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Hurley MM, Coffin JD, Doetschman T, Valera C, Clarke K, Xiao L. FGF receptor inhibitor BGJ398 partially rescues osteoarthritis-like phenotype in older high molecular weight FGF2 transgenic mice via multiple mechanisms. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15968. [PMID: 36153352 PMCID: PMC9509331 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF2) transgenic mice as experimental models for human X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH)-related degenerative osteoarthritis (OA) to investigate the pathogenesis of the disease and to test potential pharmacotherapies for treatment. This study tested the efficacy of BJG398, a small molecule fibroblast growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (FGFRTK) inhibitor, to rescue the knee joint osteoarthritis phenotype in High Molecular Weight fibroblast growth factor 2 transgenic (HMWTgFGF2) mice. BJG398 was administered in vivo to 8-month-old female HMWTgFGF2 mice for six weeks. Histomorphometry, immunohistochemistry and micro-CT were used to examine the knee joints in BGJ398-treated and control mice. We assessed: Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF23) expression and FGFR1 activity; Matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) and Aggrecanase2 (ADAMTS5) expression; then signaling by SMAD1/5/8-pSMAD6, pERK1/2 and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2). Using PrimePCR arrays, we identified a contributing role for major target genes in the TGFB/BMP2 signaling pathway that were regulated by BGJ398. BGJ398 inhibited HMWFGF2/FGF23-induced increase in bone morphogenic protein receptor-1, bone morphogenic protein-2 and 4 and Serine peptidase inhibitor, clade E, member 1. The results from Micro-CT and histology show BGJ398 treatment rescued the OA changes in subchondral bone and knee articular cartilage of HMWTgFGF2 mice. The gene expression and signal transduction results provide convincing evidence that HMWFGF2 generates OA through FGFRTK with characteristic downstream signaling that defines OA, namely: increased FGF23-FGFR1 activity with BMP-BMPR, activation of pSMAD1/5/8-RUNX2 and pERK signaling pathways, then upregulation of MMP13 and ADAMTS5 to degrade matrix. BGJ398 treatment effectively reversed these OA molecular phenotypes, providing further evidence that the OA generated by HMWFGF2 in the transgenic mice is FGFR-mediated and phenocopies the OA found in the Hyp mouse homolog of XLH with a spontaneous mutation in the Phex (phosphate regulating endopeptidase on the X chromosome) gene and human XLH-OA. Overall, the results obtained here explain how the pleotropic effects of FGF2 emanate from the different functions of HMW protein isoforms for cartilage and bone homeostasis, and the pathogenesis of XLH-degenerative osteoarthropathy. BGJ398 inhibits HMWFGF2-induced osteoarthritis via multiple mechanisms. These results provided important scientific evidence for the potential application of BGJ398 as a therapeutic agent for osteoarthritis in XLH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja M Hurley
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030-3023, USA.
| | - J Douglas Coffin
- Department BMED, SB 271, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Thomas Doetschman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Christina Valera
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030-3023, USA
| | - Kai Clarke
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030-3023, USA
| | - Liping Xiao
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030-3023, USA
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Powell DA, Hsu AP, Shubitz LF, Butkiewicz CD, Moale H, Trinh HT, Doetschman T, Georgieva TG, Reinartz DM, Wilson JE, Orbach MJ, Holland SM, Galgiani JN, Frelinger JA. Mouse Model of a Human STAT4 Point Mutation That Predisposes to Disseminated Coccidiomycosis. Immunohorizons 2022; 6:130-143. [PMID: 35149520 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
STAT4 plays a critical role in the generation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. In the absence of STAT4, Th1 responses, critical for resistance to fungal disease, do not occur. Infection with the dimorphic fungus, Coccidioides, is a major cause of community-acquired pneumonia in the endemic regions of Arizona and California. In some people and often for unknown reasons, coccidioidal infection results in hematogenous dissemination and progressive disease rather than the typical self-limited pneumonia. Members of three generations in a family developed disseminated coccidioidomycosis, prompting genetic investigation. All affected family members had a single heterozygous base change in STAT4, c.1877A>G, causing substitution of glycine for glutamate at AA626 (STAT4E626G/+ ). A knockin mouse, heterozygous for the substitution, developed more severe experimental coccidioidomycosis than did wild-type mice. Stat4E626G/+ T cells were deficient in production of IFN-γ after anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation. Spleen cells from Stat4E626G mice showed defective responses to IL-12/IL-18 stimulation in vitro. In vivo, early postinfection, mutant Stat4E626G/+ mice failed to produce IFN-γ and related cytokines in the lung and to accumulate activated adaptive immune cells in mediastinal lymph nodes. Therefore, defective early induction of IFN-γ and adaptive responses by STAT4 prevents normal control of coccidioidomycosis in both mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Powell
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; .,Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Amy P Hsu
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lisa F Shubitz
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | - Hilary Moale
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Hien T Trinh
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Thomas Doetschman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Teodora G Georgieva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | - Justin E Wilson
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.,The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Marc J Orbach
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.,Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; and
| | - Steven M Holland
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - John N Galgiani
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.,Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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Powell DA, Shubitz LF, Butkiewicz CD, Moale H, Trinh HT, Doetschman T, Hsu AP, Holland SM, Galgiani JN, Frelinger JA. Modeling a human STAT4 mutation that predisposes to disseminated Coccidioidomycosis in mice. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.82.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Coccidioidomycosis is a common fungal respiratory disease caused by the fungus Coccidioides spp. fungi in Arizona and the central valley of California. Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis (DCM) occurs in 8% of identified cases, causing significant morbidity and mortality. DCM occurred in 3 generations of a family in Tucson, Arizona who all shared a heterozygous missense mutation (p.E626G) in STAT4. Transfection of STAT4 E626G in WT human cells showed dampened responses to STAT4-dependent cytokine gene induction, suggesting the mutation is a dominant negative.
To understand the function of E626G mutation, we generated the homologous mutation in Stat4 in B6 mice. Mice carrying E626G were grossly normal with normal numbers of innate and adaptive immune cells in primary and secondary lymphoid organs. To examine the effect of E626G on susceptibility to Coccidioides infection, we infected mice with C. posadasii strain 1038 intranasally. After infection E626G heterozygous mice all died by 50 days post infection (dpi), median time to death 45.5 days; range 30–50 dpi. 87% of WT B6 controls were alive when the experiment ended at a predetermined 70 dpi, resulting in a median time to death of >70 days. Mediastinal lymph nodes in E626G heterozygous mice had reduced numbers of B cells and activated (CD62Llow) T cells compared to B6 controls on 14 dpi. Cells from infected lungs from E626G heterozygotes produced less IFN-gamma after infection on 28, 35 and 42 dpi. Interferon stimulated cytokines (IP-10, MIG, MIP-2) were also significantly reduced compared to WT controls. Ongoing work includes examining the cells requiring STAT4 signaling and IFN-gamma production as well as the mechanism of reduced accumulation of immune cells in the draining lymph nodes.
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Ardila DC, Tamimi E, Doetschman T, Wagner WR, Vande Geest JP. Modulating smooth muscle cell response by the release of TGFβ2 from tubular scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering. J Control Release 2019. [PMID: 30797003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.02.0241016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering has gained considerable attention in the development of small diameter tissue engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) for treating coronary heart disease. A properly designed acellular and biodegradable TEVG must encourage the infiltration and growth of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Our group has previously shown that increasing levels of TGFβ2 can differentially modulate SMC migration and proliferation. In this study, tubular electrospun scaffolds loaded with TGFβ2 were fabricated using various ratios of gelatin/polycaprolactone (PCL), resulting in scaffolds with porous nano-woven architecture suitable for tissue ingrowth. Scaffold morphology, degradation rate, TGβ2 release kinetics, and bioactivity were assessed. TGFβ2 was successfully integrated into the electrospun biomaterial that resulted in a differential release profile depending on the gelatin/PCL ratio over the course of 42 days. Higher TGFβ2 elution was obtained in scaffolds with higher gelatin content, which may be related to the biodegradation of gelatin in culture media. The biological activity of the released TGFβ2 was evaluated by its ability to affect SMC proliferation as a function of its concentration. SMCs seeded on TGFβ2-loaded scaffolds also showed higher densities and infiltration after 5 days in culture as compared to scaffolds without TGFβ2. Our results demonstrate that the ratio of synthetic and natural polymers in electrospun blends can be used to tune the release of TGFβ2. This method can be used to intelligently modulate the SMC response in gelatin/PCL scaffolds making the TGFβ2-loaded conduits attractive for cardiovascular tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Ardila
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - E Tamimi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - T Doetschman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - W R Wagner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - J P Vande Geest
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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Ardila DC, Tamimi E, Doetschman T, Wagner WR, Vande Geest JP. Modulating smooth muscle cell response by the release of TGFβ2 from tubular scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering. J Control Release 2019; 299:44-52. [PMID: 30797003 PMCID: PMC6430660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering has gained considerable attention in the development of small diameter tissue engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) for treating coronary heart disease. A properly designed acellular and biodegradable TEVG must encourage the infiltration and growth of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Our group has previously shown that increasing levels of TGFβ2 can differentially modulate SMC migration and proliferation. In this study, tubular electrospun scaffolds loaded with TGFβ2 were fabricated using various ratios of gelatin/polycaprolactone (PCL), resulting in scaffolds with porous nano-woven architecture suitable for tissue ingrowth. Scaffold morphology, degradation rate, TGβ2 release kinetics, and bioactivity were assessed. TGFβ2 was successfully integrated into the electrospun biomaterial that resulted in a differential release profile depending on the gelatin/PCL ratio over the course of 42 days. Higher TGFβ2 elution was obtained in scaffolds with higher gelatin content, which may be related to the biodegradation of gelatin in culture media. The biological activity of the released TGFβ2 was evaluated by its ability to affect SMC proliferation as a function of its concentration. SMCs seeded on TGFβ2-loaded scaffolds also showed higher densities and infiltration after 5 days in culture as compared to scaffolds without TGFβ2. Our results demonstrate that the ratio of synthetic and natural polymers in electrospun blends can be used to tune the release of TGFβ2. This method can be used to intelligently modulate the SMC response in gelatin/PCL scaffolds making the TGFβ2-loaded conduits attractive for cardiovascular tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Ardila
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - E Tamimi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - T Doetschman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - W R Wagner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - J P Vande Geest
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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Burt PM, Xiao L, Doetschman T, Hurley MM. Ablation of low-molecular-weight FGF2 isoform accelerates murine osteoarthritis while loss of high-molecular-weight FGF2 isoforms offers protection. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:4418-4431. [PMID: 30144364 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
FGF2 is an essential growth factor implicated in osteoarthritis (OA), and deletion of full-length FGF2 (Fgf2ALLKO ) leads to murine OA. However, the FGF2 gene encodes both high-molecular-weight (HMW) and low-molecular-weight (LMW) isoforms, and the effects of selectively ablating individual isoforms, as opposed to total FGF2, has not been investigated in the context of OA. We undertook this study to examine whether mice lacking HMW FGF2 (Fgf2HMWKO ) or LMW FGF2 (Fgf2LMWKO ) develop OA and to further characterize the observed OA phenotype in Fgf2ALLKO mice. Fgf2HMWKO mice never developed OA, but 6- and 9-month-old Fgf2LMWKO and Fgf2ALLKO mice displayed signs of OA, including eroded articular cartilage, altered subchondral bone and trabecular architecture, and increased OA marker enzyme levels. Even with mechanical induction of OA, Fgf2HMWKO mice were protected against OA, whereas Fgf2LMWKO and Fgf2ALLKO displayed OA-like changes of the subchondral bone. Before exhibiting OA symptoms, Fgf2LMWKO or Fgf2ALLKO joints displayed differential expression of genes encoding key regulatory proteins, including interleukin-1β, insulin-like growth factor 1, bone morphogenetic protein 4, hypoxia-inducible factor 1, B-cell lymphoma 2, Bcl2-associated X protein, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5, ETS domain-containing protein, and sex-determining region Y box 9. Moreover, Fgf2LMWKO OA cartilage exhibited increased FGF2, FGF23, and FGFR1 expression, whereas Fgf2HMWKO cartilage had increased levels of FGFR3, which promotes anabolism in cartilage. These results demonstrate that loss of LMW FGF2 results in catabolic activity in joint cartilage, whereas absence of HMW FGF2 with only the presence of LMW FGF2 offers protection from OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patience M Burt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Liping Xiao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Thomas Doetschman
- B105 Institute and Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Marja M Hurley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
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Chen H, Sells E, Cui H, Pandey R, Pampalakis G, Sotiropoulou G, Doetschman T, Ignatenko NA. Abstract 854: Human tissue Kallikrein 6 enzyme activity regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colon cancer. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Kallikrein-related peptidase 6 (KLK6) belongs to the family of human tissue kallikrein genes, majority of which are shown to be differentially expressed in cancers. Clinical studies have demonstrated that upregulation of KLK6 in primary colorectal tumors and lymph nodes correlates with serosal invasion, liver metastasis and indicative of poor prognosis in patients. It has been reported that KLK6 protein is involved in regulation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program in an organ-specific context. The aim in this study was to investigate contribution of KLK6 enzyme in the EMT during neoplastic transformation in the colon.
