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Fomo MF, Newman J, Sibaya T, Ndlela N, Hussen S, Archary M, Zanoni BC. A qualitative assessment of the perceived acceptability and feasibility of eHARTS, a mobile application for transition readiness assessment for adolescents living with HIV in South Africa. PLOS Digit Health 2023; 2:e0000272. [PMID: 37327198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
South Africa has the highest burden of adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) in the world. The transition from pediatric to adult centered HIV care is a vulnerable period during which many clinical outcomes of ALHIV suffer. Transition readiness assessments may help ALHIV transition from pediatric to adult care to improve their health outcomes. Here, we evaluated the perceived acceptability and feasibility of a mobile health (mHealth) application, eHARTS, to determine transition readiness for ALHIV in South Africa. We conducted in-depth interviews with adolescents (n = 15) and healthcare providers (n = 15) at three government-supported hospitals in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. We used a semi-structured interview guide comprising of open-ended questions based on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. We did a thematic analysis of the data using an iterative, team-based coding approach to develop themes that were representative of the participants' perspectives on the acceptability and feasibility of eHARTS. We found that most participants found eHARTS to be acceptable because of its simplicity and lack of stigma. Participants believed eHARTS was feasible as it could easily be administered within a hospital setting and integrated into regular clinic activity without disrupting patient care. Additionally, eHARTS was found to have great utility for adolescents and healthcare providers. Clinicians saw it as a valuable tool to engage adolescents and prepare them for transition. Despite concerns that eHARTS may give adolescents a wrong impression about immediate transition, participants suggested that eHARTS be framed in an empowering way as they prepare for transition to adult care. Our data showed that eHARTS is a simple, mobile transition assessment tool with perceived acceptability and feasibility for use in HIV clinics in South Africa for ALHIV. It is particularly useful for ALHIV and transitioning to adult care as it can help identify gaps in readiness for transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Messaline F Fomo
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John Newman
- Department of Medicine and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Thobekile Sibaya
- Department of Pediatrics, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Nompumelelo Ndlela
- Department of Pediatrics, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Sophia Hussen
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Medicine and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Moherndran Archary
- Department of Pediatrics, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Brian C Zanoni
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Medicine and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Georgia, United States of America
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Bergam S, Sibaya T, Ndlela N, Kuzwayo M, Fomo M, Goldstein MH, Marconi VC, Haberer JE, Archary M, Zanoni BC. "I am not shy anymore": A qualitative study of the role of an interactive mHealth intervention on sexual health knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of South African adolescents with perinatal HIV. Reprod Health 2022; 19:217. [PMID: 36457044 PMCID: PMC9713189 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-022-01519-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND South Africa has one of the highest burdens of adolescents with perinatally-acquired HIV (APHIV) in the world. APHIV in South Africa have limited access to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) education and services specific to their HIV status. When lacking comprehensive SRH education, APHIV are prone to sexual risk behaviors that can lead to unintended pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, and HIV transmission. The use of mHealth interventions has been shown to deliver information, foster social support, and improve decision-making skills. In this study, we evaluate how an mHealth intervention influences sexual health knowledge and behaviors in APHIV. METHODS We purposively enrolled adolescents from the intervention arm of a randomized clinical trial assessing a multi-module, moderated WhatsApp-based intervention-Interactive Transition Support for Adolescents Living with HIV (InTSHA)-within a government supported clinic in KwaMashu, an urban township of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. We conducted in-depth interviews based on World Health Organization guidelines for asking adolescents about SRH. We thematically analyzed data through an iterative, team-based coding approach combining deductive and inductive elements to contextualize SRH attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors before and after receiving the InTSHA intervention. RESULTS Of the 21 participants, 13 (61.9%) were female and the mean age was 16.6 years. Most participants reported first learning about SRH as young teenagers in school through non-targeted and negative ways, seeking