1
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Goetz KE, Reed AA, Chiang MF, Keane T, Tripathi M, Ng E, Nguyen T, Eydelman M. Accelerating Care: A Roadmap to Interoperable Ophthalmic Imaging Standards in the United States. Ophthalmology 2024; 131:12-15. [PMID: 37978977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
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2
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Corvò A, Matalonga L, Spalding D, Senf A, Laurie S, Picó-Amador D, Fernandez-Callejo M, Paramonov I, Romero AF, Garcia-Rios E, Ciges JI, Mohan A, Thomas C, Silva Valencia AF, Halmagyi C, Freeberg MA, Töpf A, Horvath R, Saunders G, Gut I, Keane T, Piscia D, Beltran S. Remote visualization of large-scale genomic alignments for collaborative clinical research and diagnosis of rare diseases. Cell Genom 2023; 3:100246. [PMID: 36819661 PMCID: PMC9932977 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2022.100246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The Solve-RD project objectives include solving undiagnosed rare diseases (RD) through collaborative research on shared genome-phenome datasets. The RD-Connect Genome-Phenome Analysis Platform (GPAP), for data collation and analysis, and the European Genome-Phenome Archive (EGA), for file storage, are two key components of the Solve-RD infrastructure. Clinical researchers can identify candidate genetic variants within the RD-Connect GPAP and, thanks to the developments presented here as part of joint ELIXIR activities, are able to remotely visualize the corresponding alignments stored at the EGA. The Global Alliance for Genomics and Health (GA4GH) htsget streaming application programming interface (API) is used to retrieve alignment slices, which are rendered by an integrated genome viewer (IGV) instance embedded in the GPAP. As a result, it is no longer necessary for over 11,000 datasets to download large alignment files to visualize them locally. This work highlights the advantages, from both the user and infrastructure perspectives, of implementing interoperability standards for establishing federated genomics data networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Corvò
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 4, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Leslie Matalonga
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 4, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Dylan Spalding
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, UK
- CSC, Espoo, Finland
| | - Alexander Senf
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, UK
- AI-Digital, Lincoln, UK
| | - Steven Laurie
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 4, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Daniel Picó-Amador
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 4, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Marcos Fernandez-Callejo
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 4, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Ida Paramonov
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 4, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Anna Foix Romero
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, UK
| | - Emilio Garcia-Rios
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, UK
| | - Jorge Izquierdo Ciges
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, UK
| | - Anand Mohan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, UK
| | - Coline Thomas
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Csaba Halmagyi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, UK
| | - Mallory Ann Freeberg
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, UK
| | - Ana Töpf
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rita Horvath
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gary Saunders
- ELIXIR Hub, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ivo Gut
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 4, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Thomas Keane
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, UK
| | - Davide Piscia
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 4, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Sergi Beltran
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 4, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Thakur M, Bateman A, Brooksbank C, Freeberg M, Harrison M, Hartley M, Keane T, Kleywegt G, Leach A, Levchenko M, Morgan S, McDonagh E, Orchard S, Papatheodorou I, Velankar S, Vizcaino J, Witham R, Zdrazil B, McEntyre J. EMBL's European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) in 2022. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:D9-D17. [PMID: 36477213 PMCID: PMC9825486 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Molecular Biology Laboratory's European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) is one of the world's leading sources of public biomolecular data. Based at the Wellcome Genome Campus in Hinxton, UK, EMBL-EBI is one of six sites of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Europe's only intergovernmental life sciences organisation. This overview summarises the status of services that EMBL-EBI data resources provide to scientific communities globally. The scale, openness, rich metadata and extensive curation of EMBL-EBI added-value databases makes them particularly well-suited as training sets for deep learning, machine learning and artificial intelligence applications, a selection of which are described here. The data resources at EMBL-EBI can catalyse such developments because they offer sustainable, high-quality data, collected in some cases over decades and made openly availability to any researcher, globally. Our aim is for EMBL-EBI data resources to keep providing the foundations for tools and research insights that transform fields across the life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Bateman
- Data Services Teams, EMBL’s European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Cath Brooksbank
- Data Services Teams, EMBL’s European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Mallory Freeberg
- Data Services Teams, EMBL’s European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Melissa Harrison
- Data Services Teams, EMBL’s European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Matthew Hartley
- Data Services Teams, EMBL’s European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Thomas Keane
- Data Services Teams, EMBL’s European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Gerard Kleywegt
- Data Services Teams, EMBL’s European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Andrew Leach
- Data Services Teams, EMBL’s European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Mariia Levchenko
- Data Services Teams, EMBL’s European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Sarah Morgan
- Data Services Teams, EMBL’s European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Ellen M McDonagh
- Data Services Teams, EMBL’s European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
- OpenTargets, EMBL’s European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Sandra Orchard
- Data Services Teams, EMBL’s European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Irene Papatheodorou
- Data Services Teams, EMBL’s European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Sameer Velankar
- Data Services Teams, EMBL’s European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Juan Antonio Vizcaino
- Data Services Teams, EMBL’s European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Rick Witham
- Data Services Teams, EMBL’s European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Barbara Zdrazil
- Data Services Teams, EMBL’s European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
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4
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Lewis MA, Ingham NJ, Chen J, Pearson S, Di Domenico F, Rekhi S, Allen R, Drake M, Willaert A, Rook V, Pass J, Keane T, Adams DJ, Tucker AS, White JK, Steel KP. Identification and characterisation of spontaneous mutations causing deafness from a targeted knockout programme. BMC Biol 2022; 20:67. [PMID: 35296311 PMCID: PMC8928630 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01257-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mice carrying targeted mutations are important for investigating gene function and the role of genes in disease, but off-target mutagenic effects associated with the processes of generating targeted alleles, for instance using Crispr, and culturing embryonic stem cells, offer opportunities for spontaneous mutations to arise. Identifying spontaneous mutations relies on the detection of phenotypes segregating independently of targeted alleles, and having a broad estimate of the level of mutations generated by intensive breeding programmes is difficult given that many phenotypes are easy to miss if not specifically looked for. Here we present data from a large, targeted knockout programme in which mice were analysed through a phenotyping pipeline. Such spontaneous mutations segregating within mutant lines may confound phenotypic analyses, highlighting the importance of record-keeping and maintaining correct pedigrees. Results Twenty-five lines out of 1311 displayed different deafness phenotypes that did not segregate with the targeted allele. We observed a variety of phenotypes by Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) and behavioural assessment and isolated eight lines showing early-onset severe progressive hearing loss, later-onset progressive hearing loss, low frequency hearing loss, or complete deafness, with vestibular dysfunction. The causative mutations identified include deletions, insertions, and point mutations, some of which involve new genes not previously associated with deafness while others are new alleles of genes known to underlie hearing loss. Two of the latter show a phenotype much reduced in severity compared to other mutant alleles of the same gene. We investigated the ES cells from which these lines were derived and determined that only one of the 8 mutations could have arisen in the ES cell, and in that case, only after targeting. Instead, most of the non-segregating mutations appear to have occurred during breeding of mutant mice. In one case, the mutation arose within the wildtype colony used for expanding mutant lines. Conclusions Our data show that spontaneous mutations with observable effects on phenotype are a common side effect of intensive breeding programmes, including those underlying targeted mutation programmes. Such spontaneous mutations segregating within mutant lines may confound phenotypic analyses, highlighting the importance of record-keeping and maintaining correct pedigrees. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01257-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morag A Lewis
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, England. .,Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, England.
| | - Neil J Ingham
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, England.,Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, England
| | - Jing Chen
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, England.,Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, England
| | | | - Francesca Di Domenico
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, England
| | - Sohinder Rekhi
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, England
| | - Rochelle Allen
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, England
| | - Matthew Drake
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, England
| | - Annelore Willaert
- Research Group of Experimental Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Victoria Rook
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, England
| | - Johanna Pass
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, England.,Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, England
| | - Thomas Keane
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, England
| | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, England
| | - Abigail S Tucker
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, England
| | | | - Karen P Steel
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, England.,Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, England
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5
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McVorran S, Keane T, Marshall DT. Long-Term Outcomes of a Phase I Trial of Weekly Docetaxel, Total Androgen Blockade, and Image-Guided Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy for Localized High-Risk Prostate Adenocarcinoma. Adv Radiat Oncol 2022; 7:100935. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2022.100935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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6
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Freeberg MA, Fromont LA, D’Altri T, Romero AF, Ciges J, Jene A, Kerry G, Moldes M, Ariosa R, Bahena S, Barrowdale D, Barbero M, Fernandez-Orth D, Garcia-Linares C, Garcia-Rios E, Haziza F, Juhasz B, Llobet O, Milla G, Mohan A, Rueda M, Sankar A, Shaju D, Shimpi A, Singh B, Thomas C, de la Torre S, Uyan U, Vasallo C, Flicek P, Guigo R, Navarro A, Parkinson H, Keane T, Rambla J. The European Genome-phenome Archive in 2021. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:D980-D987. [PMID: 34791407 PMCID: PMC8728218 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA - https://ega-archive.org/) is a resource for long term secure archiving of all types of potentially identifiable genetic, phenotypic, and clinical data resulting from biomedical research projects. Its mission is to foster hosted data reuse, enable reproducibility, and accelerate biomedical and translational research in line with the FAIR principles. Launched in 2008, the EGA has grown quickly, currently archiving over 4,500 studies from nearly one thousand institutions. The EGA operates a distributed data access model in which requests are made to the data controller, not to the EGA, therefore, the submitter keeps control on who has access to the data and under which conditions. Given the size and value of data hosted, the EGA is constantly improving its value chain, that is, how the EGA can contribute to enhancing the value of human health data by facilitating its submission, discovery, access, and distribution, as well as leading the design and implementation of standards and methods necessary to deliver the value chain. The EGA has become a key GA4GH Driver Project, leading multiple development efforts and implementing new standards and tools, and has been appointed as an ELIXIR Core Data Resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory Ann Freeberg
