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van der Heijden I, West S, Monteyne AJ, Finnigan TJA, Abdelrahman DR, Murton AJ, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Ingestion of a variety of non-animal-derived dietary protein sources results in diverse postprandial plasma amino acid responses which differ between young and older adults. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:1540-1553. [PMID: 38220222 PMCID: PMC11043913 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114524000163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Whole-body tissue protein turnover is regulated, in part, by the postprandial rise in plasma amino acid concentrations, although minimal data exist on the amino acid response following non-animal-derived protein consumption. We hypothesised that the ingestion of novel plant- and algae-derived dietary protein sources would elicit divergent plasma amino acid responses when compared with vegan- and animal-derived control proteins. Twelve healthy young (male (m)/female (f): 6/6; age: 22 ± 1 years) and 10 healthy older (m/f: 5/5; age: 69 ± 2 years) adults participated in a randomised, double-blind, cross-over trial. During each visit, volunteers consumed 30 g of protein from milk, mycoprotein, pea, lupin, spirulina or chlorella. Repeated arterialised venous blood samples were collected at baseline and over a 5-h postprandial period to assess circulating amino acid, glucose and insulin concentrations. Protein ingestion increased plasma total and essential amino acid concentrations (P < 0·001), to differing degrees between sources (P < 0·001), and the increase was further modulated by age (P < 0·001). Postprandial maximal plasma total and essential amino acid concentrations were highest for pea (2828 ± 106 and 1480 ± 51 µmol·l-1) and spirulina (2809 ± 99 and 1455 ± 49 µmol·l-1) and lowest for chlorella (2053 ± 83 and 983 ± 35 µmol·l-1) (P < 0·001), but were not affected by age (P > 0·05). Postprandial total and essential amino acid availabilities were highest for pea, spirulina and mycoprotein and lowest for chlorella (all P < 0·05), but no effect of age was observed (P > 0·05). The ingestion of a variety of novel non-animal-derived dietary protein sources elicits divergent plasma amino acid responses, which are further modulated by age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ino van der Heijden
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, ExeterEX1 2LU, UK
| | - Sam West
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, ExeterEX1 2LU, UK
| | - Alistair J. Monteyne
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, ExeterEX1 2LU, UK
| | | | - Doaa R. Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew J. Murton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Francis B. Stephens
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, ExeterEX1 2LU, UK
| | - Benjamin T. Wall
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, ExeterEX1 2LU, UK
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Colosimo R, Harris HC, Ahn-Jarvis J, Troncoso-Rey P, Finnigan TJA, Wilde PJ, Warren FJ. Colonic in vitro fermentation of mycoprotein promotes shifts in gut microbiota, with enrichment of Bacteroides species. Commun Biol 2024; 7:272. [PMID: 38443511 PMCID: PMC10915147 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05893-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycoprotein is a fungal-derived ingredient used for meat alternative products whose fungal cell walls are rich in dietary fibre (β-glucans and chitin) and defines its structure. Several health benefits have been reported after mycoprotein consumption, however, little is known about the impact of mycoprotein fermentation on the gut microbiota. This study aims to identify changes in microbiome composition and microbial metabolites during colonic fermentation of mycoprotein following simulated upper gastrointestinal digestion. Changes in microbial populations and metabolites produced by the fermentation of mycoprotein fibre were investigated and compared to a plant (oat bran) and an animal (chicken) comparator. In this model fermentation system, mycoprotein and oat showed different but marked changes in the microbial population compared to chicken, which showed minimal differentiation. In particular, Bacteroides species known for degrading β-glucans were found in abundance following fermentation of mycoprotein fibre. Mycoprotein fermentation resulted in short-chain fatty acid production comparable with oat and chicken at 72 h. Significantly higher branched-chain amino acids were observed following chicken fermentation. This study suggests that the colonic fermentation of mycoprotein can promote changes in the colonic microbial profile. These results highlight the impact that the unique structure of mycoprotein can have on digestive processes and the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Colosimo
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UQ, UK
- Elsevier B.V, Radarweg 29a, 1043, NX, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hannah C Harris
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Jennifer Ahn-Jarvis
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Perla Troncoso-Rey
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Tim J A Finnigan
- Marlow Foods Ltd, Station Road, Stokesley, North Yorkshire, TS9 7AB, UK
| | - Pete J Wilde
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Frederick J Warren
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UQ, UK.