clarification through peers and the internet rather than clinicians or caregivers. Participants reported that InTSHA provided a holistic perspective on relationships, gender, and sexuality specific to growing up with HIV in South Africa. They praised the ability to give and receive information from peers in a moderated setting through the mHealth intervention, building their confidence, decision-making skills, and communication with partners and caregivers throughout their everyday lives. Despite reporting some technological challenges, adolescents agreed that InTSHA was convenient, confidential, and user-friendly. CONCLUSIONS South African APHIV receive incomplete and conflicting sexual education from peers, caregivers, teachers, and technology that can be supplemented by mHealth curricula targeted for the unique needs of APHIV. Future, scaled-up mHealth interventions can lower SRH stigma by expanding access to sexual education and peer support, supplementing adolescents' existing SRH education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scarlett Bergam
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123Department of Paediatrics, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa ,George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC USA
| | - Thobekile Sibaya
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123Department of Paediatrics, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nompumelelo Ndlela
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123Department of Paediatrics, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mpume Kuzwayo
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123Department of Paediatrics, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Messaline Fomo
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Global Health, Emory University’s Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA USA
| | | | - Vincent C. Marconi
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Departments of Medicine and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Global Health, Emory University’s Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Jessica E. Haberer
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Moherndran Archary
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123Department of Paediatrics, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Brian C. Zanoni
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Departments of Medicine and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Global Health, Emory University’s Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.428158.20000 0004 0371 6071Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA USA
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Zanoni B, Archary M, Sibaya T, Ramos T, Donenberg G, Shahmanesh M, Celum C, Pettifor A, Bekker LG, Haberer J. Interventions addressing the adolescent HIV continuum of care in South Africa: a systematic review and modified Delphi analysis. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e057797. [PMID: 35487726 PMCID: PMC9058810 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Compared with adults, adolescents in South Africa have larger gaps at each step of the HIV continuum of care resulting in low levels of viral suppression. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and modified Delphi analysis of interventions addressing the HIV continuum of care for adolescents in South Africa. We searched PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar and online conference proceedings from the International AIDS Society, the International AIDS Conference, and the Conference on Retrovirology and Opportunistic Infections from 1 January 2010 to 30 September 2020. We then conducted a modified Delphi analysis with 29 researchers involved in the National Institutes of Health's Fogarty International-supported Adolescent HIV Implementation Science Alliance-South Africa to evaluate interventions for efficacy, feasibility and potential for scale-up. RESULTS We identified nine initial published articles containing interventions addressing the adolescent HIV continuum of care in South Africa, including five interventions focused on HIV diagnosis, two on antiretroviral therapy adherence and two on retention in care. No studies addressed linkage to care or transition from paediatric to adult care. Two studies discussed intervention costs. In-home and HIV self-testing, community-based adherence support, and provision of adolescent-friendly services were the most impactful and scalable interventions addressing the adolescent HIV continuum of care. CONCLUSION Future interventions should work comprehensively across the adolescent HIV continuum of care and be tailored to the specific needs of adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Zanoni
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Moherndran Archary
- Pediatric Infectious Disease, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Pediatrics, University of KwaZulu-Natal Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thobekile Sibaya
- Pediatrics, University of KwaZulu-Natal Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Geri Donenberg
- Institute for Juvenile Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Maryam Shahmanesh
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- Clinical Science, Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Connie Celum
- Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Audrey Pettifor
