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Trimigno A, Khakimov B, Rasmussen MA, Dragsted LO, Larsen TM, Astrup A, Engelsen SB. Human blood plasma biomarkers of diet and weight loss among centrally obese subjects in a New Nordic Diet intervention. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1198531. [PMID: 37396134 PMCID: PMC10308042 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1198531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Scope The New Nordic Diet (NND) has been shown to promote weight loss and lower blood pressure amongst obese people. This study investigates blood plasma metabolite and lipoprotein biomarkers differentiating subjects who followed Average Danish Diet (ADD) or NND. The study also evaluates how the individual response to the diet is reflected in the metabolic differences between NND subjects who lost or maintained their pre-intervention weight. Methods Centrally obese Danes (BMI >25) followed NND (90 subjects) or ADD (56 subjects) for 6 months. Fasting blood plasma samples, collected at three time-points during the intervention, were screened for metabolites and lipoproteins (LPs) using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In total, 154 metabolites and 65 lipoproteins were analysed. Results The NND showed a relatively small but significant effect on the plasma metabolome and lipoprotein profiles, with explained variations ranging from 0.6% for lipoproteins to 4.8% for metabolites. A total of 38 metabolites and 11 lipoproteins were found to be affected by the NND. The primary biomarkers differentiating the two diets were found to be HDL-1 cholesterol, apolipoprotein A1, phospholipids, and ketone bodies (3-hydroxybutyric acid, acetone, and acetoacetic acid). The increased levels of ketone bodies detected in the NND group inversely associated with the decrease in diastolic blood pressure of the NND subjects. The study also showed that body weight loss among the NND subjects was weakly associated with plasma levels of citrate. Conclusion The main plasma metabolites associated with NND were acetate, methanol and 3-hydroxybutyrate. The metabolic changes associated with the NND-driven weight loss are mostly pronounced in energy and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Trimigno
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Morten Arendt Rasmussen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- COPSAC (Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Ove Dragsted
- Department of Nutrition Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Meinert Larsen
- Department of Nutrition Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Balling Engelsen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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2
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Alzahrani AH, Skytte MJ, Samkani A, Thomsen MN, Astrup A, Ritz C, Chabanova E, Frystyk J, Holst JJ, Thomsen HS, Madsbad S, Haugaard SB, Krarup T, Larsen TM, Magkos F. Body weight and metabolic risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes on a self-selected high-protein low-carbohydrate diet. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:4473-4482. [PMID: 34101004 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02605-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We previously reported beneficial glucoregulatory effects of a fully provided carbohydrate-reduced, high-protein (CRHP) diet in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a crossover 2 × 6-week trial, in which patients maintained their body weight. Here, we investigated physiological changes during an additional 6-month period on a self-selected and self-prepared CRHP diet. METHODS Twenty-eight patients with T2DM were instructed to consume a CRHP diet (30% of energy from carbohydrate and 30% from protein) for 24 weeks, after an initial 2 × 6-week trial when all food was prepared and provided to them. Patients received dietary advice every 2 weeks. At weeks 0, 6, 12 and 36, they underwent a 3-h intravenous glucose tolerance test, a 4-h mixed meal test, and a 48-h continuous glucose monitoring. Liver, muscle, pancreas, and visceral fat contents were measured by magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS During the 24-week self-selected diet period (weeks 12-36), body weight, visceral fat, liver fat, and glycated haemoglobin were maintained at the same levels achieved at the end of the fully provided diet period, and were still lower than at baseline (P < 0.05). Postprandial insulinaemia and insulin secretion were significantly greater (P < 0.05). At week 36, fasting insulin and C-peptide levels increased (P < 0.01) and daily glycaemia decreased further (P < 0.05) when compared with the end of the fully provided diet period. CONCLUSION Substituting dietary carbohydrate for protein and fat has metabolic benefits in patients with T2DM. These beneficial effects are maintained or augmented over the next 6 months when patients self-select and self-prepare this diet in a dietitian-supported setting. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02764021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad H Alzahrani
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Københavns Universitet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mads J Skytte
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amirsalar Samkani
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads N Thomsen
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Københavns Universitet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Københavns Universitet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elizaveta Chabanova
- Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Research Unit for Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik S Thomsen
- Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Internal Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen B Haugaard
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Internal Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thure Krarup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Københavns Universitet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Meinert Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Københavns Universitet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Faidon Magkos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Københavns Universitet, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Københavns Universitet, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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3
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Benítez-Páez A, Hess AL, Krautbauer S, Liebisch G, Christensen L, Hjorth MF, Larsen TM, Sanz Y. Sex, Food, and the Gut Microbiota: Disparate Response to Caloric Restriction Diet with Fiber Supplementation in Women and Men. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2000996. [PMID: 33629506 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Dietary-based strategies are regularly explored in controlled clinical trials to provide cost-effective therapies to tackle obesity and its comorbidities. The article presents a complementary analysis based on a multivariate multi-omics approach of a caloric restriction intervention (CRD) with fiber supplementation to unveil synergic effects on body weight control, lipid metabolism, and gut microbiota. METHODS AND RESULTS The study explores fecal bile acids (BAs) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), plasma BAs, and fecal shotgun metagenomics on 80 overweight participants of a 12-week caloric restriction clinical trial (-500 kcal day-1 ) randomly allocated into fiber (10 g day-1 inulin + 10 g day-1 resistant maltodextrin) or placebo (maltodextrin) supplementation groups. The multi-omic data integration analysis uncovered the benefits of the fiber supplementation and/or the CRD (e.g., increase of Parabacteroides distasonis and fecal propionate), showing sex-specific effects on either adiposity and fasting insulin; effects thought to be linked to changes of specific gut microbiota species, functional genes, and bacterially produced metabolites like SCFAs and secondary BAs. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies diet-microbe-host interactions helping to design personalised interventions. It also suggests that sex perspective should be considered routinely in future studies on dietary interventions efficacy. All in all, the study uncovers that the dietary intervention is more beneficial for women than men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Benítez-Páez
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition & Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, 46980, Spain
| | - Anne Lundby Hess
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, 1958, Denmark
| | - Sabrina Krautbauer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Lars Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, 1958, Denmark
| | - Mads F Hjorth
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, 1958, Denmark
| | - Thomas Meinert Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, 1958, Denmark
| | - Yolanda Sanz
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition & Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, 46980, Spain
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4
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Møller G, Ritz C, Kjølbæk L, Vuholm S, Korndal SK, Larsen TM, Pedersen O, Saris W, Astrup A, Lauritzen L, Kristensen M, Lind MV. Sagittal abdominal diameter and waist circumference appear to be equally good as identifiers of cardiometabolic risk. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:518-527. [PMID: 33223400 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) are commonly used markers of cardiometabolic risk. However, sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) has been proposed as a possibly more sensitive marker of intra-abdominal obesity. We investigated differences in how SAD, WC, and BMI were correlated with cardiometabolic risk markers. METHODS AND RESULTS This cross-sectional study investigated anthropometric and metabolic baseline measurements of individuals from six trials. Multiple linear regression and (partial) correlation coefficients were used to investigate associations between SAD, WC, and BMI and cardiometabolic risk markers, including components of the metabolic syndrome as well as insulin resistance, blood lipids, and lowgrade inflammation. In total 1516 mostly overweight or obese individuals were included in the study. SAD was significantly more correlated with TG than WC for all studies, and overall increase in correlation was 0.05 (95% CI (0.02; 0.08). SAD was significantly more correlated with the markers TG and DBP 0.11 (95% CI (0.08, 0.14)) and 0.04 (95% CI (0.006, 0.07), respectively compared to BMI across all or most studies. CONCLUSION This study showed that no single anthropometric indicator was consistently more strongly correlated across all markers of cardiometabolic risk. However, SAD was significantly more strongly correlated with TG than WC and significantly more strongly correlated with DBP and TG than BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grith Møller
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise Kjølbæk
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine Vuholm
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sanne Kellebjerg Korndal
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Meinert Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wim Saris
- Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Netherlands
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lotte Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Kristensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Clinical Pharmacology Obesity, Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Mads Vendelbo Lind
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Huttunen-Lenz M, Hansen S, Vestentoft PS, Meinert Larsen T, Westerterp-Plantenga M, Drummen M, Adam T, Macdonald I, Taylor M, Simpson E, Martinez JA, Navas-Carretero S, Handjieva-Darlenska T, Poppitt SD, Silvestre MP, Fogelholm M, Jalo E, Muirhead R, Brodie S, Brand-Miller J, Raben A, Schlicht W. Goal achievement and adaptive goal adjustment in a behavioral intervention for participants with prediabetes. J Health Psychol 2020; 26:2743-2755. [PMID: 32522040 DOI: 10.1177/1359105320925150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Participants with prediabetes were supported to achieve and maintain weight loss with a stage-based behavior change group program named PREview behavior Modification Intervention Toolbox (PREMIT). The tendency to engage in a process of goal adjustment was examined in relation to PREMIT attendance. Analyses were based on 1857 participants who had achieved ⩾8percent weight loss. Tendency to engage in a process of goal adjustment appeared not to be influenced by PREMIT attendance. Instead, results suggested that when unsure about reaching an intervention goal, participants were more likely to engage in a process of goal adjustment, possibly lessening distress due to potentially unachievable goals, either weight loss or maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvia Hansen
- University of Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - J Alfredo Martinez
- University of Navarra, Spain.,CIBERonn Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.,IMDEA Food Institute, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Martha P Silvestre
- The University of Auckland, New Zealand.,NOVA University of Lisbon, Portugal
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6
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Skytte MJ, Samkani A, Astrup A, Larsen TM, Frystyk J, Poulsen HE, Henriksen T, Holst JJ, Andersen O, Madsbad S, Haugaard SB, Krarup T, Larsen EL. Effects of a highly controlled carbohydrate-reduced high-protein diet on markers of oxidatively generated nucleic acid modifications and inflammation in weight stable participants with type 2 diabetes; a randomized controlled trial. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2020; 80:401-407. [PMID: 32374188 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2020.1759137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-restricted diets are increasingly recognized as options for dietary management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We investigated the effects of a carbohydrate-reduced high-protein (CRHP) and a conventional diabetes (CD) diet on oxidative stress and inflammation in weight stable individuals with T2DM. We hypothesized that the CRHP diet would improve markers of oxidatively generated RNA and DNA modifications as well as inflammatory parameters. Thirty participants with T2DM were randomized to 6 weeks of CRHP or CD dietary treatment (30/50 energy percentage (E%) carbohydrate, 30/17E% protein, 40/33E% fat), followed by a cross-over to the opposite diet for a subsequent 6-week period. All meals were provided during the study and body weight was controlled. Diurnal urine samples were collected after 4 weeks on each diet and oxidatively generated RNA and DNA modifications were measured as 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), respectively. Fasting concentrations of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 were measured before and after 6 weeks of interventions. Compared with the CD diet, the CRHP diet increased 24-hour urinary excretion of 8-oxoGuo by 9.3% (38.6 ± 12.6 vs. 35.3 ± 11.0 nmol/24 h, p = .03), whereas 8-oxodG did not differ between diets (24.0 ± 9.5 vs. 24.8 ± 11.1 nmol/24 h, p = .17). Changes in plasma inflammatory parameters did not differ between CRHP and CD diets, all p ≥ .2. The clinical implications of increased RNA oxidation following a CRHP diet as well as long-term effects of carbohydrate-restriction on markers of oxidatively generated nucleic acid modifications should be a field of future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Juul Skytte
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amirsalar Samkani
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Meinert Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Enghusen Poulsen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine Henriksen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ove Andersen
- Clinical Research Centre and the Emergency Department, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Steen Bendix Haugaard
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thure Krarup
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil List Larsen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Hess AL, Larsen LH, Udesen PB, Sanz Y, Larsen TM, Dalgaard LT. Levels of Circulating miR-122 are Associated with Weight Loss and Metabolic Syndrome. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:493-501. [PMID: 32090516 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated whether the levels of specific serum microRNAs (miRNAs) were altered following diet-induced weight loss and whether the serum miRNAs differed in the presence of the metabolic syndrome. METHODS The study was a weight loss intervention trial with a prescribed energy deficit of approximately 500 kcal/d. Levels of 22 miRNAs were determined in serum samples from 85 participants with overweight or obesity. miRNAs were analyzed using TaqMan Array miRNA Cards and normalized to the geometric mean of spiked-in ath-miR-159a and U6 small nuclear RNA using the ΔCT method. RESULTS The average weight loss was 5.7 kg (P < 0.001). miR-122-5p (-0.18 ± 0.06 log fold relative to initial, P < 0.01) and miR-193a-5p (-0.12 ± 0.04, P < 0.01) levels decreased in response to weight loss. miR-126a-3p (0.11 ± 0.04, P = 0.01) and miR-222-3p (1.51 ± 0.12, P < 0.001) levels increased. Furthermore, a higher level of miR-122-5p was observed at baseline in participants with the metabolic syndrome compared with participants without (0.28 ± 0.08, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Changes in circulating miR-122-5p, miR-126a-3p, miR-193a-5p, and miR-222-3p in response to diet-induced weight loss are demonstrated. Furthermore, assessment of miR-122-5p could be an indicator of an adverse metabolic health status independent of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lundby Hess
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lesli Hingstrup Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Pernille Baekgaard Udesen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Fertility Clinic, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
| | - Yolanda Sanz
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition and Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Thomas Meinert Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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8
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Huttunen-Lenz M, Hansen S, Larsen TM, Christensen P, Drummen M, Adam T, Taylor MA, Simpson E, Martinez JA, Navas-Carretero S, Handjieva-Darlenska T, Poppitt SD, Silvestre MP, Fogelholm M, Jalo E, Muirhead R, Brodie S, Raben A, Schlicht W. The PREVIEW Study. European Journal of Health Psychology 2019. [DOI: 10.1027/2512-8442/a000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Individuals at risk of Type 2 Diabetes are advised to change health habits. This study investigated how the PREMIT behavior modification intervention and its association with socio-economic variables influenced weight maintenance and habit strength in the PREVIEW study. Overweight adults with pre-diabetes were enrolled ( n = 2,224) in a multi-center RCT including a 2-month weight-loss phase and a 34-month weight-maintenance phase for those who lost ≥ 8% body weight. Initial stages of the PREMIT covered the end of weight-loss and the beginning of weight-maintenance phase (18 weeks). Cross-sectional and longitudinal data were explored. Frequent PREMIT sessions attendance, being female, and lower habit strength for poor diet were associated with lower weight re-gain. Being older and not in employment were associated with lower habit strength for physical inactivity. The PREMIT appeared to support weight loss maintenance. Younger participants, males, and those in employment appeared to struggle more with inactivity habit change and weight maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Huttunen-Lenz