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Pavis GF, Iniesta RR, Roper H, Theobald HE, Derbyshire EJ, Finnigan TJA, Stephens FB, Wall BT. A four-week dietary intervention with mycoprotein-containing food products reduces serum cholesterol concentrations in community-dwelling, overweight adults: A randomised controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:649-659. [PMID: 38306892 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substituting dietary meat and fish for mycoprotein, a fungal-derived food source rich in protein and fibre, decreases circulating cholesterol concentrations in laboratory-controlled studies. However, whether these findings can be translated to a home-based setting, and to decrease cholesterol concentrations in overweight and hypercholesterolemic individuals, remains to be established. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether a remotely-delivered, home-based dietary intervention of mycoprotein-containing food products would affect various circulating cholesterol moieties and other markers of cardio-metabolic health in overweight (BMI >27.5 kg⋅m-2) and hypercholesterolaemic (>5.0 mmol⋅L-1) adults. METHODS Seventy-two participants were randomized into a controlled, parallel-group trial conducted in a free-living setting, in which they received home deliveries of either meat/fish control products (CON; n = 39; BMI 33 ± 1 kg⋅m-2; 13 males, 26 females) or mycoprotein-containing food products (MYC; n = 33; BMI 32 ± 1 kg⋅m-2; 13 males, 20 females) for 4 weeks. Fingertip blood samples were collected and sent via postal service before and after the dietary intervention period and analysed for concentrations of serum lipids, blood glucose and c-peptide. RESULTS Serum total cholesterol concentrations were unchanged throughout the intervention in CON, but decreased by 5 ± 2 % in MYC (from 5.4 ± 0.2 to 5.1 ± 0.2 mmol⋅L-1; P < 0.05). Serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were also unchanged in CON, but decreased in MYC by 10 ± 3 % and 6 ± 2 % (both by 0.3 ± 0.1 mmol⋅L-1; P < 0.05). Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and free triglyceride concentrations were unaffected in CON or MYC. Post-intervention, MYC displayed lower mean blood glucose (3.7 ± 0.2 versus 4.3 ± 0.2 mmol⋅L-1) and c-peptide (779 ± 76 vs. 1064 ± 86 pmol⋅L-1) concentrations (P < 0.05) vs. CON. CONCLUSIONS We show that a home-based dietary intervention of mycoprotein-containing food products effectively lowers circulating cholesterol concentrations in overweight, hypercholesterolemic adults. This demonstrates that mycoprotein consumption is a feasible and ecologically valid dietary strategy to improve markers of cardio-metabolic health in an at-risk population under free living conditions. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04773483 (https://classic. CLINICALTRIALS gov/ct2/show/NCT04773483).
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Affiliation(s)
- George F Pavis
- Nutritional Physiology Group, Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Raquel Revuelta Iniesta
- Nutritional Physiology Group, Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Holly Roper
- Marlow Foods Ltd., Stokesley, North Yorkshire, UK
| | | | | | | | - Francis B Stephens
- Nutritional Physiology Group, Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Nutritional Physiology Group, Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK.