Results: We expressed enzymatically active or inactive KLK6, using pcDNA3.1(+)preproKLK6 and pcDNA3.1(+)preproKLK6 Ser197Ala mutant plasmids, in Caco-2 colon cancer cell line, which has been characterized before as a very low KLK6 expresser with an undetectable secreted KLK6. Stable isogenic clones were selected and further evaluated for their ability to migrate and invade using in vitro assays and to metastasize in vivo using SCID orthotopic mouse model. We found no effect of KLK6 enzyme activity on migration of Caco-2 cells, expressing the empty vector (Caco-2 mock), and Caco-2 cells, expressing an enzymatically active KLK6 (Caco-2 KLK6 wt) or inactive KLK6 (Caco-2 KLK6 mut). But Caco-2 KLK6 wt cells demonstrated the invasive phenotype in Matrigel invasion assays (p<0.001, compared to Caco-2 mock and Caco2 KLK6 mut cells). The Caco-2 mock and Caco-2 KLK6 mut cells, injected in SCID mice orthotopically, developed primary colon tumors but no metastatic lesions were identified. In contrast, Caco-2 KLK6 wt cells formed primary colon tumors and metastasized locally, although they failed to form the distant metastasis (lung and mesentery). Animals, growing the Caco-2 KLK6 wt tumors, displayed a significant decrease in their survival rates, compared to other groups (p=0.02). In Caco-2 KLK6 wt cells TGF-β protein expression and secretion was induced, which resulted in activation of TGF-β-SMAD2/3 signaling pathway. This phenotype was associated with the elevated expression of known regulator of the EMT, zinc-finger protein Snail. In addition, the expression of a high-mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) protein was induced in Caco-2 KLK6 wt cells. The HMGA2 expression is implicated in the EMT program, acting through the TGF-β signaling pathway and is associated with a poor survival in colorectal cancer.
Conclusion. These findings demonstrate that KLK6 enzyme activity is required for colon cancer progression via induction of the EMT program. We identified the TGF-β- signaling pathway as a mechanism driving the EMT in colon cancer cells expressing KLK6 enzyme.
Citation Format: Hwudaurw Chen, Earlphia Sells, Haiyan Cui, Ritu Pandey, George Pampalakis, Georgia Sotiropoulou, Thomas Doetschman, Natalia A. Ignatenko. Human tissue Kallikrein 6 enzyme activity regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colon cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 854. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-854
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haiyan Cui
- 1Univ. of Arizona Cancer Ctr., Tucson, AZ
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Abstract
Genetic engineering of model organisms and cultured cells has for decades provided important insights into the mechanisms underlying cardiovascular development and disease. In the past few years the development of several nuclease systems has broadened the range of model/cell systems that can be engineered. Of these, the CRISPR (clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) system has become the favorite for its ease of application. Here we will review this RNA-guided nuclease system for gene editing with respect to its usefulness for cardiovascular studies and with an eye toward potential therapy. Studies on its off-target activity, along with approaches to minimize this activity will be given. The advantages of gene editing versus gene targeting in embryonic stem cells, including the breadth of species and cell types to which it is applicable, will be discussed. We will also cover its use in iPSC for research and possible therapeutic purposes; and we will review its use in muscular dystrophy studies where considerable progress has been made toward dystrophin correction in mice. The CRISPR/Ca9s system is also being used for high-throughput screening of genes, gene regulatory regions, and long noncoding RNAs. In addition, the CRISPR system is being used for nongene-editing purposes such as activation and inhibition of gene expression, as well as for fluorescence tagging of chromosomal regions and individual mRNAs to track their cellular location. Finally, an approach to circumvent the inability of post-mitotic cells to support homologous recombination-based gene editing will be presented. In conclusion, applications of the CRISPR/Cas system are expanding at a breath-taking pace and are revolutionizing approaches to gain a better understanding of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Doetschman
- From the BIO5 Institute (T.D., T.G.) and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (T.D.), University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Teodora Georgieva
- From the BIO5 Institute (T.D., T.G.) and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (T.D.), University of Arizona, Tucson
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Tamimi E, Ardila DC, Haskett DG, Doetschman T, Slepian MJ, Kellar RS, Vande Geest JP. Biomechanical Comparison of Glutaraldehyde-Crosslinked Gelatin Fibrinogen Electrospun Scaffolds to Porcine Coronary Arteries. J Biomech Eng 2016; 138:2466198. [PMID: 26501189 DOI: 10.1115/1.4031847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death for Americans. As coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) remains a mainstay of therapy for CVD and native vein grafts are limited by issues of supply and lifespan, an effective readily available tissue-engineered vascular graft (TEVG) for use in CABG would provide drastic improvements in patient care. Biomechanical mismatch between vascular grafts and native vasculature has been shown to be the major cause of graft failure, and therefore, there is need for compliance-matched biocompatible TEVGs for clinical implantation. The current study investigates the biaxial mechanical characterization of acellular electrospun glutaraldehyde (GLUT) vapor-crosslinked gelatin/fibrinogen cylindrical constructs, using a custom-made microbiaxial optomechanical device (MOD). Constructs crosslinked for 2, 8, and 24 hrs are compared to mechanically characterized porcine left anterior descending coronary (LADC) artery. The mechanical response data were used for constitutive modeling using a modified Fung strain energy equation. The results showed that constructs crosslinked for 2 and 8 hrs exhibited circumferential and axial tangential moduli (ATM) similar to that of the LADC. Furthermore, the 8-hrs experimental group was the only one to compliance-match the LADC, with compliance values of 0.0006±0.00018 mm Hg-1 and 0.00071±0.00027 mm Hg-1, respectively. The results of this study show the feasibility of meeting mechanical specifications expected of native arteries through manipulating GLUT vapor crosslinking time. The comprehensive mechanical characterization of cylindrical biopolymer constructs in this study is an important first step to successfully develop a biopolymer compliance-matched TEVG.
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Yan J, Mitra A, Hu J, Cutrera JJ, Xia X, Doetschman T, Gagea M, Mishra L, Li S. Corrigendum to "Interleukin-30 (IL27p28) alleviates experimental sepsis by modulating cytokine profile in NKT cells". J Hepatol 2016; 65:S0168-8278(16)30180-5. [PMID: 27241198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Abhisek Mitra
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jiemiao Hu
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jeffery J Cutrera
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xueqing Xia
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Thomas Doetschman
- BIO5 Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Mihai Gagea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lopa Mishra
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shulin Li
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.
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Yan J, Mitra A, Hu J, Cutrera JJ, Xia X, Doetschman T, Gagea M, Mishra L, Li S. Interleukin-30 (IL27p28) alleviates experimental sepsis by modulating cytokine profile in NKT cells. J Hepatol 2016; 64:1128-1136. [PMID: 26767500 PMCID: PMC4834232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Sepsis is an acute systemic inflammatory response to infection associated with high patient mortality (28-40%). We hypothesized that interleukin (IL)-30, a novel cytokine protecting mice against liver injury resulting from inflammation, would generate a protective effect against systemic inflammation and sepsis-induced death. METHODS Sepsis was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The inhibitory effects of IL-30 on septic inflammation and associated therapeutic effects were determined in wild-type, IL30 (p28)(-/-), IL10(-/-), and CD1d(-/-) mice. RESULTS Mice treated with pIL30 gene therapy or recombinant IL-30 protein (rIL30) were protected from LPS-induced septic shock or CLP-induced polymicrobial sepsis and showed markedly less liver damage and lymphocyte apoptosis than control septic mice. The resulting reduction in mortality was mediated through attenuation of the systemic pro-inflammatory response and augmentation of bacterial clearance. Mice lacking IL-30 were more sensitive to LPS-induced sepsis. Natural killer-like T cells (NKT) produced much higher levels of IL-10 and lower levels of interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in IL-30-treated septic mice than in control septic mice. Likewise, deficiency in IL-10 or NKT cells abolished the protective role of IL-30 against sepsis. Furthermore, IL-30 induced IL-10 production in purified and LPS-stimulated NKT cells. Blocking IL-6R or gp130 inhibited IL-30 mediated IL-10 production. CONCLUSIONS IL-30 is important in modulating production of NKT cytokines and subsequent NKT cell-mediated immune regulation of other cells. Therefore, IL-30 has a role in prevention and treatment of sepsis via modulation of cytokine production by NKT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Abhisek Mitra
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jiemiao Hu
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jeffery J Cutrera
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xueqing Xia
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Thomas Doetschman
- BIO5 Institute and Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Mihai Gagea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lopa Mishra
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shulin Li
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.