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Lauren A Fromont
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Teresa D’Altri
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Anna Foix Romero
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Jorge Izquierdo Ciges
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Aina Jene
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Giselle Kerry
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Mauricio Moldes
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Roberto Ariosa
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Silvia Bahena
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Daniel Barrowdale
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Marcos Casado Barbero
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Dietmar Fernandez-Orth
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Carles Garcia-Linares
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Emilio Garcia-Rios
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Frédéric Haziza
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Bela Juhasz
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Oscar Martinez Llobet
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Gemma Milla
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Anand Mohan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Manuel Rueda
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Aravind Sankar
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Dona Shaju
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Ashutosh Shimpi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Babita Singh
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Coline Thomas
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Sabela de la Torre
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Umuthan Uyan
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Claudia Vasallo
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Paul Flicek
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Roderic Guigo
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Arcadi Navarro
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Helen Parkinson
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Thomas Keane
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Jordi Rambla
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
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7
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Bonfield JK, Marshall J, Danecek P, Li H, Ohan V, Whitwham A, Keane T, Davies RM. HTSlib: C library for reading/writing high-throughput sequencing data. Gigascience 2021; 10:6139334. [PMID: 33594436 PMCID: PMC7931820 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Since the original publication of the VCF and SAM formats, an explosion of software tools have been created to process these data files. To facilitate this a library was produced out of the original SAMtools implementation, with a focus on performance and robustness. The file formats themselves have become international standards under the jurisdiction of the Global Alliance for Genomics and Health. Findings We present a software library for providing programmatic access to sequencing alignment and variant formats. It was born out of the widely used SAMtools and BCFtools applications. Considerable improvements have been made to the original code plus many new features including newer access protocols, the addition of the CRAM file format, better indexing and iterators, and better use of threading. Conclusion Since the original Samtools release, performance has been considerably improved, with a BAM read-write loop running 5 times faster and BAM to SAM conversion 13 times faster (both using 16 threads, compared to Samtools 0.1.19). Widespread adoption has seen HTSlib downloaded >1 million times from GitHub and conda. The C library has been used directly by an estimated 900 GitHub projects and has been incorporated into Perl, Python, Rust, and R, significantly expanding the number of uses via other languages. HTSlib is open source and is freely available from htslib.org under MIT/BSD license.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Bonfield
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - John Marshall
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Petr Danecek
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, 10 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Valeriu Ohan
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Andrew Whitwham
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Thomas Keane
- EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Robert M Davies
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
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8
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Danecek P, Bonfield JK, Liddle J, Marshall J, Ohan V, Pollard MO, Whitwham A, Keane T, McCarthy SA, Davies RM, Li H. Twelve years of SAMtools and BCFtools. Gigascience 2021; 10:6137722. [PMID: 33590861 PMCID: PMC7931819 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3264] [Impact Index Per Article: 1088.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SAMtools and BCFtools are widely used programs for processing and analysing high-throughput sequencing data. They include tools for file format conversion and manipulation, sorting, querying, statistics, variant calling, and effect analysis amongst other methods. Findings The first version appeared online 12 years ago and has been maintained and further developed ever since, with many new features and improvements added over the years. The SAMtools and BCFtools packages represent a unique collection of tools that have been used in numerous other software projects and countless genomic pipelines. Conclusion Both SAMtools and BCFtools are freely available on GitHub under the permissive MIT licence, free for both non-commercial and commercial use. Both packages have been installed >1 million times via Bioconda. The source code and documentation are available from https://www.htslib.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Danecek
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - James K Bonfield
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jennifer Liddle
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - John Marshall
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Valeriu Ohan
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Martin O Pollard
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Andrew Whitwham
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Thomas Keane
- EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Shane A McCarthy
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Robert M Davies
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, 10 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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9
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Salgado D, Armean IM, Baudis M, Beltran S, Capella-Gutierrez S, Carvalho-Silva D, Dominguez Del Angel V, Dopazo J, Furlong LI, Gao B, Garcia L, Gerloff D, Gut I, Gyenesei A, Habermann N, Hancock JM, Hanauer M, Hovig E, Johansson LF, Keane T, Korbel J, Lauer KB, Laurie S, Leskošek B, Lloyd D, Marques-Bonet T, Mei H, Monostory K, Piñero J, Poterlowicz K, Rath A, Samarakoon P, Sanz F, Saunders G, Sie D, Swertz MA, Tsukanov K, Valencia A, Vidak M, Yenyxe González C, Ylstra B, Béroud C. The ELIXIR Human Copy Number Variations Community: building bioinformatics infrastructure for research. F1000Res 2020; 9. [PMID: 34367618 PMCID: PMC8311797 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.24887.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Copy number variations (CNVs) are major causative contributors both in the genesis of genetic diseases and human neoplasias. While “High-Throughput” sequencing technologies are increasingly becoming the primary choice for genomic screening analysis, their ability to efficiently detect CNVs is still heterogeneous and remains to be developed. The aim of this white paper is to provide a guiding framework for the future contributions of ELIXIR’s recently established
human CNV Community, with implications beyond human disease diagnostics and population genomics. This white paper is the direct result of a strategy meeting that took place in September 2018 in Hinxton (UK) and involved representatives of 11 ELIXIR Nodes. The meeting led to the definition of priority objectives and tasks, to address a wide range of CNV-related challenges ranging from detection and interpretation to sharing and training. Here, we provide suggestions on how to align these tasks within the ELIXIR Platforms strategy, and on how to frame the activities of this new ELIXIR Community in the international context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irina M Armean
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Michael Baudis
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sergi Beltran
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 4, Barcelona 08028, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Capella-Gutierrez
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish National Bioinformatics Institute (INB)/ELIXIR-ES, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Denise Carvalho-Silva
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.,Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SD, UK
| | | | - Joaquin Dopazo
- Clinical Bioinformatics Area, Fundación Progreso y Salud, CDCA, Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Laura I Furlong
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leyla Garcia
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.,ZB MED Information Centre for Life Sciences, Cologne, Germany.,ELIXIR Hub, Hinxton, UK
| | - Dietlind Gerloff
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Ivo Gut
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 4, Barcelona 08028, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Attila Gyenesei
- Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Nina Habermann
- Genome Biology, European Molecular Biological Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Eivind Hovig
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for bioinformatics, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lennart F Johansson
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Keane
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Jan Korbel
- Genome Biology, European Molecular Biological Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Steve Laurie
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 4, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Brane Leskošek
- Faculty of Medicine - ELIXIR Slovenia, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Tomas Marques-Bonet
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hailiang Mei
- Sequencing Analysis Support Core, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Katalin Monostory
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Janet Piñero
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Pubudu Samarakoon
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ferran Sanz
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Daoud Sie
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Morris A Swertz
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kirill Tsukanov
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Alfonso Valencia
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish National Bioinformatics Institute (INB)/ELIXIR-ES, Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marko Vidak
- Faculty of Medicine - ELIXIR Slovenia, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Cristina Yenyxe González
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Bauke Ylstra
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christophe Béroud
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, Marseille, France.,Département de Génétique Médicale et de Biologie Cellulaire, APHM, Hôpital d'enfants de la Timone, 13385 Marseille, France
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10
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Miles SR, Pruiksma K, Slavish D, Nakase-Richardson R, Nicholson K, Wardle S, Young-McCaughan S, Resick P, Williamson D, Dondanville K, Litz B, Mintz J, Keane T, Peterson A, Taylor D. 1073 Sleep Disorders Contribute To Anger In Service Members With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Sleep 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
The emotion of anger and behavioral acts of aggression can lead to severe negative consequences, including family violence, legal charges, and death. Anger can be a symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), particularly in service members. Service members report difficulties managing their anger and trouble with the subsequent results. Factors that differentiate service members with PTSD who have anger related problems from those who do not are still unknown. Impaired sleep is associated with negative mood states in the general population and may be a risk factor for anger in those with PTSD. This project examines how sleep disorders commonly diagnosed in service members (i.e., obstructive sleep apnea and insomnia) relate to PTSD and anger.
Methods
Ninety-three service members with comorbid PTSD, insomnia, and nightmares (mean age = 35.86 years, SD = 8.38, 27% female, 45% white) completed polysomnography and other measures as part of a clinical trial. A multiple regression model examined how total Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI), AHI during REM sleep, insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index), age, and race related to PTSD symptoms (Clinical Administered PTSD Scale-5: CAPS-5). A second multiple regression model examined the same variables’ associations with anger (Dimensions of Anger Reactions-5; DAR-5).
Results
More than a third of the sample (37%) met criteria for OSA (AHI scores>5) and 99% met criteria for insomnia (ISI>10). Total AHI and REM AHI were not associated with CAPS-5 scores or ISI. Across OSA and PSG indices, only greater REM AHI (b=.07, p<.05) and Insomnia (b=.43, p<.05) were positively associated with DAR-5 anger scores. Total AHI was unrelated to anger.
Conclusion
Elevated REM AHI and insomnia were associated with greater anger in service members with PTSD. Current treatments for anger are only moderately effective. Assessing and treating comorbid sleep disorders may reduce anger and enhance successful PTSD treatment.