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Farsi DN, Gallegos JL, Finnigan TJA, Cheung W, Munoz JM, Commane DM. The effects of substituting red and processed meat for mycoprotein on biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in healthy volunteers: an analysis of secondary endpoints from Mycomeat. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:3349-3359. [PMID: 37624376 PMCID: PMC10611638 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mycoprotein is a relatively novel food source produced from the biomass of Fusarium venenatum. It has previously been shown to improve CVD risk markers in intervention trials when it is compared against total meat. It has not hitherto been assessed specifically for benefits relative to red and processed meat. METHODS We leveraged samples from Mycomeat, an investigator-blind randomised crossover controlled trial in metabolically healthy male adults (n = 20), randomised to consume 240 g/day of red and processed meat for 14 days followed by mycoprotein, or vice versa. Blood biochemical indices were a priori defined secondary endpoints. RESULTS Mycoprotein consumption led to a 6.74% reduction in total cholesterol (P = 0.02) and 12.3% reduction in LDL cholesterol (P = 0.02) from baseline values. Change in fasted triglycerides was not significantly different between diets (+ 0.19 ± 0.11 mmol/l with mycoprotein, P = 0.09). There was a small but significant reduction in waist circumference for mycoprotein relative to meat (- 0.95 ± 0.42 cm, P = 0.04). Following the mycoprotein diet, mean systolic (- 2.41 ± 1.89 mmHg, P = 0.23) and diastolic blood pressure (- 0.80 ± 1.23 mmHg, P = 0.43) were reduced from baseline. There were no statistically significant effects of the intervention on urinary sodium, nitrite or TMAO; while urinary potassium (+ 126.12 ± 50.30 mmol/l, P = 0.02) and nitrate (+ 2.12 ± 0.90 mmol/l, P = 0.04) were both significantly higher with mycoprotein relative to meat. The study population comprised metabolically healthy adults, therefore, changes in plasma lipids had little effect on cardiovascular risk scores (- 0.34% FRS for mycoprotein P = 0.24). CONCLUSIONS These results confirm potential cardiovascular benefits when displacing red and processed meat with mycoprotein in the diet. Longer trials in higher risk study populations are needed to fully elucidate suggested benefits for blood pressure and body composition. CLINICALTRIALS gov Identifier: NCT03944421.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic N Farsi
- Applied and Health Sciences, University of Northumbria, Sutherland Building, Ellison Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Jose Lara Gallegos
- Applied and Health Sciences, University of Northumbria, Sutherland Building, Ellison Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
- NUTRAN, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - William Cheung
- Applied and Health Sciences, University of Northumbria, Sutherland Building, Ellison Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Jose Munoz Munoz
- Applied and Health Sciences, University of Northumbria, Sutherland Building, Ellison Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Daniel M Commane
- Applied and Health Sciences, University of Northumbria, Sutherland Building, Ellison Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
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van der Heijden I, West S, Monteyne AJ, Finnigan TJA, Abdelrahman DR, Murton AJ, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Algae Ingestion Increases Resting and Exercised Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Rates to a Similar Extent as Mycoprotein in Young Adults. J Nutr 2023; 153:3406-3417. [PMID: 37716611 PMCID: PMC10739781 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spirulina [SPIR] (cyanobacterium) and chlorella [CHLO] (microalgae) are foods rich in protein and essential amino acids; however, their capacity to stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) in humans remains unknown. OBJECTIVES We assessed the impact of ingesting SPIR and CHLO compared with an established high-quality nonanimal-derived dietary protein source (fungal-derived mycoprotein [MYCO]) on plasma amino acid concentrations, as well as resting and postexercise MyoPS rates in young adults. METHODS Thirty-six healthy young adults (age: 22 ± 3 y; BMI: 23 ± 3 kg·m-2; male [m]/female [f], 18/18) participated in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial. Participants received a primed, continuous infusion of L-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine and completed a bout of unilateral-resistance leg exercise before ingesting a drink containing 25 g protein from MYCO (n = 12; m/f, 6/6), SPIR (n = 12; m/f, 6/6), or CHLO (n = 12; m/f, 6/6). Blood and bilateral muscle samples were collected at baseline and during a 4-h postprandial and postexercise period to assess the plasma amino acid concentrations and MyoPS rates in rested and exercised tissue. RESULTS Protein ingestion increased the plasma total and essential amino acid concentrations (time effects; all P < 0.001), but most rapidly and with higher peak responses following the ingestion of SPIR compared with MYCO and CHLO (P < 0.05), and MYCO compared with CHLO (P < 0.05). Protein ingestion increased MyoPS rates (time effect; P < 0.001) in both rested (MYCO, from 0.041 ± 0.032 to 0.060 ± 0.015%·h-1; SPIR, from 0.042 ± 0.030 to 0.066 ± 0.022%·h-1; and CHLO, from 0.037 ± 0.007 to 0.055 ± 0.019%·h-1, respectively) and exercised tissue (MYCO, from 0.046 ± 0.014 to 0.092 ± 0.024%·h-1; SPIR, from 0.038 ± 0.011 to 0.086 ± 0.028%·h-1; and CHLO, from 0.048 ± 0.019 to 0.090 ± 0.024%·h-1, respectively), with no differences between groups (interaction effect; P > 0.05), but with higher rates in exercised compared with rested muscle (time × exercise effect; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The ingestion of a single bolus of algae-derived SPIR and CHLO increases resting and postexercise MyoPS rates to a comparable extent as MYCO, despite divergent postprandial plasma amino acid responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ino van der Heijden