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sylvia Hansen
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Pia Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mathijs Drummen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja Adam
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Moira A. Taylor
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jose A. Martinez
- Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Navas-Carretero
- Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sally D. Poppitt
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Human Nutrition Unit, New Zealand
| | - Marta P. Silvestre
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Human Nutrition Unit, New Zealand
| | - Mikael Fogelholm
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elli Jalo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roslyn Muirhead
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Biosciences, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Shannon Brodie
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Biosciences, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Anne Raben
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Schlicht
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Stuttgart, Germany
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9
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Delzenne NM, Olivares M, Neyrinck AM, Beaumont M, Kjølbæk L, Larsen TM, Benítez-Páez A, Romaní-Pérez M, Garcia-Campayo V, Bosscher D, Sanz Y, van der Kamp JW. Nutritional interest of dietary fiber and prebiotics in obesity: Lessons from the MyNewGut consortium. Clin Nutr 2019; 39:414-424. [PMID: 30904186 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of EU project MyNewGut is to contribute to future public health-related recommendations supported by new insight in gut microbiome and nutrition-host relationship. In this Opinion Paper, we first revisit the concept of dietary fiber, taking into account their interaction with the gut microbiota. This paper also summarizes the main effects of dietary fibers with prebiotic properties in intervention studies in humans, with a particular emphasis on the effects of arabinoxylans and arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides on metabolic alterations associated with obesity. Based on the existing state of the art and future development, we elaborate the steps required to propose dietary guidelines related to dietary fibers, taking into account their interaction with the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie M Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Marta Olivares
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey M Neyrinck
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martin Beaumont
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Louise Kjølbæk
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Meinert Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Alfonso Benítez-Páez
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition & Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Marina Romaní-Pérez
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition & Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Yolanda Sanz
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition & Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
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10
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Christensen P, Meinert Larsen T, Westerterp‐Plantenga M, Macdonald I, Martinez JA, Handjiev S, Poppitt S, Hansen S, Ritz C, Astrup A, Pastor‐Sanz L, Sandø‐Pedersen F, Pietiläinen KH, Sundvall J, Drummen M, Taylor MA, Navas‐Carretero S, Handjieva‐Darlenska T, Brodie S, Silvestre MP, Huttunen‐Lenz M, Brand‐Miller J, Fogelholm M, Raben A. Men and women respond differently to rapid weight loss: Metabolic outcomes of a multi-centre intervention study after a low-energy diet in 2500 overweight, individuals with pre-diabetes (PREVIEW). Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:2840-2851. [PMID: 30088336 PMCID: PMC6282840 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The PREVIEW lifestyle intervention study (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01777893) is, to date, the largest, multinational study concerning prevention of type-2 diabetes. We hypothesized that the initial, fixed low-energy diet (LED) would induce different metabolic outcomes in men vs women. MATERIALS AND METHODS All participants followed a LED (3.4 MJ/810 kcal/daily) for 8 weeks (Cambridge Weight Plan). Participants were recruited from 8 sites in Europe, Australia and New Zealand. Those eligible for inclusion were overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 ) individuals with pre-diabetes according to ADA-criteria. Outcomes of interest included changes in insulin resistance, fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM) and metabolic syndrome Z-score. RESULTS In total, 2224 individuals (1504 women, 720 men) attended the baseline visit and 2020 (90.8%) completed the follow-up visit. Following the LED, weight loss was 16% greater in men than in women (11.8% vs 10.3%, respectively) but improvements in insulin resistance were similar. HOMA-IR decreased by 1.50 ± 0.15 in men and by 1.35 ± 0.15 in women (ns). After adjusting for differences in weight loss, men had larger reductions in metabolic syndrome Z-score, C-peptide, FM and heart rate, while women had larger reductions in HDL cholesterol, FFM, hip circumference and pulse pressure. Following the LED, 35% of participants of both genders had reverted to normo-glycaemia. CONCLUSIONS An 8-week LED induced different effects in women than in men. These findings are clinically important and suggest gender-specific changes after weight loss. It is important to investigate whether the greater decreases in FFM, hip circumference and HDL cholesterol in women after rapid weight loss compromise weight loss maintenance and future cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Thomas Meinert Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - Ian Macdonald
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Nottingham, NottinghamNG7 2UH, UK
| | - J. Alfredo Martinez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Center for Nutrition ResearchUniversity of NavarraPamplonaSpain
- CIBERObn, Obesity and NutritionInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
- IMDEA AlimentaciónMadridSpain
| | - Svetoslav Handjiev
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMedical University of SofiaSofiaBulgaria
| | - Sally Poppitt
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Sylvia Hansen
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesUniversity of StuttgartStuttgartGermany
| | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Laura Pastor‐Sanz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Finn Sandø‐Pedersen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Kirsi H. Pietiläinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program Unit, Diabetes and ObesityUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Obesity Center, Abdominal Center, EndocrinologyHelsinki University Hospital, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Jouko Sundvall
- National Institute for Health and Welfare THLHelsinkiFinland
| | - Mathijs Drummen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Santiago Navas‐Carretero
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Center for Nutrition ResearchUniversity of NavarraPamplonaSpain
- CIBERObn, Obesity and NutritionInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | | | - Shannon Brodie
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental BiosciencesUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Marta P. Silvestre
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Maija Huttunen‐Lenz
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesUniversity of StuttgartStuttgartGermany
| | - Jennie Brand‐Miller
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental BiosciencesUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Mikael Fogelholm
- Department of Food and NutritionUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Anne Raben
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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11
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Huttunen-Lenz M, Hansen S, Christensen P, Meinert Larsen T, Sandø-Pedersen F, Drummen M, Adam TC, Macdonald IA, Taylor MA, Martinez JA, Navas-Carretero S, Handjiev S, Poppitt SD, Silvestre MP, Fogelholm M, Pietiläinen KH, Brand-Miller J, Berendsen AA, Raben A, Schlicht W. PREVIEW study-influence of a behavior modification intervention (PREMIT) in over 2300 people with pre-diabetes: intention, self-efficacy and outcome expectancies during the early phase of a lifestyle intervention. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2018; 11:383-394. [PMID: 30254498 PMCID: PMC6143124 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s160355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Onset of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is often gradual and preceded by impaired glucose homeostasis. Lifestyle interventions including weight loss and physical activity may reduce the risk of developing T2D, but adherence to a lifestyle change is challenging. As part of an international T2D prevention trial (PREVIEW), a behavior change intervention supported participants in achieving a healthier diet and physically active lifestyle. Here, our aim was to explore the influence of this behavioral program (PREMIT) on social-cognitive variables during an 8-week weight loss phase. METHODS PREVIEW consisted of an initial weight loss, Phase I, followed by a weight- maintenance, Phase II, for those achieving the 8-week weight loss target of ≥ 8% from initial bodyweight. Overweight and obese (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) individuals aged 25 to 70 years with confirmed pre-diabetes were enrolled. Uni- and multivariate statistical methods were deployed to explore differences in intentions, self-efficacy, and outcome expectancies between those who achieved the target weight loss ("achievers") and those who did not ("non-achievers"). RESULTS At the beginning of Phase I, no significant differences in intentions, self-efficacy and outcome expectancies between "achievers" (1,857) and "non-achievers" (163) were found. "Non-achievers" tended to be younger, live with child/ren, and attended the PREMIT sessions less frequently. At the end of Phase I, "achievers" reported higher intentions (healthy eating χ2(1)=2.57; P <0.008, exercising χ2(1)=0.66; P <0.008), self-efficacy (F(2; 1970)=10.27, P <0.005), and were more positive about the expected outcomes (F(4; 1968)=11.22, P <0.005). CONCLUSION Although statistically significant, effect sizes observed between the two groups were small. Behavior change, however, is multi-determined. Over a period of time, even small differences may make a cumulative effect. Being successful in behavior change requires that the "new" behavior is implemented time after time until it becomes a habit. Therefore, having even slightly higher self-efficacy, positive outcome expectancies and intentions may over time result in considerably improved chances to achieve long-term lifestyle changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Huttunen-Lenz
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany,
| | - Sylvia Hansen
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany,
| | - Pia Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Meinert Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Finn Sandø-Pedersen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mathijs Drummen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Tanja C Adam
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ian A Macdonald
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, UK
| | - Moira A Taylor
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, UK
| | - J Alfredo Martinez
- Center for Nutrition Research at the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies (IMDEA Food), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre Network in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Carlos III Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Navas-Carretero
- Center for Nutrition Research at the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies (IMDEA Food), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre Network in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Carlos III Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Svetoslav Handjiev
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University - Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Sally D Poppitt
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Marta P Silvestre
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mikael Fogelholm
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi H Pietiläinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Abdominal Center, Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jennie Brand-Miller
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Biosciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Agnes Am Berendsen
- Division of Human Nutrition & Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Raben
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Schlicht
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany,
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12
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Acar E, Gürdeniz G, Khakimov B, Savorani F, Korndal SK, Larsen TM, Engelsen SB, Astrup A, Dragsted LO. Biomarkers of Individual Foods, and Separation of Diets Using Untargeted LC-MS-based Plasma Metabolomics in a Randomized Controlled Trial. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 63:e1800215. [PMID: 30094970 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Self-reported dietary intake does not represent an objective unbiased assessment. The effect of the new Nordic diet (NND) versus average Danish diet (ADD) on plasma metabolic profiles is investigated to identify biomarkers of compliance and metabolic effects. METHODS AND RESULTS In a 26-week controlled dietary intervention study, 146 subjects followed either NND, a predominantly organic diet high in fruit, vegetables, whole grains, and fish, or ADD, a diet higher in imported and processed foods. Fasting plasma samples are analyzed with untargeted ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadruple time-of-flight. It is demonstrated that supervised machine learning with feature selection can separate NND and ADD samples with an average test set performance of up to 0.88 area under the curve. The NND plasma metabolome is characterized by diet-related metabolites, such as pipecolic acid betaine (whole grain), trimethylamine oxide, and prolyl hydroxyproline (both fish intake), while theobromine (chocolate) and proline betaine (citrus) were associated with ADD. Amino acid (i.e., indolelactic acid and hydroxy-3-methylbutyrate) and fat metabolism (butyryl carnitine) characterize ADD whereas NND is associated with higher concentrations of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholines. CONCLUSIONS The plasma metabolite profiles are predictive of dietary patterns and reflected good compliance while indicating effects of potential health benefit, including changes in fat metabolism and glucose utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evrim Acar
- Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gözde Gürdeniz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Francesco Savorani
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Polytechnic University of Turin, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Thomas Meinert Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Søren Balling Engelsen
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lars O Dragsted
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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13
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Andriessen C, Christensen P, Vestergaard Nielsen L, Ritz C, Astrup A, Meinert Larsen T, Martinez JA, Saris WHM, van Baak MA, Papadaki A, Kunesova M, Jebb S, Blundell J, Lawton C, Raben A. Weight loss decreases self-reported appetite and alters food preferences in overweight and obese adults: Observational data from the DiOGenes study. Appetite 2018; 125:314-322. [PMID: 29471068 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
People with obesity often struggle to maintain their weight loss after a weight loss period. Furthermore, the effect of weight loss on appetite and food preferences remains unclear. Hence this study investigated the effect of weight loss on subjective appetite and food preferences in healthy, overweight and obese volunteers. A subgroup of adult participants (n = 123) from the Diet Obesity and Genes (DiOGenes) study (subgroup A) was recruited from across six European countries. Participants lost ≥8% of initial body weight during an 8-week low calorie diet (LCD). Subjective appetite and food preferences were measured before and after the LCD, in response to a standardized meal test, using visual analogue rating scales (VAS) and the Leeds Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ). After the LCD, participants reported increased fullness (p < 0.05), decreased desire to eat (p < 0.05) and decreased prospective consumption (p < 0.05) after consuming the test meal. An interaction effect (visit x time) was found for hunger ratings (p < 0.05). Area under the curve (AUC) for hunger, desire to eat and prospective consumption was decreased by 18.1%, 20.2% and 21.1% respectively whereas AUC for fullness increased by 13.9%. Preference for low-energy products measured by the Food Preference Checklist (FPC) decreased by 1.9% before the test meal and by 13.5% after the test meal (p < 0.05). High-carbohydrate and high-fat preference decreased by 11.4% and 16.2% before the test meal and by 17.4% and 22.7% after the meal (p < 0.05). No other effects were observed. These results suggest that LCD induced weight loss decreases the appetite perceptions of overweight volunteers whilst decreasing their preference for high-fat-, high-carbohydrate-, and low-energy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Andriessen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
| | - Pia Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | - J Alfredo Martinez
- Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, CIBERobn, Fisiopatología de la Obesidady Nutrición, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Wim H M Saris
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
| | - Marleen A van Baak
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
| | - Angeliki Papadaki
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine & Nutrition Clinic, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Marie Kunesova
- Institute of Endocrinology, Obesity Management Centre, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Susan Jebb
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, UK.