Support
Consortium to Alleviate PTSD (W81XWH-13-2-0065), DVA (I01CX001136-01), GDHS (W91YTZ-13-C-0015) for DVBIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Miles
- James A. Haley Veterans’ Hospital, Tampa, FL
| | - K Pruiksma
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - D Slavish
- University of North Texas, 76203, TX
| | | | - K Nicholson
- Carl D. Darnall Army Medical Center, Fort Hood, TX
| | - S Wardle
- The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - S Young-McCaughan
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | | | | | - K Dondanville
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - B Litz
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
| | - J Mintz
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - T Keane
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
| | - A Peterson
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - D Taylor
- The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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11
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Amid C, Alako BTF, Balavenkataraman Kadhirvelu V, Burdett T, Burgin J, Fan J, Harrison PW, Holt S, Hussein A, Ivanov E, Jayathilaka S, Kay S, Keane T, Leinonen R, Liu X, Martinez-Villacorta J, Milano A, Pakseresht A, Rahman N, Rajan J, Reddy K, Richards E, Smirnov D, Sokolov A, Vijayaraja S, Cochrane G. The European Nucleotide Archive in 2019. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:D70-D76. [PMID: 31722421 PMCID: PMC7145635 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Nucleotide Archive (ENA, https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena) at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory's European Bioinformatics Institute provides open and freely available data deposition and access services across the spectrum of nucleotide sequence data types. Making the world's public sequencing datasets available to the scientific community, the ENA represents a globally comprehensive nucleotide sequence resource. Here, we outline ENA services and content in 2019 and provide an insight into selected key areas of development in this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Amid
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Blaise T F Alako
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | | | - Tony Burdett
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Josephine Burgin
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Jun Fan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Peter W Harrison
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Sam Holt
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Abdulrahman Hussein
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Eugene Ivanov
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Suran Jayathilaka
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Simon Kay
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Thomas Keane
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Rasko Leinonen
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Xin Liu
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Josue Martinez-Villacorta
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Annalisa Milano
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Amir Pakseresht
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Nadim Rahman
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Jeena Rajan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Kethi Reddy
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Edward Richards
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Dmitriy Smirnov
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Alexey Sokolov
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Senthilnathan Vijayaraja
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Guy Cochrane
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
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12
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Harrison PW, Alako B, Amid C, Cerdeño-Tárraga A, Cleland I, Holt S, Hussein A, Jayathilaka S, Kay S, Keane T, Leinonen R, Liu X, Martínez-Villacorta J, Milano A, Pakseresht N, Rajan J, Reddy K, Richards E, Rosello M, Silvester N, Smirnov D, Toribio AL, Vijayaraja S, Cochrane G. The European Nucleotide Archive in 2018. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 47:D84-D88. [PMID: 30395270 PMCID: PMC6323982 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky1078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Nucleotide Archive (ENA; https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena), provided from EMBL-EBI, has for more than three decades been responsible for archiving the world's public sequencing data and presenting this important resource to the scientific community to support and accelerate the global research effort. Here, we outline ENA services and content in 2018 and provide an overview of a selection of focus areas of development work: extending data coordination services around ENA, sequence submissions through template expansion, early pre-submission validation tools and our move towards a new browser and retrieval infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Harrison
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Blaise Alako
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Clara Amid
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Ana Cerdeño-Tárraga
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Iain Cleland
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Sam Holt
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Abdulrahman Hussein
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Suran Jayathilaka
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Simon Kay
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Thomas Keane
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Rasko Leinonen
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Xin Liu
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Josué Martínez-Villacorta
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Annalisa Milano
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Nima Pakseresht
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Jeena Rajan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Kethi Reddy
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Edward Richards
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Marc Rosello
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Nicole Silvester
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Dmitriy Smirnov
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Ana-Luisa Toribio
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Senthilnathan Vijayaraja
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Guy Cochrane
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
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13
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O'Sullivan B, Hui Huang S, Keane T, Xu W, Su J, Waldron J, Gullane P, Liu FF, Warde P, Payne D, Tong L, Cummings B. Durable therapeutic gain despite competing mortality in long-term follow-up of a randomized hyperfractionated radiotherapy trial for locally advanced head and neck cancer. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2020; 21:69-76. [PMID: 32055717 PMCID: PMC7005479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctro.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose/objectives To examine the therapeutic ratio and mortality profile over time in a radiotherapy randomized trial in stage III-IV larynx/pharynx cancer with long-term follow-up. Materials/methods From 1988 to 1995, 331 cases were randomized to either hyperfractionated (HF) (58 Gy/40 fractions, twice daily) or conventional (CF) (51 Gy/20 fractions, once daily) radiotherapy. Overall survival (OS), locoregional (LRC), distant control (DC), ≥Grade 3 late toxicity (LT), and relative mortality risk profile over time were compared between both arms. Results Median follow-up was 13.6 years. HF had a 10% improved OS at 5-years (40% vs 30%, p = 0.04), but the benefit diminished to 3% at 10-years (21% vs 18%). A trend towards higher LRC with HF remained (5-year: 49% vs 40%; 10-year: 49% vs 39%, p = 0.05). DC rates were unchanged (5-year: 87% vs 85%; 10-year: 87 vs 84%, p = 0.56). LT rates were similar (HF vs CF: 5-year: 9% vs 12%; 10-year: 11% vs 14%, p = 0.27). Multivariable analysis confirmed that HF reduced mortality risk by 31% [HR 0.69 (0.55-0.88), p < 0.01] and locoregional failure risk by 35% [HR 0.65 (0.48-0.89), p < 0.01]. Index cancer mortality (5-year: 46% vs 51%; 10-year: 49% vs 55%) was lower in the HF arm. Competing mortality (mostly smoking-related) was also numerically lower with HF at 5-years (14% vs 19%) but became similar at 10-years (30% vs 28%). Conclusions This trial confirms that HF with augmented total dose has a durable 10% effect size on LRC with comparable LT. OS benefit is evident at 5-years (10%) but relative mortality risk profile changes in longer follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian O'Sullivan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Canada.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Shao Hui Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Canada.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Thomas Keane
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Canada.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Jie Su
- Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - John Waldron
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Patrick Gullane
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Fei-Fei Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Canada.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Padraig Warde
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - David Payne
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Li Tong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Bernard Cummings
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Canada.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Canada
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14
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Lindsay SJ, Rahbari R, Kaplanis J, Keane T, Hurles ME. Similarities and differences in patterns of germline mutation between mice and humans. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4053. [PMID: 31492841 PMCID: PMC6731245 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12023-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole genome sequencing (WGS) studies have estimated the human germline mutation rate per basepair per generation (~1.2 × 10−8) to be higher than in mice (3.5–5.4 × 10−9). In humans, most germline mutations are paternal in origin and numbers of mutations per offspring increase with paternal and maternal age. Here we estimate germline mutation rates and spectra in six multi-sibling mouse pedigrees and compare to three multi-sibling human pedigrees. In both species we observe a paternal mutation bias, a parental age effect, and a highly mutagenic first cell division contributing to the embryo. We also observe differences between species in mutation spectra, in mutation rates per cell division, and in the parental bias of mutations in early embryogenesis. These differences between species likely result from both species-specific differences in cellular genealogies of the germline, as well as biological differences within the same stage of embryogenesis or gametogenesis. Estimates of mutation rates differ between species. Here, Lindsay et al. perform side-by-side analyses of germline mutation rates using multi-sibling mouse and human pedigrees and find different mutation rates between species, also stratified by sex and temporal stage of mutation acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thomas Keane
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
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15
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Silvester N, Alako B, Amid C, Cerdeño-Tarrága A, Clarke L, Cleland I, Harrison PW, Jayathilaka S, Kay S, Keane T, Leinonen R, Liu X, Martínez-Villacorta J, Menchi M, Reddy K, Pakseresht N, Rajan J, Rossello M, Smirnov D, Toribio AL, Vaughan D, Zalunin V, Cochrane G. The European Nucleotide Archive in 2017. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:D36-D40. [PMID: 29140475 PMCID: PMC5753375 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
For 35 years the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA; https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena) has been responsible for making the world’s public sequencing data available to the scientific community. Advances in sequencing technology have driven exponential growth in the volume of data to be processed and stored and a substantial broadening of the user community. Here, we outline ENA services and content in 2017 and provide insight into a selection of current key areas of development in ENA driven by challenges arising from the above growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Silvester
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Blaise Alako
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Clara Amid
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Ana Cerdeño-Tarrága
