Branched-chain amino acid supplementation attenuates muscle soreness, muscle damage and inflammation during an intensive training program

AIM

The aim of this paper was to assess the effects of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation on muscle soreness, muscle damage and inflammation during an intensive training program.

METHODS

Twelve long-distance runners (20 + or - 1 year-old) participated in a double-blinded crossover designed study conducted during two intensive training periods (three-day). The subjects were provided either a drink containing BCAA (0.8% BCAA in a 3.5% carbohydrate solution; 2,500 mL/day) or an isocaloric placebo drink during each training period. All subjects completed the same training program (total running distance: males: 86 km, females: 64 km), and ate the same meals during the training period. Whole body muscle soreness and fatigue sensation were measured in the morning before and during the training period by Visual Analogue Scale method. Plasma creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and granulocyte elastase (GEL) levels were measured as indicators of muscle damage and inflammation before and after the training period.

RESULTS

Muscle soreness and fatigue sensation during the training period in the BCAA trial were lower than those in the placebo trial (-32% and -24%, respectively; P<0.05). The plasma CK, LDH, and GEL levels after the training program in the BCAA trial were lower than those in the placebo trial (-21%, -6%, and -15%, respectively; P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

These results demonstrate that BCAA supplementation during an intensive training program effectively reduces the muscle soreness and fatigue sensation, and that the perceived changes could be attributed to the attenuation of muscle damage and inflammation.

Branched-chain amino acids supplementation attenuates the accumulation of blood lactate dehydrogenase during distance running

AIM

We investigated the effect of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) supplementation on tissue damage during distance running.

METHODS

Eight male distance runners (mean +/- standard deviation; age: 20.4+/-1.2 years, body weight: 58.4+/-4.2 kg) participated in a double blinded cross over designed study conducted during training camp. During each intervention period, the subjects were asked to participate in a 25-km run, and the blood BCAA and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, an index of tissue damage, were measured pre- and post-run. Either a drink containing BCAA (0.4% BCAA in a 4% carbohydrate solution) or an iso-calorie placebo drink was provided to the subjects 5 times during the run without any restriction in the volume.

RESULTS

The total volume of the drink consumed by the subjects did not differ substantially between the trials: 591+/-188 (2.36 g BCAA) vs 516+/-169 mL in BCAA and placebo trial, respectively. During the run, the blood BCAA concentration was maintained in the BCAA trial. However, the blood BCAA concentration level tended to decrease in the placebo trial (P<0.1). The extent of the blood LDH increase in the BCAA trial was significantly less than that of the placebo trail (48% vs 58%, P<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Maintaining the blood BCAA level throughout a long distance run contributes to a reduction in the LDH release and, therefore, the effect of BCAA supplementation is suggested to reduce the degree of muscle damage.

Mortality and cancer incidence among a population previously exposed to environmental cadmium

OBJECTIVES

This paper evaluates the associations of previous exposure to environmental cadmium (Cd) and renal function with total mortality and cancer incidence.

METHODS

The study population comprised 275 residents (aged 40-92 years at baseline) in a Cd-polluted area located on Tsushima Island, Nagasaki, Japan. In the study area, the dietary intake of Cd decreased because the soil of the Cd-polluted rice fields was replaced with new soil between 1980 and 1983. The mortality rate from 1982 to 1997 and cancer incidence from 1985 to 1996 were investigated. Standardized mortality and incidence ratios (SMR and SIR) were calculated by using regional reference rates. The associations of renal function and urinary Cd levels with total mortality and cancer incidence were evaluated with Cox regression models.

RESULTS

The SMR for all subjects, and those with a urinary beta2-microglobulin (U-beta2M) concentration > or = 1,000 microg/g creatinine (Cr) and < 1,000 microg/g Cr was estimated at 90 [95% confidence interval (CI) 73-109], 138 (95% CI 101-183) and 66 (95% CI 49-87), respectively. After adjustment for age and other potential confounders, in men, serum beta2M (S-beta2M) (> or = 2.3 mg/l) and in women, serum Cr (> or = 21.2 mg/ 100 ml), relative clearance of beta2M (> or = 21%) and U-beta2M (> or = 1,000 microg/g Cr), were associated with a significantly increased risk of mortality, with hazard ratios exceeding 2.0. After further adjustment for log(U-beta2M), the rate ratio of deaths associated with, in men, increased S-beta2M was 2.53 (95% CI 0.97-6.65) and, in women, increased serum Cr (S-Cr) concentrations was 2.75 (95% CI 1.24-6.14). Urinary Cd concentrations (> or = 10 microg/g Cr) were not significantly associated with mortality. The overall SIR of all malignant neoplasms was 71 (95% CI 44-107).

