscopic ultrasonography (L-LUS) may be useful in the selection of patients for surgery to resect peripancreatic malignancy in addition to contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CE-CT). The present prospective study assessed the strategy of using carbohydrate antigen 19.9 (CA19.9) levels to select patients for L-LUS. METHODS Patients with suspected peripancreatic malignancy that appeared resectable on CE-CT were selected for immediate surgery if CA19.9 was low (up to 150 kU/l, or up to 300 kU/l if serum bilirubin was above 35 micromol/l), or to L-LUS if CA19.9 was high (over 150 kU/l, or over 300 kU/l if serum bilirubin was above 35 micromol/l). Data were assessed to determine the clinical utility of this strategy. RESULTS A total of 94 patients went straight to surgery, of whom 65 proved resectable: 63 of 80 with a low CA19.9 level but only two of 14 with a high CA19.9 level and gastric outlet obstruction. From 55 patients with high CA19.9 levels, L-LUS correctly identified 26 of 31 resectable tumours and eight of 24 unresectable tumours. CONCLUSION Using CA19.9 levels to help select patients with pancreatic malignancy for immediate surgery or L-LUS for further assessment of resectability effectively increased resection rates and reduced unnecessary laparotomies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Halloran
- Division of Surgery and Oncology, School of Cancer Studies, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Abstract
The precise role of laparoscopic assessment of biliary tract malignancy is yet to be defined. The evidence for its use has been reviewed to establish the role of laparoscopy for preoperative staging of cholangiocarcinoma. Published papers were reviewed for the evidence relevant to intrahepatic, proximal intrahepatic and distal biliary carcinoma. There is no randomized trial evaluating staging laparoscopy or laparoscopic ultrasound in the assessment of cholangiocarcinoma and the quality of the available data is extremely variable. There is a need for further studies to determine the specific role of laparoscopic staging of cholangiocarcinoma. The current standard of management should be to perform laparoscopic staging prior to proceeding to resection for patients with cholangiocarcinoma as it may prevent unnecessary laparotomy in up to 30% of patients. However, a selective approach identifying high-risk patients who will not benefit from surgical palliation may be more cost effective and future studies should be performed to identify such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Joseph
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBoston MassUSA
| | - S. Connor
- Department of Surgery, Christchurch HospitalChristchurchNew Zealand
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Abstract
AbstractObjective:We present a rare case of a jugular foramen meningocoele in a 48-year-old female, with neurofibromatosis type 1, presenting with positional vertigo. We also postulate possible underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.Method:We describe the imaging findings of this rare entity and review the literature on skull base meningocoeles, particularly in the context of neurofibromatosis type 1.Results:A computed tomography scan revealed smooth expansion of the jugular foramen. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a fluid filled lesion expanding the jugular foramen and communicating with cerebrospinal fluid of the cerebellomedullary cistern superiorly.Conclusion:Skull base meningocoeles are a rare entity and we believe that this is the first reported case of a meningocoele causing enlargement of the jugular foramen in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1. The meningocoele may have resulted from a severe form of dural ectasia or from dysplastic, weakened bone at the skull base.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Siddiqui
- Department of Neuroradiology, Kings College Hospital, London, UK.
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Connor S, Barron E, Redhead DN, Ireland H, Madhavan KK, Parks RW, Garden OJ. Palliation for suspected unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 2007; 33:341-5. [PMID: 17175127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of different techniques of palliation for patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. METHOD All patients treated with palliative intent between 1988 and 2004 at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh were reviewed. Patients were analysed on an intention to treat basis. Demographics, procedure and outcome (including re-admissions) were recorded. RESULTS Two hundred and thirty-three patients underwent palliative treatment for suspected hilar cholangiocarcinoma. The diagnosis was confirmed histologically in 109 patients. The procedure related morbidity and mortality was 54/225 and 18/207 respectively. Seventy-one patients required re-admission. Twenty patients underwent surgical biliary bypass for jaundice. Those undergoing surgical palliation had a longer median (95% CI) time to re-admission (16 (0-36) vs.7 (2-12) weeks, p=0.001). Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) and stenting was only successful in 28 patients and was associated with a significantly higher re-admission rate compared to patients in whom ERCP was not performed (60/179 vs. 4/27, p=0.050). The overall median (95% CI) survival was 145 (124-185) days. CONCLUSION Current options for palliation of hilar cholangiocarcinoma provide good short term success but are all associated with significant early and late morbidity. Due to its low success and association with an increased re-admission rate, ERCP for definitive palliation should not be used in the first line staging and management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Connor
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK
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Connor S, Hart MG, Redhead DN, Ireland H, Madhavan KK, Parks RW, Garden OJ. Follow-up and outcomes for resection of colorectal liver metastases in Edinburgh. Eur J Surg Oncol 2007; 33:55-60. [PMID: 17095181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2006.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to assess the value of a defined follow-up protocol for patients undergoing potentially curative hepatic resection for colorectal hepatic metastases. METHODS A standard protocol for the duration of the study consisted of clinical assessment, serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and computed tomography. Patterns of recurrence, method and timing of diagnosis and outcome were recorded. RESULTS One hundred and ninety-one patients underwent potentially curative resection from 1989 to 2004 of whom 103 developed recurrence. The median (inter-quartile range) follow-up was 24.4 (6.5-42.3) months. The median (IQR) time to recurrence and overall survival was 25.0 (10 -not yet reached) and 45.2 (21-123) months, respectively. Seventeen patients (8.9%) underwent further surgery with curative intent. Fifty-five patients (57.9%) had recurrence diagnosed at routine follow-up with 71% (44/62) being diagnosed by CEA and CT. The CEA was elevated in 85.7% (72/84 patients) at the time of diagnosis of recurrence. CONCLUSION Although the detection of recurrent disease is common during follow-up after hepatic resection for colorectal metastases, few patients will be suitable for further intervention with curative intent. The exact nature of the follow-up protocol remains to be determined but if it is going to be performed it should be most intensive within the first 3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Connor
- Division of Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, United Kingdom
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Connor S. Author's reply: Meta-analysis of endoscopy and surgery versus surgery alone for common bile duct stones with the gallbladder in situ ( Br J Surg 2006; 93; 1185–1191). Br J Surg 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.5750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Connor
- Department of Surgery, Christchurch Hospital, Private Bag 4710, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Clark E, Connor S, Taylor M, Madhavan K, Garden O, Parks R. Preoperative lymphocyte count as a prognostic factor in resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. HPB (Oxford) 2007; 9:456-60. [PMID: 18345294 PMCID: PMC2215360 DOI: 10.1080/13651820701774891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recognized prognostic factors for resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) include tumour size, differentiation, resection margin involvement and lymph node metastases. A further prognostic factor of less certain significance is lymphocyte count. The aim of this study was to investigate whether preoperative lymphocyte count is a prognostic indicator in patients with PDAC. MATERIAL AND METHODS Patients who had undergone a potentially curative pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) for PDAC between 1998 and 2005 were analysed. Standard prognostic factors, preoperative lymphocyte count, preoperative neutrophil count and survival data were collected. RESULTS Of the 44 patients studied, univariate analysis identified predictors of a poor survival as lymph node status (node positive (+ve) 10.3 [5.4-20.9] months versus node negative (-ve) 14.2 [10.9-31.4] months; p=0.038), posterior resection margin invasion (margin +ve 7.0 [5.1-15.0] months versus margin -ve 13.1 [10.0-28.3] months; p=0.025) and lymphocyte count below the reference range (<1.5 x 10(9)/litre 8.8 [7.0-13.1] months versus > or = 1.5 x 10(9)/litre 14.3 [7.0-28.3] months; p=0.029). Low preoperative lymphocyte count (p=0.027) and posterior margin invasion (p=0.023) retained significance on multivariate analysis. Preoperative neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio was not a significant prognostic factor. CONCLUSION Preoperative lymphocyte count is a significant prognostic factor in patients with PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.J. Clark
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), Royal Infirmary of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - S. Connor
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), Royal Infirmary of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - M.A. Taylor
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), Royal Infirmary of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - K.K. Madhavan
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), Royal Infirmary of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - O.J. Garden
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), Royal Infirmary of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - R.W. Parks
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), Royal Infirmary of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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Clark E, Connor S, Taylor MA, Hendry CL, Madhavan KK, Garden OJ, Parks RW. Perioperative transfusion for pancreaticoduodenectomy and its impact on prognosis in resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. HPB (Oxford) 2007; 9:472-7. [PMID: 18345298 PMCID: PMC2215364 DOI: 10.1080/13651820701769693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is a major operative intervention performed most commonly for malignancy in the head of pancreas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utilization of blood transfusion for PD and to determine whether this had prognostic significance in a subset of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). MATERIAL AND METHODS Data on blood transfusion requirement were retrospectively collected for patients undergoing PD from 1998 to 2005. Standard prognostic factors and survival data were also collected in patients with PDAC. RESULTS One-hundred-and-seventy patients underwent PD. Seventy-six patients (45%) received transfusion. The median (interquartile range) number of units of red cell concentrate (RCC) transfused perioperatively (intraoperatively and within 24 h of surgery) was 1.5 (0.5-2.5). The median preoperative haemoglobin (Hb) was 126 g/dl. The median number of units of RCC transfused perioperatively in patients with Hb <126 g/dl was 2 (1-3); for those with Hb > or = 126 g/dl the median was 0 (0-1); p=0.003. Forty-nine patients who were resected for PDAC were subjected to survival analysis. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that only posterior resection margin invasion was associated with an adverse outcome (margin positive 198 [143-470] days vs margin negative 398 [303-859] days; p=0.02). Perioperative RCC transfusion requirement was not a significant predictor of survival (transfusion 408 [214-769] days vs no transfusion 331 [217-391] days; p=0.18). Furthermore, RCC transfusion within 30 days of operation was not a significant predictor of poor survival (transfusion 331 [201-459] days vs no transfusion 317 [196-769] days; p=0.43). CONCLUSIONS PD can be performed with a moderately low requirement for RCC transfusion; however, low preoperative haemoglobin is a predictor for the requirement of RCC transfusion. Administration of RCC transfusion does not appear to be a significant adverse prognostic factor in patients with resected PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Clark