- Epidemiology, University of North Carolina System, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Linda Gail Bekker
- Desmond Tutu HIV Center, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jessica Haberer
- Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Zanoni BC, Archary M, Sibaya T, Goldstein M, Bergam S, Denton D, Cordero V, Peng C, Psaros C, Marconi VC, Haberer JE. Mobile Phone-Based Intervention Among Adolescents Living With Perinatally Acquired HIV Transitioning from Pediatric to Adult Care: Protocol for the Interactive Transition Support for Adolescents Living With HIV using Social Media (InTSHA) Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2022; 11:e35455. [PMID: 35060907 PMCID: PMC8817214 DOI: 10.2196/35455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents living with perinatally acquired HIV often have poor retention in care and viral suppression during the transition from pediatric to adult-based care. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to evaluate a mobile phone-based intervention, Interactive Transition Support for Adolescents Living With HIV using Social Media (InTSHA), among adolescents living with perinatally acquired HIV as they transition from pediatric to adult care in South Africa. METHODS InTSHA uses encrypted, closed group chats delivered via WhatsApp (Meta Platforms Inc) to develop peer support and improve communication between adolescents, their caregivers, and health care providers. The intervention is based on formative work with adolescents, caregivers, and health care providers and builds on several existing adolescent support programs as well as the Social-ecological Model of Adolescent and Young Adult Readiness for Transition (SMART). The final InTSHA intervention involves 10 modules conducted weekly through moderated WhatsApp group chats with adolescents and separately with their caregivers. We will randomly assign 80 South African adolescents living with perinatally acquired HIV who are aware of their HIV status and aged between 15 and 19 years to receive either the intervention (n=40) or standard of care (n=40). RESULTS We will measure acceptability of the intervention as the primary outcome and evaluate feasibility and preliminary effectiveness for retention in care and viral suppression after completion of the intervention and at least 6 months after randomization. In addition, we will measure secondary outcomes evaluating the impact of the InTSHA intervention on peer support, self-esteem, depression, stigma, sexual education, connection to health care providers, and transition readiness. Enrollment began on April 15, 2021. As of December 31, 2021 a total of 78 out of expected 80 participants have been enrolled. CONCLUSIONS If successful, the intervention will be evaluated in a fully powered randomized controlled trial with a larger number of adolescents from urban and rural populations to further evaluate the generalizability of InTSHA. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03624413; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03624413. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/35455.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Zanoni
- School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Moherndran Archary
- Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thobekile Sibaya
- Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Madeleine Goldstein
- School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Scarlett Bergam
- Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - David Denton
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Vincente Cordero
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Cynthia Peng
- School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christina Psaros
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Vincent C Marconi
- School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jessica E Haberer
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
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Zanoni BC, Archary M, Sibaya T, Musinguzi N, Kelley ME, McManus S, Haberer JE. Development and validation of the HIV adolescent readiness for transition scale (HARTS) in South Africa. J Int AIDS Soc 2021; 24:e25767. [PMID: 34235876 PMCID: PMC8264413 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adolescents living with perinatally acquired HIV have low rates of retention in care and viral suppression after the transition from paediatric to adult care. In this study, we developed and validated a tool to identify adolescent transition readiness. METHODS We developed the HIV Adolescent Readiness for Transition Scale (HARTS) from June 2016 to May 2019 by iteratively adapting existing transition readiness scales for other chronic illnesses by conducting focus groups with 11 healthcare providers and 20 adolescents in South Africa. We administered a preliminary questionnaire to 131 adolescents to determine psychometric properties and assess test-retest variability. We used confirmatory factor analysis to verify the proposed scale structure using the underlying variable approach. We correlated responses to self-described transition readiness and age using linear regression. We subsequently validated the scale by prospectively administering it to 199 adolescents in a second South African setting before their transition. We then used multivariable logistic regression to assess the