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Laura Clarke
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Iain Cleland
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Peter W Harrison
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Suran Jayathilaka
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Simon Kay
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Thomas Keane
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Rasko Leinonen
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Xin Liu
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Josué Martínez-Villacorta
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Manuela Menchi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Kethi Reddy
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Nima Pakseresht
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Jeena Rajan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Marc Rossello
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Dmitriy Smirnov
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Ana L Toribio
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Daniel Vaughan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Vadim Zalunin
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Guy Cochrane
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
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Gorman KM, Meyer E, Grozeva D, Spinelli E, McTague A, Sanchis-Juan A, Carss KJ, Bryant E, Reich A, Schneider AL, Pressler RM, Simpson MA, Debelle GD, Wassmer E, Morton J, Sieciechowicz D, Jan-Kamsteeg E, Paciorkowski AR, King MD, Cross JH, Poduri A, Mefford HC, Scheffer IE, Haack TB, McCullagh G, Millichap JJ, Carvill GL, Clayton-Smith J, Maher ER, Raymond FL, Kurian MA, McRae JF, Clayton S, Fitzgerald TW, Kaplanis J, Prigmore E, Rajan D, Sifrim A, Aitken S, Akawi N, Alvi M, Ambridge K, Barrett DM, Bayzetinova T, Jones P, Jones WD, King D, Krishnappa N, Mason LE, Singh T, Tivey AR, Ahmed M, Anjum U, Archer H, Armstrong R, Awada J, Balasubramanian M, Banka S, Baralle D, Barnicoat A, Batstone P, Baty D, Bennett C, Berg J, Bernhard B, Bevan AP, Bitner-Glindzicz M, Blair E, Blyth M, Bohanna D, Bourdon L, Bourn D, Bradley L, Brady A, Brent S, Brewer C, Brunstrom K, Bunyan DJ, Burn J, Canham N, Castle B, Chandler K, Chatzimichali E, Cilliers D, Clarke A, Clasper S, Clayton-Smith J, Clowes V, Coates A, Cole T, Colgiu I, Collins A, Collinson MN, Connell F, Cooper N, Cox H, Cresswell L, Cross G, Crow Y, D’Alessandro M, Dabir T, Davidson R, Davies S, de Vries D, Dean J, Deshpande C, Devlin G, Dixit A, Dobbie A, Donaldson A, Donnai D, Donnelly D, Donnelly C, Douglas A, Douzgou S, Duncan A, Eason J, Ellard S, Ellis I, Elmslie F, Evans K, Everest S, Fendick T, Fisher R, Flinter F, Foulds N, Fry A, Fryer A, Gardiner C, Gaunt L, Ghali N, Gibbons R, Gill H, Goodship J, Goudie D, Gray E, Green A, Greene P, Greenhalgh L, Gribble S, Harrison R, Harrison L, Harrison V, Hawkins R, He L, Hellens S, Henderson A, Hewitt S, Hildyard L, Hobson E, Holden S, Holder M, Holder S, Hollingsworth G, Homfray T, Humphreys M, Hurst J, Hutton B, Ingram S, Irving M, Islam L, Jackson A, Jarvis J, Jenkins L, Johnson D, Jones E, Josifova D, Joss S, Kaemba B, Kazembe S, Kelsell R, Kerr B, Kingston H, Kini U, Kinning E, Kirby G, Kirk C, Kivuva E, Kraus A, Kumar D, Kumar VKA, Lachlan K, Lam W, Lampe A, Langman C, Lees M, Lim D, Longman C, Lowther G, Lynch SA, Magee A, Maher E, Male A, Mansour S, Marks K, Martin K, Maye U, McCann E, McConnell V, McEntagart M, McGowan R, McKay K, McKee S, McMullan DJ, McNerlan S, McWilliam C, Mehta S, Metcalfe K, Middleton A, Miedzybrodzka Z, Miles E, Mohammed S, Montgomery T, Moore D, Morgan S, Morton J, Mugalaasi H, Murday V, Murphy H, Naik S, Nemeth A, Nevitt L, Newbury-Ecob R, Norman A, O’Shea R, Ogilvie C, Ong KR, Park SM, Parker MJ, Patel C, Paterson J, Payne S, Perrett D, Phipps J, Pilz DT, Pollard M, Pottinger C, Poulton J, Pratt N, Prescott K, Price S, Pridham A, Procter A, Purnell H, Quarrell O, Ragge N, Rahbari R, Randall J, Rankin J, Raymond L, Rice D, Robert L, Roberts E, Roberts J, Roberts P, Roberts G, Ross A, Rosser E, Saggar A, Samant S, Sampson J, Sandford R, Sarkar A, Schweiger S, Scott R, Scurr I, Selby A, Seller A, Sequeira C, Shannon N, Sharif S, Shaw-Smith C, Shearing E, Shears D, Sheridan E, Simonic I, Singzon R, Skitt Z, Smith A, Smith K, Smithson S, Sneddon L, Splitt M, Squires M, Stewart F, Stewart H, Straub V, Suri M, Sutton V, Swaminathan GJ, Sweeney E, Tatton-Brown K, Taylor C, Taylor R, Tein M, Temple IK, Thomson J, Tischkowitz M, Tomkins S, Torokwa A, Treacy B, Turner C, Turnpenny P, Tysoe C, Vandersteen A, Varghese V, Vasudevan P, Vijayarangakannan P, Vogt J, Wakeling E, Wallwark S, Waters J, Weber A, Wellesley D, Whiteford M, Widaa S, Wilcox S, Wilkinson E, Williams D, Williams N, Wilson L, Woods G, Wragg C, Wright M, Yates L, Yau M, Nellåker C, Parker M, Firth HV, Wright CF, FitzPatrick DR, Barrett JC, Hurles ME, Al Turki S, Anderson C, Anney R, Antony D, Artigas MS, Ayub M, Balasubramaniam S, Barrett JC, Barroso I, Beales P, Bentham J, Bhattacharya S, Birney E, Blackwood D, Bobrow M, Bochukova E, Bolton P, Bounds R, Boustred C, Breen G, Calissano M, Carss K, Chatterjee K, Chen L, Ciampi A, Cirak S, Clapham P, Clement G, Coates G, Collier D, Cosgrove C, Cox T, Craddock N, Crooks L, Curran S, Curtis D, Daly A, Day-Williams A, Day IN, Down T, Du Y, Dunham I, Edkins S, Ellis P, Evans D, Faroogi S, Fatemifar G, Fitzpatrick DR, Flicek P, Flyod J, Foley AR, Franklin CS, Futema M, Gallagher L, Geihs M, Geschwind D, Griffin H, Grozeva D, Guo X, Guo X, Gurling H, Hart D, Hendricks A, Holmans P, Howie B, Huang L, Hubbard T, Humphries SE, Hurles ME, Hysi P, Jackson DK, Jamshidi Y, Jing T, Joyce C, Kaye J, Keane T, Keogh J, Kemp J, Kennedy K, Kolb-Kokocinski A, Lachance G, Langford C, Lawson D, Lee I, Lek M, Liang J, Lin H, Li R, Li Y, Liu R, Lönnqvist J, Lopes M, Iotchkova V, MacArthur D, Marchini J, Maslen J, Massimo M, Mathieson I, Marenne G, McGuffin P, McIntosh A, McKechanie AG, McQuillin A, Metrustry S, Mitchison H, Moayyeri A, Morris J, Muntoni F, Northstone K, O'Donnovan M, Onoufriadis A, O'Rahilly S, Oualkacha K, Owen MJ, Palotie A, Panoutsopoulou K, Parker V, Parr JR, Paternoster L, Paunio T, Payne F, Pietilainen O, Plagnol V, Quaye L, Quail MA, Raymond L, Rehnström K, Ring S, Ritchie GR, Roberts N, Savage DB, Scambler P, Schiffels S, Schmidts M, Schoenmakers N, Semple RK, Serra E, Sharp SI, Shin SY, Skuse D, Small K, Southam L, Spasic-Boskovic O, St Clair D, Stalker J, Stevens E, St Pourcian B, Sun J, Suvisaari J, Tachmazidou I, Tobin MD, Valdes A, Van Kogelenberg M, Vijayarangakannan P, Visscher PM, Wain LV, Walters JT, Wang G, Wang J, Wang Y, Ward K, Wheeler E, Whyte T, Williams H, Williamson KA, Wilson C, Wong K, Xu C, Yang J, Zhang F, Zhang P, Aitman T, Alachkar H, Ali S, Allen L, Allsup D, Ambegaonkar G, Anderson J, Antrobus R, Armstrong R, Arno G, Arumugakani G, Ashford S, Astle W, Attwood A, Austin S, Bacchelli C, Bakchoul T, Bariana TK, Baxendale H, Bennett D, Bethune C, Bibi S, Bitner-Glindzicz M, Bleda M, Boggard H, Bolton-Maggs P, Booth C, Bradley JR, Brady A, Brown M, Browning M, Bryson C, Burns S, Calleja P, Canham N, Carmichael J, Carss K, Caulfield M, Chalmers E, Chandra A, Chinnery P, Chitre M, Church C, Clement E, Clements-Brod N, Clowes V, Coghlan G, Collins P, Cooper N, Creaser-Myers A, DaCosta R, Daugherty L, Davies S, Davis J, De Vries M, Deegan P, Deevi SV, Deshpande C, Devlin L, Dewhurst E, Doffinger R, Dormand N, Drewe E, Edgar D, Egner W, Erber WN, Erwood M, Everington T, Favier R, Firth H, Fletcher D, Flinter F, Fox JC, Frary A, Freson K, Furie B, Furnell A, Gale D, Gardham A, Gattens M, Ghali N, Ghataorhe PK, Ghurye R, Gibbs S, Gilmour K, Gissen P, Goddard S, Gomez K, Gordins P, Gräf S, Greene D, Greenhalgh A, Greinacher A, Grigoriadou S, Grozeva D, Hackett S, Hadinnapola C, Hague R, Haimel M, Halmagyi C, Hammerton T, Hart D, Hayman G, Heemskerk JW, Henderson R, Hensiek A, Henskens Y, Herwadkar A, Holden S, Holder M, Holder S, Hu F, Huissoon A, Humbert M, Hurst J, James R, Jolles S, Josifova D, Kazmi R, Keeling D, Kelleher P, Kelly AM, Kennedy F, Kiely D, Kingston N, Koziell A, Krishnakumar D, Kuijpers TW, Kumararatne D, Kurian M, Laffan MA, Lambert MP, Allen HL, Lawrie A, Lear S, Lees M, Lentaigne C, Liesner R, Linger R, Longhurst H, Lorenzo L, Machado R, Mackenzie R, MacLaren R, Maher E, Maimaris J, Mangles S, Manson A, Mapeta R, Markus HS, Martin J, Masati L, Mathias M, Matser V, Maw A, McDermott E, McJannet C, Meacham S, Meehan S, Megy K, Mehta S, Michaelides M, Millar CM, Moledina S, Moore A, Morrell N, Mumford A, Murng S, Murphy E, Nejentsev S, Noorani S, Nurden P, Oksenhendler E, Ouwehand WH, Papadia S, Park SM, Parker A, Pasi J, Patch C, Paterson J, Payne J, Peacock A, Peerlinck K, Penkett CJ, Pepke-Zaba J, Perry DJ, Pollock V, Polwarth G, Ponsford M, Qasim W, Quinti I, Rankin S, Rankin J, Raymond FL, Rehnstrom K, Reid E, Rhodes CJ, Richards M, Richardson S, Richter A, Roberts I, Rondina M, Rosser E, Roughley C, Rue-Albrecht K, Samarghitean C, Sanchis-Juan A, Sandford R, Santra S, Sargur R, Savic S, Schulman S, Schulze H, Scott R, Scully M, Seneviratne S, Sewell C, Shamardina O, Shipley D, Simeoni I, Sivapalaratnam S, Smith K, Sohal A, Southgate L, Staines S, Staples E, Stauss H, Stein P, Stephens J, Stirrups K, Stock S, Suntharalingam J, Tait RC, Talks K, Tan Y, Thachil J, Thaventhiran J, Thomas E, Thomas M, Thompson D, Thrasher A, Tischkowitz M, Titterton C, Toh CH, Toshner M, Treacy C, Trembath R, Tuna S, Turek W, Turro E, Van Geet C, Veltman M, Vogt J, von Ziegenweldt J, Vonk Noordegraaf A, Wakeling E, Wanjiku I, Warner TQ, Wassmer E, Watkins H, Webster A, Welch S, Westbury S, Wharton J, Whitehorn D, Wilkins M, Willcocks L, Williamson C, Woods G, Wort J, Yeatman N, Yong P, Young T, Yu P. Bi-allelic Loss-of-Function CACNA1B Mutations in Progressive Epilepsy-Dyskinesia. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 104:948-956. [PMID: 30982612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of non-epileptic hyperkinetic movements in the context of developmental epileptic encephalopathies is an increasingly recognized phenomenon. Identification of causative mutations provides an important insight into common pathogenic mechanisms that cause both seizures and abnormal motor control. We report bi-allelic loss-of-function CACNA1B variants in six children from three unrelated families whose affected members present with a complex and progressive neurological syndrome. All affected individuals presented with epileptic encephalopathy, severe neurodevelopmental delay (often with regression), and a hyperkinetic movement disorder. Additional neurological features included postnatal microcephaly and hypotonia. Five children died in childhood or adolescence (mean age of death: 9 years), mainly as a result of secondary respiratory complications. CACNA1B encodes the pore-forming subunit of the pre-synaptic neuronal voltage-gated calcium channel Cav2.2/N-type, crucial for SNARE-mediated neurotransmission, particularly in the early postnatal period. Bi-allelic loss-of-function variants in CACNA1B are predicted to cause disruption of Ca2+ influx, leading to impaired synaptic neurotransmission. The resultant effect on neuronal function is likely to be important in the development of involuntary movements and epilepsy. Overall, our findings provide further evidence for the key role of Cav2.2 in normal human neurodevelopment.
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Allchin RL, Kelly ME, Mamand S, Doran AG, Keane T, Ahearne MJ, Wagner SD. Structural and diffusion weighted MRI demonstrates responses to ibrutinib in a mouse model of follicular helper (Tfh) T-cell lymphoma. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215765. [PMID: 31013298 PMCID: PMC6478326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent analyses of the genetics of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) have shown that a large proportion of cases are derived from normal follicular helper (Tfh) T-cells. The sanroque mouse strain bears a mutation that increases Tfh cell number and heterozygous animals (Roquinsan/+) develop lymphomas similar to human Tfh lymphoma. Here we demonstrate the usefulness of Roquinsan/+ animals as a pre-clinical model of Tfh lymphoma. Long latency of development and incomplete penetrance in this strain suggests the lymphomas are genetically diverse. We carried out preliminary genetic characterisation by whole exome sequencing and detected tumor specific mutations in Hsp90ab1, Ccnb3 and RhoA. Interleukin-2-inducible kinase (ITK) is expressed in Tfh lymphoma and is a potential therapeutic agent. A preclinical study of ibrutinib, a small molecule inhibitor of mouse and human ITK, in established lymphoma was carried out and showed lymphoma regression in 8/12 (67%) mice. Using T2-weighted MRI to assess lymph node volume and diffusion weighted MRI scanning as a measure of function, we showed that treatment increased mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) suggesting cell death, and that change in ADC following treatment correlated with change in lymphoma volume. We suggest that heterozygous sanroque mice are a useful model of Tfh cell derived lymphomas in an immunocompetent animal.