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12
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Samadder P, Weng N, Doetschman T, Heimark RL, Galbraith DW. Flow cytometry and single nucleus sorting for Cre-based analysis of changes in transcriptional states. Cytometry A 2016; 89:430-42. [PMID: 27003621 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The organs of eukaryotic organisms comprise complex interspersions of cell types, whose different molecular activities, and corresponding cellular states, cooperate during development to produce the final, functional organ. Dysfunction of organs in disease, particularly oncogenesis, initiates with changes of state of a minor subset of cells. It therefore is hard to detect early molecular indicators of disease within an overwhelming background of normal cells. Flow cytometry and sorting provides a convenient way to purify minority subpopulations, if a specific fluorophore can be unambiguously and exclusively associated with this subpopulation. We have generated a number of transgenic mouse lines expressing a nuclear-localized version of the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), within which the production of a chimeric histone 2B-GFP protein occurs under the control of a constitutively-active, actin-derived promoter, separated by a Floxed-STOP sequence. In the presence of Cre recombinase, within F1 progeny of these mouse lines, excision of the STOP sequence activates transcription which results in the emergence of cells containing green fluorescent nuclei. We describe the characterization of these lines using a combination of microscopic imaging, flow cytometry and sorting, and Reverse-Transcription polymerase chain reaction of transcripts within single sorted nuclei isolated from tissue homogenates. These lines should be particularly useful for analysis of transcriptional changes in oncogenesis. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ning Weng
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Thomas Doetschman
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ronald L Heimark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - David W Galbraith
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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13
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Homer-Bouthiette C, Doetschman T, Xiao L, Hurley MM. Knockout of nuclear high molecular weight FGF2 isoforms in mice modulates bone and phosphate homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:36303-14. [PMID: 25389287 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.619569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that targeted overexpression of the fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) high molecular weight (HMW) isoforms in osteoblastic lineage cells in mice resulted in phenotypic changes, including dwarfism, rickets, osteomalacia, hypophosphatemia, increased serum parathyroid hormone, and increased levels of the phosphatonin FGF23 in serum and bone. This study examined the effects of genetically knocking out the FGF2HMW isoforms (HMWKO) on bone and phosphate homeostasis. HMWKO mice were not dwarfed and had significantly increased bone mineral density and bone mineral content in femurs and lumbar vertebrae when compared with the wild-type (WT) littermates. Micro-computed tomography analysis of femurs revealed increased trabecular bone volume, thickness, number, and connective tissue density with decreased trabecular spacing compared with WT. In addition, there was significantly decreased cortical porosity and increased cortical thickness and sub-periosteal area in femurs of HMWKO. Histomorphometric analysis demonstrated increased osteoblast activity and diminished osteoclast activity in the HMWKO. In vitro bone marrow stromal cell cultures showed there was a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase-positive colony number at 1 week in HMWKO. At 3 weeks of culture, the mineralized area was also significantly increased. There was increased expression of osteoblast differentiation marker genes and reduced expression of genes associated with impaired mineralization, including a significant reduction in Fgf23 and Sost mRNA. Normal serum phosphate and parathyroid hormone were observed in HMWKO mice. This study demonstrates a significant negative impact of HMWFGF2 on biological functions in bone and phosphate homeostasis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Homer-Bouthiette
- From the Department of Medicine, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030 and
| | - Thomas Doetschman
- the B105 Institute and Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724-5217
| | - Liping Xiao
- From the Department of Medicine, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030 and
| | - Marja M Hurley
- From the Department of Medicine, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030 and
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14
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Abstract
Mouse genetic engineering has revolutionized our understanding of the molecular and genetic basis of heart development and disease. This technology involves conditional tissue-specific and temporal transgenic and gene targeting approaches, as well as introduction of polymorphisms into the mouse genome. These approaches are increasingly used to elucidate the genetic pathways underlying tissue homeostasis, physiology, and pathophysiology of adult heart. They have also led to the development of clinically relevant models of human cardiac diseases. Here, we review the technologies and their limitations in general and the cardiovascular research community in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Doetschman
- BIO5 Institute and Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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15
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Ball C, Ramireddy B, Keenan M, Stern S, Azhar M, Gard C, Besselsen DG, Doetschman T. Abstract 407: Loss of Smad3 alters host-microbial interactions, predisposing the colonic epithelium to inflammation. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: The TGFβ pathway is mutated in up to 30% of human colon cancers. Genetically Engineered Mouse Models (GEMs) with deficient TGFβ signaling model several characteristics of IBD associated human colon cancers. Introduction of Helicobacter sp. into the Smad3−/− mouse model is necessary for the development of inflammatory lesions which progress to adenoma and carcinoma. The exact role of TGFβ1 signaling and bacterial-associated inflammation has yet to be elucidated and offers a potential target for the prevention of colon cancer. Methods: To determine the function of TGFβ1 signaling on colonic bacterial composition we used the Smad3−/− GEM. We designed primers specific to the 16s rRNA subunit of different Bacteroides species, and using the Roche LightCycler preformed quantitative Real Time-PCR (qRT-PCR) on cecal DNA extracted from Smad3−/-− and Smad3+/+ mice. To further examine the host-microbial interaction we extracted RNA and protein from the cecum of Smad3−/− and Smad3+/+ mice and ran Real Time-PCR or Western Blot for different Toll-like Receptor Pathway components. Results: qRT-PCR showed that Smad3−/-− mice have a significantly lower quantity of Bacteroides sp; the introduction of Helicobacter hepaticus results in a significant increase in B. distasonis and a significant decrease in B. thetaiotaomicron in Smad3−/− mice. These data suggest that loss of SMAD3 and the addition of Helicobacter hepaticus alters the colonic microflora. Previous studies illustrated the importance of epithelial signaling in microbial induced inflammation. To examine if Smad3 is altering the Toll-like receptor pathway we examined RT-PCR of the cecum and found a significant increase in Tlr4, Irak4, Cd14, Myd88, Nfkb, Cox2, and Nos2 mRNA in the Smad3−/−− mice compared to Smad3+/+ mice. Western blots confirmed these data by showing that cecal tissue from Smad3−/− mice has increased IRAK4 and pNF-κB. Conclusion: Smad3−/− mice show heightened Toll-like receptor pathway activity which leads to a hyper-inflammatory response of the mucosa to endogenous microbes. Further, loss of SMAD3 results in dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. These findings suggest that SMAD3 plays a role in microbial-host homeostasis.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 407. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-407
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16
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Manning JR, Carpenter G, Porter DR, House SL, Pietras DA, Doetschman T, Schultz JEJ. Fibroblast growth factor-2-induced cardioprotection against myocardial infarction occurs via the interplay between nitric oxide, protein kinase signaling, and ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Growth Factors 2012; 30:124-39. [PMID: 22304432 PMCID: PMC7041406 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2012.656759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) protects the heart from ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury via a vast network of protein kinases. In the heart, downstream effectors of these FGF2-triggered signals have not yet been identified. It is hypothesized that nitric oxide (NO) signaling and ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channel activity are key effectors of protein kinases activated by FGF2-mediated cardioprotection. Hearts with a cardiac-specific overexpression of FGF2 (FGF2 Tg) were subjected to I-R injury in the absence or the presence of selective inhibitors of NO synthase (NOS) isoforms or sarcolemmal (sarcK(ATP)) and mitochondrial (mitoK(ATP)) K(ATP) channels. Multiple NOS isoforms are necessary for FGF2-mediated cardioprotection, and nitrite levels are significantly reduced in FGF2 Tg hearts upon inhibition of protein kinase C or mitogen-activated protein kinases. Likewise, sarcK(ATP) and mitoK(ATP) channels are important for cardioprotection elicited by endogenous FGF2. These findings suggest that FGF2-induced cardioprotection occurs via protein kinase-NOS pathways as well as K(ATP) channel activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet R Manning
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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17
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Doetschman T, Georgieva T, Li H, Reed TD, Grisham C, Friel J, Estabrook MA, Gard C, Sanford LP, Azhar M. Generation of mice with a conditional allele for the transforming growth factor beta3 gene. Genesis 2012; 50:59-66. [PMID: 22223248 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) pathway is involved in embryonic development and several inherited and acquired human diseases. The gene for TGFβ3 (Tgfb3) encodes one of the three ligands for TGFβ receptors. It is widely expressed in the embryo and its mutation or misexpression is found in human diseases. Tgfb3-/- mice die at birth from cleft palate, precluding functional studies in adults. Here, we generated mice in which exon 6 of Tgfb3 was flanked with LoxP sites (Tgfb3flox/flox). The adult mice were normal and fertile. EIIa-Cre-mediated deletion of exon 6 in Tgfb3flox/flox mice efficiently generated Tgfb3 conditional knockout (Tgfb3cko/cko) mice which died at birth from the same cleft palate defect as Tgfb3-/- mice, indicating that the conditional and knockout alleles are functionally equivalent. This Tgfb3cko allele will now enable studies of TGFβ3 function in different cell or tissue types in embryonic development and during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Doetschman
- BIO5 Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724-5217, USA
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18
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Fei Y, Xiao L, Doetschman T, Coffin DJ, Hurley MM. Fibroblast growth factor 2 stimulation of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation is mediated by modulation of the Wnt signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:40575-83. [PMID: 21987573 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.274910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) positively modulates osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. However, the mechanism(s) is not fully understood. Because the Wnt canonical pathway is important for bone homeostasis, this study focuses on modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling using Fgf2(-/-) mice (FGF2 all isoforms ablated), both in the absence of endogenous FGF2 and in the presence of exogenous FGF2. This study demonstrates a role of endogenous FGF2 in bone formation through Wnt signaling. Specifically, mRNA expression for the canonical Wnt genes Wnt10b, Lrp6, and β-catenin was decreased significantly in Fgf2(-/-) bone marrow stromal cells during osteoblast differentiation. In addition, a marked reduction of Wnt10b and β-catenin protein expression was observed in Fgf2(-/-) mice. Furthermore, Fgf2(-/-) osteoblasts displayed marked reduction of inactive phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3β, a negative regulator of Wnt/β-catenin pathway as well as a significant decrease of Dkk2 mRNA, which plays a role in terminal osteoblast differentiation. Addition of exogenous FGF2 promoted β-catenin nuclear accumulation and further partially rescued decreased mineralization in Fgf2(-/-) bone marrow stromal cell cultures. Collectively, our findings suggest that FGF2 stimulation of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation is mediated in part by modulating the Wnt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Fei
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
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19
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Doetschman T, Barnett JV, Runyan RB, Camenisch TD, Heimark RL, Granzier HL, Conway SJ, Azhar M. Transforming growth factor beta signaling in adult cardiovascular diseases and repair. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 347:203-23. [PMID: 21953136 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The majority of children with congenital heart disease now live into adulthood due to the remarkable surgical and medical advances that have taken place over the past half century. Because of this, adults now represent the largest age group with adult cardiovascular diseases. It includes patients with heart diseases that were not detected or not treated during childhood, those whose defects were surgically corrected but now need revision due to maladaptive responses to the procedure, those with exercise problems and those with age-related degenerative diseases. Because adult cardiovascular diseases in this population are relatively new, they are not well understood. It is therefore necessary to understand the molecular and physiological pathways involved if we are to improve treatments. Since there is a developmental basis to adult cardiovascular disease, transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling pathways that are essential for proper cardiovascular development may also play critical roles in the homeostatic, repair and stress response processes involved in adult cardiovascular diseases. Consequently, we have chosen to summarize the current information on a subset of TGFβ ligand and receptor genes and related effector genes that, when dysregulated, are known to lead to cardiovascular diseases and adult cardiovascular deficiencies and/or pathologies. A better understanding of the TGFβ signaling network in cardiovascular disease and repair will impact genetic and physiologic investigations of cardiovascular diseases in elderly patients and lead to an improvement in clinical interventions.