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that renal tubule dysfunction and a reduced glomerular filtration rate are predictors of mortality among persons previously exposed to environmental Cd. However, the results also suggest that overall mortality rates in Cd-polluted areas are not necessarily increased, because of the low mortality among those with no, or only slight, signs of low-molecular weight proteinuria. Overall cancer incidence may not be increased among residents in Cd-polluted areas.

Persistent behavioural changes in rats following inescapable shock stress: a potential model of posttraumatic stress disorder

Behavioural changes in rats two weeks after inescapable shock stress were studied using a shuttle-box task (active avoidance/escape). Rats exposed to inescapable shock stress two weeks beforehand showed more frequent avoidance responses and greater within-group variation in both avoidance response and general activity during the test than rats in a control group. General activity during an unstressful period (before starting the test) did not differ significantly between groups. This relatively prolonged increase in responsiveness to external stimuli in the stressful context may be a useful experimental model of posttraumatic stress disorder, especially in relation to hypervigilance.

Evaluation of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma incidence and its impact on non-Hodgkin lymphoma incidence in southwestern Japan

The incidence of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and its impact on that of total non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) were evaluated in Nagasaki, an area in southwestern Japan where human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is endemic. The first study area comprised 4 towns located on the K Islands, which had a population of 26,870 in 1990. The overall HTLV-I seroprevalence estimated from the serologic survey of 18,485 subjects was 16.2%. By using the data from the Nagasaki Prefectural Cancer Registry (NPCR) and reviewing clinical and laboratory information, we identified 40 cases of ATL and 35 cases of other NHL diagnosed between 1985 and 1995. The crude annual incidence of ATL among 100,000 HTLV-I carriers aged 30 or older was estimated at 137.7 for men and 57.4 for women, with a significant sex difference after adjustment for age (rate ratio = 2.50, 95% confidence interval 1.32-4.73). The cumulative risk from 30 to 79 years of age was estimated at approximately 6.6% for men and 2.1% for women. Among the entire population, ATL accounted for 51 to 59% of the total NHL incidence, showing the strong impact of HTLV-I infection. The second study area comprised the whole of Nagasaki Prefecture (total population in 1990 = 1.56 million). Between 1985 and 1995, 989 cases of ATL and 1,745 cases of other NHL were registered in the NPCR. The world age-standardized annual incidence rate of ATL per 100,000 persons aged 30 or older was estimated at 10.5 for men and 6.0 for women, which accounted for approximately 37 to 41% of the total NHL incidence.

[Potential exposure to inorganic mercury in people living near a sewage sludge dumping site: urinary excretion of mercury, subjective symptoms and renal function]

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of exposure to inorganic mercury and its health effects among people living near a sewage sludge dumping site in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. In this area, sewage sludge and industrial waste have been dumped since 1975, and total mercury levels exceeding the water quality standards (0.0006-0.0020 mg/l) have been detected in seeping water and river water since July 1997.

METHODS

The population for the present study comprised 48 subjects (aged 11-91 years) living near a sewage sludge dumping site and 49 subjects (aged 10-82 years) living in a non-polluted area. In November and December 1998, subjective symptoms of inorganic mercury exposure, history of occupational exposure to inorganic mercury, frequency of fish intake, sources of drinking water and other health habits were inquired by a self-administered questionnaire. Total mercury and total protein levels and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity in morning urine specimens were also measured.