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MESH Headings
- Adenine/analogs & derivatives
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Heterozygote
- Humans
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/diagnostic imaging
- Lymph Nodes/drug effects
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/diagnostic imaging
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/genetics
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Mice
- Piperidines
- Primary Cell Culture
- Pyrazoles/administration & dosage
- Pyrimidines/administration & dosage
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/pathology
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Allchin
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre and Ernest and Helen Scott Haematology Research Institute, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael E. Kelly
- Core Biotechnology Services, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Sami Mamand
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre and Ernest and Helen Scott Haematology Research Institute, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony G. Doran
- European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Keane
- European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Ahearne
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre and Ernest and Helen Scott Haematology Research Institute, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Simon D. Wagner
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre and Ernest and Helen Scott Haematology Research Institute, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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18
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Crawford ED, Tombal B, Keane T, Boccardo F, Miller K, Shore N, Moul JW, Damber JE, Collette L, Persson BE. FSH suppression and tumour control in patients with prostate cancer during androgen deprivation with a GnRH agonist or antagonist. Scand J Urol 2019; 52:349-357. [PMID: 30624128 DOI: 10.1080/21681805.2018.1522372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists suppress follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to lower levels than GnRH agonists. This may partially explain the differences between these agents on prostate cancer outcomes. In this post-hoc analysis, FSH and prostate specific antigen (PSA) responses and the impact of cross-over from leuprolide to degarelix were evaluated from a 1-year comparative study (CS21) and its extension study (CS21A). MATERIALS AND METHODS Overall, 610 patients were enrolled in CS21, wherein PSA and FSH levels were evaluated monthly. CS21A evaluated 386 patients, including those previously treated with degarelix (n = 251) who continued to receive degarelix, and those previously treated with leuprolide (n = 135) who crossed-over to receive degarelix. PSA and FSH levels were evaluated in CS21A for 3 months after cross-over. The associations between measurements were assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficient. The impact of class variables on FSH suppression were evaluated using Analysis of Variance. RESULTS Rapid PSA and FSH suppression was observed and maintained in the degarelix arm (CS21 and CS21A), while patients on leuprolide experienced rising PSA during CS21. Patients crossed-over from leuprolide to degarelix achieved a suppression of FSH and a significant PSA decrease. PSA and FSH levels were significantly (p < .05) correlated at months 1, 3, 6, 12 and 13 in the degarelix arm. CONCLUSIONS Significant FSH suppression with GnRH antagonists may explain its advantage over GnRH agonists in terms of better prostate cancer control. The effect of profound FSH suppression is analogous to the need for profound testosterone suppression for tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- E David Crawford
- a Division of Urology , University of Colorado , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - B Tombal
- b Service d'Urologie, Institut de Recherche clinique (IREC) , Cliniques universitaires Saint Luc , Av. Hippocrates , Bruxelles , Belgium
| | - T Keane
- c Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , SC , USA
| | - F Boccardo
- d University of Genoa and Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS for Oncology , Genoa , Italy
| | - K Miller
- e Department of Urology , Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - N Shore
- f Carolina Urologic Research Center , Myrtle Beach , SC , USA
| | - J W Moul
- g Division of Urologic Surgery, Duke Prostate Center, Duke Cancer Institute , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
| | - J-E Damber
- h University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - L Collette
- i Department of Statistics , European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters , Brussels , Belgium
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19
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Abstract
Excited state energy transfer in disordered systems has attracted significant attention owing to the importance of this phenomenon in both artificial and natural systems that operate in electronically excited states. Of particular interest, especially in the context of organic electronics, is the dynamics of triplet excited states. Due to their weak coupling to the singlet manifold they can often act as low energy trapping sites and are therefore detrimental to device performance. Alternatively, by virtue of their long lifetime they can lead to enhanced diffusion lengths important for organic photovoltaics (OPV). Herein, we explore the triplet energy transfer mechanism from dichlorobenzene to thioxanthone in methanol solution. We rationalise previous experimental observations as arising from preferential population transfer into the lowest triplet state rather than the higher lying triplet state that is closer in energy. The reason for this is a delicate balance between the electronic coupling, reorganisation energy and the energy gap involved. The present results provide the understanding to potentially develop a hot exciton mechanism in materials for organic light emitting diodes (OLED) to achieve higher device efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Northey
- Chemistry-School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
| | - T Keane
- Chemistry-School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
| | - J Eng
- Chemistry-School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
| | - T J Penfold
- Chemistry-School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
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20
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Fiddes IT, Armstrong J, Diekhans M, Nachtweide S, Kronenberg ZN, Underwood JG, Gordon D, Earl D, Keane T, Eichler EE, Haussler D, Stanke M, Paten B. Comparative Annotation Toolkit (CAT)-simultaneous clade and personal genome annotation. Genome Res 2018; 28:1029-1038. [PMID: 29884752 PMCID: PMC6028123 DOI: 10.1101/gr.233460.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The recent introductions of low-cost, long-read, and read-cloud sequencing technologies coupled with intense efforts to develop efficient algorithms have made affordable, high-quality de novo sequence assembly a realistic proposition. The result is an explosion of new, ultracontiguous genome assemblies. To compare these genomes, we need robust methods for genome annotation. We describe the fully open source Comparative Annotation Toolkit (CAT), which provides a flexible way to simultaneously annotate entire clades and identify orthology relationships. We show that CAT can be used to improve annotations on the rat genome, annotate the great apes, annotate a diverse set of mammals, and annotate personal, diploid human genomes. We demonstrate the resulting discovery of novel genes, isoforms, and structural variants-even in genomes as well studied as rat and the great apes-and how these annotations improve cross-species RNA expression experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian T Fiddes
- Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA.,10x Genomics, Pleasanton, California 94566, USA
| | - Joel Armstrong
- Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Mark Diekhans
- Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Stefanie Nachtweide
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Zev N Kronenberg
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jason G Underwood
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.,Pacific Biosciences of California, Incorporated, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - David Gordon
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Dent Earl
- Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Thomas Keane
- European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | - Evan E Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - David Haussler
- Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Mario Stanke
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Benedict Paten
- Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
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21
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Lin DW, Crawford ED, Keane T, Evans B, Reid J, Rajamani S, Brown K, Gutin A, Tward J, Scardino P, Brawer M, Stone S, Cuzick J. Identification of men with low-risk biopsy-confirmed prostate cancer as candidates for active surveillance. Urol Oncol 2018; 36:310.e7-310.e13. [PMID: 29655620 PMCID: PMC8127807 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A combined clinical cell-cycle risk (CCR) score that incorporates prognostic molecular and clinical information has been recently developed and validated to improve prostate cancer mortality (PCM) risk stratification over clinical features alone. As clinical features are currently used to select men for active surveillance (AS), we developed and validated a CCR score threshold to improve the identification of men with low-risk disease who are appropriate for AS. METHODS The score threshold was selected based on the 90th percentile of CCR scores among men who might typically be considered for AS based on NCCN low/favorable-intermediate risk criteria (CCR = 0.8). The threshold was validated using 10-year PCM in an unselected, conservatively managed cohort and in the subset of the same cohort after excluding men with high-risk features. The clinical effect was evaluated in a contemporary clinical cohort. RESULTS In the unselected validation cohort, men with CCR scores below the threshold had a predicted mean 10-year PCM of 2.7%, and the threshold significantly dichotomized low- and high-risk disease (P = 1.2 × 10-5). After excluding high-risk men from the validation cohort, men with CCR scores below the threshold had a predicted mean 10-year PCM of 2.3%, and the threshold significantly dichotomized low- and high-risk disease (P = 0.020). There were no prostate cancer-specific deaths in men with CCR scores below the threshold in either analysis. The proportion of men in the clinical testing cohort identified as candidates for AS was substantially higher using the threshold (68.8%) compared to clinicopathologic features alone (42.6%), while mean 10-year predicted PCM risks remained essentially identical (1.9% vs. 2.0%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The CCR score threshold appropriately dichotomized patients into low- and high-risk groups for 10-year PCM, and may enable more appropriate selection of patients for AS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Keane
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | | | - Julia Reid
- Myriad Genetics, Inc, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan Tward
- University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Peter Scardino
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY
| | | | | | - Jack Cuzick
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Rac G, Caitlin S, Starosta S, Keane B, Keane S, Rieter W, Keane T. MP20-17 CENTRAL ABDOMINAL UPTAKE ON INDIUM-111 CAPROMAB PENDETIDE IMAGING: A POWERFUL PROGNOSTIC INDICATOR FOR PROSTATE CANCER IN HIGH-RISK PATIENTS AND IN THE SETTING OF BIOCHEMICAL RECURRENCE. J Urol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2018.02.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Ehdaie B, Stone S, Bernhisel R, Eastham J, Keane T, Davis J, Crawford ED, Brawer M, Lin D, Scardino P. PD28-02 THE IMPACT OF CLINICAL CCP TESTING IN MEN WITH LOCALIZED PROSTATE CANCER FOR EXPANDING THE POPULATION OF MEN ELIGIBLE FOR ACTIVE SURVEILLANCE. J Urol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2017.02.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Smith D, Foster D, Spruill L, Nogueira L, Krisanits B, Cramer S, Ford M, Savage S, Keane T, Findlay V, Turner D. Abstract PR11: The molecular implications of lifestyle associated metabolites (AGEs) to prostate cancer disparity. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7755.disp16-pr11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Poor diet, low income, obesity, and a lack of exercise are established lifestyle factors that are known to increase cancer burden and are often more prevalent in African American communities. As our understanding of tumor biology advances, it is becoming increasingly clear that these inter-related lifestyle factors have distinct molecular consequences on the biologic make up of tumors, altering cell signaling events and gene expression profiles to contribute to cancer disparity outcomes such as its earlier development or its progression to more aggressive disease.
Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), are reactive metabolites produced endogenously as a consequence of glucose uptake during glycolysis. AGEs accumulate in tissues and organs as we grow older to promote multiple chronic disease phenotypes. AGE pathogenic effects are mediated through modification of protein function, genetic fidelity, stress responses and cellular signaling pathways. Critically, cancer disparity factors such as a sedentary lifestyle, obesity and an unhealthy diet are external influences that also contribute to the AGE accumulation pool in the body. The investigators studies support the concept that AGE metabolites represent a biological consequence of the socioeconomic and environmental factors that promote cancer health disparity. This research group examined circulating and tumor AGE levels in clinical specimens of prostate cancer and identified a race specific, tumor-dependent pattern of accumulation.
The aberrant activation and recruitment of immune cells is a major pathogenic consequence of AGE accumulation and a series of studies have highlighted the tumor associated immune response as a critical pathway contributing to cancer disparity. Using patient derived primary tumor cells, the investigators found that AGEs released into the extracellular matrix can recapitulate the tumor associated immune response observed in race specific prostate tumor tissues. Activated immune cells show a similar metabolic profile as a glycolytic tumor cell with a shift towards increased glucose metabolism and aerobic glycolysis (i.e. the Warburg effect). Evidence suggests that abnormal glucose uptake may occur earlier in African American cancer patients with aggressive disease. Further preliminary studies indicate that AGE treatment of prostate cancer cells can alter how cancer cells metabolize glucose to promote an aggressive phenotype.
Based on associations between active metabolism, lifestyle, and race, increases in AGE accumulation may represent a novel biologic mechanism contributing to cancer disparity and may represent a new paradigm to explaining the increased cancer incidence and mortality figures observed within health disparity populations. Given the potential benefits of lifestyle changes and the potential biological role of AGEs in promoting cancer, opportunities exist for collaborations impacting basic, translational, epidemiological and cancer prevention initiatives.