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20
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Conway SJ, Doetschman T, Azhar M. The inter-relationship of periostin, TGF beta, and BMP in heart valve development and valvular heart diseases. ScientificWorldJournal 2011; 11:1509-24. [PMID: 21805020 PMCID: PMC5548286 DOI: 10.1100/tsw.2011.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested an important role for periostin and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) ligands in heart valve formation and valvular heart diseases. The function of these molecules in cardiovascular development has previously been individually reviewed, but their association has not been thoroughly examined. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the association between periostin and TGFβ and BMP ligands, and discuss the implications of this association in the context of the role of these molecules in heart valve development and valvular homeostasis. Information about hierarchal connections between periostin and TGFβ and BMP ligands in valvulogenesis will increase our understanding of the pathogenesis, progression, and medical treatment of human valve diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Conway
- Riley Heart Research Center, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
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21
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Azhar M, Brown K, Gard C, Chen H, Rajan S, Elliott DA, Stevens MV, Camenisch TD, Conway SJ, Doetschman T. Transforming growth factor Beta2 is required for valve remodeling during heart development. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:2127-41. [PMID: 21780244 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the function of transforming growth factor beta2 (TGFβ2) in epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is well studied, its role in valve remodeling remains to be fully explored. Here, we used histological, morphometric, immunohistochemical and molecular approaches and showed that significant dysregulation of major extracellular matrix (ECM) components contributed to valve remodeling defects in Tgfb2(-/-) embryos. The data indicated that cushion mesenchymal cell differentiation was impaired in Tgfb2(-/-) embryos. Hyaluronan and cartilage link protein-1 (CRTL1) were increased in hyperplastic valves of Tgfb2(-/-) embryos, indicating increased expansion and diversification of cushion mesenchyme into the cartilage cell lineage during heart development. Finally, Western blot and immunohistochemistry analyses indicate that the activation of SMAD2/3 was decreased in Tgfb2(-/-) embryos during valve remodeling. Collectively, the data indicate that TGFβ2 promotes valve remodeling and differentiation by inducing matrix organization and suppressing cushion mesenchyme differentiation into cartilage cell lineage during heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Azhar
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
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22
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Doetschman T, Sholl A, Chen HDR, Gard C, Hildeman DA, Bommireddy R. Divergent effects of calcineurin Aβ on regulatory and conventional T-cell homeostasis. Clin Immunol 2011; 138:321-30. [PMID: 21256088 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2010.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Calcineurin (CN) is a phosphatase that activates nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). While the CN inhibitors cyclosporine A (CsA) and tacrolimus (FK506) can prevent graft rejection, they also cause inflammatory diseases. We investigated the role of calcineurin using mice deficient in the CN catalytic subunit Aβ (CNAβ). Cnab(-/-) mice exhibit defective thymocyte maturation, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly. Further, as Cnab(-/-) mice age, they exhibit spontaneous T-cell activation and enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, and IFNγ). FOXP3(+) T(reg) cells were significantly decreased in Cnab(-/-) mice likely contributing to increased T-cell activation. Interestingly, we found that CNAβ is critical for promotion of BCL-2 expression in FOXP3(+) T(reg) and for permitting TGFβ signaling, as TGFβ induces FOXP3 in control but not in Cnab(-/-) T-cells. Together, these data suggest that CNAβ is important for the production and maintenance of T(reg) cells and to ensure mature T-cell quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Doetschman
- BIO5 Institute, Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5217, USA
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23
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Xiao L, Sobue T, Eisliger A, Kronenberg MS, Coffin JD, Doetschman T, Hurley MM. Disruption of the Fgf2 gene activates the adipogenic and suppresses the osteogenic program in mesenchymal marrow stromal stem cells. Bone 2010; 47:360-70. [PMID: 20510392 PMCID: PMC2947437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 03/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Here we determine the Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 (FGF2) dependency of the time course of changes in bone mass in female mice. This study extends our earlier reports that knockout of the FGF2 gene (Fgf2) caused low turnover bone loss in Fgf2(-/-) male mice by examining bone loss with age in Fgf2(-/-) female mice, and by assessing whether reduced bone formation is associated with differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) towards the adipocyte lineage. Bone mineral density (BMD) was similar in 3-month-old female Fgf2(+/+) and Fgf2(-/-) mice but was significantly reduced as early as 5 months of age in Fgf2(-/-) mice. In vivo studies showed that there was a greater accumulation of marrow fat in long bones of 14 and 20 month old Fgf2(-/-) mice compared with Fgf2(+/+) littermates. To study the effect of disruption of FGF2 on osteoblastogenesis and adipogenesis, BMSCs from both genotypes were cultured in osteogenic or adipogenic media. Reduced alkaline phosphatase positive (ALP), mineralized colonies and a marked increase in adipocytes were observed in Fgf2(-/-) BMSC cultures. These cultures also showed an increase in the mRNA of the adipogenic transcription factor PPARgamma2 as well as the downstream target genes aP2 and adiponectin. Treatment with exogenous FGF2 blocked adipocyte formation and increased ALP colony formation and ALP activity in BMSC cultures of both genotypes. These results support an important role for endogenous FGF2 in osteoblast (OB) lineage determination. Alteration in FGF2 signaling may contribute to impaired OB bone formation capacity and to increased bone marrow fat accumulation both of which are characteristics of aged bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Xiao
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, 06030, USA
| | - Takanori Sobue
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, 06030, USA
| | - Alycia Eisliger
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, 06030, USA
| | - Mark. S Kronenberg
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, 06030, USA
| | - J. Douglas Coffin
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
| | - Thomas Doetschman
- BIO5 Institute and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85724-5217, USA
| | - Marja M. Hurley
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, 06030, USA
- Corresponding Author: Phone: 860-679-2129; FAX: 860-679-1875;
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24
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Ball C, Azhar M, Gard C, Chen D, Mast T, Aronow B, Besselsen D, Doetschman T. Abstract 1957: Loss of TGFβ1 alters host-microbial interactions, predisposing the colonic epithelium to inflammation. Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am10-1957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: The TGFB pathway is mutated in up to 30% of human colon cancers. Genetically Engineered Mouse Models (GEMs) with deficient TGFβ signaling model several characteristics of IBD associated human colon cancers. Introduction of Helicobacter sp. into the Tgfb1−/−Rag2−/− mouse model is necessary for the development of inflammatory lesions which progress to adenoma and carcinoma. The exact role of TGFβ1 and bacterial-associated inflammation has yet to be elucidated and offers a potential target for the prevention of colon cancer.
Methods: To determine the function of TGFβ1 on colonic bacterial composition we used GEM models, Tgfb1−/−Rag2−/− and Tgfb1+/+Rag2−/−. The cecal microflora of 10 Tgfb1−/−Rag2−/− and 10 Tgfb1+/+Rag2−/− mice were isolated and serially diluted onto brucella (BRU), bacteroides bile esculin (BBE), and laked kanomycin-vancomycin (LKV) media under anaerobic conditions. Colony forming units (CFUs) were enumerated. Individual colony types were then streaked onto trypitcase soy agar with 5% sheep blood and grown anaerobically and aerobically. The bacteria were then gram-stained and biotyped utilizing a Dade Berhing MicroScan instrument. To further examine the bacterial composition we designed primers specific to the 16s rRNA subunit of different Bacteroides species, and using the Roche LightCycler preformed quantitative Real Time-PCR (qRT-PCR) on fecal DNA.