RESULTS

Among males, the proportion of subjects who complained of tremor in the hands (P = 0.02) and increased irritability (P = 0.10) was higher in the polluted area than in the control area. In addition, the proportion of those who did not report being easily fatigued was lower in the polluted area than in the control area (P = 0.07). Among females there was no significant difference in the prevalence of self-reported symptoms related to the central nervous system disturbance between the two areas. After adjustment for gender and age using logistic regression analysis, the prevalence of increased irritability was significantly higher (P = 0.05) and the proportion of those who did not report being easily fatigued was significantly lower (P = 0.03) in the polluted area than in the control area. However, there was no significant difference in the geometric mean of urinary total mercury concentration (microgram/g creatinine) between the polluted area (0.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.48-0.91 for men and 0.96, 95% CI 0.70-1.33 for women) and the control area (0.81, 95% CI 0.60-1.09 for men and 0.83, 95% CI 0.57-1.22 for women). There was no individual whose total mercury concentration in urine exceeded 30 micrograms/g creatinine, at which level of urinary total mercury toxic effects on the central nervous system have been reported in industrial workers. There was also no significant difference in the geometric means of urinary total protein level and NAG activity.

CONCLUSION

There was no evidence of excessive exposure to inorganic mercury among residents in the polluted area. Thus, we concluded that the difference in the prevalence of subjective symptoms was not due to the direct effect of exposure to inorganic mercury. To prevent the contamination of water by taking measures against pollution sources, monitoring of the quality of drinking water, and finally to secure safe water supply by public waterworks are required.

Dual regulatory effects of interferon-alpha, -beta, and -gamma on interleukin-8 gene expression by human gingival fibroblasts in culture upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide from Prevotella intermedia, interleukin-1alpha, or tumor necrosis factor-alpha

In a previous study, we demonstrated that the amount of interleukin (IL)-8 mRNA expressed by human gingival fibroblasts stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Prevotella intermedia ATCC 25611 is increased by pre-treatment with beta or gamma interferon (IFN-beta or -gamma). In the present study, we identified the regulatory effects of these IFNs on IL-8 mRNA expression and IL-8 production by human gingival fibroblasts. Priming with IFN-alpha (alpha), -beta, or -gamma upregulated the IL-8 mRNA expression in response to P. intermedia LPS, whereas co-stimulation with these IFNs reduced the amount of mRNA expressed by the cells. The regulation of IL-8 mRNA expression induced by recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (rHuTNF-alpha) or rHuIL-1alpha was similar to that induced by LPS. The IL-8 mRNA expression in response to P. intermedia LPS was enhanced by IFN-gamma independently of de novo protein synthesis, and was regulated, at least in part, at the transcriptional level. The IL-8 mRNA accumulation in response to P. intermedia LPS was inhibited by tosylphenyl-alanyl chloromethyl-ketone, an inhibitor of NF-kappaB activation, although the NF-kappaB activation itself was not altered by IFN-gamma. These findings suggest that IFNs might be capable of both enhancing and inhibiting inflammatory responses in periodontal tissues through the dual regulation of IL-8 production by gingival fibroblasts in response to bacterial components and cytokines.

Possible association between adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and acute myeloid leukemia

BACKGROUND

To the authors' knowledge, an association between adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has been reported only in four patients. The authors identified five additional patients with both neoplasms.

METHODS

A review of the clinical records of patients with AML, ATL, or lymphoid neoplasms other than ATL diagnosed between 1986 and 1995 was performed. Cytokine levels were assayed in selected patients. The authors searched for reports from other institutions using MEDLINE and the proceedings of two Japanese hematology societies.

RESULTS

ATL was diagnosed in 134 patients, whereas 180 had AML. Five patients with both neoplasms were identified (3.7% of ATL patients and 2.8% of AML patients). In seven of the nine patients (including four patients in the literature) with ATL and AML, the ATL was diagnosed prior to the AML, whereas in the remaining two patients both neoplasms were diagnosed simultaneously. Six of the nine cases were therapy-related (t)-AML, which developed after chemotherapy for ATL. Monoclonal integration of proviral human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 was detected in ATL cells but not in AML cells in the six patients examined. The plasma levels of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, and granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were elevated in 3, 1, and 1, respectively, of the 4 patients examined at AML onset who had active ATL. In one case, the levels of several cytokines, including GM-CSF and M-CSF, in the supernatant fluid of short term cultured ATL cells were elevated. Three patients with de novo ATL and AML received remission induction therapy, and two achieved a complete remission (CR) of both diseases. Among the four patients who received chemotherapy for t-AML, two achieved CR.

