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Gehrlach DA, Weiand C, Gaitanos TN, Cho E, Klein AS, Hennrich AA, Conzelmann KK, Gogolla N. A whole-brain connectivity map of mouse insular cortex. eLife 2020; 9:55585. [PMID: 32940600 PMCID: PMC7538160 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The insular cortex (IC) plays key roles in emotional and regulatory brain functions and is affected across psychiatric diseases. However, the brain-wide connections of the mouse IC have not been comprehensively mapped. Here, we traced the whole-brain inputs and outputs of the mouse IC across its rostro-caudal extent. We employed cell-type-specific monosynaptic rabies virus tracings to characterize afferent connections onto either excitatory or inhibitory IC neurons, and adeno-associated viral tracings to label excitatory efferent axons. While the connectivity between the IC and other cortical regions was highly bidirectional, the IC connectivity with subcortical structures was often unidirectional, revealing prominent cortical-to-subcortical or subcortical-to-cortical pathways. The posterior and medial IC exhibited resembling connectivity patterns, while the anterior IC connectivity was distinct, suggesting two major functional compartments. Our results provide insights into the anatomical architecture of the mouse IC and thus a structural basis to guide investigations into its complex functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Gehrlach
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Circuits for Emotion Research Group, Martinsried, Germany.,International Max-Planck Research School for Molecular Life Sciences, Munich, Germany
| | - Caroline Weiand
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Circuits for Emotion Research Group, Martinsried, Germany.,International Max-Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas N Gaitanos
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Circuits for Emotion Research Group, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Eunjae Cho
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Circuits for Emotion Research Group, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alexandra S Klein
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Circuits for Emotion Research Group, Martinsried, Germany.,International Max-Planck Research School for Molecular Life Sciences, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandru A Hennrich
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute and Gene Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Klaus Conzelmann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute and Gene Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nadine Gogolla
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Circuits for Emotion Research Group, Martinsried, Germany
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Gehrlach DA, Dolensek N, Klein AS, Roy Chowdhury R, Matthys A, Junghänel M, Gaitanos TN, Podgornik A, Black TD, Reddy Vaka N, Conzelmann KK, Gogolla N. Aversive state processing in the posterior insular cortex. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:1424-1437. [PMID: 31455886 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0469-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Triggering behavioral adaptation upon the detection of adversity is crucial for survival. The insular cortex has been suggested to process emotions and homeostatic signals, but how the insular cortex detects internal states and mediates behavioral adaptation is poorly understood. By combining data from fiber photometry, optogenetics, awake two-photon calcium imaging and comprehensive whole-brain viral tracings, we here uncover a role for the posterior insula in processing aversive sensory stimuli and emotional and bodily states, as well as in exerting prominent top-down modulation of ongoing behaviors in mice. By employing projection-specific optogenetics, we describe an insula-to-central amygdala pathway to mediate anxiety-related behaviors, while an independent nucleus accumbens-projecting pathway regulates feeding upon changes in bodily state. Together, our data support a model in which the posterior insular cortex can shift behavioral strategies upon the detection of aversive internal states, providing a new entry point to understand how alterations in insula circuitry may contribute to neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Gehrlach
- Circuits for Emotion Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Molecular Life Sciences, Munich, Germany
| | - Nejc Dolensek
- Circuits for Emotion Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandra S Klein
- Circuits for Emotion Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Molecular Life Sciences, Munich, Germany
| | - Ritu Roy Chowdhury
- Circuits for Emotion Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Molecular Life Sciences, Munich, Germany
| | - Arthur Matthys
- Circuits for Emotion Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michaela Junghänel
- Circuits for Emotion Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany.,Ausbildungsinstitut für Kinder- und Jugendlichenpsychotherapie an der Uniklinik Köln (AKiP), Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas N Gaitanos
- Circuits for Emotion Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alja Podgornik
- Circuits for Emotion Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Molecular Life Sciences, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas D Black
- Circuits for Emotion Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Molecular Life Sciences, Munich, Germany
| | - Narasimha Reddy Vaka
- Circuits for Emotion Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Karl-Klaus Conzelmann
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Nadine Gogolla
- Circuits for Emotion Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany.