Results: The Dade Berhing Instrument showed that Tgfb1−/−Rag2−/− mice had a 4 fold increase in bacterial load and a 28 fold increase in Bacteroides species when compared with Tgfb1+/+Rag2−/− mice. The qRT-PCR results showed an increase in Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides distasonis and a significant decrease in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron in the Tgfb1−/−Rag2−/− mice. These data suggest that loss of TGFβ1 alters the colonic microflora. Previous studies illustrated the importance of bacterial nutrient sources on bacterial composition. To examine if TGFβ1 is altering nutrient availability in the colon a previous micro-array was analyzed for candidate genes associated with glycoprotein metabolism. This showed changes in fucose metabolizing enzymes with the loss of TGFβ1.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that TGFβ1 plays a role in bacterial load maintenance, possibly by altering available nutrient sources and when disrupted, can cause abnormalities in pathobionts (commensal bacterial with pathogenic potential) which could then lead to increased inflammation.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1957.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bruce Aronow
- 3Cincinnati Childrens Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
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Liao S, Bodmer JR, Azhar M, Newman G, Coffin JD, Doetschman T, Schultz JEJ. The influence of FGF2 high molecular weight (HMW) isoforms in the development of cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 48:1245-54. [PMID: 20116383 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) consists of multiple protein isoforms (low [LMW] and high molecular weight [HMW]), which are localized to different cellular compartments, indicating unique biological activity. We previously showed that the LMW isoform is important in protecting the heart from myocardial dysfunction associated with ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, but the roles of the HMW isoforms remain unknown. To elucidate the role of HMW isoforms in I/R and cardioprotection, hearts from novel mouse models, in which the murine FGF2 HMWs are knocked out (HMWKO) or the human FGF2 24 kDa HMW isoform is overexpressed (HMW Tg) and their wildtype (Wt) or non-transgenic (NTg) cohorts were subjected to an ex vivo work-performing heart model of I/R. There was a significant improvement in post-ischemic recovery of cardiac function in HMWKO hearts (76+/-5%, p<0.05) compared to Wt hearts (55+/-5%), with a corresponding decrease in HMW Tg function (line 20: 38+/-6% and line 28: 33+/-4%, p<0.05) compared to non-transgenic hearts (68+/-9%). FGF2 LMW isoform was secreted from Wt and HMWKO hearts during I/R, and a FGF receptor (FGFR) inhibitor, PD173074 caused a decrease in cardiac function when administered in I/R in Wt and FGF2 HMWKO hearts (p<0.05), indicating that FGFR is involved in FGF2 LMW isoform's biological effect in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Moreover, overexpression of HMW isoform reduced FGFR1 phosphorylation/activation with no further decrease in the phosphorylation state in the presence of the FGFR inhibitor. Overall, our data indicate that HMW isoforms have a detrimental role in the development of post-ischemic myocardial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyun Liao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, ML 0575, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts are the most populous nonmyocyte cell type within the mature heart and are required for extracellular matrix synthesis and deposition, generation of the cardiac skeleton, and to electrically insulate the atria from the ventricles. Significantly, cardiac fibroblasts have also been shown to play an important role in cardiomyocyte growth and expansion of the ventricular chambers during heart development. Although there are currently no cardiac fibroblast-restricted molecular markers, it is generally envisaged that the majority of the cardiac fibroblasts are derived from the proepicardium via epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation. However, still relatively little is known about when and where the cardiac fibroblasts cells are generated, the lineage of each cell, and how cardiac fibroblasts move to reside in their final position throughout all four cardiac chambers. In this review, we summarize the present understanding regarding the function of Periostin, a useful marker of the noncardiomyocyte lineages, and its role during cardiac morphogenesis. Characterization of the cardiac fibroblast lineage and identification of the signals that maintain, expand and regulate their differentiation will be required to improve our understanding of cardiac function in both normal and pathophysiological states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mohamad Azhar
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | | | - Simon J. Conway
- Address for correspondence: Simon J. Conway, 1044 West Walnut Street, Room R4 W379, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. phone: (317) 278-8781; fax: (317) 278-5413;
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Azhar M, Yin M, Bommireddy R, Duffy JJ, Yang J, Pawlowski SA, Boivin GP, Engle SJ, Sanford LP, Grisham C, Singh RR, Babcock GF, Doetschman T. Generation of mice with a conditional allele for transforming growth factor beta 1 gene. Genesis 2009; 47:423-31. [PMID: 19415629 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) is a multifunctional growth factor involved in wound healing, tissue fibrosis, and in the pathogenesis of many syndromic diseases (e.g., Marfan syndrome, Camurati-Engelmann disease) and muscular, neurological, ophthalmic, cardiovascular and immunological disorders, and cancer. Since the generation of Tgfb1 knockout mice, there has been extraordinary progress in understanding its physiological and pathophysiological function. Here, we report the generation of a conditional knockout allele for Tgfb1 in which its exon 6 is flanked with LoxP sites. As proof of principle, we crossed these mice to LckCre transgenic mice and specifically disrupted Tgfb1 in T cells. The results indicate that T-cell-produced TGFbeta1 is required for normal in vivo regulation of peripheral T-cell activation, maintenance of T-cell homeostasis, and suppression of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Azhar
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
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Bommireddy R, Bueno OF, Martin J, Ormsby I, Chen H, Gard C, Molkentin JD, Boivin GP, Babcock GF, Doetschman T. Calcineurin deficiency decreases inflammatory lesions in transforming growth factor beta1-deficient mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 158:317-24. [PMID: 19747209 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF) beta1) is an immunoregulatory cytokine involved in self-tolerance and lymphocyte homeostasis. Tgfb1 knock-out (KO) mice develop severe multi-focal autoimmune inflammatory lesions due to [Ca(2+)]i deregulation in T cells, and die within 3 weeks after birth. Because the calcineurin inhibitor FK506 inhibits the hyperresponsiveness of Tgfb1(-/-) thymocytes, and because calcineurin Abeta (CNAbeta)-deficient mice do not reject allogenic tumours, we have generated Tgfb1(-/-) Cnab(-/-) mice to address whether CNAbeta deficiency prevents T cell activation and inflammation in Tgfb1(-/-) mice. Here we show that in Tgfb1(-/-) Cnab(-/-) mice inflammation is reduced significantly relative to that in Tgfb1(-/-) mice. However, both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in double knock-out (DKO) mice are activated, as revealed by up-regulation of CD11a lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), CD44 and CD69 and down-regulation of CD62L. These data suggest that deficiency of CNAbeta decreases inflammatory lesions but does not prevent activation of autoreactive T cells. Also Tgfb1(-/-) T cells can undergo activation in the absence of CNAbeta, probably by using the other isoform of calcineurin (CNAalpha) in a compensatory manner. CNAbeta-deficient T cells undergo spontaneous activation in vivo and are activated upon anti-T cell receptor stimulation in vitro. Understanding the role of calcineurin in T cell regulation should open up new therapeutic opportunities for inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bommireddy
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5217, USA.
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Azhar M, Runyan RB, Gard C, Sanford LP, Miller ML, Andringa A, Pawlowski S, Rajan S, Doetschman T. Ligand-specific function of transforming growth factor beta in epithelial-mesenchymal transition in heart development. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:431-42. [PMID: 19161227 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ligand specificity of transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) in vivo in mouse cardiac cushion epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is poorly understood. To elucidate the function of TGFbeta in cushion EMT, we analyzed Tgfb1(-/-), Tgfb2(-/-), and Tgfb3(-/-) mice between embryonic day (E) 9.5 and E14.5 using both in vitro and in vivo approaches. Atrioventricular (AV) canal collagen gel assays at E9.5 indicated normal EMT in both Tgfb1(-/-) and Tgfb3(-/-) mice. However, analysis of Tgfb2(-/-) AV explants at E9.5 and E10.5 indicated that EMT, but not cushion cell proliferation, was initially delayed but later remained persistent. This was concordant with the observation that Tgfb2(-/-) embryos, and not Tgfb1(-/-) or Tgfb3(-/-) embryos, develop enlarged cushions at E14.5 with elevated levels of well-validated indicators of EMT. Collectively, these data indicate that TGFbeta2, and not TGFbeta1 or TGFbeta3, mediates cardiac cushion EMT by promoting both the initiation and cessation of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Azhar
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
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Sabbieti MG, Agas D, Xiao L, Marchetti L, Coffin JD, Doetschman T, Hurley MM. Endogenous FGF-2 is critically important in PTH anabolic effects on bone. J Cell Physiol 2009; 219:143-51. [PMID: 19107841 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR1) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) expression in osteoblasts and the anabolic response to PTH is reduced in Fgf2-/- mice. This study examined whether candidate factors implicated in the anabolic response to PTH were modulated in Fgf2-/- osteoblasts. PTH increased Runx-2 protein expression in Fgf2+/+ but not Fgf2-/- osteoblasts. By immunocytochemistry, PTH treatment induced nuclear accumulation of Runx-2 only in Fgf2+/+ osteoblasts. PTH and FGF-2 regulate Runx-2 via activation of the cAMP response element binding proteins (CREBs). Western blot time course studies showed that PTH increased phospho-CREB within 15 min that was sustained for 24 h in Fgf2+/+ but had no effect in Fgf2-/- osteoblasts. Silencing of FGF-2 in Fgf2+/+ osteoblasts blocked the stimulatory effect of PTH on Runx-2 and CREBs phosphorylation. Studies of the effects of PTH on proteins involved in osteoblast precursor proliferation and apoptosis showed that PTH increased cyclinD1-cdk4/6 protein in Fgf2+/+ but not Fgf2-/- osteoblasts. Interestingly, PTH increased the cell cycle inhibitor p21/waf1 in Fgf2-/- osteoblasts. PTH increased Bcl-2/Bax protein ratio in Fgf2+/+ but not Fgf2-/- osteoblasts. In addition PTH increased cell viability in Fgf2+/+ but not Fgf2-/- osteoblasts. These data suggest that endogenous FGF-2 is important in PTH effects on osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Reduced expression of these factors may contribute to the reduced anabolic response to PTH in the Fgf2-/- mice. Our results strongly indicate that the anabolic PTH effect is dependent in part on FGF-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Sabbieti
- Department of Comparative Morphology and Biochemistry, University of Camerino, Camerino (MC), Italy
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Xiao L, Liu P, Li X, Doetschman T, Coffin JD, Drissi H, Hurley MM. Exported 18-kDa isoform of fibroblast growth factor-2 is a critical determinant of bone mass in mice. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:3170-3182. [PMID: 19056741 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804900200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the 18-kDa isoform of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) in the maintenance of bone mass was examined in Col3.6-18-kDa FGF2-IRES-GFPsaph transgenic (18-kDa TgFGF2) mice in which a 3.6-kb fragment of the type I collagen 5'-regulatory region (Col3.6) drives the expression of only the 18-kDa isoform of FGF2 with green fluorescent protein-sapphire (GFPsaph). Vector only transgenic mice (Col3.6-IRES-GFPsaph, VTg) were also developed as a control, and mice specifically deficient in 18-kDa FGF2 (FGF2(lmw)(-/-)) were also examined. Bone mineral density, femoral bone volume, trabecular thickness, and cortical bone area and thickness were significantly increased in 18-kDa TgFGF2 mice compared with VTg. Bone marrow cultures (BMSC) from 18-kDa TgFGF2 mice produced more mineralized nodules than VTg. Increased bone formation was associated with reduced expression of the Wnt antagonist secreted frizzled receptor 1 (sFRP-1). In contrast to 18-kDa TgFGF2 mice, FGF2(lmw)(-/-) mice have significantly reduced bone mineral density and fewer mineralized nodules, coincident with increased expression of sFRP-1 in bones and BMSC. Moreover, silencing of sFRP-1 in BMSC from FGF2(lmw)(-/-) mice reversed the decrease in beta-catenin and Runx2 mRNA. Assay of Wnt/beta-catenin-mediated transcription showed increased and decreased TCF-luciferase activity in BMSC from 18-kDa TgFGF2 and FGF2(lmw)(-/-) mice, respectively. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the 18-kDa FGF2 isoform is a critical determinant of bone mass in mice by modulation of the Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Xiao
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8064, BIO5 Institute
| | - Thomas Doetschman
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724-5217
| | - J Douglas Coffin
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812-1552
| | - Hicham Drissi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Marja M Hurley
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030.