| | - John Blundell
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - Clare Lawton
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - Anne Raben
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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14
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Balk-Møller NC, Larsen TM, Holm L. Experiences From a Web- and App-Based Workplace Health Promotion Intervention Among Employees in the Social and Health Care Sector Based on Use-Data and Qualitative Interviews. J Med Internet Res 2017; 19:e350. [PMID: 29051133 PMCID: PMC5668633 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.7278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing number of Web- and app-based tools for health promotion are being developed at the moment. The ambition is generally to reach out to a larger part of the population and to help users improve their lifestyle and develop healthier habits, and thereby improve their health status. However, the positive effects are generally modest. To understand why the effects are modest, further investigation into the participants' experiences and the social aspects of using Web- and app-based health promotion tools is needed. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to investigate the motivation behind taking part in and using a Web- and app-based health promotion tool (SoSu-life) at the workplace and to explore the participants' experiences with using the tool. METHODS Qualitative interviews with 26 participants who participated in a 38-week randomized controlled trial of a workplace Web- and app-based tool for health promotion were conducted. Data were supplemented with tracking the frequency of use. The basic features of the tool investigated in the trial were self-reporting of diet and exercise, personalized feedback, suggestions for activities and programs, practical tips and tricks, and a series of social features designed to support and build interactions among the participants at the workplace. RESULTS The respondents reported typically one of the two reasons for signing up to participate in the study: either a personal wish to attain some health benefits or the more social reason that participants did not want to miss out on the social interaction with colleagues. Peer pressure from colleagues had made some participants to sign up even though they did not believe they had an unhealthy behavior. Of the total of 355 participants in the intervention group, 203 (57.2%) left the intervention before it ended. Of the remaining participants, most did not use the tool after the competition at the end of the initial 16-week period. The actual number of active users of the tool throughout the whole intervention period was low; however, the participants reported that lifestyle habits became a topic of conversation. CONCLUSIONS A tool that addresses group interactions at workplaces appears to initiate peer pressure, which helped recruitment for participation. However, active participation was low. A social change was indicated, allowing for more interaction among colleagues around healthy lifestyle issues. Future and more long-term studies are needed to determine whether such social changes could lead to sustained improvements of health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Meinert Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lotte Holm
- Section for Consumption, Bioethics and Governance, Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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15
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Hjorth MF, Roager HM, Larsen TM, Poulsen SK, Licht TR, Bahl MI, Zohar Y, Astrup A. Pre-treatment microbial Prevotella-to-Bacteroides ratio, determines body fat loss success during a 6-month randomized controlled diet intervention. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 42:580-583. [PMID: 28883543 PMCID: PMC5880576 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of the abundance of specific bacterial genera, the human gut microbiota can be divided into two relatively stable groups that might have a role in personalized nutrition. We studied these simplified enterotypes as prognostic markers for successful body fat loss on two different diets. A total of 62 participants with increased waist circumference were randomly assigned to receive an ad libitum New Nordic Diet (NND) high in fiber/whole grain or an Average Danish Diet for 26 weeks. Participants were grouped into two discrete enterotypes by their relative abundance of Prevotella spp. divided by Bacteroides spp. (P/B ratio) obtained by quantitative PCR analysis. Modifications of dietary effects of pre-treatment P/B group were examined by linear mixed models. Among individuals with high P/B the NND resulted in a 3.15 kg (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.55; 4.76, P<0.001) larger body fat loss compared with ADD, whereas no differences was observed among individuals with low P/B (0.88 kg (95% CI: −0.61; 2.37, P=0.25)). Consequently, a 2.27 kg (95% CI: 0.09; 4.45, P=0.041) difference in responsiveness to the diets were found between the two groups. In summary, subjects with high P/B ratio appeared more susceptible to lose body fat on diets high in fiber and whole grain than subjects with a low P/B ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Hjorth
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - H M Roager
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - T M Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - S K Poulsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - T R Licht
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - M I Bahl
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Y Zohar
- Gelesis Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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16
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Christensen P, Henriksen M, Bartels EM, Leeds AR, Meinert Larsen T, Gudbergsen H, Riecke BF, Astrup A, Heitmann BL, Boesen M, Christensen R, Bliddal H. Long-term weight-loss maintenance in obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106:755-763. [PMID: 28747328 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.158543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: A formula low-energy diet (LED) reduces weight effectively in obese patients with knee osteoarthritis, but the role of LED in long-term weight-loss maintenance is unclear.Objective: We aimed to determine the effect of intermittent LED compared with daily meal replacements on weight-loss maintenance and number of knee replacements over 3 y.Design: The design was a randomized trial with participants aged >50 y who had knee osteoarthritis and a body mass index [BMI (in kg/m2)] ≥30. Participants were recruited from the osteoarthritis outpatient clinic at Copenhagen University Hospital in Frederiksberg, Denmark; they had previously completed a 68-wk lifestyle intervention trial and achieved an average weight loss of 10.5 kg (10% of initial body weight). Participants were randomly assigned to either the intermittent treatment (IN) group with LED for 5 wk every 4 mo for 3 y or to daily meal replacements of 1-2 meals for 3 y [regular (RE) group]. Attention by dietitians and the amount of formula products were similar. Primary outcomes were changes in body weight and proportion of participants receiving knee replacements. Outcomes were analyzed on the intention-to-treat-population with the use of baseline-carried-forward imputation for missing data.Results: A total of 153 participants (means ± SDs: BMI: 33.3 ± 4.6; age: 63.8 ± 6.3 y; 83% women) were recruited between June and December 2009 and randomly assigned to the IN (n = 76) or RE (n = 77) group. A total of 53 and 56 participants, respectively, completed the trial. Weight increased by 0.68 and 1.75 kg in the IN and RE groups, respectively (mean difference: -1.06 kg; 95% CI: -2.75, 0.63 kg; P = 0.22). Alloplasty rates were low and did not differ (IN group: 8 of 76 participants; RE group: 12 of 77 participants; P = 0.35).Conclusions: After a mean 10% weight-loss and 1-y maintenance, additional use of daily meal replacements or intermittent LED resulted in weight-loss maintenance for 3 y. These results challenge the commonly held assumption that weight regain in the long term is inevitable. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00938808.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Christensen
- The Parker Institute and Departments of.,Departments of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science and
| | - Marius Henriksen
- The Parker Institute and Departments of.,Physical and Occupational Therapy and
| | | | - Anthony R Leeds
- The Parker Institute and Departments of.,Departments of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science and.,North London Obesity Surgery Service, Whittington and Central Middlesex Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Arne Astrup
- Departments of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science and
| | - Berit L Heitmann
- The Parker Institute and Departments of.,Public Health, Section for General Practice, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Mikael Boesen
- The Parker Institute and Departments of.,Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital at Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Hjorth MF, Ritz C, Blaak EE, Saris WH, Langin D, Poulsen SK, Larsen TM, Sørensen TI, Zohar Y, Astrup A. Pretreatment fasting plasma glucose and insulin modify dietary weight loss success: results from 3 randomized clinical trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106:499-505. [PMID: 28679551 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.155200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Which diet is optimal for weight loss and maintenance remains controversial and implies that no diet fits all patients.Objective: We studied concentrations of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and fasting insulin (FI) as prognostic markers for successful weight loss and maintenance through diets with different glycemic loads or different fiber and whole-grain content, assessed in 3 randomized trials of overweight participants.Design: After an 8-wk weight loss, participants in the DiOGenes (Diet, Obesity, and Genes) trial consumed ad libitum for 26 wk a diet with either a high or a low glycemic load. Participants in the Optimal well-being, development and health for Danish children through a healthy New Nordic Diet (OPUS) Supermarket intervention (SHOPUS) trial consumed ad libitum for 26 wk the New Nordic Diet, which is high in fiber and whole grains, or a control diet. Participants in the NUGENOB (Nutrient-Gene Interactions in Human Obesity) trial consumed a hypocaloric low-fat and high-carbohydrate or a high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet for 10 wk. On the basis of FPG before treatment, participants were categorized as normoglycemic (FPG <5.6 mmol/L), prediabetic (FPG 5.6-6.9 mmol/L), or diabetic (FPG ≥7.0 mmol/L). Modifications of the dietary effects of FPG and FI before treatment were examined with linear mixed models.Results: In the DiOGenes trial, prediabetic individuals regained a mean of 5.83 kg (95% CI: 3.34, 8.32 kg; P < 0.001) more on the high- than on the low-glycemic load diet, whereas normoglycemic individuals regained a mean of 1.44 kg (95% CI: 0.48, 2.41 kg; P = 0.003) more [mean group difference: 4.39 kg (95% CI: 1.76, 7.02 kg); P = 0.001]. In SHOPUS, prediabetic individuals lost a mean of 6.04 kg (95% CI: 4.05, 8.02 kg; P < 0.001) more on the New Nordic Diet than on the control diet, whereas normoglycemic individuals lost a mean of 2.20 kg (95% CI: 1.21, 3.18 kg; P < 0.001) more [mean group difference: 3.84 kg (95% CI: 1.62, 6.06 kg); P = 0.001]. In NUGENOB, diabetic individuals lost a mean of 2.04 kg (95% CI: -0.20, 4.28 kg; P = 0.07) more on the high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet than on the low-fat and high-carbohydrate diet, whereas normoglycemic individuals lost a mean of 0.43 kg (95% CI: 0.03, 0.83 kg; P = 0.03) more on the low-fat and high-carbohydrate diet [mean group difference: 2.47 kg (95% CI: 0.20, 4.75 kg); P = 0.03]. The addition of FI strengthened these associations.Conclusion: Elevated FPG before treatment indicates success with dietary weight loss and maintenance among overweight patients consuming diets with a low glycemic load or with large amounts of fiber and whole grains. These trials were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00390637 (DiOGenes) and NCT01195610 (SHOPUS), and at ISRNCT.com as ISRCTN25867281 (NUGENOB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads F Hjorth
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Sciences,
| | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Sciences
| | - Ellen E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Wim Hm Saris
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Dominique Langin
- INSERM, UMR1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.,Toulouse University Hospitals, Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Toulouse, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Sanne Kellebjerg Poulsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Sciences.,Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | | | - Thorkild Ia Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (Section on Metabolic Genetics).,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology (formerly Institute of Preventive Medicine), Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, the Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | | | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Sciences
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Balk-Møller NC, Poulsen SK, Larsen TM. Effect of a Nine-Month Web- and App-Based Workplace Intervention to Promote Healthy Lifestyle and Weight Loss for Employees in the Social Welfare and Health Care Sector: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res 2017; 19:e108. [PMID: 28396303 PMCID: PMC5404146 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.6196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND General health promoting campaigns are often not targeted at the people who need them the most. Web- and app-based tools are a new way to reach, motivate, and help people with poor health status. OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to test a Web- and mobile app-based tool ("SoSu-life") on employees in the social welfare and health care sector in Denmark. METHODS A randomized controlled trial was carried out as a workplace intervention. The tool was designed to help users make healthy lifestyle changes such as losing weight, exercise more, and quit smoking. A team competition between the participating workplaces took place during the first 16 weeks of the intervention. Twenty nursing homes for elderly people in 6 municipalities in Denmark participated in the study. The employees at the nursing homes were randomized either 1:1 or 2:1 on a municipality level to use the SoSu-life tool or to serve as a control group with no intervention. All participants underwent baseline measurements including body weight, waist circumference, body fat percentage, blood pressure, and blood cholesterol level and they filled in a questionnaire covering various aspects of health. The participants were measured again after 16 and 38 weeks. RESULTS A total of 566 (SoSu-life: n=355, control: n=211) participants were included in the study. At 16 weeks there were 369 participants still in the study (SoSu-life: n=227, control: n=142) and 269 participants completed the 38 week intervention (SoSu-life: n=152, control: n=117). At 38 weeks, the SoSu-life group had a larger decrease in body weight (-1.01 kg, P=.03), body fat percentage (-0.8%, P=.03), and waist circumference (-1.8 cm, P=.007) compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS The SoSu-life Web- and app-based tool had a modest yet beneficial effect on body weight and body fat percentage in the health care sector staff. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02438059; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02438059 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6i6y4p2AS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Charlotte Balk-Møller