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Gong J, Gaitanos TN, Luu O, Huang Y, Gaitanos L, Lindner J, Winklbauer R, Klein R. Gulp1 controls Eph/ephrin trogocytosis and is important for cell rearrangements during development. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3455-3471. [PMID: 31409653 PMCID: PMC6781437 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201901032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Trogocytosis, intercellular cannibalism distinct from phagocytosis, occurs when cells rearrange during development. Here, Gong et al. reveal that trogocytosis induced by ephrins and Eph receptors involves phagocytic adaptor protein Gulp1, Rac-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor Tiam2, and endocytic GTPase dynamin. These results suggest that ephrin/Eph-induced trogocytosis uses phagocytosis-like mechanisms. Trogocytosis, in which cells nibble away parts of neighboring cells, is an intercellular cannibalism process conserved from protozoa to mammals. Its underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood and are likely distinct from phagocytosis, a process that clears entire cells. Bi-directional contact repulsion induced by Eph/ephrin signaling involves transfer of membrane patches and full-length Eph/ephrin protein complexes between opposing cells, resembling trogocytosis. Here, we show that the phagocytic adaptor protein Gulp1 regulates EphB/ephrinB trogocytosis to achieve efficient cell rearrangements of cultured cells and during embryonic development. Gulp1 mediates trogocytosis bi-directionally by dynamic engagement with EphB/ephrinB protein clusters in cooperation with the Rac-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor Tiam2. Ultimately, Gulp1’s presence at the Eph/ephrin cluster is a prerequisite for recruiting the endocytic GTPase dynamin. These results suggest that EphB/ephrinB trogocytosis, unlike other trogocytosis events, uses a phagocytosis-like mechanism to achieve efficient membrane scission and engulfment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Gong
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Department of Molecules-Signaling-Development, Munich-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thomas N Gaitanos
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Department of Molecules-Signaling-Development, Munich-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Olivia Luu
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yunyun Huang
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Louise Gaitanos
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Department of Molecules-Signaling-Development, Munich-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jana Lindner
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Department of Molecules-Signaling-Development, Munich-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Rudolf Winklbauer
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rüdiger Klein
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Department of Molecules-Signaling-Development, Munich-Martinsried, Germany
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Gaitanos TN, Koerner J, Klein R. Correction: Tiam-Rac signaling mediates trans-endocytosis of ephrin receptor EphB2 and is important for cell repulsion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 215:431. [PMID: 27799372 PMCID: PMC5100288 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.20151201010212016c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Gaitanos TN, Koerner J, Klein R. Tiam-Rac signaling mediates trans-endocytosis of ephrin receptor EphB2 and is important for cell repulsion. J Cell Biol 2016; 214:735-52. [PMID: 27597758 PMCID: PMC5021091 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201512010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell repulsion requires trans-endocytosis of ephrin receptors at cell–cell contact sites, but the mechanisms underlying this process are unclear. Here, Gaitanos et al. show that Tiam–Rac signaling mediates trans-endocytosis of EphB2 and is necessary for cell repulsion. Ephrin receptors interact with membrane-bound ephrin ligands to regulate contact-mediated attraction or repulsion between opposing cells, thereby influencing tissue morphogenesis. Cell repulsion requires bidirectional trans-endocytosis of clustered Eph–ephrin complexes at cell interfaces, but the mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. Here, we identified an actin-regulating pathway allowing ephrinB+ cells to trans-endocytose EphB receptors from opposing cells. Live imaging revealed Rac-dependent F-actin enrichment at sites of EphB2 internalization, but not during vesicle trafficking. Systematic depletion of Rho family GTPases and their regulatory proteins identified the Rac subfamily and the Rac-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor Tiam2 as key components of EphB2 trans-endocytosis, a pathway previously implicated in Eph forward signaling, in which ephrins act as in trans ligands of Eph receptors. However, unlike in Eph signaling, this pathway is not required for uptake of soluble ligands in ephrinB+ cells. We also show that this pathway is required for EphB2-stimulated contact repulsion. These results support the existence of a conserved pathway for EphB trans-endocytosis that removes the physical tether between cells, thereby enabling cell repulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Gaitanos
