1
|
Noah TK, Lee JB, Brown CA, Yamani A, Tomar S, Ganesan V, Newberry RD, Huffnagle GB, Divanovic S, Hogan SP. Thermoneutrality Alters Gastrointestinal Antigen Passage Patterning and Predisposes to Oral Antigen Sensitization in Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:636198. [PMID: 33841417 PMCID: PMC8034294 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Food allergy is an emerging epidemic, and the underlying mechanisms are not well defined partly due to the lack of robust adjuvant free experimental models of dietary antigen sensitization. As housing mice at thermoneutrality (Tn) - the temperature of metabolic homeostasis (26-30°C) - has been shown to improve modeling various human diseases involved in inflammation, we tested the impact of Tn housing on an experimental model of food sensitization. Here we demonstrate that WT BALB/c mice housed under standard temperature (18-20°C, Ts) conditions translocated the luminal antigens in the small intestine (SI) across the epithelium via goblet cell antigen passages (GAPs). In contrast, food allergy sensitive Il4raF709 mice housed under standard temperature conditions translocated the luminal antigens in the SI across the epithelium via secretory antigen passages (SAPs). Activation of SI antigen passages and oral challenge of Il4raF709 mice with egg allergens at standard temperature predisposed Il4raF709 mice to develop an anaphylactic reaction. Housing Il4raF709 mice at Tn altered systemic type 2 cytokine, IL-4, and the landscape of SI antigen passage patterning (villus and crypt involvement). Activation of SI antigen passages and oral challenge of Il4raF709 mice with egg antigen under Tn conditions led to the robust induction of egg-specific IgE and development of food-induced mast cell activation and hypovolemic shock. Similarly, Tn housing of WT BALB/c mice altered the cellular patterning of SI antigen passage (GAPs to SAPs). Activation of SI antigen passages and the oral challenge of WT BALB/c mice with egg antigen led to systemic reactivity to egg and mast cell activation. Together these data demonstrate that Tn housing alters antigen passage cellular patterning and landscape, and concurrent oral exposure of egg antigens and SAP activation is sufficient to induce oral antigen sensitization.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Allergens/administration & dosage
- Allergens/immunology
- Allergens/metabolism
- Anaphylaxis/immunology
- Anaphylaxis/metabolism
- Anaphylaxis/microbiology
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Egg Hypersensitivity/immunology
- Egg Hypersensitivity/metabolism
- Egg Hypersensitivity/microbiology
- Egg Proteins/administration & dosage
- Egg Proteins/immunology
- Egg Proteins/metabolism
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome
- Goblet Cells/immunology
- Goblet Cells/metabolism
- Goblet Cells/microbiology
- Housing, Animal
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/microbiology
- Mast Cells/immunology
- Mast Cells/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Permeability
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Temperature
- Mice
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taeko K. Noah
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jee-Boong Lee
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Christopher A. Brown
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Amnah Yamani
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sunil Tomar
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Varsha Ganesan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Rodney D. Newberry
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Gary B. Huffnagle
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Simon P. Hogan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yamani A, Wu D, Ahrens R, Waggoner L, Noah TK, Garcia-Hernandez V, Ptaschinski C, Parkos CA, Lukacs NW, Nusrat A, Hogan SP. Dysregulation of intestinal epithelial CFTR-dependent Cl - ion transport and paracellular barrier function drives gastrointestinal symptoms of food-induced anaphylaxis in mice. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:135-143. [PMID: 32576925 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Food-triggered anaphylaxis can encompass a variety of systemic and intestinal symptoms. Murine-based and clinical studies have revealed a role for histamine and H1R and H2R-pathway in the systemic response; however, the molecular processes that regulate the gastrointestinal (GI) response are not as well defined. In the present study, by utilizing an IgE-mast cell (MC)-dependent experimental model of oral antigen-induced anaphylaxis, we define the intestinal epithelial response during a food-induced anaphylactic reaction. We show that oral allergen-challenge stimulates a rapid dysregulation of intestinal epithelial transcellular and paracellular transport that was associated with the development of secretory diarrhea. Allergen-challenge induced (1) a rapid intestinal epithelial Cftr-dependent Cl- secretory response and (2) paracellular macromolecular leak that was associated with modification in epithelial intercellular junction proteins claudin-1, 2, 3 and 5, E-cadherin and desmosomal cadherins. OVA-induced Cftr-dependent Cl- secretion and junctional protein degradation was rapid occurring and was sustained for 72 h following allergen-challenge. Blockade of both the proteolytic activity and Cl- secretory response was required to alleviate intestinal symptoms of food-induced anaphylaxis. Collectively, these data suggest that the GI symptom of food-induced anaphylactic reaction, secretory diarrhea, is a consequence of CFTR-dependent Cl- secretion and proteolytic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amnah Yamani