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sanne Kellebjerg Poulsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Meinert Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Kahlert D, Unyi-Reicherz A, Stratton G, Meinert Larsen T, Fogelholm M, Raben A, Schlicht W. PREVIEW Behavior Modification Intervention Toolbox (PREMIT): A Study Protocol for a Psychological Element of a Multicenter Project. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1136. [PMID: 27559319 PMCID: PMC4978707 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Losing excess body weight and preventing weight regain by changing lifestyle is a challenging but promising task to prevent the incidence of type-2 diabetes. To be successful, it is necessary to use evidence-based and theory-driven interventions, which also contribute to the science of behavior modification by providing a deeper understanding of successful intervention components. OBJECTIVE To develop a physical activity and dietary behavior modification intervention toolbox (PREMIT) that fulfills current requirements of being theory-driven and evidence-based, comprehensively described and feasible to evaluate. PREMIT is part of an intervention trial, which aims to prevent the onset of type-2 diabetes in pre-diabetics in eight clinical centers across the world by guiding them in changing their physical activity and dietary behavior through a group counseling approach. METHODS The program development took five progressive steps, in line with the Public Health Action Cycle: (1) Summing-up the intervention goal(s), target group and the setting, (2) uncovering the generative psychological mechanisms, (3) identifying behavior change techniques and tools, (4) preparing for evaluation and (5) implementing the intervention and assuring quality. RESULTS PREMIT is based on a trans-theoretical approach referring to valid behavior modification theories, models and approaches. A major "product" of PREMIT is a matrix, constructed for use by onsite-instructors. The matrix includes objectives, tasks and activities ordered by periods. PREMIT is constructed to help instructors guide participants' behavior change. To ensure high fidelity and adherence of program-implementation across the eight intervention centers standardized operational procedures were defined and "train-the-trainer" workshops were held. In summary PREMIT is a theory-driven, evidence-based program carefully developed to change physical activity and dietary behaviors in pre-diabetic people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kahlert
- Division Exercise and Sports, University of Education Schwäbisch GmündSchwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Annelie Unyi-Reicherz
- Chair Exercise and Health Science, Stuttgart Research Initiative Human Factors in Ageing, Technology, and Environment, University of StuttgartStuttgart, Germany
| | - Gareth Stratton
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea UniversitySwansea, UK
| | - Thomas Meinert Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikael Fogelholm
- Department of Food and Environmental Science, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Raben
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Schlicht
- Chair Exercise and Health Science, Stuttgart Research Initiative Human Factors in Ageing, Technology, and Environment, University of StuttgartStuttgart, Germany
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Fritzen AM, Lundsgaard AM, Jordy AB, Poulsen SK, Stender S, Pilegaard H, Astrup A, Larsen TM, Wojtaszewski JFP, Richter EA, Kiens B. New Nordic Diet-Induced Weight Loss Is Accompanied by Changes in Metabolism and AMPK Signaling in Adipose Tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:3509-19. [PMID: 26126206 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The molecular mechanisms behind diet-induced metabolic improvements remain to be studied. OBJECTIVE This study sought to investigate whether expression of proteins in skeletal muscle or adipose tissue could explain improvements in glucose and lipid homeostasis after weight loss. DESIGN Volunteers consumed a New Nordic Diet (NND) or an Average Danish Diet for 26 weeks in a controlled, free-living setting. SUBJECTS Sixty four moderately obese women and men (44 ± 2 y; body mass index, 31 ± 1 kg/m(2)). INTERVENTION Fasting blood samples and biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SCAT) were obtained at week 0 and 26. OUTCOME Gene and protein expressions were analyzed by real-time PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS Improved homeostasis homeostatic model of assessment-insulin resistance index and lowered plasma triacylglycerol concentration after NND coincided with molecular adaptations in SCAT but not in skeletal muscle. NND induced greater reduction in fat mass than ADD (-6 ± 1 kg and -2 ± 1 kg; P < .01). In SCAT this was associated with increased AMPK and acetyl-CoA carboxylase phosphorylation (P < .05). Concomitantly, NND induced up-regulation of Akt2 and Akt substrate of 160 kDa (P < .05) as well as fatty acid transport protein 4 and membrane associated fatty acid binding protein (P < .05). Indices of increased oxidative capacity were observed, as carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 mRNA (P = .08) as well as citrate synthase (P = .1) and cytochrome c (P = .05) protein tended to increase. CONCLUSION NND-induced metabolic improvements were accompanied by increased AMPK signaling in SCAT, suggesting a role of AMPK in these adaptations. The concomitant up-regulation of key glucose and lipid-handling proteins suggests an improved metabolic capacity in adipose tissue after weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Mæchel Fritzen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, The August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (A.M.F., A.-M.L., A.B.J., J.F.P.W., E.A.R., B.K.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (S.K.P., A.A., T.M.L.), University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.S.), Copenhagen University Hospitals, Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark; Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Biology (H.P.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; and Danish Diabetes Academy (A.-M.L.), 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Lundsgaard
- Section of Molecular Physiology, The August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (A.M.F., A.-M.L., A.B.J., J.F.P.W., E.A.R., B.K.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (S.K.P., A.A., T.M.L.), University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.S.), Copenhagen University Hospitals, Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark; Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Biology (H.P.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; and Danish Diabetes Academy (A.-M.L.), 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Andreas Børsting Jordy
- Section of Molecular Physiology, The August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (A.M.F., A.-M.L., A.B.J., J.F.P.W., E.A.R., B.K.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (S.K.P., A.A., T.M.L.), University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.S.), Copenhagen University Hospitals, Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark; Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Biology (H.P.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; and Danish Diabetes Academy (A.-M.L.), 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Sanne Kellebjerg Poulsen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, The August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (A.M.F., A.-M.L., A.B.J., J.F.P.W., E.A.R., B.K.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (S.K.P., A.A., T.M.L.), University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.S.), Copenhagen University Hospitals, Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark; Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Biology (H.P.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; and Danish Diabetes Academy (A.-M.L.), 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Steen Stender
- Section of Molecular Physiology, The August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (A.M.F., A.-M.L., A.B.J., J.F.P.W., E.A.R., B.K.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (S.K.P., A.A., T.M.L.), University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.S.), Copenhagen University Hospitals, Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark; Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Biology (H.P.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; and Danish Diabetes Academy (A.-M.L.), 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Henriette Pilegaard
- Section of Molecular Physiology, The August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (A.M.F., A.-M.L., A.B.J., J.F.P.W., E.A.R., B.K.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (S.K.P., A.A., T.M.L.), University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.S.), Copenhagen University Hospitals, Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark; Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Biology (H.P.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; and Danish Diabetes Academy (A.-M.L.), 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Arne Astrup
- Section of Molecular Physiology, The August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (A.M.F., A.-M.L., A.B.J., J.F.P.W., E.A.R., B.K.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (S.K.P., A.A., T.M.L.), University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.S.), Copenhagen University Hospitals, Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark; Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Biology (H.P.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; and Danish Diabetes Academy (A.-M.L.), 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Meinert Larsen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, The August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (A.M.F., A.-M.L., A.B.J., J.F.P.W., E.A.R., B.K.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (S.K.P., A.A., T.M.L.), University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.S.), Copenhagen University Hospitals, Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark; Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Biology (H.P.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; and Danish Diabetes Academy (A.-M.L.), 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology, The August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (A.M.F., A.-M.L., A.B.J., J.F.P.W., E.A.R., B.K.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (S.K.P., A.A., T.M.L.), University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.S.), Copenhagen University Hospitals, Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark; Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Biology (H.P.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; and Danish Diabetes Academy (A.-M.L.), 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Erik A Richter
- Section of Molecular Physiology, The August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (A.M.F., A.-M.L., A.B.J., J.F.P.W., E.A.R., B.K.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (S.K.P., A.A., T.M.L.), University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.S.), Copenhagen University Hospitals, Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark; Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Biology (H.P.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; and Danish Diabetes Academy (A.-M.L.), 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, The August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (A.M.F., A.-M.L., A.B.J., J.F.P.W., E.A.R., B.K.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (S.K.P., A.A., T.M.L.), University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (S.S.), Copenhagen University Hospitals, Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark; Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Biology (H.P.), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; and Danish Diabetes Academy (A.-M.L.), 5000 Odense, Denmark
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Aller EEJG, Larsen TM, Claus H, Lindroos AK, Kafatos A, Pfeiffer A, Martinez JA, Handjieva-Darlenska T, Kunesova M, Stender S, Saris WHM, Astrup A, van Baak MA. Weight loss maintenance in overweight subjects on ad libitum diets with high or low protein content and glycemic index: the DIOGENES trial 12-month results. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 38:1511-7. [PMID: 24675714 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high dietary protein (P) content and low glycemic index (LGI) have been suggested to be beneficial for weight management, but long-term studies are scarce. OBJECTIVE The DIOGENES randomized clinical trial investigated the effect of P and GI on weight loss maintenance in overweight or obese adults in eight centers across Europe. This study reports the 1-year results in two of the centers that extended the intervention to 1 year. METHOD After an 8-week low-calorie diet (LCD), 256 adults (body mass index >27 kg m(-)(2)) were randomized to five ad libitum diets for 12 months: high P/LGI (HP/LGI), HP/high GI (HP/HGI), low P/LGI (LP/LGI), LP/HGI and a control diet. During the first 6 months, foods were provided for free through a shop system and during the whole 12-month period, subjects received guidance by a dietician. Primary outcome variable was the change in body weight over the 12-month intervention period. RESULTS During the LCD period, subjects lost 11.2 (10.8, 12.0) kg (mean (95% confidence interval (CI))). Average weight regain over the 12-month intervention period was 3.9 (95% CI 3.0-4.8) kg. Subjects on the HP diets regained less weight than subjects on the LP diets. The difference in weight regain after 1 year was 2.0 (0.4, 3.6) kg (P=0.017) (completers analysis, N=139) or 2.8 (1.4, 4.1) kg (P<0.001) (intention-to-treat analysis, N=256). No consistent effect of GI on weight regain was found. There were no clinically relevant differences in changes in cardiometabolic risk factors among diet groups. CONCLUSION A higher protein content of an ad libitum diet improves weight loss maintenance in overweight and obese adults over 12 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E J G Aller
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - T M Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H Claus
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A K Lindroos
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Kafatos
- Department of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine & Nutrition Clinic, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - A Pfeiffer
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuhetal, Germany
| | - J A Martinez