Citation Format: Danzell Smith, Dion Foster, Laura Spruill, Lourdes Nogueira, Bradley Krisanits, Scott Cramer, Marvella Ford, Stephen Savage, Thomas Keane, Victoria Findlay, David Turner. The molecular implications of lifestyle associated metabolites (AGEs) to prostate cancer disparity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Ninth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2016 Sep 25-28; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017;26(2 Suppl):Abstract nr PR11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danzell Smith
- 1Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC,
| | - Dion Foster
- 1Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC,
| | - Laura Spruill
- 1Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC,
| | | | | | | | - Marvella Ford
- 1Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC,
| | | | - Thomas Keane
- 1Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC,
| | | | - David Turner
- 1Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC,
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Bai L, Yang HH, Hu Y, Shukla A, Ha NH, Doran A, Faraji F, Goldberger N, Lee MP, Keane T, Hunter KW. An Integrated Genome-Wide Systems Genetics Screen for Breast Cancer Metastasis Susceptibility Genes. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005989. [PMID: 27074153 PMCID: PMC4830524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis remains the primary cause of patient morbidity and mortality in solid tumors and is due to the action of a large number of tumor-autonomous and non-autonomous factors. Here we report the results of a genome-wide integrated strategy to identify novel metastasis susceptibility candidate genes and molecular pathways in breast cancer metastasis. This analysis implicates a number of transcriptional regulators and suggests cell-mediated immunity is an important determinant. Moreover, the analysis identified novel or FDA-approved drugs as potentially useful for anti-metastatic therapy. Further explorations implementing this strategy may therefore provide a variety of information for clinical applications in the control and treatment of advanced neoplastic disease. Metastasis, the spread and growth of tumor cells from the original tumor to secondary sites throughout the body, is the primary cause of cancer-related death for most solid tumor types. The process of metastasis is very complex, requiring multiple individual steps and the cooperation of different cell types during the dissemination and proliferation steps. Many genes are involved in this process, but at present few have been identified and characterized. In this study, we have integrated multiple genome-wide analysis methods to try to identify large numbers of candidate metastasis-associated genes and pathways based on a highly metastatic mouse model. Using this strategy, we have identified a number of genes that predict outcome of human breast cancer. These genes implicate specific molecular and cellular pathways in the metastatic process that might be used to intervene in the process. Furthermore, this integrated analysis implicates pre-existing drugs that might be re-purposed to help prevent or reduce metastatic burden in patients. The combined results obtained from this analytical strategy therefore provide an important platform for further genome-wide analysis into the etiology of metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Bai
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Howard H. Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ying Hu
- Center for Bioinformatics and Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anjali Shukla
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ngoc-Han Ha
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anthony Doran
- Computational Genomics Program, Welcome Trust Sanger Centre, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Farhoud Faraji
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Natalie Goldberger
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maxwell P. Lee
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas Keane
- Computational Genomics Program, Welcome Trust Sanger Centre, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kent W. Hunter
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hunter KW, Bai L, Yang HH, Hu Y, Shukla A, Ha NH, Doran A, Faraji F, Goldberger N, Lee MP, Keane T. Abstract IA21: An integrated genome-wide systems genetics screen for breast cancer metastasis susceptibility genes. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.tummet15-ia21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Metastasis remains the primary cause of patient morbidity and mortality in solid tumors and is due to the action of a large number of tumor-autonomous and non-autonomous factors. Hundreds or thousands of genes are thought to be associated with metastasis however how many of these genes contribute etiologically to tumor progression is not currently known. Identification of the genes contributing mechanistically to the metastatic processes will not only deepen our understanding of how metastases occur, but also provide novel targets for either preventing their formation or combatting their life-threatening effects. Previously our laboratory demonstrated that inbred mice of distinct phylogenetic lineages possess distinct propensity for metastatic disease, indicating that inherited susceptibility for metastasis exists and that polymorphisms can both mark and functionally effect genes within the metastatic cascade. Here we report the results of a genome-wide integrated strategy to identify novel metastasis susceptibility candidate genes and molecular pathways which implicates a number of transcriptional regulators and suggests cell-mediated immunity is an important determinant. The strategy described integrates meiotic genetic screens with epigenetic control of gene expression and three dimensional chromatin structure analyses to identify genes, molecular and cellular pathways likely to be important in metastatic disease. Moreover, the analysis identified novel or FDA-approved drugs as potentially useful for anti-metastatic therapy. Further explorations implementing this strategy may therefore provide a variety of information for clinical applications in the control and treatment of advanced neoplastic disease.
Citation Format: Kent W. Hunter, Ling Bai, Howard H. Yang, Ying Hu, Anjali Shukla, Ngoc-Han Ha, Anthony Doran, Farhoud Faraji, Natalie Goldberger, Maxwell P. Lee, Thomas Keane. An integrated genome-wide systems genetics screen for breast cancer metastasis susceptibility genes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Metastasis; 2015 Nov 30-Dec 3; Austin, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(7 Suppl):Abstract nr IA21.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ling Bai
- 1National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD,
| | | | - Ying Hu
- 1National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD,
| | | | | | - Anthony Doran
- 2Welcome Trust Sanger Centre, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Keane
- 2Welcome Trust Sanger Centre, Hinxton, United Kingdom
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Crawford ED, Albala DM, Wysocki JS, Lepor H, Ross AE, Finkelstein SE, Keane T, Freedland S, Harris R, Shore ND, Ryan CJ. Prostate Cancer Academy 2016: Presentation summaries. Rev Urol 2016; 18:205-213. [PMID: 28127262 PMCID: PMC5260950 DOI: 10.3909/riupca2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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Shukla A, Bai L, Yang H, Doran A, Hu Y, Geiger T, Lee M, Keane T, Hunter KW. Abstract 4138: Integrating SNPs, epigenetics and transcriptomics to better understand the inherited predisposition to breast cancer metastasis. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-4138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer and the second leading cause of cancer mortality in women. The vast majority of breast cancer mortality is due to metastatic disease since the primary tumor can be relatively easily surgically resected. More comprehensive understanding of biology of metastasis is therefore clearly warranted to unveil novel metastasis-associated molecules and cellular processes that might be targeted for clinical intervention. Previously we demonstrated that like cancer incidence, metastatic progression has a significant inherited component. Using mouse complex trait mapping strategies we have been isolating metastasis susceptibility genes from backcross analysis. However, studies suggest that many of these QTL peaks are the result of the contribution of multiple genes, suggesting that causal genes are not being identified. To increase our ability to detect causal genes we have implemented a new integrated strategy. Whole genome sequencing of appropriate high or low metastatic mouse strains is performed to identify variants, which are then filtered for those within DNAse hypersensitive sites (DHS), based on the hypothesis that most inherited phenotypes are due to expression differences rather than missense variants. The genes associated with polymorphic DHS are then screened through mouse and human tumor expression databases to identify those genes associated with development of metastatic disease. This strategy was able to identify genes previously associated with metastatic breast cancer in both mouse and humans and new genes have also been validated. The results further suggest that inherited variation in cellular mediated immune response may be an important contributor to metastatic disease.
Citation Format: Anjali Shukla, Ling Bai, Howard Yang, Anthony Doran, Ying Hu, Thomas Geiger, Maxwell Lee, Thomas Keane, Kent W. Hunter. Integrating SNPs, epigenetics and transcriptomics to better understand the inherited predisposition to breast cancer metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4138. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4138
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ling Bai
- 1National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | - Ying Hu
- 1National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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Jeffares DC, Rallis C, Rieux A, Speed D, Převorovský M, Mourier T, Marsellach FX, Iqbal Z, Lau W, Cheng TM, Pracana R, Mülleder M, Lawson JL, Chessel A, Bala S, Hellenthal G, O’Fallon B, Keane T, Simpson JT, Bischof L, Tomiczek B, Bitton DA, Sideri T, Codlin S, Hellberg JE, van Trigt L, Jeffery L, Li JJ, Atkinson S, Thodberg M, Febrer M, McLay K, Drou N, Brown W, Hayles J, Carazo Salas RE, Ralser M, Maniatis N, Balding DJ, Balloux F, Durbin R, Bähler J. The genomic and phenotypic diversity of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Nat Genet 2015; 47:235-41. [PMID: 25665008 PMCID: PMC4645456 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural variation within species reveals aspects of genome evolution and function. The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is an important model for eukaryotic biology, but researchers typically use one standard laboratory strain. To extend the usefulness of this model, we surveyed the genomic and phenotypic variation in 161 natural isolates. We sequenced the genomes of all strains, finding moderate genetic diversity (π = 3 × 10(-3) substitutions/site) and weak global population structure. We estimate that dispersal of S. pombe began during human antiquity (∼340 BCE), and ancestors of these strains reached the Americas at ∼1623 CE. We quantified 74 traits, finding substantial heritable phenotypic diversity. We conducted 223 genome-wide association studies, with 89 traits showing at least one association. The most significant variant for each trait explained 22% of the phenotypic variance on average, with indels having larger effects than SNPs. This analysis represents a rich resource to examine genotype-phenotype relationships in a tractable model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Jeffares
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Charalampos Rallis
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Adrien Rieux
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Doug Speed
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Martin Převorovský
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tobias Mourier
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Zamin Iqbal
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
| | - Winston Lau
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tammy M.K. Cheng
- Cell Cycle Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Rodrigo Pracana
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Mülleder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan L.D. Lawson
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anatole Chessel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sendu Bala
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Garrett Hellenthal
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Leanne Bischof
- CSIRO Mathematics, Informatics and Statistics, North Ryde, Australia; The Genome Analysis Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - Bartlomiej Tomiczek
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Danny A. Bitton
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Theodora Sideri
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sandra Codlin
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Laurent van Trigt
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Linda Jeffery
- Cell Cycle Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Juan-Juan Li
- Cell Cycle Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Sophie Atkinson
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Malte Thodberg
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Melanie Febrer
- CSIRO Mathematics, Informatics and Statistics, North Ryde, Australia; The Genome Analysis Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - Kirsten McLay
- CSIRO Mathematics, Informatics and Statistics, North Ryde, Australia; The Genome Analysis Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - Nizar Drou
- CSIRO Mathematics, Informatics and Statistics, North Ryde, Australia; The Genome Analysis Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - William Brown
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jacqueline Hayles
- Cell Cycle Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Rafael E. Carazo Salas
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Markus Ralser
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Division of Physiology and Metabolism, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK
| | - Nikolas Maniatis
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - David J. Balding
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Francois Balloux
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jürg Bähler
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
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Diaz G, Hayhoe M, Keane T. Computational Models of Extra-Retinal Contributions to Predictive Saccades. J Vis 2014. [DOI: 10.1167/14.10.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Evans C, Higano CS, Keane T, Andriole G, Saad F, Iversen P, Miller K, Kim CS, Kimura G, Armstrong A, Sternberg C, Loriot Y, de Bono J, Mansbach H, Noonberg S, Bhattacharya S, Perabo F, Beer T, Tombal B. PI-05 LATE-BREAKING ABSTRACT: THE PREVAIL STUDY: PRIMARY AND NON-VISCERAL / VISCERAL DISEASE SUBGROUP RESULTS FOR ENZALUTAMIDE-TREATED MEN WITH METASTATIC PROSTATE CANCER (MPC) THAT HAD PROGRESSED ON ADT. J Urol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.02.2577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Harris D, Barts A, Connors J, Dahl M, Elliott T, Kong J, Keane T, Thompson D, Stafford S, Ur E, Sirrs S. Glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia is prevalent and unpredictable for patients undergoing cancer therapy: an observational cohort study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:e532-8. [PMID: 24311953 DOI: 10.3747/co.20.1499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with cancer are often treated with glucocorticoids (gcs) as part of therapy, which may cause hyperglycemia. We sought to define the prevalence of, and risk factors for, hyperglycemia in this setting. METHODS Adult patients taking gc as part of therapy protocols for primary brain tumour or metastasis, for lymphoma, or for bone marrow transplant (bmt) were screened with random glucometer measurements taken at least 3 hours after the last dose gcs. RESULTS We screened 90 patients [44.4% women, 55.6% men; mean age: 59.6 years (range: 25-82 years); mean body mass index (bmi): 26.4 kg/m(2) (range: 15.8-45.3 kg/m(2))] receiving gc as part of cancer treatment. Mean total daily gc dose in the group was 238.5 mg (range: 30-1067 mg) hydrocortisone equivalents. Hyperglycemia (glucose ≥ 8.0 mmol/L) was found in 58.9% (53 of 90), and diabetes mellitus (dm)-range hyperglycemia (glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L) in 18.9% (17 of 90). The mean time from gc ingestion to glucometer testing was 5.5 hours (range: 3-20 hours). Presence of hyperglycemia did not correlate with traditional dm risk factors such as age, sex, bmi, and personal or family history of dm. A longer interval from gc dose to testing (p < 0.05), a higher gc dose (p = 0.04), and a shorter interval between the preceding meal and testing (p = 0.02) were risk factors for hyperglycemia in some patient groups. CONCLUSIONS Glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia is common in patients undergoing cancer treatment and cannot be predicted by traditional risk factors for dm. We recommend that all cancer patients receiving gc be screened for hyperglycemia at least 4-6 hours after gc administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Harris
