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Parkinson TM. Therapeutic electricity. Rehab Manag 2006; 19:26, 28-9. [PMID: 17131804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
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Abstract
Local anesthesia by injection in pediatric patients undergoing dermatologic procedures is not well received because of the pain of injection and the fear of needles. Lidocaine iontophoresis is a method of topical anesthesia where lidocaine is driven into the skin under the influence of electric current. We performed a prospective double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of iontophoresis of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine. Sixty children requiring dermatologic procedures were enrolled (50 shave biopsy, 7 curettage, 2 injection, 1 punch biopsy). Twenty-nine of 31 patients in the lidocaine group versus 2 of 29 placebo patients required no supplemental anesthesia (p < 0.001). The pain reported by the patients on the Oucher pain scale subsequent to the procedure was significantly lower in the lidocaine group (p < 0.001). Investigators and parents also rated pain lower in the lidocaine group (p < 0.001). Blanching and/or erythema occurred in 58 of 60 patients, but resolved within 1 hour in all patients. There were no other adverse events. Lidocaine iontophoresis is a safe and effective method of topical anesthesia prior to dermatologic procedures in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Zempsky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Hartford, CT, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Lidocaine iontophoresis is a method of topical anesthesia in which lidocaine is driven into the skin under the influence of electric current. OBJECTIVE To compare lidocaine iontophoresis to placebo for topical anesthesia before shave biopsy in adult patients. METHODS This was a single-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of iontophoresis of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine in patients undergoing shave biopsy. Patients were evaluated for sensation to pinprick after iontophoresis. After completion of the procedure, those patients who did not receive supplemental lidocaine rated the pain associated with the procedure using a 10-cm visual analog scale. The investigator also evaluated the patient's pain after biopsy. Treatment sites were examined for evidence of adverse events such as erythema, urticaria, or burns. RESULTS Forty-one patients undergoing shave biopsy for evaluation of skin lesions were enrolled. Nineteen of 21 patients in the lidocaine group versus 2 of 20 placebo patients required no supplemental anesthesia (P<0.001). The pain reported by the patient on the visual analog scale subsequent to the procedure was significantly lower in the lidocaine group (P<0.001). In concordance with the results reported by the patients, investigators rated pain lower in the lidocaine group (P<0.001). Blanching and/or erythema occurring at the iontophoresis-treated site in 37 of 41 patients resolved within 1 hour. There were no other treatment-related events. CONCLUSIONS Lidocaine iontophoresis is a safe and effective method of administering topical anesthesia before shave biopsy in adult patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Zempsky
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Pain Relief Program, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford 06106, USA.
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Abstract
To evaluate ocular tolerance, healthy volunteers were iontophoresed transclerally using novel OcuPhor trade mark hydrogel drug delivery applicators filled with balanced salt solution. In this three-period crossover study in 24 male and female subjects, 16 subjects received 0 mA and two of the following DC currents: 0.1, 0.5., 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, or 4.0 mA for 20 min; 6 subjects received 3 mA for 20 min and 1.5 mA for 40 min (both equivalent to 60 mAmin total charge). Safety and tolerance were determined by subjective VAS and objective ophthalmic assessments. Subjects were evaluated before and up to 22 hr after dosing. The applicators were well-tolerated and no clinically significant changes in symptomology or in ophthalmic assessments were seen following exposure to 0-3.0 mA for 20 min or 1.5 mA for 40 min. At 4.0 mA 2 of 4 subjects reported a burning sensation under the applicator during dosing which resolved by 22 hr post-dose; superficial changes in fluorescein staining were observed at 1 hr, but not at 22 hr. The OcuPhor trade mark system has promise for noninvasive drug delivery to the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Parkinson
- Research and Development, Iomed, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah 84120-9941, USA.