- 1] Department of Physiology and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain [2] CIBERObn, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - M Kunesova
- Obesity Management Centre, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - S Stender
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - W H M Saris
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M A van Baak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Ravn AM, Gregersen NT, Christensen R, Rasmussen LG, Hels O, Belza A, Raben A, Larsen TM, Toubro S, Astrup A. Thermic effect of a meal and appetite in adults: an individual participant data meta-analysis of meal-test trials. Food Nutr Res 2013; 57:19676. [PMID: 24376394 PMCID: PMC3873760 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v57i0.19676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thermic effect of a meal (TEF) has previously been suggested to influence appetite. Objective The aim of this study was to assess whether there is an association between appetite and TEF. Second, to examine whether protein intake is associated with TEF or appetite. Design Individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis on studies were performed at the Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Five randomized meal-test studies, with 111 participants, were included. The included studies measured energy expenditure (EE) in respiration chambers and pre- and postprandial appetite sensations using Visual Analog Scales (VAS). The primary meta-analysis was based on a generic-inverse variance random-effects model, pooling individual study Spearman's correlation coefficients, resulting in a combined r-value with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The I2 value quantifies the proportion (%) of the variation in point estimates due to among-study differences. Results The IPD meta-analysis found no association between satiety and TEF expressed as the incremental area under the curve (TEFiAUC) (r=0.06 [95% CI −0.16 to 0.28], P=0.58; I2=15.8%). Similarly, Composite Appetite Score (CAS) was not associated with TEFiAUC (r=0.08 [95% CI −0.12 to 0.28], P=0.45; I2=0%). Posthoc analyses showed no association between satiety or CAS and TEF expressed as a percentage of energy intake (EI) (P>0.49) or TEF expressed as a percentage of baseline EE (P>0.17). When adjusting for covariates, TEFiAUC was associated with protein intake (P=0.0085). Conclusions This IPD meta-analysis found no evidence supporting an association between satiety or CAS and TEF at protein intakes ∼15 E% (range 11–30 E%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Ravn
- Faculty of Science, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Ture Gregersen
- Faculty of Science, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Robin Christensen
- The Parker Institute: Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital at Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lone Graasbøl Rasmussen
- Faculty of Science, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ole Hels
- StatistiConsult, Ølstykke, Denmark
| | - Anita Belza
- Faculty of Science, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Anne Raben
- Faculty of Science, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Meinert Larsen
- Faculty of Science, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Søren Toubro
- Reduce APS - Research Clinic of Nutrition, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Arne Astrup
- Faculty of Science, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Kunešová M, Hlavatý P, Tvrzická E, Staňková B, Kalousková P, Viguerie N, Larsen TM, van Baak MA, Jebb SA, Martinez JA, Pfeiffer AFH, Kafatos A, Handjieva-Darlenska T, Hill M, Langin D, Zák A, Astrup A, Saris WHM. Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue triglycerides after weight loss and weight maintenance: the DIOGENES study. Physiol Res 2012; 61:597-607. [PMID: 23098653 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue changes with weight loss. Palmitoleic acid as a possible marker of endogenous lipogenesis or its functions as a lipokine are under debate. Objective was to assess the predictive role of adipose triglycerides fatty acids in weight maintenance in participants of the DIOGENES dietary intervention study. After an 8-week low calorie diet (LCD) subjects with > 8 % weight loss were randomized to 5 ad libitum weight maintenance diets for 6 months: low protein (P)/low glycemic index (GI) (LP/LGI), low P/high GI (LP/HGI), high P/low GI (HP/LGI), high P/high GI (HP/HGI), and a control diet. Fatty acid composition in adipose tissue triglycerides was determined by gas chromatography in 195 subjects before the LCD (baseline), after LCD and weight maintenance. Weight change after the maintenance phase was positively correlated with baseline adipose palmitoleic (16:1n-7), myristoleic (14:1n-5) and trans-palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7t). Negative correlation was found with baseline oleic acid (18:1n-9). Lower baseline monounsaturated fatty acids (14:1n-5, 16:1n-7 and trans 16:1n-7) in adipose tissue triglycerides predict better weight maintenance. Lower oleic acid predicts lower weight decrease. These findings suggest a specific role of monounsaturated fatty acids in weight management and as weight change predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kunešová
- Obesity Management Centre, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Handjieva-Darlenska T, Handjiev S, Larsen TM, van Baak MA, Lindroos A, Papadaki A, Pfeiffer AFH, Martinez JA, Kunesova M, Holst C, Saris WHM, Astrup A. Predictors of weight loss maintenance and attrition during a 6-month dietary intervention period: results from the DiOGenes study. Clin Obes 2011; 1:62-8. [PMID: 25585570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-8111.2011.00010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a need to develop tools to predict individual weight loss maintenance and attrition prognosis. We aimed to identify predictors of weight loss maintenance outcome and attrition in subjects from eight European countries in the DiOGenes project. A total of 932 overweight/obese subjects (body mass index: 27-42 kg m(-2) ) were enrolled in an 8-week low-calorie diet (LCD). The 776 subjects (83%) who achieved at least 8% reduction in their initial body weight were randomized into five dietary arms varying in protein content and glycemic index for a 6-month weight maintenance period. Baseline characteristics, weight loss at weeks 1, 3 and 8 of LCD were assessed as predictors of weight loss maintenance and attrition using multivariate regression and correlation models. The multivariate model showed that the 6-month weight loss maintenance was predicted by: 7.889 - 0.343 × weight loss at week 3 + 1.505 × weight loss at week 8 + 2.422 × gender (0 = male and 1 = female gender) (R(2) = 51%, P = 0.0001). A greater weight loss at week 8 was associated with a lower attrition during the subsequent 6-month dietary intervention period (OR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.88-0.97, P = 0.001). Furthermore, the men showed an increased likelihood for attrition during the dietary intervention period (OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.07-2.20, P = 0.02). A greater weight loss during 8 weeks of LCD and female gender predict better 6-month weight maintenance of weight loss, whereas the baseline characteristics did not predict outcome. Attrition could be strongly predicted by gender and weight loss during LCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Handjieva-Darlenska
- National Multiprofile Transport Hospital, Sofia, BulgariaDepartment of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the NetherlandsHuman Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UKDepartment of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine & Nutrition Clinic, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, GreeceDepartment of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal and Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Physiology and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, SpainObesity Management Centre, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, the Czech RepublicInstitute of Preventive Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
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25
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Bendsen NT, Chabanova E, Thomsen HS, Larsen TM, Newman JW, Stender S, Dyerberg J, Haugaard SB, Astrup A. Effect of trans fatty acid intake on abdominal and liver fat deposition and blood lipids: a randomized trial in overweight postmenopausal women. Nutr Diabetes 2011; 1:e4. [PMID: 23154296 PMCID: PMC3302130 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2010.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Intake of industrially produced trans fatty acids (TFAs) is, according to observational studies, associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but the causal mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Besides inducing dyslipidemia, TFA intake is suspected to promote abdominal and liver fat deposition. Objective: We examined the effect of a high intake of TFA as part of an isocaloric diet on whole-body, abdominal and hepatic fat deposition, and blood lipids in postmenopausal women. Methods: In a 16-week double-blind parallel intervention study, 52 healthy overweight postmenopausal women were randomized to receive either partially hydrogenated soybean oil providing 15.7 g day−1 of TFA or a control oil with mainly oleic and palmitic acid. Before and after the intervention, body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, abdominal fat by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and liver fat by 1H MR spectroscopy. Results: Compared with the control fat, TFA intake decreased plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol by 10%, increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol by 18% and resulted in an increased LDL/HDL-cholesterol ratio (baseline adjusted mean (95% CI) difference between diet groups 0.41 (0.22; 0.60); P<0.001). TFA tended to increase the body fat (0.46 (−0.20; 1.17) kg; P=0.16) and waist circumference (1.1 (−0.1; 2.4) cm; P=0.08) more than the control fat, whereas neither abdominal nor liver fat deposition was affected by TFA. Conclusion: The adverse effect of dietary TFA on cardiovascular disease risk involves induction of dyslipidemia, and perhaps body fat, whereas weight gain-independent accumulation of ectopic fat could not be identified as a contributory factor during short-term intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Bendsen
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Larsen TM, Dalskov SM, van Baak M, Jebb SA, Papadaki A, Pfeiffer AFH, Martinez JA, Handjieva-Darlenska T, Kunešová M, Pihlsgård M, Stender S, Holst C, Saris WHM, Astrup A. Diets with high or low protein content and glycemic index for weight-loss maintenance. N Engl J Med 2010; 363:2102-13. [PMID: 21105792 PMCID: PMC3359496 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1007137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 613] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of weight-control diets that are high in protein or low in glycemic index have reached varied conclusions, probably owing to the fact that the studies had insufficient power. METHODS We enrolled overweight adults from eight European countries who had lost at least 8% of their initial body weight with a 3.3-MJ (800-kcal) low-calorie diet. Participants were randomly assigned, in a two-by-two factorial design, to one of five ad libitum diets to prevent weight regain over a 26-week period: a low-protein and low-glycemic-index diet, a low-protein and high-glycemic-index diet, a high-protein and low-glycemic-index diet, a high-protein and high-glycemic-index diet, or a control diet. RESULTS A total of 1209 adults were screened (mean age, 41 years; body-mass index [the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters], 34), of whom 938 entered the low-calorie-diet phase of the study. A total of 773 participants who completed that phase were randomly assigned to one of the five maintenance diets; 548 completed the intervention (71%). Fewer participants in the high-protein and the low-glycemic-index groups than in the low-protein-high-glycemic-index group dropped out of the study (26.4% and 25.6%, respectively, vs. 37.4%; P=0.02 and P=0.01 for the respective comparisons). The mean initial weight loss with the low-calorie diet was 11.0 kg. In the analysis of participants who completed the study, only the low-protein-high-glycemic-index diet was associated with subsequent significant weight regain (1.67 kg; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48 to 2.87). In an intention-to-treat analysis, the weight regain was 0.93 kg less (95% CI, 0.31 to 1.55) in the groups assigned to a high-protein diet than in those assigned to a low-protein diet (P=0.003) and 0.95 kg less (95% CI, 0.33 to 1.57) in the groups assigned to a low-glycemic-index diet than in those assigned to a high-glycemic-index diet (P=0.003). The analysis involving participants who completed the intervention produced similar results. The groups did not differ significantly with respect to diet-related adverse events. CONCLUSIONS In this large European study, a modest increase in protein content and a modest reduction in the glycemic index led to an improvement in study completion and maintenance of weight loss. (Funded by the European Commission; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00390637.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Meinert Larsen
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Moore CS, Lindroos AK, Kreutzer M, Larsen TM, Astrup A, van Baak MA, Handjieva-Darlenska T, Hlavaty P, Kafatos A, Kohl A, Martinez JA, Monsheimer S, Jebb SA. Dietary strategy to manipulate ad libitum macronutrient intake, and glycaemic index, across eight European countries in the Diogenes Study. Obes Rev 2010; 11:67-75. [PMID: 19573053 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2009.00602.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the development and implementation of a multifaceted, low-fat, weight-loss strategy for a Pan-European randomized controlled dietary intervention study, Diogenes. There were 891 families with at least one overweight/obese parent who underwent screening. Eligible, overweight/obese adults followed an 8-week weight-loss phase with a fixed low-energy diet (800 kcal). On attaining weight loss of > or = 8%, families were randomized to a 6- or 12-month low-fat (25-30%E) diet either based on national dietary guidelines or one of four interventions: low protein (LP)/low glycaemic index (LGI), LP/high GI (HGI), high protein (HP)/LGI and HP/HGI. The impact of each diet in preventing weight (re)gain was tested. A points-based system was used to manipulate dietary protein and carbohydrate. Manipulating carbohydrate composition involved substituting foods with a relatively high or low GI. A questionnaire was designed and completed by study investigators, providing feedback on the dietary intervention methods used to inform future interventions. The points system allowed macronutrient manipulations without compromising dietary flexibility or enforcing energy restrictions. Reported centre/participant differences in the ease of implementing the intervention may reflect dietary diversity and personal preferences for specific weight-management strategies. The points system provides a useful starting point for designing improved experimental paradigms for the manipulation of dietary intake in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Moore
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL, UK.