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA
| | - David Wu
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA
| | - Richard Ahrens
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA
| | - Lisa Waggoner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA
| | - Taeko K Noah
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA
| | - Vicky Garcia-Hernandez
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Catherine Ptaschinski
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Charles A Parkos
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Simon P Hogan
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Noah TK, Knoop KA, McDonald KG, Gustafsson JK, Waggoner L, Vanoni S, Batie M, Arora K, Naren AP, Wang YH, Lukacs NW, Munitz A, Helmrath MA, Mahe MM, Newberry RD, Hogan SP. IL-13-induced intestinal secretory epithelial cell antigen passages are required for IgE-mediated food-induced anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:1058-1073.e3. [PMID: 31175877 PMCID: PMC6779525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food-induced anaphylaxis (FIA) is an IgE-dependent immune response that can affect multiple organs and lead to life-threatening complications. The processes by which food allergens cross the mucosal surface and are delivered to the subepithelial immune compartment to promote the clinical manifestations associated with food-triggered anaphylaxis are largely unexplored. OBJECTIVE We sought to define the processes involved in the translocation of food allergens across the mucosal epithelial surface to the subepithelial immune compartment in FIA. METHODS Two-photon confocal and immunofluorescence microscopy was used to visualize and trace food allergen passage in a murine model of FIA. A human colon cancer cell line, RNA silencing, and pharmacologic approaches were used to identify the molecular regulation of intestinal epithelial allergen uptake and translocation. Human intestinal organoid transplants were used to demonstrate the conservation of these molecular processes in human tissues. RESULTS Food allergens are sampled by using small intestine (SI) epithelial secretory cells (termed secretory antigen passages [SAPs]) that are localized to the SI villous and crypt region. SAPs channel food allergens to lamina propria mucosal mast cells through an IL-13-CD38-cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose (cADPR)-dependent process. Blockade of IL-13-induced CD38/cADPR-dependent SAP antigen passaging in mice inhibited induction of clinical manifestations of FIA. IL-13-CD38-cADPR-dependent SAP sampling of food allergens was conserved in human intestinal organoids. CONCLUSION We identify that SAPs are a mechanism by which food allergens are channeled across the SI epithelium mediated by the IL-13/CD38/cADPR pathway, regulate the onset of FIA reactions, and are conserved in human intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taeko K Noah
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kathryn A Knoop
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine St Louis, St Louis, Mo
| | - Keely G McDonald
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine St Louis, St Louis, Mo
| | - Jenny K Gustafsson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine St Louis, St Louis, Mo
| | - Lisa Waggoner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Simone Vanoni
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Matthew Batie
- Division of Clinical Engineering, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kavisha Arora
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Anjaparavanda P Naren
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yui-Hsi Wang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Ariel Munitz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael A Helmrath
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Maxime M Mahe
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rodney D Newberry
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine St Louis, St Louis, Mo
| | - Simon P Hogan
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zeng C, Vanoni S, Wu D, Caldwell JM, Wheeler JC, Arora K, Noah TK, Waggoner L, Besse JA, Yamani AN, Uddin J, Rochman M, Wen T, Chehade M, Collins MH, Mukkada VA, Putnam PE, Naren AP, Rothenberg ME, Hogan SP. Solute carrier family 9, subfamily A, member 3 (SLC9A3)/sodium-hydrogen exchanger member 3 (NHE3) dysregulation and dilated intercellular spaces in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:1843-1855. [PMID: 29729938 PMCID: PMC6448407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is characterized by histopathologic modifications of esophageal tissue, including eosinophil-rich inflammation, basal zone hyperplasia, and dilated intercellular spaces (DIS). The underlying molecular processes that drive the histopathologic features of EoE remain largely unexplored. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the involvement of solute carrier family 9, subfamily A, member 3 (SLC9A3) in esophageal epithelial intracellular pH (pHi) and DIS formation and the histopathologic features of EoE. METHODS We examined expression of esophageal epithelial gene networks associated with regulation of pHi in the EoE transcriptome of primary esophageal epithelial cells and an in vitro esophageal epithelial 3-dimensional model system (EPC2-ALI). Molecular and cellular analyses and ion transport assays were used to evaluate the expression and function of SLC9A3. RESULTS We identified altered expression of gene networks associated with regulation of pHi and acid-protective mechanisms in esophageal biopsy specimens from pediatric patients with EoE (healthy subjects, n = 6; patients with EoE, n = 10). The most dysregulated gene central to regulating pHi was SLC9A3. SLC9A3 expression was increased within the basal layer of esophageal biopsy specimens from patients with EoE, and expression positively correlated with disease severity (eosinophils/high-power field) and DIS (healthy subjects, n = 10; patients with EoE, n = 10). Analyses of esophageal epithelial cells revealed IL-13-induced, signal transducer and activator of transcription 6-dependent SLC9A3 expression and Na+-dependent proton secretion and that SLC9A3 activity correlated positively with DIS formation. Finally, we showed that IL-13-mediated, Na+-dependent proton secretion was the primary intracellular acid-protective mechanism within the esophageal epithelium and that blockade of SLC9A3 transport abrogated IL-13-induced DIS formation. CONCLUSIONS SLC9A3 plays a functional role in DIS formation, and pharmacologic interventions targeting SLC9A3 function may suppress the histopathologic manifestations in patients with EoE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zeng
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Simone Vanoni
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - David Wu
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Julie M Caldwell
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Justin C Wheeler
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kavisha Arora
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Taeko K Noah
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lisa Waggoner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - John A Besse
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Amnah N Yamani
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jazib Uddin
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Mark Rochman
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ting Wen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Mirna Chehade
- Mount Sinai Center for Eosinophilic Disorders, Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Margaret H Collins
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Vincent A Mukkada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Hepatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Philip E Putnam
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Hepatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Anjaparavanda P Naren
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Simon P Hogan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pathology, Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lo YH, Noah TK, Chen MS, Zou W, Borras E, Vilar E, Shroyer NF. SPDEF Induces Quiescence of Colorectal Cancer Cells by Changing the Transcriptional Targets of β-catenin. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:205-218.e8. [PMID: 28390865 PMCID: PMC7297058 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The canonical Wnt signaling pathway activates the transcriptional activity of β-catenin. This pathway is often activated in colorectal cancer cells, but strategies to block it in tumors have not been effective. The SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor (SPDEF) suppresses formation of colon tumors by unclear mechanisms. We investigated these mechanisms and the effects of SPDEF on β-catenin activity in mouse models of colorectal cancer (CRC), CRC cell lines, and mouse and human normal and cancer colonoids. METHODS We performed studies of Lgr5CreERT2; β-cateninexon3; Rosa26LSL-rtta-ires-EGFP; TRE-Spdef mice, which express an oncogenic form of β-catenin in Lgr5-positive ISCs upon administration of tamoxifen and SPDEF upon administration of tetracycline. CRC lines (HCT116 and SW480) were engineered to express inducible tagged SPDEF or vector (control) and subcutaneously injected into immunodeficient NSG mice. We generated SPDEF-inducible human colonoids, including a line derived from normal rectal mucosa (control) and an adenocarcinoma line derived from a patient with germline MUTYH mutation. Full-length and truncated forms of SPDEF were expressed in CRC cells; cells were assayed for β-catenin activity and studied in immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. RESULTS Expression of SPDEF was sufficient to inhibit intestinal tumorigenesis by activated β-catenin, block tumor cell proliferation, and restrict growth of established tumors. In tumor cells with activated β -catenin, expression of SPDEF induced a quiescent state, which was reversed when SPDEF expression was stopped. In mouse and human normal and tumor-derived enteroids/colonoids, those that expressed SPDEF for 3 days were significantly smaller. SPDEF inhibited the transcriptional activity of β-catenin via a protein-protein interaction, independent of SPDEF DNA binding capacity. SPDEF disrupted β-catenin binding to TCF1 and TCF3, displacing β-catenin from enhancer regions of genes that regulate the cell cycle but not genes that regulate stem cell activities. CONCLUSIONS In studies of mice and human CRC, we found that SPDEF induces a quiescent state in CRC cells by disrupting binding of β-catenin to TCF1 and TCF3 and regulation of genes that control the cell cycle. In this model, β-catenin activity determines the proliferation or quiescence of CRC cells based on the absence or presence of SPDEF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hung Lo
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Medicine and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Taeko K. Noah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Min-Shan Chen