effects of the HARTS and relevant socio-behavioural covariates on viral suppression one year after transition. RESULTS We identified four domains relevant to transition readiness: disclosure, health navigation, self-advocacy and health literacy. Fifteen questions with a significant factor loading of 0.3 to 0.9 were identified. No significant test-retest variability was seen among 10% of participants. Positive correlations with self-described transition readiness were significant with the overall HARTS and domains of health navigation, self-advocacy and health literacy. In the prospective analysis, for adolescents not using drugs, each 10-point increase in the HARTS was associated with 0.62 odds of viral failure (95% CI 0.45 to 0.86; p = 0.004). The individual domains of self-advocacy (AOR 0.56; 95% CI 0.33 to 0.94; p = 0.029), disclosure (AOR 0.02; 95% CI 0.01 to 0.25; p = 0.002), health navigation (AOR 0.51; 95%CI 0.25 to 1.02; p = 0.056) and health literacy (AOR 0.37; 95% CI 0.10 to 1.30; p = 0.121) were associated with viral failure adjusting for age at antiretroviral therapy initiation, ART regimen, sex, disclosure status, and alcohol use in both analyses. CONCLUSIONS The HARTS is a validated scale that can be used to identify which adolescents may require additional interventions prior to transitioning to adult care to improve viral suppression after transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Zanoni
- Emory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
- Children’s Healthcare of AtlantaAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Moherndran Archary
- University of KwaZulu‐Natal Nelson Mandela School of MedicineDurbanSouth Africa
- King Edward VIII HospitalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Thobekile Sibaya
- University of KwaZulu‐Natal Nelson Mandela School of MedicineDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Nicholas Musinguzi
- Global Health CollaborativeUniversity of Science and TechnologyMbararaUganda
| | - Mary E Kelley
- Emory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
- Rollins School of Public healthAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Shauna McManus
- Emory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
- Rollins School of Public healthAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Jessica E Haberer
- Massachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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Archary M, Sartorius B, La Russa P, Sibaya T, Healy M, Bobat RA. Effect of the Timing of Antiretroviral Treatment Initiation on Outcomes in Children Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Admitted With Severe Acute Malnutrition. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2021; 10:259-266. [PMID: 32469406 PMCID: PMC8023316 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piaa054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delays in early infant diagnosis and antiretroviral treatment (ART) initiation in developing countries frequently result in malnutrition at initial presentation with associated higher mortality and delayed immune recovery. The optimal timing of ART initiation is yet to be established. METHODS Eighty-two children admitted with HIV and severe acute malnutrition (SAM) between July 2012 and December 2015 were enrolled. Patients were randomized to initiate ART within 14 days from admission (early arm) or delay ART initiation until nutritional recovery and >14 days after admission (delayed arm). All patients received a standardized treatment and feeding protocol and were followed to 48 weeks. RESULTS The mean age of the patients at baseline was 23.3 months (standard deviation [SD], 27.9; range, 1.6-129 months). The mean time from admission to ART initiation was 5.6 days (SD, 4.4) in the early arm and 23 days (SD, 5.8) in the delayed arm (P < .001). There was no significant difference in mortality (P = .62), virologic response (P = .53), and anthropometric response (P = .57) between the 2 groups at 48 weeks. However, the rates of change in CD4, viral load, weight for age z score, and height for age z score occurred earlier and favored the delayed arm at early time points but were not significant at 24 and 48 months. CONCLUSIONS Despite initial improved responses in the delayed arm, lack of difference in outcome at 48 weeks supports a pragmatic approach with earlier ART initiation in children living with HIV admitted with SAM.In this randomised controlled study of ART initiation in children admitted with HIV and severe acute malnutrition (SAM), despite initial improved responses in the delayed arm, lack of difference in outcome at 48 weeks supports a pragmatic approach with earlier ART initiation in children living with HIV admitted with SAM. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION PACTR 21609001751384.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moherndran Archary
- Paediatric Unit, King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Benn Sartorius
- School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Philip La Russa
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thobekile Sibaya
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Micheal Healy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Raziya A Bobat