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Larsen TM, Dalskov S, van Baak M, Jebb S, Kafatos A, Pfeiffer A, Martinez JA, Handjieva-Darlenska T, Kunesová M, Holst C, Saris WHM, Astrup A. The Diet, Obesity and Genes (Diogenes) Dietary Study in eight European countries - a comprehensive design for long-term intervention. Obes Rev 2010; 11:76-91. [PMID: 19470086 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2009.00603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Diogenes is a Pan-European, randomized, controlled dietary intervention study investigating the effects of dietary protein and glycaemic index on weight (re)gain, metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors in obese and overweight families in eight European centres. The article is methodological in character, and the presentation of 'results' will be limited to baseline characteristics of the study populations included. A total of 891 families with at least one overweight/obese parent underwent screening. The parents started an initial 8-week low-calorie diet and families with minimum one parent attaining a weight loss of > or = 8%, were randomized to one of five energy ad libitum, low-fat (25-30 E%) diets for 6 or 12 months: low protein/low glycaemic index, low protein/high glycaemic index, high protein/low glycaemic index, high protein/high glycaemic index or control (national dietary guidelines). At two centres the families were provided dietary instruction plus free foods for 6 months followed by 6-month dietary instruction only. At the remaining six centres the families received dietary instruction only for 6 months. The median weight loss during the low-calorie diet was 10.3 kg (inter-quartile range: 8.7-12.8 kg, n = 775). A total of 773 adults and 784 children were randomized to the 6-month weight (re)gain prevention phase. Despite major cultural and dietary regional differences in Europe, interventions addressing effects of dietary factors are feasible with a reasonable attrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Larsen
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Nielsen ALH, Larsen TM, Madsbad S, Breum L, Jensen TJ, Kroustrup JP, Astrup A. [The effect of tesofensine on body weight and body composition in obese subjects--secondary publication]. Ugeskr Laeger 2009; 171:2974-2977. [PMID: 19824222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Results from a phase II trial with Tesofensine for treatment of obesity are presented. In total 203 obese persons were randomised to treatment with Tesofensine 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 mg, or placebo daily for 24 weeks. Treatment with Tesofensine resulted in a mean weight reduction of 4.5, 9.2 and 10.6% higher than that of placebo for 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg, respectively. Tesofensine 0.5 mg might have the potential to produce a weight loss twice that of currently approved anti-obesity drugs. Findings of safety and efficacy of 0.5 mg Tesofensine need confirmation in phase III trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Louise Hother Nielsen
- Institut for Human Ernaering, Det Biovidenskabelige Fakultet, Københavns Universitet, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C.
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Abstract
AIM No studies have assessed if changes in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) during weight loss differ between women and men with comparable amounts of VAT at baseline. The aim of this study was to assess if changes in VAT induced by a low-calorie diet (LCD) differ between women and men. METHODS In this post hoc analysis of an existing database, abdominal adipose tissue was evaluated before and after an 8-week LCD (800-1000 kcal/day) by a single-slice magnetic resonance scan performed at the abdominal level. Body composition was measured by dual X-ray energy absorptiometry. RESULTS Data from 111 obese subjects (85 women and 26 men) were available. Relative changes in VAT were found to be more pronounced in men [mean (95% CI): -32.6% (-38.7 to -26.6)] than in women [-21.9% (-25.0 to -18.8)] (p = 0.003) after correction for relative changes in fat mass (FM). When analysing only the data from a subgroup of 23 women and 23 men who were matched for similar visceral to abdominal subcutaneous fat ratio at baseline, these differences could not be observed anymore: the change in VAT was -33.7% (-38.7 to -28.7) in men and -26.8% (-31.8 to -21.8) in women (p = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that relative changes in VAT during a LCD may be greater in men than in women even after taking relative changes in FM into account. However, these differences disappear when properly matching the subjects for baseline amounts of VAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gasteyger
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Abstract
The discovery of cannabinoids, with the well-known stimulatory effect of Cannabis sativa on appetite, has offered a new drug target for obesity treatment. Cannabinoids act on two different receptors: CB1 receptors which are sited in the brain and many peripheral tissues, and CB2 receptors which are primarily found in immune system cells. Cannabinoid receptor antagonists act centrally by blocking CB1 receptors, thereby reducing food intake. Moreover, they probably also act peripherally by increasing thermogenesis and therefore energy expenditure, as has been suggested by animal experiments. Despite these promising mechanisms of action, recent clinical studies examining the effect of the two CB1 receptor antagonists rimonabant and taranabant showed that the attained weight loss did not exceed that attained with other currently approved anti-obesity medications. Moreover, potentially severe psychiatric adverse effects limit their clinical use. As several new CB1 receptor antagonists are presently undergoing development, it remains to be elucidated to what extent they differ in terms of efficacy and safety. This review primarily discusses how close cannabinoid receptor antagonists are to the ideal anti-obesity drug, with respect to their mechanisms of action, clinical effectiveness and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Akbas
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Astrup A, Madsbad S, Breum L, Jensen TJ, Kroustrup JP, Larsen TM. Effect of tesofensine on bodyweight loss, body composition, and quality of life in obese patients: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 372:1906-1913. [PMID: 18950853 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61525-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight-loss drugs produce an additional mean weight loss of only 3-5 kg above that of diet and placebo over 6 months, and more effective pharmacotherapy of obesity is needed. We assessed the efficacy and safety of tesofensine-an inhibitor of the presynaptic uptake of noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin-in patients with obesity. METHODS We undertook a phase II, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in five Danish obesity management centres. After a 2 week run-in phase, 203 obese patients (body-mass index 30-</=40 kg/m(2)) were prescribed an energy restricted diet and randomly assigned with a list of randomisation numbers to treatment with tesofensine 0.25 mg (n=52), 0.5 mg (n=50), or 1.0 mg (n=49), or placebo (n=52) once daily for 24 weeks. The primary outcome was percentage change in bodyweight. Analysis was by modified intention to treat (all randomised patients with measurement after at least one dose of study drug or placebo). The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00394667. FINDINGS 161 (79%) participants completed the study. After 24 weeks, the mean weight loss produced by diet and placebo was 2.0% (SE 0.60). Tesofensine 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, and 1.0 mg and diet induced a mean weight loss of 4.5% (0.87), 9.2% (0.91), and 10.6% (0.84), respectively, greater than diet and placebo (p<0.0001). The most common adverse events caused by tesofensine were dry mouth, nausea, constipation, hard stools, diarrhoea, and insomnia. After 24 weeks, tesofensine 0.25 mg and 0.5 mg showed no significant increases in systolic or diastolic blood pressure compared with placebo, whereas heart rate was increased by 7.4 beats per min in the tesofensine 0.5 mg group (p=0.0001). INTERPRETATION Our results suggest that tesofensine 0.5 mg might have the potential to produce a weight loss twice that of currently approved drugs. However, these findings of efficacy and safety need confirmation in phase III trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Astrup
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leif Breum
- Department of Medicine, Køge Hospital, Køge, Denmark
| | | | | | - Thomas Meinert Larsen
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Arsene I, Bearden IG, Beavis D, Bekele S, Besliu C, Budick B, Bøggild H, Chasman C, Dalsgaard HH, Debbe R, Fox B, Gaardhøje JJ, Hagel K, Jipa A, Johnson EB, Karabowicz R, Katryńska N, Kim EJ, Larsen TM, Lee JH, Løvhøiden G, Majka Z, Murray M, Nygaard C, Natowitz J, Nielsen BS, Pal D, Qviler A, Ristea C, Röhrich D, Sanders SJ, Staszel P, Tveter TS, Videbaek F, Yang H, Wada R. Single-transverse-spin asymmetries of identified charged hadrons in polarized pp collisions at sqrt[s]=62.4 GeV. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:042001. [PMID: 18764320 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.042001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The first measurements of xF-dependent single-spin asymmetries of identified charged hadrons, pi+/-, K+/-, and protons, from transversely polarized proton-proton collisions at 62.4 GeV at RHIC are presented. Large asymmetries are seen in the pion and kaon channels. The asymmetries in inclusive pi+ production, AN(pi+), increase with xF from 0 to approximately 0.25 and AN(pi-) decrease from 0 to approximately -0.4. Observed asymmetries for K- unexpectedly show positive values similar to those for K+, increasing with xF, whereas proton asymmetries are consistent with zero over the measured kinematic range. Comparisons of the data with predictions of QCD-based models are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Arsene
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight loss was shown to be associated with improvements in liver enzymes and improvements of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, some evidence also shows that liver enzymes may transiently increase immediately after a dietary-induced weight loss. OBJECTIVE The aim was to assess the outcome of liver enzymes after a low-calorie diet (LCD) as well as during a follow-up period and to identify predictors for potential changes in these liver enzymes. DESIGN In this post hoc analysis of an existing database, liver enzymes were assessed before and immediately after a highly standardized soy-based meal replacement LCD providing 800 kcal/d, as well as 32 and 60 wk after the end of the LCD. RESULTS Data emanating from 147 obese subjects (104 women and 43 men) without known hepatic disease were included in this study. The LCD led to a median weight loss of 12.1 kg (range: 7.7-27.6 kg). In men, a significant decrease in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was observed immediately after the LCD, whereas, in women, these enzymes increased significantly, although mildly; however, this increase was transient. Sex was the only identifiable predictor of these changes in liver enzymes. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that mild, transient increases in ALT and AST values can be observed immediately after an LCD in women, but not in men. These changes are probably of multifactorial origin and may be considered as benign as long as they remain transient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gasteyger
- Department of Human Nutrition, Centre for Advanced Food Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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35
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Arsene I, Bearden IG, Beavis D, Bekele S, Besliu C, Budick B, Bøggild H, Chasman C, Christensen CH, Dalsgaard HH, Debbe R, Gaardhøje JJ, Hagel K, Ito H, Jipa A, Johnson EB, Jørgensen CE, Karabowicz R, Katrynska N, Kim EJ, Larsen TM, Lee JH, Lindal S, Løvhøiden G, Majka Z, Murray M, Natowitz J, Nielsen BS, Nygaard C, Płaneta R, Rami F, Renault F, Ristea C, Ristea O, Röhrich D, Samset BH, Sanders SJ, Scheetz RA, Staszel P, Tveter TS, Videbaek F, Wada R, Yin Z, Yang H, Zgura IS. Production of mesons and baryons at high rapidity and high p(T) in proton-proton collisions at square root[s] = 200 GeV. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 98:252001. [PMID: 17678015 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.252001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We present particle spectra for charged hadrons pi(+/-), K(+/-), p, and p[over] from pp collisions at square root[s] = 200 GeV measured for the first time at forward rapidities (2.95 and 3.3). The kinematics of these measurements are skewed in a way that probes the small momentum fraction in one of the protons and large fractions in the other. Large proton to pion ratios are observed at values of transverse momentum that extend up to 4 GeV/c, where protons have momenta up to 35 GeV. Next-to-leading order perturbative QCD calculations describe the production of pions and kaons well at these rapidities, but fail to account for the large proton yields and small p[over]/p ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Arsene
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is marketed as a safe, simple, and effective dietary supplement to promote the loss of body fat and weight. However, most previous studies have been of short duration and inconclusive, and some recent studies have questioned the safety of long-term supplementation with CLA. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to assess the effect of 1-y supplementation with CLA (3.4 g/d) on body weight and body fat regain in moderately obese people. DESIGN One hundred twenty-two obese healthy subjects with a body mass index (in kg/m2) > 28 underwent an 8-wk dietary run-in with energy restriction (3300-4200 kJ/d). One hundred one subjects who lost >8% of their initial body weight were subsequently randomly assigned to a 1-y double-blind CLA (3.4 g/d; n = 51) or placebo (olive oil; n = 50) supplementation regime in combination with a modest hypocaloric diet of -1250 kJ/d. The effects of treatment on body composition and safety were assessed with the use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and with blood samples and the incidence of adverse events, respectively. RESULTS After 1 y, no significant difference in body weight or body fat regain was observed between the treatments. The CLA group (n = 40) regained a mean (+/-SD) 4.0 +/- 5.6 kg body weight and 2.1 +/- 5.0 kg fat mass compared with a regain of 4.0 +/- 5.0 kg body weight and 2.7 +/- 4.9 kg fat mass in the placebo group (n = 43). No significant differences in reported adverse effects or indexes of insulin resistance were observed, but a significant increase in the number of leukocytes was observed with CLA supplementation. CONCLUSION A 3.4-g daily CLA supplementation for 1 y does not prevent weight or fat mass regain in a healthy obese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Meinert Larsen
- Department of Human Nutrition, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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37
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Larsen TM, Flint A, Heitmann BL. [Prevention of obesity]. Ugeskr Laeger 2006; 168:155-9. [PMID: 16403340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity increases the risk of lifestyle diseases, poor quality of life, hospitalisation and shortening of life. Globally, obesity is on the rise, and as the current treatment options have generally been disappointing, many people argue that primary prevention is preferable. However, as yet documentation of effective primary prevention is lacking, and results indicate that one-sided intervention is ineffective. Despite the lack of documentation, many initiatives are being undertaken, both nationally and internationally, and it is recommended that Denmark also initiate a collaborative official effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Meinert Larsen
- Den Kongelige Veterinaer- og Landbohøjskole, Institut for Human Ernaering, Levnedsmiddelcenteret, og Enheden for Epidemiologisk Kostforskning, og Center for Epidemiologisk Grundforskning, Frederiksberg C.