CONCLUSIONS

ATL patients also can develop AML, irrespective of treatment with chemotherapy for ATL. This association does not indicate exclusive chemoresistance of both neoplasms. Cytokines produced by ATL cells may support the growth of AML cells.

Characteristics of genetic variation in the progenies of protoplast-derived plants of rice, Oryza sativa cv Nipponbare

Genetic variation in protoplast-derived rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants was characterized using first and second generation selfed progenies. A total of 133 regenerated plants were obtained from ten protoplasts of the japonica rice cultivar Nipponbare. Sixty two regenerated plants which set enough seeds for the subsequent field tests at the next generation and were derived from five protoplasts were selected, and their selfed seeds were used as the first selfed-seed progeny (Pt(1) generation). Fifteen plants were selected from each of the 15 Pt(1) lines, and their selfed seeds were used for tests at the Pt(2) generation. Thirty seven Pt(1) lines (60%) segregated plants with detrimental mutant characters of yellowgreen phenotype, dwarf stature, dense and short panicle, or low seed fertility. According to the segregation patterns in the lines having mutated plants among those originated from the same protoplasts, the stages of mutation induction were estimated. Additionally, five quantitative traits were changed in almost all Pt(1) and Pt(2) lines. Varied quantitative traits of heading date, number of spikelets per panicle, and seed fertility, were in a heterozygous state. However, culm and panicle lengths showed high uniformity, whereas reduced culm and panicle lengths were caused by mutational changes in polygenes and/or multiple genes.

[Report on the accuracy and the reliability of dip sticks]

Urinary examination with dip sticks is essential for clinical screening test and primary health care. Recently Japanese Society of Clinical Pathology has stressed the clinical use of dip sticks. Many dip sticks are available in Japan. However, few attempts have been done for external quality control of dip sticks. It is well known that there are considerable differences in the accuracy, sensitivity and stability of dip sticks. Makers are at variance in indicating concentration levels in accordance with the given color charts. Some urine chemistry analyzers for dip sticks have been developed. There was a few cases of simultaneous study on dip sticks from various makers. We, four technologists have attempted external quality control of eleven dip sticks for protein, glucose and occult blood with the same lot number (one was only for glucose) using the four different pooled urine samples and two artificial urine samples. Based on the results of this study, the following proposal to improve the accuracy and reliability of dip sticks was derived. 1) Users should have a plenty of knowledge on the difference of the quality of dip sticks of each makers. 2) Makers of dip sticks should clarify to users the method of examination, standard materials and errors. 3) Users should perform internal quality control using different pooled urine samples or different artificial urine samples on a daily basis before going with the routine work.

Self-incompatibility (S) alleles of the Rosaceae encode members of a distinct class of the T2/S ribonuclease superfamily

Stylar ribonucleases (RNases) are associated with gametophytic self-incompatibility in two plant families, the Solanaceae and the Rosaceae. The self-incompatibility-associated RNases (S-RNases) of both the Solanaceae and the Rosaceae were recently reported to belong to the T2 RNase gene family, based on the presence of two well-conserved sequence motifs. Here, the cloning and characterization of S-RNase genes from two species of Rosaceae, apple (Malus x domestica) and Japanese pear (Pyrus serotina) is described and these sequences are compared with those of other T2-type RNases. The S-RNases of apple specifically accumulated in styles following maturation of the flower bud. Two cDNA clones for S-RNases from apple, and PCR clones encoding a further two apple S-RNases as well as two Japanese pear S-RNases were isolated and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequences of the rosaceous S-RNases contained two conserved regions characteristic of the T2/S-type RNases. The sequences showed a high degree of diversity, with similarities ranging from 60.4% to 69.2%. Interestingly, some interspecific sequence similarities were higher than those within a species, possibly indicating that diversification of S-RNase alleles predated speciation in the Rosaceae. A phylogenetic tree of members of the T2/S-RNase superfamily in plants was obtained. The rosaceous S-RNases formed a new lineage in the tree that was distinct from those of the solanaceous S-RNases and the S-like RNases. The findings suggested that self-incompatibility mechanisms in Rosaceae and Solanaceae are similar but arose independently in the course of evolution.