- Paediatric Unit, King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Zanoni BC, Archary M, Subramony T, Sibaya T, Psaros C, Haberer JE. "It was not okay because you leave your friends behind": A prospective analysis of transition to adult care for adolescents living with perinatally-acquired HIV in South Africa. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud 2021; 16:206-220. [PMID: 34484412 PMCID: PMC8414445 DOI: 10.1080/17450128.2021.1876965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine facilitators and barriers to successful transition to adult care for adolescents living with perinatally-acquired HIV in South Africa. METHODS We prospectively enrolled 30 adolescents living with perinatally-acquired HIV after their pediatrician deemed them ready for transition to adult care but prior to their transition. Eighteen months after enrollment, we measured transition status, engagement in care (i.e., viral load within 12 months of transition), and viral suppression (<200 copies/ml). Additionally, we conducted in-depth interviews with adolescents before and after transition to explore facilitators and barriers to successful transition. RESULTS A total of 19/30 (63%) adolescents transitioned to adult care. Of those who transitioned, 11 (58%) were retained in care and 7 (37%) were virally suppressed one year after transition to adult care. Insufficient staff training, lack of availability of pediatric ART formulations in adult clinics, and insufficient clinical monitoring contributed to delayed transition. Rigid clinical scheduling that interfered with school and loss of clinic relationships with peers and clinical staff were major factors in contributing to poor engagement in care after transition. Maturity of the adolescent, reduced distance to clinic, and reduced length of time in the clinic were seen as facilitators to transition to adult care. CONCLUSION Improved preparation for transition by pediatric and adult clinical staff, including restructuring of care delivery, may improve successful transition of adolescents living with perinatally acquired HIV to adult care. Transition readiness assessments are needed to determine optimal timing of transition and which adolescents are ready to transition to adult care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Zanoni
- Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Moherndran Archary
- University of KwaZulu-Natal Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Thobekile Sibaya
- University of KwaZulu-Natal Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa
| | - Christina Psaros
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jessica E. Haberer
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Zanoni BC, Archary M, Sibaya T, Musinguzi N, Haberer JE. Transition from pediatric to adult care for adolescents living with HIV in South Africa: A natural experiment and survival analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240918. [PMID: 33108396 PMCID: PMC7591089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine rates of retention and viral suppression among adolescents living with perinatally-acquired HIV who remained in pediatric care compared to those who transitioned to adult care. METHODS We evaluated a natural experiment involving adolescents living with perinatally-acquired HIV who were attending a government-supported antiretroviral clinic in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Prior to 2011, all adolescents transitioned to adult care at 12 years of age. Due to a policy change, all adolescents were retained in pediatric care after 2011. We analyzed adolescents two years before and two years after this policy change. Outcomes were retention in care and HIV viral suppression one year after transition to adult care or the 13th birthday if remaining in pediatric care. RESULTS In the natural experiment, 180 adolescents who turned 12 years old between 2011 and 2014 were evaluated; 35 (20%) transitioned to adult care under the old policy and 145 (80%) remained in pediatric care under the new policy. Adolescents who transitioned to the adult clinic had lower rates of retention in care (49%; 17/35) compared to adolescents remaining in the pediatric clinic (92%; 134/145; p<0.001). Retention in care was lower (ARR 0.59; 95%CI 0.43-0.82; p = 0.001) and viral suppression was similar (ARR = 1.06, 95%CI 0.89-1.26; p = 0.53) for adolescents who transitioned to adult care compared to adolescents remaining in pediatric care. CONCLUSION Adolescents living with perinatally-acquired HIV appear to have higher retention in care when cared for in pediatric clinics compared to adult clinics. Longer-term follow-up is needed to fully assess viral suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Zanoni
- Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Moherndran Archary
- University of KwaZulu-Natal Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thobekile Sibaya
- University of KwaZulu-Natal Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Jessica E. Haberer