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Abstract
The objectives of these studies were to determine the amount and distribution of the aminoglycoside antibiotic amikacin delivered to rabbit eyes following transscleral iontophoresis and to determine the inter-study reproducibility of delivery over three identical studies. New Zealand White rabbits (N = 6 per dose group) were treated with a 200-mg/mL amikacin solution at 0, 2, 3 or 4 mA of (+) DC current for 20 minutes. Amikacin concentrations in eye tissues were highest with the 4-mA treatment. Concentrations for all three studies at this current were approximately 5.4, 40, 41, 343, and 92 mcg/g in the vitreous humor, anterior segment, non-treated hemisphere of the sclera, treated hemisphere of the sclera, and retina/choroid, respectively. These values were approximately 27, 50, 40, 10, and 13 fold greater than in the 0-mA control group and are well above the in vitro minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for this drug. Inter-study reproducibility (measured as %CV) depended on the tissue type and treatment group and ranged from 8% for the retina/choroid to 51% for the anterior segment in the 4-mA group. Pretreatment with topical proparacaine hydrochloride local anesthetic did not affect amikacin delivery and total drug delivered was not affected by delivery time for the same total charge administered. Therapeutically relevant amounts of amikacin were delivered into eye tissues in a reproducible and controllable manner.
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Abstract
Sulfasalazine (SASP) consists of salicylic acid azo linked at the 5-position to a pyridine-containing sulfonamide. This drug, currently used in inflammatory bowel disease treatment, is reductively cleaved by anaerobic bacteria in the lower bowel to 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and sulfapyridine (SP). Recent reports indicate that 5-ASA is the active therapeutic moiety and that SP is responsible for a variety of adverse clinical side effects. Water-soluble polymer 7, which contains salicylate residues azo linked at the 5-position to an inert polymer backbone, has been synthesized for the site-specific reductive release of 5-ASA in the lower bowel. Preparations of 7 deliver (chemical reduction) greater than 1.96 mmol of 5-ASA/g of polymer. In vitro studies with the polymer in anaerobic rat cecal bacteria demonstrated a reduction rate of approximately 1 mu equiv of azo bond h-1 (mL of cecal content)-1. A pharmacokinetic comparison of polymer and SASP showed similar deliveries of 5-ASA and metabolites to the lower bowel, blood, and urine of orally dosed rats. Polymer 7 proved more active than SASP or 5-ASA in the guinea pig ulcerative colitis model. Potential therapeutic advantages of 7 include nonabsorption/nonmetabolism in the small intestine, direct 5-ASA release at the disease site, and nonabsorption/nonmetabolism of the reduction-released carrier polymer.
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Abstract
Evaluation of the chemical and biological data on synthetic and natural food colorants indicates that synthetic colorants in general have been studied more thoroughly than their natural counterparts. The increasing use of natural colorants in processed foods at levels higher than those found in natural sources has raised concern about deficiencies in knowledge, in some cases, of their exact chemical composition, stability, metabolic fate, and toxic potential. Additional studies, particularly of comparative metabolic fate in experimental animals and in man and of genotoxic potential, are required. Until studies with natural colorants comparable to those carried out with synthetic colorants have been completed and evaluated, greater safety of natural colorants cannot be assumed.