- Department of Molecules-Signaling-Development, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Munich-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jorg Koerner
- Department of Molecules-Signaling-Development, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Munich-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ruediger Klein
- Department of Molecules-Signaling-Development, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Munich-Martinsried, Germany
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Singh AJ, Razzak M, Teesdale-Spittle P, Gaitanos TN, Wilmes A, Paterson I, Goodman JM, Miller JH, Northcote PT. Structure-activity studies of the pelorusides: new congeners and semi-synthetic analogues. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:4456-66. [PMID: 21512693 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob01127d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two new peloruside congeners (3 and 4) were isolated from wild and aquacultured collections of the New Zealand marine sponge Mycale hentscheli. Small-scale reactions on peloruside A (1) have been performed, which along with the isolation of 3 and 4, give further insight into the bioactive pharmacophore of 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jonathan Singh
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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Miller JH, Rouwé B, Gaitanos TN, Hood KA, Crume KP, Bäckström BT, La Flamme AC, Berridge MV, Northcote PT. Peloruside A enhances apoptosis in H-ras-transformed cells and is cytotoxic to proliferating T cells. Apoptosis 2005; 9:785-96. [PMID: 15505421 DOI: 10.1023/b:appt.0000045789.54694.cf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Peloruside A (peloruside), a compound isolated from the marine sponge Mycale hentscheli , inhibits growth of human (HL-60) and mouse (32D-ras) myeloid leukemic cells, as well as non-transformed 32D cells. Using the MTT cell proliferation assay and trypan blue dye exclusion tests, little difference was seen in growth inhibition between 32D and 32D- ras cells; however, peloruside was more cytotoxic to the oncogene-transformed cells. Peloruside also blocked 32D- ras cells more readily in G2/M of the cell cycle, leading to apoptosis. Annexin-V/propidium iodide staining of 32D and 32D- ras cells showed that 1.6 microM peloruside induced significant cell death by 36 hours in 32D cells (16% survival), but to comparable levels as early as 14 hours in 32D- ras cells (11% survival). There was no evidence for activation of either of the initiator caspases-8 or -9 by 0.1 microM peloruside following 12 hours of exposure. Peloruside inhibited T cell proliferation and IL-2 and IFN gamma production in both the mixed lymphocyte reaction and following CD3 cross-linking, and this effect was shown to be a non-specific cytotoxic effect. It is concluded that peloruside preferentially targets oncogene-transformed cells over non-transformed cells by inducing transformed cells to undergo apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Miller
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.
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Gaitanos TN, Buey RM, Díaz JF, Northcote PT, Teesdale-Spittle P, Andreu JM, Miller JH. Peloruside A does not bind to the taxoid site on beta-tubulin and retains its activity in multidrug-resistant cell lines. Cancer Res 2004; 64:5063-7. [PMID: 15289305 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peloruside A (peloruside), a microtubule-stabilizing agent from a marine sponge, is less susceptible than paclitaxel to multidrug resistance arising from overexpression of the P-glycoprotein efflux pump and is not affected by mutations that affect the taxoid binding site of beta-tubulin. In vitro studies with purified tubulin indicate that peloruside directly induces tubulin polymerization in the absence of microtubule-associated proteins. Competition for binding between peloruside, paclitaxel, and laulimalide revealed that peloruside binds to a different site on tubulin to paclitaxel. Moreover, laulimalide was able to displace peloruside, indicating that peloruside and laulimalide may compete for the same or overlapping binding sites. It was concluded that peloruside and laulimalide have binding properties that are distinct from other microtubule-stabilizing compounds currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Gaitanos
- School of Biological Sciences,Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
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