[Basic evaluation of the new fully automated urine sediment analyzer (U-FCM) based on flowcytometric technology]

We developed a new automated urine sediment analyzer (U-FCM) based on Flow Cytometry with the cooperative technical aid of TOA Medical Electronics Co., ltd. Flow Cytometry using an argon laser (wave length 488 nm) is used as the method for detection. This instrument provides quick, easy and accurate screening for patients whose urinalysis abnormalities indicate the need for further testing. Abnormal patient samples are separated from patient samples whose parameters are totally normal, thus decreasing the need for additional testing. The instrument is useful as a diagnostic aid, and in monitoring the therapeutic effect. Also it is useful in the health checking service for visitors at the AMHTS office.

[Immunogenetic studies of spina bifida--sibling cases in three families]

We reported sibling cases of spina bifida in three families. In the first family, three boys were the products of one mother and different two fathers. They all suffered from spina bifida cystica with various degrees of hydrocephalus. Cyst closure and ventriculo-peritoneal shunt were performed. Elder boys had more severe neurological deficits. In the second family, two boys and one girl were affected. The elder boy had minimum neurological deficit but the younger boy had a severe neurological deficit and hydrocephalus. Cyst closure was performed on both of them but the shunting procedure was not. The girl was normal. In the third family, three girls were affected. The second girl suffered from spina bifida cystica with hydrocephalus and cyst closure was performed. After that ventriculo-peritoneal shunt was done. Other two girls were spina bifida occulta without any neurological deficit. HLA typing, red blood cell antigen typing and chromosome test were studied in three families. There was no evidence of linkage between spina bifida and HLA antigens. Also no relationship between spina bifida and red blood cell antigens. They all had normal chromosomes. We could not make as one material for genetic counseling from above studied three methods.

[Clinical assessment of meningeal carcinomatosis; from the viewpoint of the analysis of intracranial pressure]

Meningeal carcinomatoses (MC) have been mainly studied from the viewpoint of the analysis of intracranial pressure (ICP). From the CT findings, ten patients were divided into two groups: group I, six patients showed characteristics of MC; group II, four showed normal characteristics. Ventricular fluid pressure (VFP) was continuously measured by a controlled ventricular drainage tube using a Spectramed P-10EZ at 3.1 +/- 2.1 months after the onset of the neurological symptoms. At the same time as VFP monitoring, the CBF by 133Xe method was measured in 5 cases and RI cisternography was performed in 9 cases. "A" wave was observed in 5 cases of group I and in 3 cases of group II. "B" wave was observed in all cases of both groups. In all 10 cases, the occurrence rate of both A and B waves (ORA, ORB) were high, averaging 2.34 +/- 0.54 times/hour, 74.0 +/- 16.6% time, respectively. Mean resting pressure(R) and mean peak pressure(P) tended to be high, averaging 28.8 +/- 12.2mmHg, 58.9 +/- 13.7mmHg, respectively. Mean cerebral perfusion pressure corresponding with R and P (CPPR, CPPP) was markedly reduced, averaging 79.1 +/- 15.9mmHg, 50.9 +/- 12.7mmHg, respectively. Both ORA and ORB in group I were higher, and both CPPR and CPPP in group 1 were lower, than in group II. Statistically, this is significant. Both R and P in Group I tended to be higher than in group II. This has no statistical significance. CBF in all 5 cases averaged 34.8 +/- 8.4ml/100g/min. No significant difference in the impairment of CBF was found between both groups. RI cisternography showed delayed clearance in all 9 cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[A case of cortical deafness with bilateral putaminal hemorrhage]