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Archary M, Mcllleron H, Bobat R, LaRussa P, Sibaya T, Wiesner L, Hennig S. Population pharmacokinetics of abacavir and lamivudine in severely malnourished human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in relation to treatment outcomes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 85:2066-2075. [PMID: 31141195 PMCID: PMC6710509 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Describe the pharmacokinetics (PK) of the antiretroviral drugs abacavir and lamivudine in malnourished paediatric patients and relate to viral load outcomes after 12 and 48 weeks of treatment. METHODS Severely malnourished human immunodeficiency virus-infected children were randomized to early (within 14 days) or delayed (after nutritional recovery) initiation of antiretroviral treatment (ART) using World Health Organization weight-band dosages. Abacavir and lamivudine concentrations were measured as a secondary objective on day 1 and day 14 and patients were followed-up to week 48. Population PK of abacavir and lamivudine were described using NONMEM. RESULTS In total, 623 abacavir and 627 lamivudine concentrations were collected from 75 paediatric patients aged 0.1-10.8 (median 1.4) years. Abacavir PK was described by a 2-compartment model, patients randomized to early ART showed increased bioavailability of 31%. Apparent clearance (CL/F, L/h/7 kg) of abacavir increased from day 1 to day 14 from 3.33 (95% confidence interval 2.71-4.12) to 5.86 (95% confidence interval 4.78-7.3). A 1-compartment model described lamivudine PK, variability on CL/F was explained by maturation with age, with age at half-matured CL/F being 4 months. For both drugs allometrically scaled total body weight was related to CL/F and apparent volume of distribution. PK exposure did not correlate with virological outcomes or death at 12 or 48 weeks. CONCLUSION Increases in Abacavir's CL/F between day 1 to day 14, bioavailability and PK variability with early start of ART was found in this cohort of severely malnourished children; however, these changes did not influence virological outcomes. The study supports the use of weight-band dosage tables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moherndran Archary
- Department of Paediatrics and Children Health, King Edward VIII HospitalUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Children HealthUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Helen Mcllleron
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of MedicineUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Raziya Bobat
- Department of Paediatrics and Children HealthUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Philip LaRussa
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Physicians & SurgeonsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Thobekile Sibaya
- Department of Paediatrics and Children HealthUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of MedicineUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Stefanie Hennig
- School of PharmacyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
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Zanoni BC, Sibaya T, Cairns C, Haberer JE. Barriers to Retention in Care are Overcome by Adolescent-Friendly Services for Adolescents Living with HIV in South Africa: A Qualitative Analysis. AIDS Behav 2019; 23:957-965. [PMID: 30535836 PMCID: PMC6459720 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-018-2352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
To assess facilitators and barriers to retention in care for adolescents living with HIV, we conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews with adolescents ages 13 to 24 years who were living with HIV and being cared for in either an adolescent-friendly or standard government-supported clinic in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. We used inductive content analysis approach based on grounded theory derived from reviewing, coding, and interpreting data. We interviewed 28 adolescents living with HIV (16 in the adolescent clinic and 12 from the pediatric clinic) and 14 of their caregivers. Barriers to retention in care included having to attend clinic during school hours, fear of disclosure to others, social isolation, and conflict with clinical staff. Facilitators to retention in care seen in the adolescent-friendly services clinic included after school clinic hours, peer support, and connection to the clinical staff. Adolescent-friendly services are facilitators of HIV care and warrant prioritization in treatment programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Zanoni
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America,Corresponding Author: Brian C. Zanoni, MD, MPH, 55 Fruit Street, Cox Building 5 Floor, Boston, MA 02114 USA, , + 1 (857)654 – 4162
| | - Thobekile Sibaya
- University of KwaZulu-Natal Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Jessica E. Haberer
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Muenchhoff M, Healy M, Singh R, Roider J, Groll A, Kindra C, Sibaya T, Moonsamy A, McGregor C, Phan MQ, Palma A, Kloverpris H, Leslie A, Bobat R, LaRussa P, Ndung'u T, Goulder P, Sobieszczyk ME, Archary M. Malnutrition in HIV-Infected Children Is an Indicator of Severe Disease with an Impaired Response to Antiretroviral Therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2018; 34:46-55. [PMID: 28670966 PMCID: PMC5771534 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This observational study aimed to describe immunopathogenesis and treatment outcomes in children with and without severe acute malnutrition (SAM) and HIV-infection. We studied markers of microbial translocation (16sDNA), intestinal damage (iFABP), monocyte activation (sCD14), T-cell activation (CD38, HLA-DR) and immune exhaustion (PD1) in 32 HIV-infected children with and 41 HIV-infected children without SAM prior to initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and cross-sectionally compared these children to 15 HIV-uninfected