- Division of Endocrinology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
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O'Sullivan B, Huang S, Xu W, Shen X, Waldron J, Keane T, Gullane P, Liu F, Cummings B. The Changing Profile of Outcome in Long-term Follow-up of a Randomized Trial for Locally Advanced Head-and-Neck Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.06.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Young M, Levey R, Rosoff J, Smith J, Ghareeb G, Lane B, Hardie A, Keane T, Savage S. 2204 IS MRI WITH DIFFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING EFFECTIVE IN DETECTING PROSTATE CANCER IN MEN WITH PREVIOUS NEGATIVE BIOPSIES? J Urol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2013.02.2113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Perkins TT, Davies MR, Klemm EJ, Rowley G, Wileman T, James K, Keane T, Maskell D, Hinton JCD, Dougan G, Kingsley RA. ChIP-seq and transcriptome analysis of the OmpR regulon of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Typhimurium reveals accessory genes implicated in host colonization. Mol Microbiol 2012. [PMID: 23190111 PMCID: PMC3586657 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OmpR is a multifunctional DNA binding regulator with orthologues in many enteric bacteria that exhibits classical regulator activity as well as nucleoid-associated protein-like characteristics. In the enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica, using chromatin immunoprecipitation of OmpR:FLAG and nucleotide sequencing, 43 putative OmpR binding sites were identified in S. enterica serovar Typhi, 22 of which were associated with OmpR-regulated genes. Mutation of a sequence motif (TGTWACAW) that was associated with the putative OmpR binding sites abrogated binding of OmpR:6×His to the tviA upstream region. A core set of 31 orthologous genes were found to exhibit OmpR-dependent expression in both S. Typhi and S. Typhimurium. S. Typhimurium-encoded orthologues of two divergently transcribed OmpR-regulated operons (SL1068–71 and SL1066–67) had a putative OmpR binding site in the inter-operon region in S. Typhi, and were characterized using in vitro and in vivo assays. These operons are widely distributed within S. enterica but absent from the closely related Escherichia coli. SL1066 and SL1067 were required for growth on N-acetylmuramic acid as a sole carbon source. SL1068–71 exhibited sequence similarity to sialic acid uptake systems and contributed to colonization of the ileum and caecum in the streptomycin-pretreated mouse model of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy T Perkins
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
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Prasad SM, Keane T, Bennett CL. Editorial Comment. Urology 2012; 80:563. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2012.02.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Fowler E, Woolworth J, Shao Y, Sobolesky P, Keane T, Wolff D, Watson D, Moussa O. Abstract 2111: Characterization of current and novel biomarkers of bladder cancer. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-2111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers in industrialized countries. It is reported that 3.51 billion dollars are spent each year on bladder cancer treatment making it the most expensive cancer to treat on a per patient basis. Approximately 80% of bladder cancer patients have at least one reported recurrence thereby prompting meticulous lifetime screening and surveillance by health care professionals. Therefore, careful evaluation of our institution's current fluorescent in situ hybridization surveillance tools in addition to investigation of novel biomarkers is imperative. Our investigation of novel biomarkers focused on apoptosis regulating genes which are often unbalanced in cancerous tissues. Our institution recently adopted BioView, an automated FISH capture/analysis system, to replace the manual protocol. Validation and assessment of the automated system for fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) interpretation to detect urothelial cancer was determined using patient cases to evaluate concordance, overall positivity, interpretative time spent, sensitivity, and specificity. To evaluate novel biomarkers, mRNA from patient samples was reversed transcribed to cDNA then utilized for biomarker quantification by RT-PCR. In addition, immunohistochemistry was performed on the most promising gene to further confirm its clinical usefulness. The automated BioView capture/ detection system does prove to be more time efficient and accurate when addressing all parameters described. In evaluation of novel biomarkers, API5, BIRC3, BIRC4, SURVIVIN, and BFAR provided the most promising data with sensitivity and specificity percentages all ranging from 83% to 97%. From this study of bladder cancer markers, we focused on API5 and its role in bladder cancer initiation and progression. API5 is strongly expressed early in tumorigenesis. Our data confirm that the automated FISH capture/detection system improves laboratory efficiency and accuracy. Furthermore, our data indicate that apoptotic regulators are promising biomarkers for clinical use. In addition, API5 is expressed early in tumorigenesis, which makes it an ideal early diagnostic marker. We have noticed increase in the level of API5 protein associated with tumor grade and stage which also suggest that API5 might be a potential prognostic marker for bladder cancer. In conclusion, detection of apoptosis regulating genes is a promising diagnostic and prognostic approach to aid our screening and surveillance tools.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2111. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2111
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuan Shao
- 1Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | | | - Thomas Keane
- 1Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Daynna Wolff
- 1Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Dennis Watson
- 1Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Omar Moussa
- 1Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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Deem S, Keane T, Bhavsar R, El-Zawahary A, Savage S. Contemporary diagnosis and management of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the penis. BJU Int 2011; 108:1378-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2011.10647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Bagley BN, Maklakova V, Kendziorski C, Adams DJ, Collier LS, Marshall JG, Lester RA, Cancel MM, Bendzick LG, Keane T, Kogan SC, Sullivan R, Cormier R. Abstract A37: A dominantly acting allele of murine Mcm4 causes chromosome instability and promotes leukemiogenesis. Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.fbcr11-a37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mouse models have been invaluable tools for studying human cancer. Given the contribution of mouse models to understanding tumorigenesis, when a spontaneous mouse mutant that developed heritable T cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (T-ALL) arose in our colony, we pursued studies to both characterize the disease in these mice and to identify the mutant gene responsible for the phenotype. Because the mutation was spontaneous and the phenotype was dominant, we named the mutant Spontaneous dominant leukemia (Sdl). Sdl heterozygous mice develop disease with short latency and high penetrance; while mice homozygous for the mutation die early during embryonic development. We have discovered a spontaneously acquired mutation in Mcm4 in Sdl mice by whole exome sequencing. MCM4 is part of the heterohexameric complex of MCM2–7 that is important for licensing of DNA origins prior to S phase and also serves as the core of the replicative helicase that unwinds DNA at the replication fork. Previous studies in murine models have discovered that reduced levels of MCM complexes resulting from hypomorphic Mcm alleles promote tumor formation by causing genomic instability. However, Sdl mice possess normal levels of MCMs and there is no evidence for loss-of-heterozygosity at the Mcm4 locus in Sdl leukemias; indicating that the Sdl Mcm4 allele is not a hypomorphic or loss-of-function allele. Sdl mice harbor increased numbers of spontaneous micronuclei and Sdl T-ALLs are characterized by intragenic deletions at the Notch1 locus. Therefore, our studies indicate that dominantly acting alleles of MCMs can be compatible with viability but have dramatic oncogenic consequences caused by chromosome instability.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; 2011 Sep 14-18; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(18 Suppl):Abstract nr A37.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David J. Adams
- 2Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Keane
- 2Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
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Rieter W, Deem S, Gordon L, Keane T. 2307 CORRELATION OF INDIUM-111 CAPROMAB PENDETIDE SPECT/CT TO SOFT TISSUE HISTOPATHOLOGY IN PROSTATE CANCER. J Urol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.02.2553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Petty NK, Feltwell T, Pickard D, Clare S, Toribio AL, Fookes M, Roberts K, Monson R, Nair S, Kingsley RA, Bulgin R, Wiles S, Goulding D, Keane T, Corton C, Lennard N, Harris D, Willey D, Rance R, Yu L, Choudhary JS, Churcher C, Quail MA, Parkhill J, Frankel G, Dougan G, Salmond GPC, Thomson NR. Citrobacter rodentium is an unstable pathogen showing evidence of significant genomic flux. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002018. [PMID: 21490962 PMCID: PMC3072379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is a natural mouse pathogen that causes attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions. It shares a common virulence strategy with the clinically significant human A/E pathogens enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and is widely used to model this route of pathogenesis. We previously reported the complete genome sequence of C. rodentium ICC168, where we found that the genome displayed many characteristics of a newly evolved pathogen. In this study, through PFGE, sequencing of isolates showing variation, whole genome transcriptome analysis and examination of the mobile genetic elements, we found that, consistent with our previous hypothesis, the genome of C. rodentium is unstable as a result of repeat-mediated, large-scale genome recombination and because of active transposition of mobile genetic elements such as the prophages. We sequenced an additional C. rodentium strain, EX-33, to reveal that the reference strain ICC168 is representative of the species and that most of the inactivating mutations were common to both isolates and likely to have occurred early on in the evolution of this pathogen. We draw parallels with the evolution of other bacterial pathogens and conclude that C. rodentium is a recently evolved pathogen that may have emerged alongside the development of inbred mice as a model for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola K. Petty
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of
Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Theresa Feltwell
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Pickard
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ana L. Toribio
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Fookes
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, University of
Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Monson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of
Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Satheesh Nair
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Kingsley
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Bulgin
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and
Infection, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London,
London, United Kingdom
| | - Siouxsie Wiles
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and
Infection, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London,
London, United Kingdom
| | - David Goulding
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Keane
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Corton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Lennard
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Harris
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Willey
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Rance
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lu Yu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jyoti S. Choudhary
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Churcher
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. Quail
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gad Frankel
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and
Infection, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London,
London, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nicholas R. Thomson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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McIntyre M, Weiss A, Wahlquist A, Keane T, Clarke H, Savage S. Penile cancer: an analysis of socioeconomic factors at a southeastern tertiary referral center. Can J Urol 2011; 18:5524-5528. [PMID: 21333043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Penile cancer is rare, often presenting in later stages. We sought to determine if factors potentially related to access to care were associated with worse outcomes. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of all patients with the diagnosis of penile cancer over a 14 year period at the only tertiary referral center in the state. We collected data on multiple factors potentially associated with access to care. RESULTS Fifty-five patients with penile cancer were identified. The average age was 57 years. Of the 55 patients, 23 patients (42%) had private insurance carriers, 16 (29%) had Medicare/Medicaid, 13 (24%) had no insurance, one had VA benefits, and no data was available on two patients. Typically, 4% of patients seen at our institution are uninsured. Pathologic tumor stage distribution was Tis (n = 9), Ta (1), T1 (15), T2 (16), and T3 (4). Nodal disease was present in 11, four of whom (38%) were uninsured, and metastatic disease was present in three. Of the 55 patients, eight admitted to greater than two alcoholic drinks per day three, of whom 38% presented with advanced disease. School district graduation rate was also calculated and similar among all groups. Univariate and multivariate modeling revealed no factors associated with delay to care. CONCLUSIONS Patients presenting to a referral center in the southeastern United States with penile cancer more commonly lack health insurance. Additionally, patients who are heavy alcohol users or are uninsured present with advanced disease. These factors contribute to poorer prognosis in these patients.