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38
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Bearden IG, Beavis D, Besliu C, Budick B, Bøggild H, Chasman C, Christensen CH, Christiansen P, Cibor J, Debbe R, Enger E, Gaardhøje JJ, Germinario M, Hagel K, Hansen O, Holm A, Holme AK, Ito H, Jipa A, Jundt F, Jørdre JI, Jørgensen CE, Karabowicz R, Kim EJ, Kozik T, Larsen TM, Lee JH, Lee YK, Løvhøiden G, Majka Z, Makeev A, Mikelsen M, Murray M, Natowitz J, Nielsen BS, Norris J, Olchanski K, Ouerdane D, Płaneta R, Rami F, Ristea C, Röhrich D, Samset BH, Sandberg D, Sanders SJ, Sheetz RA, Staszel P, Tveter TS, Videaek F, Wada R, Yin Z, Zgura IS. Charged meson rapidity distributions in central Au+Au collisions at square root(sNN) = 200 GeV. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 94:162301. [PMID: 15904216 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.162301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We have measured rapidity densities dN/dy of pi+/- and K+/- over a broad rapidity range (-0.1 < y < 3.5) for central Au + Au collisions at square root(sNN) = 200 GeV. These data have significant implications for the chemistry and dynamics of the dense system that is initially created in the collisions. The full phase-space yields are 1660 +/- 15 +/- 133 (pi+), 1683 +/- 16 +/- 135 (pi-), 286 +/- 5 +/- 23 (K+), and 242 +/- 4 +/- 19 (K-). The systematics of the strange to nonstrange meson ratios are found to track the variation of the baryochemical potential with rapidity and energy. Landau-Carruthers hydrodynamics is found to describe the bulk transport of the pions in the longitudinal direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G Bearden
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Harper A, Larsen TM, Astrup AV. [Atkins and other low-carbohydrate diets: hoax or an effective tool for weight loss?--secondary publication]. Ugeskr Laeger 2005; 167:1183-5. [PMID: 15810580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Harper
- Institut for Human Ernaering, Levnedsmiddelcentret, Den Kgl. Veterinaer- og Landbohøjskole, Frederiksberg
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40
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Arsene I, Bearden IG, Beavis D, Besliu C, Budick B, Bøggild H, Chasman C, Christensen CH, Christiansen P, Cibor J, Debbe R, Enger E, Gaardhøje JJ, Germinario M, Hagel K, Ito H, Jipa A, Jørdre JI, Jundt F, Jørgensen CE, Karabowicz R, Kim EJ, Kozik T, Larsen TM, Lee JH, Lee YK, Lindal S, Lystad R, Løvhøiden G, Majka Z, Makeev A, Mikelsen M, Murray M, Natowitz J, Neumann B, Nielsen BS, Ouerdane D, Płaneta R, Rami F, Ristea C, Ristea O, Röhrich D, Samset BH, Sandberg D, Sanders SJ, Sheetz RA, Staszel P, Tveter TS, Videbaek F, Wada R, Yin Z, Zgura IS. Centrality dependence of charged-particle pseudorapidity distributions from d + Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 200 GeV. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 94:032301. [PMID: 15698255 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.032301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Charged-particle pseudorapidity densities are presented for the d + Au reaction at sqrt[s(NN)] = 200 GeV with -4.2 < or = eta < or = 4.2. The results, from the BRAHMS experiment at BNL Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider, are shown for minimum-bias events and 0%-30%, 30%-60%, and 60%-80% centrality classes. Models incorporating both soft physics and hard, perturbative QCD-based scattering physics agree well with the experimental results. The data do not support predictions based on strong-coupling, semiclassical QCD. In the deuteron-fragmentation region the central 200 GeV data show behavior similar to full-overlap d+Au results at sqrt[s(NN)] = 19.4 GeV.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Arsene
- University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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41
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Arsene I, Bearden IG, Beavis D, Besliu C, Budick B, Bøggild H, Chasman C, Christensen CH, Christiansen P, Cibor J, Debbe R, Enger E, Gaardhøje JJ, Germinario M, Hagel K, Ito H, Jipa A, Jundt F, Jørdre JI, Jørgensen CE, Karabowicz R, Kim EJ, Kozik T, Larsen TM, Lee JH, Lee YK, Lindal S, Lystad R, Løvhøiden G, Majka Z, Makeev A, Mikelsen M, Murray M, Natowitz J, Neumann B, Nielsen BS, Ouerdane D, Płaneta R, Rami F, Ristea C, Ristea O, Röhrich D, Samset BH, Sandberg D, Sanders SJ, Scheetz RA, Staszel P, Tveter TS, Videbaek F, Wada R, Yin Z, Zgura IS. Evolution of the nuclear modification factors with rapidity and centrality in d + Au collisions at (sqrt)[N(S)N]=200 GeV. Phys Rev Lett 2004; 93:242303. [PMID: 15697798 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.242303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2004] [Revised: 08/27/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report on a study of the transverse momentum dependence of nuclear modification factors R(dAu) for charged hadrons produced in deuteron + gold collisions at sqrt[s(NN)]=200 GeV, as a function of collision centrality and of the pseudorapidity (eta=0, 1, 2.2, 3.2) of the produced hadrons. We find a significant and systematic decrease of R(dAu) with increasing rapidity. The midrapidity enhancement and the forward rapidity suppression are more pronounced in central collisions relative to peripheral collisions. These results are relevant to the study of the possible onset of gluon saturation at energies reached at BNL RHIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Arsene
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
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Abstract
CONTEXT The Atkins diet books have sold more than 45 million copies over 40 years, and in the obesity epidemic this diet and accompanying Atkins food products are popular. The diet claims to be effective at producing weight loss despite ad-libitum consumption of fatty meat, butter, and other high-fat dairy products, restricting only the intake of carbohydrates to under 30 g a day. Low-carbohydrate diets have been regarded as fad diets, but recent research questions this view. STARTING POINT A systematic review of low-carbohydrate diets found that the weight loss achieved is associated with the duration of the diet and restriction of energy intake, but not with restriction of carbohydrates. Two groups have reported longer-term randomised studies that compared instruction in the low-carbohydrate diet with a low-fat calorie-reduced diet in obese patients (N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 2082-90; Ann Intern Med 2004; 140: 778-85). Both trials showed better weight loss on the low-carbohydrate diet after 6 months, but no difference after 12 months. WHERE NEXT?: The apparent paradox that ad-libitum intake of high-fat foods produces weight loss might be due to severe restriction of carbohydrate depleting glycogen stores, leading to excretion of bound water, the ketogenic nature of the diet being appetite suppressing, the high protein-content being highly satiating and reducing spontaneous food intake, or limited food choices leading to decreased energy intake. Long-term studies are needed to measure changes in nutritional status and body composition during the low-carbohydrate diet, and to assess fasting and postprandial cardiovascular risk factors and adverse effects. Without that information, low-carbohydrate diets cannot be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Astrup
- Department of Human Nutrition, Centre of Advanced Food Research, RVA University, Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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43
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Bearden IG, Beavis D, Besliu C, Budick B, Bøggild H, Chasman C, Christensen CH, Christiansen P, Cibor J, Debbe R, Enger E, Gaardhøje JJ, Germinario M, Hagel K, Hansen O, Holm A, Holme AK, Ito H, Jipa A, Jundt F, Jørdre JI, Jørgensen CE, Karabowicz R, Kim EJ, Kozik T, Larsen TM, Lee JH, Lee YK, Løvhøiden G, Majka Z, Makeev A, Mikelsen M, Murray M, Natowitz J, Nielsen BS, Norris J, Olchanski K, Ouerdane D, Płaneta R, Rami F, Ristea C, Röhrich D, Samset BH, Sandberg D, Sanders SJ, Scheetz RA, Staszel P, Tveter TS, Videbaek F, Wada R, Yin Z, Zgura IS. Nuclear stopping in Au+Au collisions at square root of S(NN)=200 GeV. Phys Rev Lett 2004; 93:102301. [PMID: 15447397 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.102301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Transverse momentum spectra and rapidity densities, dN/dy, of protons, antiprotons, and net protons (p-p) from central (0%-5%) Au+Au collisions at square root of S(NN)=200 GeV were measured with the BRAHMS experiment within the rapidity range 0</=y</=3. The proton and antiproton dN/dy decrease from midrapidity to y=3. The net-proton yield is roughly constant for y<1 at dN/dy approximately 7, and increases to dN/dy approximately 12 at y approximately 3. The data show that collisions at this energy exhibit a high degree of transparency and that the linear scaling of rapidity loss with rapidity observed at lower energies is broken. The energy loss per participant nucleon is estimated to be 73+/-6 GeV.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G Bearden
- Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
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44
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Arsene I, Bearden IG, Beavis D, Besliu C, Budick B, Bøggild H, Chasman C, Christensen CH, Christiansen P, Cibor J, Debbe R, Enger E, Gaardhøje JJ, Germinario M, Hagel K, Hansen O, Holm A, Ito H, Jipa A, Jundt F, Jørdre JI, Jørgensen CE, Karabowicz R, Kim EJ, Kozik T, Larsen TM, Lee JH, Lee YK, Lindal S, Lystad G, Løvhøiden G, Majka Z, Makeev A, McBreen B, Mikelsen M, Murray M, Natowitz J, Neumann B, Nielsen BS, Norris J, Ouerdane D, Płaneta R, Rami F, Ristea C, Ristea O, Röhrich D, Samset BH, Sandberg D, Sanders SJ, Scheetz RA, Staszel P, Tveter TS, Videbaek F, Wada R, Yin Z, Zgura IS. Transverse-momentum spectra in Au+Au and d+Au collisions at sqrt[s(NN)]=200 GeV and the pseudorapidity dependence of high-p(T) suppression. Phys Rev Lett 2003; 91:072305. [PMID: 12935010 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.072305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present spectra of charged hadrons from Au+Au and d+Au collisions at sqrt[s(NN)]=200 GeV measured with the BRAHMS experiment at RHIC. The spectra for different collision centralities are compared to spectra from p+(-)p collisions at the same energy scaled by the number of binary collisions. The resulting ratios (nuclear modification factors) for central Au+Au collisions at eta=0 and eta=2.2 evidence a strong suppression in the high p(T) region (>2 GeV/c). In contrast, the d+Au nuclear modification factor (at eta=0) exhibits an enhancement of the high p(T) yields. These measurements indicate a high energy loss of the high p(T) particles in the medium created in the central Au+Au collisions. The lack of suppression in d+Au collisions makes it unlikely that initial state effects can explain the suppression in the central Au+Au collisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Arsene
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
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45