children with and 19 HIV-uninfected children without SAM. We then prospectively measured these markers and correlated them to treatment outcomes in the HIV-infected children at 48 weeks following initiation of ART. Plasma levels of 16sDNA, iFABP and sCD14 were measured by quantitative real time PCR, ELISA and Luminex, respectively. T cell phenotype markers were measured by flow cytometry. Multiple regression analysis was performed using generalized linear models (GLMs) and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) approach for variable selection. Microbial translocation, T cell activation and exhaustion were increased in HIV-uninfected children with SAM compared to HIV-uninfected children without SAM. In HIV-infected children microbial translocation, immune activation, and exhaustion was strongly increased but did not differ by SAM-status. SAM was associated with increased mortality rates early after ART initiation. Malnutrition, age, microbial translocation, monocyte, and CD8 T cell activation were independently associated with decreased rates of CD4% immune recovery after 48 weeks of ART. SAM is associated with increased microbial translocation, immune activation, and immune exhaustion in HIV-uninfected children and with worse prognosis and impaired immune recovery in HIV-infected children on ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Muenchhoff
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Virology, Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Healy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Ravesh Singh
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Julia Roider
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Andreas Groll
- Department of Mathematics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Angeline Moonsamy
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Callum McGregor
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Michelle Q. Phan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Alejandro Palma
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Henrik Kloverpris
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Raziya Bobat
- King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Philip LaRussa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Great Ormond St. Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena E. Sobieszczyk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Mohendran Archary
- King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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12
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Zanoni BC, Sibaya T, Cairns C, Lammert S, Haberer JE. Higher retention and viral suppression with adolescent-focused HIV clinic in South Africa. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0190260. [PMID: 29287088 PMCID: PMC5747481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine retention in care and virologic suppression among HIV-infected adolescents and young adults attending an adolescent-friendly clinic compared to those attending the standard pediatric clinic at the same site. Design Retrospective cohort analysis. Setting Government supported, hospital-based antiretroviral clinic in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Participants Two hundred forty-one perinatally HIV-infected adolescents and young adults aged 13 to 24 years attending an adolescent-friendly clinic or the standard pediatric clinic from April 2007 to November 2015. Intervention Attendance in an adolescent-friendly clinic compared to a standard pediatric clinic. Outcomes measures Retention in care defined as one clinic visit or pharmacy refill in the prior 6 months; HIV-1 viral suppression defined as < 400 copies/ml. Results Overall, among 241 adolescents and young adults, retention was 89% (214/241) and viral suppression was 81% (196/241). Retention was higher among those attending adolescent clinic (95%) versus standard pediatric clinic (85%; OR 3.7; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–11.1; p = 0.018). Multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age at ART initiation, gender, pre-ART CD4 count, months on ART, and tuberculosis history indicated higher odds of retention in adolescents and young adults attending adolescent compared to standard clinic (AOR = 8.5; 95% CI 2.3–32.4; p = 0.002). Viral suppression was higher among adolescents and young adults attending adolescent (91%) versus standard pediatric clinic (80%; OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.1–5.8; p = 0.028). A similar multivariable logistic regression model indicated higher odds of viral suppression in adolescents and young adults attending adolescent versus standard pediatric clinic (AOR = 3.8; 95% CI 1.5–9.7; p = 0.005). Conclusion Adolescents and young adults attending an adolescent-friendly clinic had higher retention in care and viral suppression compared to adolescents attending the standard pediatric clinic. Further studies are needed to prospectively assess the impact of adolescent-friendly services on these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Zanoni
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Thobekile Sibaya
- University of KwaZulu-Natal Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Sara Lammert
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jessica E. Haberer
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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