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Van Poppel H, Da Pozzo L, Albrecht W, Matveev V, Bono A, Borkowski A, Colombel M, Klotz L, Skinner E, Keane T, Marreaud S, Collette S, Sylvester R. A prospective, randomised EORTC intergroup phase 3 study comparing the oncologic outcome of elective nephron-sparing surgery and radical nephrectomy for low-stage renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 2010; 59:543-52. [PMID: 21186077 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 750] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) can safely be performed with slightly higher complication rates than radical nephrectomy (RN), but proof of oncologic effectiveness is lacking. OBJECTIVE To compare overall survival (OS) and time to progression. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS From March 1992 to January 2003, when the study was prematurely closed because of poor accrual, 541 patients with small (≤5 cm), solitary, T1-T2 N0 M0 (Union Internationale Contre le Cancer [UICC] 1978) tumours suspicious for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and a normal contralateral kidney were randomised to NSS or RN in European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genito-Urinary Group (EORTC-GU) noninferiority phase 3 trial 30904. INTERVENTION Patients were randomised to NSS (n=268) or RN (n=273) together with limited lymph node dissection (LND). MEASUREMENTS Time to event end points was compared with log-rank test results. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Median follow-up was 9.3 yr. The intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis showed 10-yr OS rates of 81.1% for RN and 75.7% for NSS. With a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.50 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-2.16), the test for noninferiority is not significant (p=0.77), and test for superiority is significant (p=0.03). In RCC patients and clinically and pathologically eligible patients, the difference is less pronounced (HR=1.43 and HR=1.34, respectively), and the superiority test is no longer significant (p=0.07 and p=0.17, respectively). Only 12 of 117 deaths were the result of renal cancer (four RN and eight NSS). Twenty-one patients progressed (9 after RN and 12 after NSS). Quality of life and renal function outcomes have not been addressed. CONCLUSIONS Both methods provide excellent oncologic results. In the ITT population, NSS seems to be significantly less effective than RN in terms of OS. However, in the targeted population of RCC patients, the trend in favour of RN is no longer significant. The small number of progressions and deaths from renal cancer cannot explain any possible OS differences between treatment types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Van Poppel
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Bhavsar R, El-Zawahry A, Caulder S, Byers J, Tissot J, Springer J, Keane T, Clarke H, Savage S. 2095 SIX WEEKS OF FLUOROQUINOLONE ANTIBIOTIC FOR PATIENTS WITH ELEVATED PSA IS NOT CLINICALLY BENEFICIAL: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL. J Urol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2010.02.2169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Croucher NJ, Fookes MC, Perkins TT, Turner DJ, Marguerat SB, Keane T, Quail MA, He M, Assefa S, Bähler J, Kingsley RA, Parkhill J, Bentley SD, Dougan G, Thomson NR. A simple method for directional transcriptome sequencing using Illumina technology. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 37:e148. [PMID: 19815668 PMCID: PMC2794173 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing of cDNA has been used to study eukaryotic transcription on a genome-wide scale to single base pair resolution. In order to compensate for the high ribonuclease activity in bacterial cells, we have devised an equivalent technique optimized for studying complete prokaryotic transcriptomes that minimizes the manipulation of the RNA sample. This new approach uses Illumina technology to sequence single-stranded (ss) cDNA, generating information on both the direction and level of transcription throughout the genome. The protocol, and associated data analysis programs, are freely available from http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Projects/Pathogens/Transcriptome/. We have successfully applied this method to the bacterial pathogens Salmonella bongori and Streptococcus pneumoniae and the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. This method enables experimental validation of genetic features predicted in silico and allows the easy identification of novel transcripts throughout the genome. We also show that there is a high correlation between the level of gene expression calculated from ss-cDNA and double-stranded-cDNA sequencing, indicting that ss-cDNA sequencing is both robust and appropriate for use in quantitative studies of transcription. Hence, this simple method should prove a useful tool in aiding genome annotation and gene expression studies in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Croucher
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
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Sudbery I, Stalker J, Simpson JT, Keane T, Rust AG, Hurles ME, Walter K, Lynch D, Teboul L, Brown SD, Li H, Ning Z, Nadeau JH, Croniger CM, Durbin R, Adams DJ. Deep short-read sequencing of chromosome 17 from the mouse strains A/J and CAST/Ei identifies significant germline variation and candidate genes that regulate liver triglyceride levels. Genome Biol 2009; 10:R112. [PMID: 19825173 PMCID: PMC2784327 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2009-10-10-r112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome sequences are essential tools for comparative and mutational analyses. Here we present the short read sequence of mouse chromosome 17 from the Mus musculus domesticus derived strain A/J, and the Mus musculus castaneus derived strain CAST/Ei. We describe approaches for the accurate identification of nucleotide and structural variation in the genomes of vertebrate experimental organisms, and show how these techniques can be applied to help prioritize candidate genes within quantitative trait loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Sudbery
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Jim Stalker
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Jared T Simpson
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Thomas Keane
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Alistair G Rust
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Matthew E Hurles
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Klaudia Walter
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Dee Lynch
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC-Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 ORD, UK
| | - Lydia Teboul
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC-Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 ORD, UK
| | - Steve D Brown
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC-Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 ORD, UK
| | - Heng Li
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Zemin Ning
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Joseph H Nadeau
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106-4955. USA
| | - Colleen M Croniger
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106-4955. USA
| | - Richard Durbin
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - David J Adams
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1HH, UK
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Abstract
Genome sequencing projects have been initiated for a wide range of eukaryotes. A few projects have reached completion, but most exist as draft assemblies. As one of the main reasons to sequence a genome is to obtain its catalog of genes, an important question is how complete or completable the catalog is in unfinished genomes. To answer this question, we have identified a set of core eukaryotic genes (CEGs), that are extremely highly conserved and which we believe are present in low copy numbers in higher eukaryotes. From an analysis of a phylogenetically diverse set of eukaryotic genome assemblies, we found that the proportion of CEGs mapped in draft genomes provides a useful metric for describing the gene space, and complements the commonly used N50 length and x-fold coverage values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genis Parra
- UC Davis Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Pain A, Böhme U, Berry AE, Mungall K, Finn RD, Jackson AP, Mourier T, Mistry J, Pasini EM, Aslett MA, Balasubrammaniam S, Borgwardt K, Brooks K, Carret C, Carver TJ, Cherevach I, Chillingworth T, Clark TG, Galinski MR, Hall N, Harper D, Harris D, Hauser H, Ivens A, Janssen CS, Keane T, Larke N, Lapp S, Marti M, Moule S, Meyer IM, Ormond D, Peters N, Sanders M, Sanders S, Sargeant TJ, Simmonds M, Smith F, Squares R, Thurston S, Tivey AR, Walker D, White B, Zuiderwijk E, Churcher C, Quail MA, Cowman AF, Turner CMR, Rajandream MA, Kocken CHM, Thomas AW, Newbold CI, Barrell BG, Berriman M. The genome of the simian and human malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi. Nature 2008; 455:799-803. [PMID: 18843368 PMCID: PMC2656934 DOI: 10.1038/nature07306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium knowlesi is an intracellular malaria parasite whose natural vertebrate host is Macaca fascicularis (the 'kra' monkey); however, it is now increasingly recognized as a significant cause of human malaria, particularly in southeast Asia. Plasmodium knowlesi was the first malaria parasite species in which antigenic variation was demonstrated, and it has a close phylogenetic relationship to Plasmodium vivax, the second most important species of human malaria parasite (reviewed in ref. 4). Despite their relatedness, there are important phenotypic differences between them, such as host blood cell preference, absence of a dormant liver stage or 'hypnozoite' in P. knowlesi, and length of the asexual cycle (reviewed in ref. 4). Here we present an analysis of the P. knowlesi (H strain, Pk1(A+) clone) nuclear genome sequence. This is the first monkey malaria parasite genome to be described, and it provides an opportunity for comparison with the recently completed P. vivax genome and other sequenced Plasmodium genomes. In contrast to other Plasmodium genomes, putative variant antigen families are dispersed throughout the genome and are associated with intrachromosomal telomere repeats. One of these families, the KIRs, contains sequences that collectively match over one-half of the host CD99 extracellular domain, which may represent an unusual form of molecular mimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pain
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK.
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Cummings B, Keane T, Pintilie M, Warde P, Waldron J, Payne D, Liu FF, Bissett R, McLean M, Gullane P, O'Sullivan B. Five year results of a randomized trial comparing hyperfractionated to conventional radiotherapy over four weeks in locally advanced head and neck cancer. Radiother Oncol 2008; 85:7-16. [PMID: 17920715 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2007.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Fractionation strategies delivered over 4 weeks are of clinical and radiobiological interest because treatment is completed before radiotherapy (RT) induced clonogen proliferation commences in earnest approximately 3 to 4 weeks into a course of RT. We wished to test the clinical hypothesis that an increased total dose delivered over 4 weeks with smaller than standard doses per fraction in locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) may result in relative protection of late responding tissues and an increased tumor control compared to a conventional daily course in the same overall time. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between 1988 and 1995 a randomized controlled trial employing RT alone was undertaken at the Princess Margaret Hospital that included 331 eligible patients with T3 or T4 N0 or any N-positive oropharynx, hypopharynx, or larynx primary SCC. RT was randomly assigned to one of two 4 week schedules, either 51 Gy in 20 equal daily fractions, termed conventional fractionation (CF), or 58 Gy in 40 equal fractions given twice per day as a hyperfractionated (HF) experimental arm. RESULTS The 5-year local relapse rate was reduced in the HF (41%) compared to the CF arm (49%). This difference was marginally not significant (p=0.082) when the effect was not adjusted. When the effect of the treatment was adjusted by Cox model for clinical factors that included N-category, ECOG performance status, site of disease, T-category, age, hemoglobin, and gender the HF achieved a significant effect (p=0.02). Survival (40% vs. 30%) was also improved with HF compared to CF arm. This difference was only marginally not significant (p=0.069) but again achieved statistical significance when the model was adjusted for clinical factors (p=0.01). Similar results were observed for disease free survival. Although reversible acute toxicity was increased with HF, the overall 5-year rate of grade 3 and 4 late toxicity for the CF was 10.5% compared to 7.7% in the higher dose HF arm. CONCLUSIONS HF delivered in 4 weeks permits enhanced RT doses achieving improved tumor control, without increased late toxicity, compared to daily fractionated radiotherapy in the same overall time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Cummings
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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