A 56 years old right-handed female, a housewife, had suffered from right putaminal hemorrhage which had been treated surgically in July, 1985. Since it was difficult to approach the trans-sylvian fissure, evacuation of the hematoma was performed transcortically through the superior temporal gyrus. She was neurologically free and lived normally until she suddenly became completely deaf in April, 1991. On admission, she was alert, well oriented and spontaneously stated that she was deaf. She showed no response to verbal commands or loud noises but followed complex written commands. No other neurological deficit was observed. In addition to an irregular low-density area in the right temporal lobe, CT scan revealed a left putaminal hemorrhage. Audiological testing disclosed pure tone thresholds to be below 90db on both sides. Auditory brain stem response (ABR) showed waves I to VI in normal latency ranges, but wave VII was not observed. She was treated conservatively. Although her hearing loss had been gradually improving for 1 month, she suffered from word deafness, an inability to comprehend speech, for the following 2 months. Clinical features, CT findings as well as results of ABR suggest that hearing loss observed in this case, cortical deafness, was presumably due to bilateral damage of acoustic radiation of the temporal lobe. It was also suggested that, although she was asymptomatic, cortical and subcortical damage to the right temporal lobe following evacuation of the putaminal hematoma may have been extensive. During surgical procedures for evacuation of the putaminal hematoma, it has to be always kept in mind not to damage the auditory cortex and its radiations.

Efficient production of wheat-barley hybrids and preferential elimination of barley chromosomes

Intergeneric hybridization between four common wheat cultivars, Triticum aestivum L. cultivars Chinese Spring, Norin 12, Norin 61, and Shinchunaga, and cultivated barley, Hordeum vulgare L. cultivars Betzes, Nyugoruden, Harunanijou, and Kinai 5 were carried out in a greenhouse under 15 - 20 °C and long-day (15 h) photoperiod conditions. Two days prior to pollination, a 100 mg/1 2,4-D solution was injected into wheat stems. Among wheat cultivars, Norin 12, Norin 61, and Shinchunaga showed higher crossabilities than that of Chinese Spring, suggesting the presence of crossability gene(s) other than the kr system of Chinese Spring. Variation was also found among the barley cultivars as male parents. Betzes barley showed the highest crossability with wheat. Thus, the cross Norin 12×Betzes showed the highest crossability (8.25%), followed by Norin 61 ×Betzes (6.04%), Shinchunaga×Betzes (5.00%), and Shinchunaga×Kinai 5 (5.00%). The embryos were rescued by culture at 15-20 days after pollination. Seventyfour plants were obtained from 82 embryos. The morphology of the hybrid plants resembled that of wheat parents. Among 60 seedlings observed, 28 had 28 chromosomes, 8 had 21, 23 had aneuploid numbers of chromosomes (22-27), and 1 had 29 chromosomes. About half of the aneuploid hybrids showed mosaicism for chromosome number. By analyzing five isozyme markers of barley chromosomes, the chromosome constitutions of the aneuploid hybrids were determined. Barley chromosomes 1 and 5 were found to be preferentially eliminated in the hybrids, while chromosomes 2 and 4 were eliminated infrequently. The conditions and genetic factors for high crossability and the tendency of barley chromosome elimination are discussed.

Field performance and cytology of protoplast-derived rice (Oryza sativa): high yield and low degree of variation of four japonica cultivars

Protoplast-derived rice plants of four Japanese cultivars, Nipponbare, Fujisaka 5, Norin 14 and Iwaimochi were individually cultivated in a submerged paddy field. They exhibited more stems, which resulted in more panicles than respective control plants. Other characteristics of protoplast-derived plants were (compared with controls): a slightly shorter or similar culm length, fewer spikelets per panicle, slightly lower seed fertility and similar or lighter 1,000 kernel weight. Grain yield of protoplast-derived plants was more than that of respective control plants in four cultivars. The cause of the higher yield of protoplast-derived plants seems to be mainly due to increased panicle number. Among 126 protoplast-derived plants, 1 triploid, 10 tetraploids and 1 aneuploid were found. Furthermore, 11 variants with low seed fertility showing no gross chromosomal anomalies and one plant with abnormal panicles were found. In total, about 80% of protoplastderived plants showed normal characters. The present results are encouraging for the possibility of rice breeding using protoplasts.

Study of urinary specific gravity by reagent strip method

A newly developed reagent strip method for determination of urinary specific gravity is described. This reagent strip (Chemical S.G., Ames Co.) contains polyelectrolyte which is sensitive to the cation in solution. The urinary specific gravity is mainly decided by cation (Na+ and K+) concentrations in urine. As a result, the reagent strip gave measurements that corresponded to those measured by refractometry and gravimetry of NaC1 solution. Urea and glucose gave increased values by the refractometer, whereas the reagent strip did not cause changes. The values of urinary specific gravity obtained from reagent strip showed not only good correlations (r = 0.79-0.93) with the refractometry and gravimetry but also urinary osmolarity. This reagent strip method proved to be a most convenient tool for routine urinalysis because of the good reproducibility and accuracy considering its easy handling.