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Medicine and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Winnie Zou
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Medicine and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ester Borras
- Departments of Clinical Cancer Prevention, GI Medical Oncology and Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Eduardo Vilar
- Departments of Clinical Cancer Prevention, GI Medical Oncology and Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Noah F. Shroyer
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Medicine and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Division of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lo YH, Chung E, Li Z, Wan YW, Mahe MM, Chen MS, Noah TK, Bell KN, Yalamanchili HK, Klisch TJ, Liu Z, Park JS, Shroyer NF. Transcriptional Regulation by ATOH1 and its Target SPDEF in the Intestine. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 3:51-71. [PMID: 28174757 PMCID: PMC5247424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The transcription factor atonal homolog 1 (ATOH1) controls the fate of intestinal progenitors downstream of the Notch signaling pathway. Intestinal progenitors that escape Notch activation express high levels of ATOH1 and commit to a secretory lineage fate, implicating ATOH1 as a gatekeeper for differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells. Although some transcription factors downstream of ATOH1, such as SPDEF, have been identified to specify differentiation and maturation of specific cell types, the bona fide transcriptional targets of ATOH1 still largely are unknown. Here, we aimed to identify ATOH1 targets and to identify transcription factors that are likely to co-regulate gene expression with ATOH1. METHODS We used a combination of chromatin immunoprecipitation and messenger RNA-based high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq and RNA-seq), together with cell sorting and transgenic mice, to identify direct targets of ATOH1, and establish the epistatic relationship between ATOH1 and SPDEF. RESULTS By using unbiased genome-wide approaches, we identified more than 700 genes as ATOH1 transcriptional targets in adult small intestine and colon. Ontology analysis indicated that ATOH1 directly regulates genes involved in specification and function of secretory cells. De novo motif analysis of ATOH1 targets identified SPDEF as a putative transcriptional co-regulator of ATOH1. Functional epistasis experiments in transgenic mice show that SPDEF amplifies ATOH1-dependent transcription but cannot independently initiate transcription of ATOH1 target genes. CONCLUSIONS This study unveils the direct targets of ATOH1 in the adult intestines and illuminates the transcriptional events that initiate the specification and function of intestinal secretory lineages.
Collapse
Key Words
- ATOH1
- ATOH1, atonal homolog 1
- Atoh1Flag
- Atoh1GFP
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- ChIP-seq, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing
- DBZ, dibenzazepine
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- FDR, false-discovery rate
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GO, gene ontology
- Gfi1, growth factor independent 1
- ISC, intestinal stem cell
- Intestinal Epithelium
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- QES, Q-enrichment-score
- RT-qPCR, reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- SPDEF
- Spdef, SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor
- TRE-Spdef
- TSS, transcription start site
- Transcription
- Villin-creER
- mRNA, messenger RNA
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hung Lo
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Eunah Chung
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Ying-Wooi Wan
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Maxime M. Mahe
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Min-Shan Chen
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Taeko K. Noah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kristin N. Bell
- Graduate Program in Molecular Developmental Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Tiemo J. Klisch
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhandong Liu
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Joo-Seop Park
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Joo-Seop Park, PhD, Divisions of Pediatric Urology and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.Divisions of Pediatric Urology and Developmental BiologyCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhio
| | - Noah F. Shroyer
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Division of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Noah F. Shroyer, PhD, Division of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.Division of MedicineSection of Gastroenterology and HepatologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexas
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gilbert S, Nivarthi H, Mayhew CN, Lo YH, Noah TK, Vallance J, Rülicke T, Müller M, Jegga AG, Tang W, Zhang D, Helmrath M, Shroyer N, Moriggl R, Han X. Activated STAT5 confers resistance to intestinal injury by increasing intestinal stem cell proliferation and regeneration. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 4:209-25. [PMID: 25579133 PMCID: PMC4325270 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial stem cells (IESCs) control the intestinal homeostatic response to inflammation and regeneration. The underlying mechanisms are unclear. Cytokine-STAT5 signaling regulates intestinal epithelial homeostasis and responses to injury. We link STAT5 signaling to IESC replenishment upon injury by depletion or activation of Stat5 transcription factor. We found that depletion of Stat5 led to deregulation of IESC marker expression and decreased LGR5(+) IESC proliferation. STAT5-deficient mice exhibited worse intestinal histology and impaired crypt regeneration after γ-irradiation. We generated a transgenic mouse model with inducible expression of constitutively active Stat5. In contrast to Stat5 depletion, activation of STAT5 increased IESC proliferation, accelerated crypt regeneration, and conferred resistance to intestinal injury. Furthermore, ectopic activation of STAT5 in mouse or human stem cells promoted LGR5(+) IESC self-renewal. Accordingly, STAT5 promotes IESC proliferation and regeneration to mitigate intestinal inflammation. STAT5 is a functional therapeutic target to improve the IESC regenerative response to gut injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shila Gilbert
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Harini Nivarthi
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Biomodels Austria, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher N Mayhew
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yuan-Hung Lo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Taeko K Noah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jefferson Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Biomodels Austria, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Biomodels Austria, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anil G Jegga
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Wenjuan Tang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Michael Helmrath
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Noah Shroyer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Biomodels Austria, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiaonan Han
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
The small and large intestines are tubular organs composed of several tissue types. The columnar epithelium that lines the inner surface of the intestines distinguishes the digestive physiology of each region of the intestine and consists of several distinct cell types that are rapidly and continually renewed by intestinal stem cells that reside near the base of the crypts of Lieberkühn. Notch signaling controls the fate of intestinal stem cells by regulating the expression of Hes genes and by repressing Atoh1. Alternate models of Notch pathway control of cell fate determination are presented. Roles for Notch signaling in development of the intestine, including mesenchymal and neural cells, are discussed. The oncogenic activities of Notch in colorectal cancer, as well as the tumor suppressive activities of Atoh1, are reviewed. Therapeutic targeting of the Notch pathway in colorectal cancers is discussed, along with potential caveats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taeko K Noah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The small and large intestines are tubular organs composed of several tissue types. The columnar epithelium that lines the inner surface of the intestines distinguishes the digestive physiology of each region of the intestine and consists of several distinct cell types that are rapidly and continually renewed by intestinal stem cells that reside near the base of the crypts of Lieberkühn. Notch signaling controls the fate of intestinal stem cells by regulating the expression of Hes genes and by repressing Atoh1. Alternate models of Notch pathway control of cell fate determination are presented. Roles for Notch signaling in development of the intestine, including mesenchymal and neural cells, are discussed. The oncogenic activities of Notch in colorectal cancer, as well as the tumor suppressive activities of Atoh1, are reviewed. Therapeutic targeting of the Notch pathway in colorectal cancers is discussed, along with potential caveats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taeko K Noah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Noah TK, Donahue B, Shroyer NF. Intestinal development and differentiation. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317:2702-10. [PMID: 21978911 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we present an overview of intestinal development and cellular differentiation of the intestinal epithelium. The review is separated into two sections: Section one summarizes organogenesis of the small and large intestines, including endoderm and gut tube formation in early embryogenesis, villus morphogenesis, and crypt formation. Section two reviews cell fate specification and differentiation of each cell type within the intestinal epithelium. Growth factor and transcriptional networks that regulate these developmental processes are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taeko K Noah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Beuling E, Baffour-Awuah NYA, Stapleton KA, Aronson BE, Noah TK, Shroyer NF, Duncan SA, Fleet JC, Krasinski SD. GATA factors regulate proliferation, differentiation, and gene expression in small intestine of mature mice. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:1219-1229.e1-2. [PMID: 21262227 PMCID: PMC3541694 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS GATA transcription factors regulate proliferation, differentiation, and gene expression in multiple organs. GATA4 is expressed in the proximal 85% of the small intestine and regulates the jejunal-ileal gradient in absorptive enterocyte gene expression. GATA6 is co-expressed with GATA4 but also is expressed in the ileum; its function in the mature small intestine is unknown. METHODS We investigated the function of GATA6 in small intestine using adult mice with conditional, inducible deletion of Gata6, or Gata6 and Gata4, specifically in the intestine. RESULTS In ileum, deletion of Gata6 caused a decrease in crypt cell proliferation and numbers of enteroendocrine and Paneth cells, an increase in numbers of goblet-like cells in crypts, and altered expression of genes specific to absorptive enterocytes. In contrast to ileum, deletion of Gata6 caused an increase in numbers of Paneth cells in jejunum and ileum. Deletion of Gata6 and Gata4 resulted in a jejunal and duodenal phenotype that was nearly identical to that in the ileum after deletion of Gata6 alone, revealing common functions for GATA6 and GATA4. CONCLUSIONS GATA transcription factors are required for crypt cell proliferation, secretory cell differentiation, and absorptive enterocyte gene expression in the small intestinal epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Beuling
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nana Yaa A. Baffour-Awuah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kelly A. Stapleton
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Boaz E. Aronson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Taeko K. Noah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital; and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Noah F. Shroyer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital; and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Stephen A. Duncan
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - James C. Fleet
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Stephen D. Krasinski
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu D, Ahrens R, Osterfeld H, Noah TK, Groschwitz K, Foster PS, Steinbrecher KA, Rothenberg ME, Shroyer NF, Matthaei KI, Finkelman FD, Hogan SP. Interleukin-13 (IL-13)/IL-13 receptor alpha1 (IL-13Ralpha1) signaling regulates intestinal epithelial cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator channel-dependent Cl- secretion. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:13357-69. [PMID: 21303908 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.214965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-13 (IL-13) has been linked to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. It is postulated that IL-13 drives inflammatory lesions through the modulation of both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cell function in the intestine. To delineate the relevant contribution of elevated levels of intestinal IL-13 to intestinal structure and function, we generated an intestinal IL-13 transgenic mouse (iIL-13Tg). We show that constitutive overexpression of IL-13 in the small bowel induces modification of intestinal epithelial architecture (villus blunting, goblet cell hyperplasia, and increased epithelial proliferation) and epithelial function (altered basolateral → apical Cl(-) ion conductance). Pharmacological analyses in vitro and in vivo determined that elevated Cl(-) conductance is mediated by altered cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator expression and activity. Generation of iIL-13Tg/Il13rα1(-/-), iIL-13Tg/Il13rα2(-/-), and iIL-13Tg/Stat6(-/-) mice revealed that IL-13-mediated dysregulation of epithelial architecture and Cl(-) conductance is dependent on IL-13Rα1 and STAT-6. These observations demonstrate a central role for the IL-13/IL-13Rα1 pathway in the regulation of intestinal epithelial cell Cl(-) secretion via up-regulation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, suggesting an important role for this pathway in secretory diarrhea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Wu
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Noah TK, Kazanjian A, Whitsett J, Shroyer NF. SAM pointed domain ETS factor (SPDEF) regulates terminal differentiation and maturation of intestinal goblet cells. Exp Cell Res 2009; 316:452-65. [PMID: 19786015 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 09/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS SPDEF (also termed PDEF or PSE) is an ETS family transcription factor that regulates gene expression in the prostate and goblet cell hyperplasia in the lung. Spdef has been reported to be expressed in the intestine. In this paper, we identify an important role for Spdef in regulating intestinal epithelial cell homeostasis and differentiation. METHODS SPDEF expression was inhibited in colon cancer cells to determine its ability to control goblet cell gene activation. The effects of transgenic expression of Spdef on intestinal differentiation and homeostasis were determined. RESULTS In LS174T colon cancer cells treated with Notch/gamma-secretase inhibitor to activate goblet cell gene expression, shRNAs that inhibited SPDEF also repressed expression of goblet cell genes AGR2, MUC2, RETLNB, and SPINK4. Transgenic expression of Spdef caused the expansion of intestinal goblet cells and corresponding reduction in Paneth, enteroendocrine, and absorptive enterocytes. Spdef inhibited proliferation of intestinal crypt cells without induction of apoptosis. Prolonged expression of the Spdef transgene caused a progressive reduction in the number of crypts that expressed Spdef, consistent with its inhibitory effects on cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Spdef was sufficient to inhibit proliferation of intestinal progenitors and induce differentiation into goblet cells; SPDEF was required for activation of goblet cell associated genes in vitro. These data support a model in which Spdef promotes terminal differentiation into goblet cells of a common goblet/Paneth progenitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taeko K Noah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|