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Prasad V, Bodi I, Meyer JW, Wang Y, Ashraf M, Engle SJ, Doetschman T, Sisco K, Nieman ML, Miller ML, Lorenz JN, Shull GE. Impaired cardiac contractility in mice lacking both the AE3 Cl-/HCO3- exchanger and the NKCC1 Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter: effects on Ca2+ handling and protein phosphatases. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:31303-14. [PMID: 18779325 PMCID: PMC2581574 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803706200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To analyze the cardiac functions of AE3, we disrupted its gene (Slc4a3) in mice. Cl(-)/HCO3(-) exchange coupled with Na+-dependent acid extrusion can mediate pH-neutral Na+ uptake, potentially affecting Ca2+ handling via effects on Na+/Ca2+ exchange. AE3 null mice appeared normal, however, and AE3 ablation had no effect on ischemia-reperfusion injury in isolated hearts or cardiac performance in vivo. The NKCC1 Na+-K+-2Cl(-) cotransporter also mediates Na+ uptake, and loss of NKCC1 alone does not impair contractility. To further stress the AE3-deficient myocardium, we combined the AE3 and NKCC1 knock-outs. Double knock-outs had impaired contraction and relaxation both in vivo and in isolated ventricular myocytes. Ca2+ transients revealed an apparent increase in Ca2+ clearance in double null cells. This was unlikely to result from increased Ca2+ sequestration, since the ratio of phosphorylated phospholamban to total phospholamban was sharply reduced in all three mutant hearts. Instead, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger activity was found to be enhanced in double null cells. Systolic Ca2+ was unaltered, however, suggesting more direct effects on the contractile apparatus of double null myocytes. Expression of the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1 was increased in all mutant hearts. There was also a dramatic reversal, between single null and double null hearts, in the carboxymethylation and localization to the myofibrillar fraction, of the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A, which corresponded to the loss of normal contractility in double null hearts. These data show that AE3 and NKCC1 affect Ca2+ handling, PLN regulation, and expression and localization of major cardiac phosphatases and that their combined loss impairs cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Prasad
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0524, USA
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Chen K, Ohkubo Y, Shin D, Doetschman T, Sanford LP, Li H, Vaccarino FM. Decrease in excitatory neurons, astrocytes and proliferating progenitors in the cerebral cortex of mice lacking exon 3 from the Fgf2 gene. BMC Neurosci 2008; 9:94. [PMID: 18826624 PMCID: PMC2577114 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-9-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Fgf2 gene is expressed in the brain neuroepithelium during embryonic development and in astroglial cells throughout life. Previous knockout studies suggested that FGF2 plays a role in the proliferation of neural progenitors in the embryonic cerebral cortex. These studies exclusively used knockout alleles lacking the Fgf2 exon 1. However, the description of putative alternative exons located downstream from the canonical exon 1 raised the possibility that alternatively spliced transcripts may compensate for the lack of the canonical exon 1 in the Fgf2 -/- mice. RESULTS We generated and characterized a new line of Fgf2 knockout mice lacking the expression of exon 3, which is conserved in all Fgf2 transcripts and contains essential heparin and receptor binding interfaces. The expression of Fgf2 exon 3 was prevented by inserting a transcriptional STOP cassette in the Fgf2 genomic locus. These mice demonstrate a phenotype in the adult neocortex characterized by decreased density and number of cortical excitatory neurons and astrocytes, which is virtually identical to that of the Fgf2 -/- mice lacking exon 1. In addition, we also show that the Fgf2 exon 3 knockout mice have decreased proliferation of precursors in the adult cerebral cortex, which had not been previously investigated in the other mutant lines. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that the phenotype of two completely different Fgf2 KO mouse lines, lacking exon 1 or exon 3, is remarkably similar. The combined results from these KO models clearly indicate that FGF2 plays a role in cortical cell genesis during embryonic development as well as in adulthood. Thus, FGF2 may be required for the maintenance of the pool of adult cortical progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesi Chen
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 230 South Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Naganawa T, Xiao L, Coffin JD, Doetschman T, Sabbieti MG, Agas D, Hurley MM. Reduced expression and function of bone morphogenetic protein-2 in bones of Fgf2 null mice. J Cell Biochem 2008; 103:1975-88. [PMID: 17955502 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of the fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) gene results in reduced bone mass in mice and impairs expression of bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) an important mediator of osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation. Since the relationship between FGF-2 and BMP-2 in bone remodeling has not been fully determined, in this study we examined whether endogenous FGF-2 was necessary for maximal effect of BMP-2 on periosteal bone formation in vivo and bone nodule formation and osteoclast formation in vitro in Fgf2-/- mice. We showed that BMP-2 significantly increased periosteal bone formation by 57% in Fgf2+/+ mice but the changes were not significant in Fgf2-/- littermates. In line with these results we found no significant increase in alkaline phosphatase positive (ALP) activity in calvarial osteoblasts or ALP mineralized colonies in stromal cultures from Fgf2-/- mice after BMP-2 treatment. Moreover, BMP-2 induced osteoclast formation was also impaired in marrow stromal cultures from Fgf2-/- mice. Interestingly, BMP-2 induced nuclear accumulation of the runt related transcription factor (Runx2) was markedly impaired in osteoblasts from Fgf2-/- mice. Examination of the effect of loss of FGF-2 on BMP-2 signaling pathway showed that BMP-2 caused a similar induction of phospho-Smad1/5/8 within 30 min in calvarial osteoblasts from both genotypes. In contrast BMP-2-induced p42/44 MAPK was reduced in Fgf2-/- mice. These findings strongly demonstrated that endogenous FGF-2 is important in the maximal responses of BMP-2 in bone and that this may be dependent on the p42/44 MAPK signaling pathway and downstream modulation of Runx2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Naganawa
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
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Saxena V, Lienesch DW, Zhou M, Bommireddy R, Azhar M, Doetschman T, Singh RR. Dual roles of immunoregulatory cytokine TGF-beta in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity-mediated organ damage. J Immunol 2008; 180:1903-12. [PMID: 18209088 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.3.1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ample evidence suggests a role of TGF-beta in preventing autoimmunity. Multiorgan inflammatory disease, spontaneous activation of self-reactive T cells, and autoantibody production are hallmarks of autoimmune diseases, such as lupus. These features are reminiscent of the immunopathology manifest in TGF-beta1-deficient mice. In this study, we show that lupus-prone (New Zealand Black and White)F(1) mice have reduced expression of TGF-beta1 in lymphoid tissues, and TGF-beta1 or TGF-beta1-producing T cells suppress autoantibody production. In contrast, the expression of TGF-beta1 protein and mRNA and TGF-beta signaling proteins (TGF-beta receptor type II and phosphorylated SMAD3) increases in the target organs, i.e., kidneys, of these mice as they age and develop progressive organ damage. In fact, the levels of TGF-beta1 in kidney tissue and urine correlate with the extent of chronic lesions that represent local tissue fibrosis. In vivo TGF-beta blockade by treatment of these mice with an anti-TGF-beta Ab selectively inhibits chronic fibrotic lesions without affecting autoantibody production and the inflammatory component of tissue injury. Thus, TGF-beta plays a dual, seemingly paradoxical, role in the development of organ damage in multiorgan autoimmune diseases. According to our working model, reduced TGF-beta in immune cells predisposes to immune dysregulation and autoantibody production, which causes tissue inflammation that triggers the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TGF-beta in target organs to counter inflammation. Enhanced TGF-beta in target organs, in turn, can lead to dysregulated tissue repair, progressive fibrogenesis, and eventual end-organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Saxena
- Autoimmunity and Tolerance Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
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Bommireddy R, Babcock GF, Singh RR, Doetschman T. TGFbeta1 deficiency does not affect the generation and maintenance of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ putative Treg cells, but causes their numerical inadequacy and loss of regulatory function. Clin Immunol 2008; 127:206-13. [PMID: 18308639 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
TGFbeta1 is considered to be required for peripheral maintenance of CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) T(reg) cells. However, we demonstrate no reduction in the percentage of such T cells in the spleens and thymi of Tgfb1(-/-) mice. Although putative T(reg) cells, characterized as CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+)CD62L(+) T cells, are increased in Tgfb1(-/-) mice, they may be inadequate to control activated T cells since the ratio of activated T cells:putative T(reg) cells is several-fold higher in Tgfb1(-/-) mice than in control mice. We further show that whereas Tgfb1(-/-) mice that express a chicken OVA-specific TCR transgene (DO11.10) have an increase in putative T(reg) cells, there are no detectable CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in the spleens of DO11.10 Rag1(-/-) mice suggesting that T(reg)-cell generation is self-antigen dependent regardless of whether they express Tgfb1. Finally, we demonstrate that Tgfb1(-/-) T cells remain responsive to the suppressive effect of TGFbeta1 in vitro. These data suggest that TGFbeta1 is required for the regulatory function of T(reg) cells to prevent activation of T cells and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramireddy Bommireddy
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, PO Box 245217, Tucson, AZ 85724-5217, USA
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37
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Bommireddy R, Bueno OF, Martin J, Ormsby I, Chen D, Molkentin JD, Boivin GP, Babcock GF, Doetschman T. Calcineurin Deficiency Decreases Inflammatory Lesions in TGFbeta1‐deficient Mice. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.667.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeffery D. Molkentin
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular BiologyChildren's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
| | | | - George F. Babcock
- SurgeryUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOH
- Shriners Hospital for ChildrenCincinnatiOH
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Kaiser S, Park YK, Franklin JL, Halberg RB, Yu M, Jessen WJ, Freudenberg J, Chen X, Haigis K, Jegga AG, Kong S, Sakthivel B, Xu H, Reichling T, Azhar M, Boivin GP, Roberts RB, Bissahoyo AC, Gonzales F, Bloom GC, Eschrich S, Carter SL, Aronow JE, Kleimeyer J, Kleimeyer M, Ramaswamy V, Settle SH, Boone B, Levy S, Graff JM, Doetschman T, Groden J, Dove WF, Threadgill DW, Yeatman TJ, Coffey RJ, Aronow BJ. Transcriptional recapitulation and subversion of embryonic colon development by mouse colon tumor models and human colon cancer. Genome Biol 2008; 8:R131. [PMID: 17615082 PMCID: PMC2323222 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-7-r131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon tumors from four independent mouse models and 100 human colorectal cancers all exhibited striking recapitulation of embryonic colon gene expression from embryonic days 13.5-18.5. Background The expression of carcino-embryonic antigen by colorectal cancer is an example of oncogenic activation of embryonic gene expression. Hypothesizing that oncogenesis-recapitulating-ontogenesis may represent a broad programmatic commitment, we compared gene expression patterns of human colorectal cancers (CRCs) and mouse colon tumor models to those of mouse colon development embryonic days 13.5-18.5. Results We report here that 39 colon tumors from four independent mouse models and 100 human CRCs encompassing all clinical stages shared a striking recapitulation of embryonic colon gene expression. Compared to normal adult colon, all mouse and human tumors over-expressed a large cluster of genes highly enriched for functional association to the control of cell cycle progression, proliferation, and migration, including those encoding MYC, AKT2, PLK1 and SPARC. Mouse tumors positive for nuclear β-catenin shifted the shared embryonic pattern to that of early development. Human and mouse tumors differed from normal embryonic colon by their loss of expression modules enriched for tumor suppressors (EDNRB, HSPE, KIT and LSP1). Human CRC adenocarcinomas lost an additional suppressor module (IGFBP4, MAP4K1, PDGFRA, STAB1 and WNT4). Many human tumor samples also gained expression of a coordinately regulated module associated with advanced malignancy (ABCC1, FOXO3A, LIF, PIK3R1, PRNP, TNC, TIMP3 and VEGF). Conclusion Cross-species, developmental, and multi-model gene expression patterning comparisons provide an integrated and versatile framework for definition of transcriptional programs associated with oncogenesis. This approach also provides a general method for identifying pattern-specific biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This delineation and categorization of developmental and non-developmental activator and suppressor gene modules can thus facilitate the formulation of sophisticated hypotheses to evaluate potential synergistic effects of targeting within- and between-modules for next-generation combinatorial therapeutics and improved mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Kaiser
- Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Young-Kyu Park
- Departments of Medicine, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Franklin
- Departments of Medicine, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Richard B Halberg
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ming Yu
- Department of Genetics and Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Walter J Jessen
- Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Johannes Freudenberg
- Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Xiaodi Chen
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kevin Haigis
- Molecular Pathology Unit and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Anil G Jegga
- Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Sue Kong
- Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Bhuvaneswari Sakthivel
- Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Huan Xu
- Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Timothy Reichling
- Division of Human Cancer Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210-2207, USA
| | - Mohammad Azhar
- Institute for Collaborative BioResearch, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0036, USA
| | - Gregory P Boivin
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Reade B Roberts
- Department of Genetics and Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Anika C Bissahoyo
- Department of Genetics and Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Fausto Gonzales
- H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Greg C Bloom
- H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Steven Eschrich
- H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Scott L Carter
- Children's Hospital Informatics Program at the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (CHIP@HST), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jeremy E Aronow
- Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - John Kleimeyer
- Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Michael Kleimeyer
- Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Vivek Ramaswamy
- Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Stephen H Settle
- Departments of Medicine, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Braden Boone
- Departments of Medicine, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Shawn Levy
- Departments of Medicine, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jonathan M Graff
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Thomas Doetschman
- Institute for Collaborative BioResearch, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0036, USA
| | - Joanna Groden
- Division of Human Cancer Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210-2207, USA
| | - William F Dove
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - David W Threadgill
- Department of Genetics and Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Timothy J Yeatman
- H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Departments of Medicine, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Bruce J Aronow
- Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1), an important pleiotropic, immunoregulatory cytokine, uses distinct signaling mechanisms in lymphocytes to affect T-cell homeostasis, regulatory T (Treg)-cell and effector-cell function and tumorigenesis. Defects in TGFbeta1 expression or its signaling in T cells correlate with the onset of several autoimmune diseases. TGFbeta1 prevents abnormal T-cell activation through the modulation of Ca2+-calcineurin signaling in a Caenorhabditis elegans Sma and Drosophila Mad proteins (SMAD)3 and SMAD4-independent manner; however, in Treg cells, its effects are mediated, at least in part, through SMAD signaling. TGFbeta1 also acts as a pro-inflammatory cytokine and induces interleukin (IL)-17-producing pathogenic T-helper cells (Th IL-17 cells) synergistically during an inflammatory response in which IL-6 is produced. Here, we will review TGFbeta1 and its signaling in T cells with an emphasis on the regulatory arm of immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramireddy Bommireddy
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, PO Box 245217, Tucson, AZ 85724-5217, USA.