Correlation between the location of hematoma and its clinical symptoms in the lateral type of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. Observations on Pantopaque radiography of the hematoma cavity in cases of early surgical treatment

The authors studied the Pantopaque radiograms of a hematoma cavity in 46 patients following early surgical treatment for the lateral type of hypertensive intracerebral hematoma. All patients were operated on within 7 hours after the apoplectic attack and most of them had a localized hematoma. It was concluded that they could be classified in three subtypes from the location of hematoma in the antero-posterior direction. Each subtype had particular clinical symptoms and prognosis.

Early surgical treatment for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage

The authors review 38 cases of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage operated on within 7 hours after the apoplectic attack. Microsurgical technique was used for hemostasis and evacuation of the hematoma. At the 6-month follow-up study, 34 patients could walk unaided or with a cane, one was confined in bed, and three had died.

[4 cases of one and a half syndrome' observed following surgery of primary pontine hemmorhage]

In 1967, Fisher named the "one and a half syndrome" for a particular ocular movement which is observed in the lesion of pontine tegmentum, when horizontal movement of one eye is totally disabled and the abducence of another eye is only preserved associating mono-ocular nystagmus in the same eye. Vertical movement and convergence are preserved. We experienced this syndrome in four cases of small localized hematoma of the pontine tegmentum which were all removed under operative microscope. All patients are alive more than 10 months under consciousness and with improved neurological sign. Three of them were probably due to hypertensive hemorrhage and the rest was due to arterio-venous malformation of the pontine tegmentum. Three of them showed this syndrome before operation and observed even after operation. One patient was operated on one and a half hours after the apoplectic attack under semicomatous condition and he improved with this syndrome postoperatively. In most previous reports, this syndrome was noted in severe cases of pontine hematoma or basilar artery thrombosis and they expired soon thereafter. All our cases survived in satisfactory condition and ocular movement could be followed up for a long time. The mechanism of this syndrome was also discussed.

[Two cases showing subarachnoid hemorrhage from angioblastic meningioma and vascular hamartoma (author's transl)]

As a causative factor in spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage, vascular anomalies, especially aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation, have been generally recognized. On the other hand, subarachnoid hemorrhage from brain tumor and cryptic vascular malformation are rare. We experienced two cases showing subarachnoid hemorrhage from angioblastic meningioma and vascular hamartoma as an initial symptom. Case 1: A 48-year-old woman, who complained of severe headache and vomiting on Feb. 10th, 1972, gradually became lethargic. Lumbar puncture revealed moderately hemorrhagic C.S.F.. On the fifth day after the onset, she was admitted to our hospital. On admission she showed disorientation and disturbance of resent memory. Aphasia and agnosia were slightly observed. On ophthalmologic examination right homonymous lower quadrant hemianopsia was observed. The carotid angiogram showed slight square shift of the anterior cerebral artery to the right side, elevation of the middle serebral artery and a homogeneous tumor stain in the occipital region in capillary phase. A walnut sized tumor invading the middle portion of the left lateral sinus and showing firm adhesion to the tentrium was found. There was an intracerebral hematoma behined the tumor. The tumor, the tentrium and the lateral sinus were extirpated en bloc and the intracerebral hematoma was aspirated. Histologically, the tumor was angioblastic meningioma. Case 2: A 7-year-old boy, who complained of severe abrupt headache, nuchal pain and vomiting on Sept. 17th, 1972, became gradually lethargic. Lumbar puncture revealed hemorrhagic C.S.F., On the tenth day after the onset, he was admitted to our hospital. He showed confusion and agitation. The carotid angiogram showed an unrolling of the pericallosal artery, but no findings of space taking lesions. An air study indicated a globular filling defect protruding into the anterior horn of the right lateral ventricle. The tumor located in the laterobasal wall of the anterior horn was removed picemiel by transventricular approach. Histologically, the tumor was vascular hamartoma. Furthermore, we discussed various brain tumors showing subarachnoid hemorrhage as an initial symptom, its frequency and bleeding mechanism on the literature.