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Halladay SC, Ryerson BA, Smith CR, Brown JP, Parkinson TM. Comparison of effects of dietary administration of butylated hydroxytoluene or a polymeric antioxidant on the hepatic and intestinal cytochrome P-450 mixed-function-oxygenase system of rats. Food Cosmet Toxicol 1980; 18:569-74. [PMID: 7203304 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-6264(80)80002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Brown JP, Dorsky A, Enderlin FE, Hale RL, Wright VA, Parkinson TM. Synthesis of 14C-labelled FD & C Blue No. 1 (Brilliant Blue FCF) and its intestinal absorption and metabolic fate in rats. Food Cosmet Toxicol 1980; 18:1-5. [PMID: 7372204 DOI: 10.1016/0015-6264(80)90002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Walson PD, Carter DE, Ryerson BA, Halladay SC, Parkinson TM. Intestinal absorption of two potential polymeric food additives in man. Food Cosmet Toxicol 1979; 17:201-3. [PMID: 499946 DOI: 10.1016/0015-6264(79)90282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Parkinson TM, Honohan T, Enderlin FE, Halladay SC, Hale RL, de Keczer, Dubin PL, Ryerson BA, Read AR. Intestinal absorption, distribution and excretion of an orally administered polymeric antioxidant in rats and mice. Food Cosmet Toxicol 1978; 16:321-30. [PMID: 711052 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-6264(78)80002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Halladay SC, Enderlin FE, Parkinson TM, Honohan T. The bile duct ligated animal: a model for determining total intestinal absorption. Drug Chem Toxicol 1978; 1:203-18. [PMID: 755668 DOI: 10.3109/01480547809034436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Honohan T, Enderlin FE, Ryerson BA, Parkinson TM. Intestinal absorption of polymeric derivatives of the food dyes sunset yellow and tartrazine in rats. Xenobiotica 1977; 7:765-74. [PMID: 602250 DOI: 10.3109/00498257709038706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
1. Absorption and metabolism of 14C-labelled sunset yellow (FD & C Yellow No. 6), tartrazine (FD & C Yellow No. 5) and high molecular weight polymeric derivatives of the two azo dyes were compared in rats. 2. A trace to 1.5 percent of unchanged monomeric dyes was excreted in urine and bile during the first 24 h after dosing. No unchanged dye was absorbed after administration of the polymeric derivatives. 3. In animals dosed with sunset yellow and its polymer derivative, absorption of the azo-bound cleavage product 1-amino-2-naphthol-6-sulphonic acid was 8.5 and 6.9 percent, respectively, while absorption of the cleavage product sulphanilic acid was 37.4 and 0 percent, respectively. 4. In animals dosed with tartrazine and its polymer derivative, absorption of the cleavage product aminopyrazolone and its metabolites was 4.0 and 4.6 percent, respectively. 5. Azo bond cleavage did not appear to be decreased in the polymer derivatives. However, the sulphanilic acid moiety of both dyes remained attached to the polymer backbone, resulting in a 95 percent decrease in sulphanilic acid absorption with polymeric tartrazine. 6. Decreased absorption of unchanged dyes and certain metabolites with the stable, non-absorbed polymeric derivatives may be significant in developing non-sensitizing substitutes for these two commonly used food colourants.
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Honohan T, Parkinson TM. Enhancement of cholesterol turnover in rats by a catatoxic steroid (PCN) and a bile acid sequestrant (colestipol-HCl). Biochem Pharmacol 1975; 24:899-903. [PMID: 1125090 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(75)90161-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Parkinson TM, Drake NA. Protection against gastrointestinal effects of whole-body x-irradiation by a bile acid sequestrant in rats. Experientia 1972; 28:553-4. [PMID: 5040806 DOI: 10.1007/bf01931872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Parkinson TM, Gundersen K, Nelson NA. Effects of colestipol (U-26,597A), a new bile acid sequestrant, on serum lipids in experimental animals and man. Atherosclerosis 1970; 11:531-7. [PMID: 5433090 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9150(70)90030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Parkinson TM, Evans JS. Development of complement fixing antibodies to parenterally administered DEAE sephadex in rabbits. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1968; 128:867-9. [PMID: 5668145 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-128-33144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Parkinson TM. Hypolipidemic effects of orally administered dextran and cellulose anion exchangers in cockerels and dogs. J Lipid Res 1967; 8:24-9. [PMID: 14564701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Various cellulose and dextran anion exchangers bind bile salts in vitro under conditions of pH and ionic strength resembling those in the lumen of the small intestine. Of these substances, diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose, guanidoethyl cellulose, and DEAE Sephadex reduced hypercholesterolemia when added to the diet of cholesterol-fed cockerels. In addition, DEAE Sephadex reduced serum sterols in normocholesterolemic cockerels and dogs, lowered serum phospholipids and triglycerides in cholesterol-fed hypercholesterolemic cockerels and in normocholesterolemic dogs, and increased fecal excretion of bile acids in hypercholesterolemic cockerels. The data indicate that these insoluble cationic polymers exert their hypocholesterolemic effects by interrupting the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Parkinson
- Metabolic Diseases Research Laboratories, The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
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