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40
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Okunade GW, Miller ML, Azhar M, Andringa A, Sanford LP, Doetschman T, Prasad V, Shull GE. Loss of the Atp2c1 secretory pathway Ca(2+)-ATPase (SPCA1) in mice causes Golgi stress, apoptosis, and midgestational death in homozygous embryos and squamous cell tumors in adult heterozygotes. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:26517-27. [PMID: 17597066 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703029200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of one copy of the human ATP2C1 gene, encoding SPCA1 (secretory pathway Ca(2+)-ATPase isoform 1), causes Hailey-Hailey disease, a skin disorder. We performed targeted mutagenesis of the Atp2c1 gene in mice to analyze the functions of this Golgi membrane Ca(2+) pump. Breeding of heterozygous mutants yielded a normal Mendelian ratio among embryos on gestation day 9.5; however, null mutant (Spca1(-/-)) embryos exhibited growth retardation and did not survive beyond gestation day 10.5. Spca1(-/-) embryos had an open rostral neural tube, but hematopoiesis and cardiovascular development were ostensibly normal. Golgi membranes of Spca1(-/-) embryos were dilated, had fewer stacked leaflets, and were expanded in amount, consistent with increased Golgi biogenesis. The number of Golgi-associated vesicles was also increased, and rough endoplasmic reticulum had fewer ribosomes. Coated pits, junctional complexes, desmosomes, and basement membranes appeared normal in mutant embryos, indicating that processing and trafficking of proteins in the secretory pathway was not massively impaired. However, apoptosis was increased, possibly the result of secretory pathway stress, and a large increase in cytoplasmic lipid was observed in mutant embryos, consistent with impaired handling of lipid by the Golgi. Adult heterozygous mice appeared normal and exhibited no evidence of Hailey-Hailey disease; however, aged heterozygotes had an increased incidence of squamous cell tumors of keratinized epithelial cells of the skin and esophagus. These data show that loss of the Golgi Ca(2+) pump causes Golgi stress, expansion of the Golgi, increased apoptosis, and embryonic lethality and demonstrates that SPCA1 haploinsufficiency causes a genetic predisposition to cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/genetics
- Aging/metabolism
- Aging/pathology
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Basement Membrane/metabolism
- Basement Membrane/ultrastructure
- Calcium-Transporting ATPases/deficiency
- Calcium-Transporting ATPases/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cardiovascular System/embryology
- Coated Pits, Cell-Membrane/genetics
- Coated Pits, Cell-Membrane/metabolism
- Coated Pits, Cell-Membrane/ultrastructure
- Desmosomes/genetics
- Desmosomes/metabolism
- Desmosomes/ultrastructure
- Embryo Loss/genetics
- Embryo Loss/metabolism
- Embryo Loss/pathology
- Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough/genetics
- Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough/metabolism
- Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough/ultrastructure
- Esophageal Neoplasms/genetics
- Esophageal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Esophageal Neoplasms/pathology
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Golgi Apparatus/metabolism
- Golgi Apparatus/ultrastructure
- Hematopoiesis/genetics
- Heterozygote
- Homozygote
- Humans
- Inbreeding
- Loss of Heterozygosity/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Neural Tube Defects/embryology
- Neural Tube Defects/metabolism
- Neural Tube Defects/pathology
- Pemphigus, Benign Familial/genetics
- Pemphigus, Benign Familial/metabolism
- Pemphigus, Benign Familial/pathology
- Pregnancy
- Protein Transport/genetics
- Ribosomes/metabolism
- Secretory Vesicles/genetics
- Secretory Vesicles/metabolism
- Secretory Vesicles/ultrastructure
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Water-Electrolyte Balance/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Gbolahan W Okunade
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0524, USA
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41
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Liao S, Newman G, Doetschman T, Schultz JEJ. Role of high molecular weight isoforms of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) in cardiac ischemia–reperfusion injury (I/R). J Mol Cell Cardiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2007.03.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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42
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Bommireddy R, Babcock GF, Singh RR, Doetschman T. TGFbeta1 is not essential for generation and maintenance of natural Treg cells (128.10). The Journal of Immunology 2007. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.128.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Natural CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Treg cells serve as powerful regulators of autoimmunity. Hence, there has been a great deal of interest in understanding their regulation. TGFβ1 is considered to be required for peripheral maintenance of Treg cells. However, we demonstrate an increase in the percentage of FOXP3+ Treg cells in the spleens and thymi of Tgfb1−/− mice. Despite this abundance of Treg cells, Tgfb1−/− mice develop a marked expansion of activated T cells in their lymphoid organs, suggesting that activated Tgfb1−/− T cells may not be amenable to suppression any more. However, we demonstrate that Tgfb1−/− T cells do remain responsive to the suppressive effect of TGFβ1 in vitro, suggesting that the absence of TGFβ1 production by Treg cells likely leads to their loss of regulatory function. Finally, we show that whereas Tgfb1−/− mice that express a chicken OVA-specific TCR transgene (DO11.10) have an increase in Treg cells, there are no detectable CD4+CD25+ T cells in the spleens of DO11.10 Rag1−/− mice that have no self-reactive T-cells, regardless of whether they express Tgfb1. This suggests that Treg-cell generation is self-antigen dependent and that TGFβ1 is not required for Treg-cell generation and maintenance. We contemplate that TGFβ1 is likely required for the regulatory function of Treg cells to prevent activation of T cells and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramireddy Bommireddy
- 1BIO5/Immunobiology, University of Arizona, 1656 E Mabel St., Tucson, AZ, 85724-5217,
| | - George F Babcock
- 2Surgery, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267,
- 3Shriners Hospital for Children, 3229 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229,
| | - Ram R Singh
- 4Medicine/Rheumatology, University of California at Los Angeles, 1000 Veteran Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90024
| | - Thomas Doetschman
- 1BIO5/Immunobiology, University of Arizona, 1656 E Mabel St., Tucson, AZ, 85724-5217,
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43
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House SL, Melhorn SJ, Newman G, Doetschman T, Schultz JEJ. The protein kinase C pathway mediates cardioprotection induced by cardiac-specific overexpression of fibroblast growth factor-2. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H354-65. [PMID: 17337596 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00804.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Elucidation of protective mechanisms against ischemia-reperfusion injury is vital to the advancement of therapeutics for ischemic heart disease. Our laboratory has previously shown that cardiac-specific overexpression of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) results in increased recovery of contractile function and decreased infarct size following ischemia-reperfusion injury and has established a role for the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade in the cardioprotective effect of FGF2. We now show an additional role for the protein kinase C (PKC) signaling cascade in the mediation of FGF2-induced cardioprotection. Overexpression of FGF2 (FGF2 Tg) in the heart resulted in decreased translocation of PKC-delta but had no effect on PKC-alpha, -epsilon, or -zeta. In addition, multiple alterations in PKC isoform translocation occur during ischemia-reperfusion injury in FGF2 Tg hearts as assessed by Western blot analysis and confocal immunofluorescent microscopy. Treatment of FGF2 Tg and nontransgenic (NTg) hearts with the PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide (1 micromol/l) revealed the necessity of PKC signaling for FGF2-induced reduction of contractile dysfunction and myocardial infarct size following ischemia-reperfusion injury. Western blot analysis of FGF2 Tg and NTg hearts subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury in the presence of a PKC pathway inhibitor (bisindolylmaleimide, 1 micromol/l), an mitogen/extracellular signal-regulated kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK/ERK) pathway inhibitor (U-0126, 2.5 micromol/l), or a p38 pathway inhibitor (SB-203580, 2 micromol/l) revealed a complicated signaling network between the PKC and MAPK signaling cascades that may participate in FGF2-induced cardioprotection. Together, these data suggest that FGF2-induced cardioprotection is mediated via a PKC-dependent pathway and that the PKC and MAPK signaling cascades are integrally connected downstream of FGF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L House
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, ML 0575, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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44
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Gawenis LR, Bradford EM, Prasad V, Lorenz JN, Simpson JE, Clarke LL, Woo AL, Grisham C, Sanford LP, Doetschman T, Miller ML, Shull GE. Colonic anion secretory defects and metabolic acidosis in mice lacking the NBC1 Na+/HCO3- cotransporter. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:9042-52. [PMID: 17192275 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607041200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The NBC1 Na+/HCO3- cotransporter is expressed in many tissues, including kidney and intestinal epithelia. NBC1 mutations cause proximal renal tubular acidosis in humans, consistent with its role in HCO3- absorption in the kidney. In intestinal and colonic epithelia, NBC1 localizes to basolateral membranes and is thought to function in anion secretion. To test the hypothesis that NBC1 plays a role in transepithelial HCO3- secretion in the intestinal tract, null mutant (NBC1-/-) mice were prepared by targeted disruption of its gene (Slc4a4). NBC1-/- mice exhibited severe metabolic acidosis, growth retardation, reduced plasma Na+, hyperal-dosteronism, splenomegaly, abnormal dentition, intestinal obstructions, and death before weaning. Intracellular pH (pH(i)) was not altered in cAMP-stimulated epithelial cells of NBC1-/- cecum, but pH(i) regulation during sodium removal and readdition was impaired. Bioelectric measurements of NBC1-/- colons revealed increased amiloride-sensitive Na+ absorption. In Ringer solution containing both Cl- and HCO3-, the magnitude of cAMP-stimulated anion secretion was normal in NBC1-/- distal colon but increased in proximal colon, with the increase largely supported by enhanced activity of the basolateral NKCC1 Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter. Anion substitution studies in which carbonic anhydrase was inhibited and transepithelial anion conductance was limited to HCO3- revealed a sharp decrease in both cAMP-stimulated HCO3- secretion and SITS-sensitive current in NBC1-/- proximal colon. These results are consistent with the known function of NBC1 in HCO3- absorption in the kidney and demonstrate that NBC1 activity is a component of the basolateral mechanisms for HCO3- uptake during cAMP-stimulated anion secretion in the proximal colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara R Gawenis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