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Clayton ESJ, Connor S, Alexakis N, Leandros E. Meta-analysis of endoscopy and surgery versus surgery alone for common bile duct stones with the gallbladder in situ. Br J Surg 2006; 93:1185-91. [PMID: 16964628 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.5568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no clear consensus on the better therapeutic approach (endoscopic versus surgical) to choledocholithiasis. This study is a meta-analysis of the available evidence. METHODS A search of the Medline and ISI databases identified 12 studies that met the inclusion criteria for data extraction. The analysis was performed using a random-effects model. The outcome was calculated as an odds ratio (OR) or relative risk (RR) with 95 per cent confidence intervals (c.i.). RESULTS Outcomes of 1357 patients were studied. There was no significant difference in successful duct clearance (OR 0.85 (95 per cent c.i. 0.64 to 1.12); P = 0.250), mortality (RR 1.79 (95 per cent c.i. 0.66 to 4.83); P = 0.250), total morbidity (RR 0.89 (95 per cent 0.71 c.i. to 1.13); P = 0.350), major morbidity (RR 1.34 (95 per cent c.i. 0.92 to 1.97); P = 0.130) or need for additional procedures (OR 1.37 (95 per cent c.i. 0.82 to 2.29); P = 0.230) between the endoscopic and surgical groups. There was also no significant difference between the endoscopic and laparoscopic surgery groups. CONCLUSION Both approaches have similar outcomes, and treatment should be determined by local resources and expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S J Clayton
- Department of Surgery, Christchurch Public Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Abstract
A case of growing skull fracture associated with unrecognized extradural haematoma is presented together with the relevant radiology. The pathophysiology of growing skull fracture is reviewed in light of this previously unreported case.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Crocker
- Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
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Poulton M, Connor S, Lucas S, de Silva T. WITHDRAWN: A pathological surprise. J Infect 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2005.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the standard of care for symptomatic cholelithiasis, but it is associated with a higher incidence of bile duct injury than the open approach. METHODS A review was performed of the English language literature on the management of bile duct injury listed on Medline databases. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION There is consensus that careful dissection and correct interpretation of the anatomy avoids the complication of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. Routine intraoperative cholangiography is associated with a lower incidence and early recognition of bile duct injury. Early detection and repair is associated with an improved outcome, and the minimum standard of care after the recognition of a bile duct injury is immediate referral to a surgeon experienced in bile duct injury repair. Surgery provides the mainstay of treatment, with proximal hepaticojejunostomy Roux en Y being the operation of choice; a selective role for endoscopic or radiological treatment exists. The outcome after bile duct injury remains poor, especially in relation to the initial expectation of the cholecystectomy. Patients are often committed to a decade of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Connor
- Department of Surgery, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the standard of care for symptomatic cholelithiasis, but it is associated with a higher incidence of bile duct injury than the open approach. METHODS A review was performed of the English language literature on the management of bile duct injury listed on Medline databases. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION There is consensus that careful dissection and correct interpretation of the anatomy avoids the complication of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. Routine intraoperative cholangiography is associated with a lower incidence and early recognition of bile duct injury. Early detection and repair is associated with an improved outcome, and the minimum standard of care after the recognition of a bile duct injury is immediate referral to a surgeon experienced in bile duct injury repair. Surgery provides the mainstay of treatment, with proximal hepaticojejunostomy Roux en Y being the operation of choice; a selective role for endoscopic or radiological treatment exists. The outcome after bile duct injury remains poor, especially in relation to the initial expectation of the cholecystectomy. Patients are often committed to a decade of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Connor
- Department of Surgery, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Connor S, Williams PTJ, Armstrong B, Petit TL, Ivanco TL, Weeks ACW. Long-term potentiation is associated with changes in synaptic ultrastructure in the rat neocortex. Synapse 2006; 59:378-82. [PMID: 16447180 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Long-term potentiation (LTP) in the sensorimotor cortex of freely moving rats has been associated with changes in dendritic morphology and dendritic spine density. The current research examined changes in synaptic number and ultrastructure associated with LTP in this cortical region. LTP was induced over a 1 h period and the animals were sacrificed 2 h after the initial stimulation of the LTP group. Synapses within the terminal area of the apical dendrites from layer III pyramidal neurons were quantified by determining the total number of synapses per neuron, the number of excitatory and inhibitory contacts, number of synapses with different curvature subtypes, number of perforated synapses, and synaptic length. Several changes in synaptic morphology of excitatory synapses were revealed but no overall increase in the number of synapses per neuron was evident. Specifically, the induction of LTP was associated with an increased number of excitatory perforated and concave shaped synapses. Increased numbers of perforated concave synapses were also found to be significantly correlated with the degree of potentiation in the LTP animals. These and previous results suggest similar synaptic changes in both the cortex and hippocampus during the early phases of LTP maintenance and distinct synaptic changes during later phases of LTP maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Connor
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, Canada P1B 8L7
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