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Bearden IG, Beavis D, Besliu C, Blyakhman Y, Budick B, Bøggild H, Chasman C, Christensen CH, Christiansen P, Cibor J, Debbe R, Enger E, Gaardhøje JJ, Germinario M, Hagel K, Hansen O, Holm A, Holme AK, Ito H, Jakobsen E, Jipa A, Jundt F, Jørdre JI, Jørgensen CE, Karabowicz R, Keutgen T, Kim EJ, Kozik T, Larsen TM, Lee JH, Lee YK, Løvhøiden G, Majka Z, Makeev A, McBreen B, Mikelsen M, Murray M, Natowitz J, Nielsen BS, Norris J, Olchanski K, Olness J, Ouerdane D, Płaneta R, Rami F, Ristea C, Röhrich D, Samset BH, Sandberg D, Sanders SJ, Scheetz RA, Staszel P, Tveter TS, Videbaek F, Wada R, Wieloch A, Yin Z, Zgura IS. Rapidity dependence of charged antihadron to hadron ratios in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s(NN)]=200 GeV. Phys Rev Lett 2003; 90:102301. [PMID: 12688991 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.102301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present ratios of the numbers of charged antihadrons to hadrons (pions, kaons, and protons) in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s(NN)]=200 GeV as a function of rapidity in the range y=0-3. While the ratios at midrapidity are approaching unity, the K(-)/K(+) and p;/p ratios decrease significantly at forward rapidities. An interpretation of the results within the statistical model indicates a reduction of the baryon chemical potential from mu(B) approximately 130 MeV at y=3 to mu(B) approximately 25 MeV at y=0.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G Bearden
- Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
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Abstract
The nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a member of the PPAR family. The endogenous activators of all members of the PPAR family are a variety of fatty acids, which suggests that the PPARs are highly involved in lipid metabolism. In the present paper, the current understanding of the involvement of PPARgamma in adipocyte proliferation and adipose tissue formation is extensively reviewed, and it is stressed that PPARgamma seems to be a major regulator in the differentiation of adipocytes. Thiazoledinediones (TZDs) are a group of PPARgamma-agonists used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) since 1997. They are characterized by their ability to decrease insulin resistance, and have been suggested to slow down the progression of insulin resistance. Treatment with TZD requires several weeks of treatment to decrease plasma glucose levels, but in addition they markedly decrease plasma triglycerides and free fatty acids. A major drawback of treatment with TZD is body fat gain, but some evidence suggests that the fat is redistributed in a favourable direction, that is, from visceral to subcutaneous depots. However, the effect of long-term treatment on weight gain following TZD treatment is unknown, and it may be questioned whether the use of these 'adipogenic compounds' is appropriate, considering that excess body fat is almost a prerequisite for the development of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Larsen
- Research Department of Human Nutrition, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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47
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Bearden IG, Beavis D, Besliu C, Blyakhman Y, Budick B, Bøggild H, Chasman C, Christensen CH, Christiansen P, Cibor J, Debbe R, Enger E, Gaardhøje JJ, Hagel K, Hansen O, Holm A, Holme AK, Ito H, Jakobsen E, Jipa A, Jørdre JI, Jundt F, Jørgensen CE, Karabowicz R, Keutgen T, Kim EJ, Kozik T, Larsen TM, Lee JH, Lee YK, Løvhøiden G, Majka Z, Makeev A, McBreen B, Mikelsen M, Murray M, Natowitz J, Nielsen BS, Norris J, Olchanski K, Olness J, Ouerdane D, Płaneta R, Rami F, Ristea C, Röhrich D, Samset BH, Sandberg D, Sanders SJ, Sheetz RA, Staszel P, Thorsteinsen TF, Tveter TS, Videbaek F, Wada R, Wieloch A, Zgura IS. Pseudorapidity distributions of charged particles from Au + Au collisions at the maximum RHIC energy, square root[s(NN)] = 200 GeV. Phys Rev Lett 2002; 88:202301. [PMID: 12005556 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.88.202301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2001] [Revised: 02/14/2002] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present charged-particle multiplicities as a function of pseudorapidity and collision centrality for the 197Au+197Au reaction at square root[s(NN)] = 200 GeV. For the 5% most central events we obtain dN(ch)/deta/(eta = 0) = 625+/-55 and N(ch)/(-4.7< or =eta < or =4.7) = 4630 +/- 370, i.e., 14% and 21% increases, respectively, relative to square root[s(NN)] = 130 GeV collisions. Charged-particle production per pair of participant nucleons is found to increase from peripheral to central collisions around midrapidity. These results constrain current models of particle production at the highest RHIC energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G Bearden
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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48
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Bearden IG, Beavis D, Besliu C, Blyakhman Y, Brzychczyk J, Budick B, Bøggild H, Chasman C, Christensen CH, Christiansen P, Cibor J, Debbe R, Gaardhøje JJ, Grotowski K, Hagel K, Hansen O, Holm A, Holme AK, Ito H, Jakobsen E, Jipa A, Jørdre JI, Jundt F, Jørgensen CE, Keutgen T, Kim EJ, Kozik T, Larsen TM, Lee JH, Lee YK, Løvhøiden GL, Majka Z, Makeev A, McBreen B, Murray M, Natowitz J, Nielsen BS, Olchanski K, Olness J, Ouerdane D, Planeta R, Rami F, Röhrich D, Samset BH, Sanders SJ, Sheetz RA, Sosin Z, Staszel P, Thorsteinsen TF, Tveter TS, Videbaek F, Wada R, Wieloch A, Zgura IS. Rapidity dependence of antiproton-to-proton ratios in Au+Au collisions at square root of (sNN) = 130 GeV. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 87:112305. [PMID: 11531519 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.112305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Measurements, with the BRAHMS detector, of the antiproton-to-proton ratio at midrapidities and forward rapidities, are presented for Au+Au reactions at square root of [s(NN)] = 130 GeV, and for three different collision centralities. For collisions in the 0%-40% centrality range, we find N(&pmacr;)/N(p) = 0.64+/-0.04((stat))+/-0.06((syst)) at y approximately 0, 0.66+/-0.03+/-0.06 at y approximately 0.7, and 0.41+/-0.04+/-0.06 at y approximately 2. The ratios are found to be nearly independent of collision centrality and transverse momentum. The antiproton and proton rapidity densities vary differently with rapidity, and indicate a significant degree of collision transparency, although a net-baryon free midrapidity plateau (Bjorken limit) is not yet reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G Bearden
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Larsen TM, Boehlein SK, Schuster SM, Richards NG, Thoden JB, Holden HM, Rayment I. Three-dimensional structure of Escherichia coli asparagine synthetase B: a short journey from substrate to product. Biochemistry 1999; 38:16146-57. [PMID: 10587437 DOI: 10.1021/bi9915768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Asparagine synthetase B catalyzes the assembly of asparagine from aspartate, Mg(2+)ATP, and glutamine. Here, we describe the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme from Escherichia colidetermined and refined to 2.0 A resolution. Protein employed for this study was that of a site-directed mutant protein, Cys1Ala. Large crystals were grown in the presence of both glutamine and AMP. Each subunit of the dimeric protein folds into two distinct domains. The N-terminal region contains two layers of antiparallel beta-sheet with each layer containing six strands. Wedged between these layers of sheet is the active site responsible for the hydrolysis of glutamine. Key side chains employed for positioning the glutamine substrate within the binding pocket include Arg 49, Asn 74, Glu 76, and Asp 98. The C-terminal domain, responsible for the binding of both Mg(2+)ATP and aspartate, is dominated by a five-stranded parallel beta-sheet flanked on either side by alpha-helices. The AMP moiety is anchored to the protein via hydrogen bonds with O(gamma) of Ser 346 and the backbone carbonyl and amide groups of Val 272, Leu 232, and Gly 347. As observed for other amidotransferases, the two active sites are connected by a tunnel lined primarily with backbone atoms and hydrophobic and nonpolar amino acid residues. Strikingly, the three-dimensional architecture of the N-terminal domain of asparagine synthetase B is similar to that observed for glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase while the molecular motif of the C-domain is reminiscent to that observed for GMP synthetase.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
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Larsen TM, Benning MM, Rayment I, Reed GH. Structure of the bis(Mg2+)-ATP-oxalate complex of the rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase at 2.1 A resolution: ATP binding over a barrel. Biochemistry 1998; 37:6247-55. [PMID: 9572839 DOI: 10.1021/bi980243s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase from rabbit muscle has been cocrystallized as a complex with MgIIATP, oxalate, Mg2+, and either K+ or Na+. Crystals with either Na+ or K+ belong to the space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), and the asymmetric units contain two tetramers. The structures were solved by molecular replacement and refined to 2.1 (K+) and 2.35 A (Na+) resolution. The structures of the Na+ and K+ complexes are virtually isomorphous. Each of the eight subunits within the asymmetric unit contains MgIIoxalate as a bidentate complex linked to the protein through coordination of Mg2+ to the carboxylates of Glu 271 and Asp 295. Six of the subunits also contain an alpha,beta,gamma-tridentate complex of MgIIATP, and the active-site cleft, located between domains A and B, is closed in these subunits. In the remaining two subunits MgIIATP is missing, and the active-site cleft is open. Closure of the active-site cleft in the fully liganded subunits includes a rotation of 41 degrees of the B domain relative to the A domain. alpha-Carbons of residues in the B domain undergo movements of up to 17.8 A (Lys 124) in the cleft closure. Lys 206, Arg 119, and Asp 177 from the B domain move several angstroms from their positions in the open conformation to contact the MgIIATP complex in the active site. The gamma-phosphate of ATP coordinates to both magnesium ions and to the monovalent cation, K+ or Na+. A Mg2+-coordinated oxygen from the MgIIoxalate complex lies 3.0 A from Pgamma of ATP, and this oxygen is positioned for an in-line attack on the phosphorus. The side chains of Lys 269 and Arg 119 are positioned to provide leaving-group activation in the forward and reverse directions. There is no obvious candidate for the acid/base catalyst near the 2-si face of the prospective enolate of the normal substrate. A functional group linked through solvent and side-chain hydroxyls may function in a proton relay.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Larsen
- Institute for Enzyme Research, Graduate School, and Department of Biochemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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