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45
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Fontaine V, Filipe C, Werner N, Gourdy P, Billon A, Garmy-Susini B, Brouchet L, Bayard F, Prats H, Doetschman T, Nickenig G, Arnal JF. Essential role of bone marrow fibroblast growth factor-2 in the effect of estradiol on reendothelialization and endothelial progenitor cell mobilization. Am J Pathol 2006; 169:1855-62. [PMID: 17071606 PMCID: PMC1780213 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.060260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
17beta-Estradiol (E2) accelerates reendothelialization and increases the number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), but whether fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) is involved in these processes remains unknown. Here we explored the role of FGF2 in the effect of E2 on reendothelialization and EPC levels in a mouse model. As previously reported, E2 increased both the velocity of reendothelialization and the number of circulating EPCs in ovariectomized wild-type (Fgf2+/+) mice. In contrast, the effect of E2 on both parameters was abolished in FGF2-deficient mice (Fgf2-/-), demonstrating that FGF2 is absolutely required for these effects of E2. To test the implication of medullary and extramedullary FGF2, we developed chimeric mice by grafting Fgf2-/- bone marrow to Fgf2+/+ [Fgf2-/- bone marrow (BM) = > Fgf2+/+] mice and observed that the effect of E2 on both reendothelialization and EPC levels was abolished. In contrast, both effects of E2 in Fgf2+/+BM = >Fgf2-/- mice were similar to those observed in Fgf2+/+ mice, demonstrating that only BM-derived, but not extramedullary, FGF2 is required for both effects. Interestingly, E2 was found to markedly increase both FGF2(lmw) and FGF2(hmw) in bone marrow. In conclusion, FGF2, specifically medullary FGF2, is necessary and sufficient to mediate the accelerative effect of E2 on both reendothelialization and EPC mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Fontaine
- INSERM U589, Institut L. Bugnard, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, Toulouse Cedex, France
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46
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Liao S, Porter D, Scott A, Newman G, Doetschman T, Schultz JEJ. The cardioprotective effect of the low molecular weight isoform of fibroblast growth factor-2: the role of JNK signaling. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2006; 42:106-20. [PMID: 17150229 PMCID: PMC1852491 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2006] [Revised: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 10/13/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Our laboratory showed that overexpression of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) protected the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury. FGF2 has different protein isoforms (low [LMW] and high [HMW] molecular weight isoforms) produced from alternative translation start sites. However, which FGF2 isoform(s) mediates this cardioprotection, and which signaling pathway (i.e., mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)) elicits FGF2 isoform-induced cardioprotection remains to be elucidated. METHODS AND RESULTS Wildtype, Fgf2 KO (absence of all FGF2 isoforms) and FGF2 LMWKO (absence of LMW isoform) hearts were subjected to an ex vivo work-performing heart ischemic model of 60 min ischemia and 120 min reperfusion. There was a significant decrease in the recovery of post-ischemic contractile function (p<0.05) in Fgf2 KO and FGF2 LMWKO mouse hearts compared to wildtype hearts. Following ischemia-reperfusion injury, MKK4/7, JNK, and c-Jun were significantly phosphorylated (i.e., activated), and the levels of TUNEL-positive nuclei and caspase 3 cleavage were significantly increased in vehicle-treated Fgf2 KO and FGF2 LMWKO compared to wildtype hearts (p<0.05). A novel JNK pathway inhibitor, CEP11004 (50 nM), significantly restored the post-ischemic contractile function and reduced myocardial cell death, as measured by CK release and apoptotic markers, compared to DMSO-treated cohorts (p<0.05). Overall, our data indicate that the LMW isoform has an important role in restoring cardiac function after ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. These results provide unequivocal evidence that inhibition of JNK signaling is involved in FGF2 LMW isoform-mediated cardioprotection and that the potential mechanism may be through inhibition of the apoptotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyun Liao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Darius Porter
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Alana Scott
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Gilbert Newman
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Thomas Doetschman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Jo El J. Schultz
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
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47
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Bommireddy R, Pathak LJ, Martin J, Ormsby I, Engle SJ, Boivin GP, Babcock GF, Eriksson AU, Singh RR, Doetschman T. Self-antigen recognition by TGF beta1-deficient T cells causes their activation and systemic inflammation. J Transl Med 2006; 86:1008-19. [PMID: 16865088 PMCID: PMC2291532 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether the multifocal inflammatory disease in TGFbeta1-deficient mice is caused by self-antigen (self-Ag)-specific autoreactive T cells, or whether it is caused by antigen independent, spontaneous hyperactivation of T cells, we have generated Tgfb1(-/-) and Tgfb1(-/-) Rag1(-/-) mice expressing the chicken OVA-specific TCR transgene (DO11.10). On a Rag1-sufficient background, Tgfb1(-/-) DO11.10 mice develop a milder inflammation than do Tgfb1(-/-) mice, and their T cells display a less activated phenotype. The lower level of activation correlates with the expression of hybrid TCR (transgenic TCRbeta and endogenous TCRalpha), which could recognize self-Ag and undergo activation. In the complete absence of self-Ag recognition (Tgfb1(-/-) DO11.10 Rag1(-/-) mice) inflammation and T-cell activation are eliminated, demonstrating that self-Ag recognition is required for the hyper-responsiveness of TGFbeta1-deficient T cells. Thus, TGFbeta1 is required for the prevention of autoimmune disease through its ability to control the activation of autoreactive T cells to self-Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramireddy Bommireddy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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48
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Hurley MM, Okada Y, Xiao L, Tanaka Y, Ito M, Okimoto N, Nakamura T, Rosen CJ, Doetschman T, Coffin JD. Impaired bone anabolic response to parathyroid hormone in Fgf2-/- and Fgf2+/- mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 341:989-94. [PMID: 16455048 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Since parathyroid hormone (PTH) increased FGF2 mRNA and protein expression in osteoblasts, and serum FGF-2 was increased in osteoporotic patients treated with PTH, we assessed whether the anabolic effect of PTH was impaired in Fgf2-/- mice. Eight-week-old Fgf2+/+ and Fgf2-/- male mice were treated with rhPTH 1-34 (80mug/kg) for 4 weeks. Micro-CT and histomorphometry demonstrated that PTH significantly increased parameters of bone formation in femurs from Fgf2+/+ mice but the changes were smaller and not significant in Fgf2-/- mice. IGF-1 was significantly reduced in serum from PTH-treated Fgf2-/- mice. DEXA analysis of femurs from Fgf2+/+, Fgf2+/-, and Fgf2-/- mice treated with rhPTH (160mug/kg) for 10 days showed that PTH significantly increased femoral BMD in Fgf2+/+ by 18%; by only 3% in Fgf2+/- mice and reduced by 3% in Fgf2-/- mice. We conclude that endogenous Fgf2 is important for maximum bone anabolic effect of PTH in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Hurley
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA.
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Filipe C, Fontaine V, Werner N, Gourdy P, Billon A, Garmy-Susini B, Brouchet L, Doetschman T, Nickenig G, Arnal JF. Th-W59:5 Essential role of bone marrow FGF2 in the effect of estradiol on reendothelialization and EPC mobilisation. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(06)81940-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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House SL, Branch K, Newman G, Doetschman T, Schultz JEJ. Cardioprotection induced by cardiac-specific overexpression of fibroblast growth factor-2 is mediated by the MAPK cascade. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 289:H2167-75. [PMID: 16040717 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00392.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Our laboratory showed previously that cardiac-specific overexpression of FGF-2 [FGF-2 transgenic (Tg)] results in increased recovery of contractile function and decreased infarct size after ischemia-reperfusion injury. MAPK signaling is downstream of FGF-2 and has been implicated in other models of cardioprotection. Treatment of FGF-2 Tg and wild-type hearts with U-0126, a MEK-ERK pathway inhibitor, significantly reduced recovery of contractile function after global low-flow ischemia-reperfusion injury in FGF-2 Tg (86 +/- 2% vehicle vs. 66 +/- 4% U-0126; P < 0.05) but not wild-type (61 +/- 7% vehicle vs. 67 +/- 7% U-0126) hearts. Similarly, MEK-ERK inhibition significantly increased myocardial infarct size in FGF-2 Tg (12 +/- 3% vehicle vs. 31 +/- 2% U-0126; P < 0.05) but not wild-type (30 +/- 4% vehicle vs. 36 +/- 7% U-0126) hearts. In contrast, treatment of FGF-2 Tg and wild-type hearts with SB-203580, a p38 inhibitor, did not abrogate FGF-2-induced cardioprotection from postischemic contractile dysfunction. Instead, inhibition of p38 resulted in decreased infarct size in wild-type hearts (30 +/- 4% vehicle vs. 11 +/- 2% SB-203580; P < 0.05) but did not alter infarct size in FGF-2 Tg hearts (12 +/- 3% vehicle vs. 14 +/- 1% SB-203580). Western blot analysis of ERK and p38 activation revealed signaling alterations in FGF-2 Tg and wild-type hearts during early ischemia or reperfusion injury. In addition, MEK-independent ERK inhibition by p38 was observed during early ischemic injury. Together these data suggest that activation of ERK and inhibition of p38 by FGF-2 is cardioprotective during ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L House
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, Univ. of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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