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Sam West
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | - Doaa R Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Andrew J Murton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
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West S, Monteyne AJ, Whelehan G, van der Heijden I, Abdelrahman DR, Murton AJ, Finnigan TJA, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Ingestion of mycoprotein, pea protein, and their blend support comparable postexercise myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in resistance-trained individuals. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E267-E279. [PMID: 37529834 PMCID: PMC10655824 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00166.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Pea protein is an attractive nonanimal-derived protein source to support dietary protein requirements. However, although high in leucine, a low methionine content has been suggested to limit its anabolic potential. Mycoprotein has a complete amino acid profile which, at least in part, may explain its ability to robustly stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) rates. We hypothesized that an inferior postexercise MyoPS response would be seen following ingestion of pea protein compared with mycoprotein, which would be (partially) rescued by blending the two sources. Thirty-three healthy, young [age: 21 ± 1 yr, body mass index (BMI): 24 ± 1 kg·m-2] and resistance-trained participants received primed, continuous infusions of l-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine and completed a bout of whole body resistance exercise before ingesting 25 g of protein from mycoprotein (MYC, n = 11), pea protein (PEA, n = 11), or a blend (39% MYC, 61% PEA) of the two (BLEND, n = 11). Blood and muscle samples were taken pre-, 2 h, and 4 h postexercise/protein ingestion to assess postabsorptive and postprandial postexercise myofibrillar protein fractional synthetic rates (FSRs). Protein ingestion increased plasma essential amino acid and leucine concentrations (time effect; P < 0.0001), but more rapidly in BLEND and PEA compared with MYC (time × condition interaction; P < 0.0001). From similar postabsorptive values (MYC, 0.026 ± 0.008%·h-1; PEA, 0.028 ± 0.007%·h-1; BLEND, 0.026 ± 0.006%·h-1), resistance exercise and protein ingestion increased myofibrillar FSRs (time effect; P < 0.0001) over a 4-h postprandial period (MYC, 0.076 ± 0.004%·h-1; PEA, 0.087 ± 0.01%·h-1; BLEND, 0.085 ± 0.01%·h-1), with no differences between groups (all; P > 0.05). These data show that all three nonanimal-derived protein sources have utility in supporting postexercise muscle reconditioning.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides evidence that pea protein (PEA), mycoprotein (MYC), and their blend (BLEND) can support postexercise myofibrillar protein synthesis rates following a bout of whole body resistance exercise. Furthermore, these data suggest that a methionine deficiency in pea may not limit its capacity to stimulate an acute increase in muscle protein synthesis (MPS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam West
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Gráinne Whelehan
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ino van der Heijden
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Doaa R Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Sealy Center of Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Andrew J Murton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Sealy Center of Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | | | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Farsi DN, Gallegos JL, Koutsidis G, Nelson A, Finnigan TJA, Cheung W, Muñoz-Muñoz JL, Commane DM. Substituting meat for mycoprotein reduces genotoxicity and increases the abundance of beneficial microbes in the gut: Mycomeat, a randomised crossover control trial. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:1479-1492. [PMID: 36651990 PMCID: PMC10030420 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The high-meat, low-fibre Western diet is strongly associated with colorectal cancer risk. Mycoprotein, produced from Fusarium venanatum, has been sold as a high-fibre alternative to meat for decades. Hitherto, the effects of mycoprotein in the human bowel have not been well considered. Here, we explored the effects of replacing a high red and processed meat intake with mycoprotein on markers of intestinal genotoxicity and gut health. METHODS Mycomeat (clinicaltrials.gov NCT03944421) was an investigator-blind, randomised, crossover dietary intervention trial. Twenty healthy male adults were randomised to consume 240 g day-1 red and processed meat for 2 weeks, with crossover to 2 weeks 240 g day-1 mycoprotein, separated by a 4-week washout period. Primary end points were faecal genotoxicity and genotoxins, while secondary end points comprised changes in gut microbiome composition and activity. RESULTS The meat diet increased faecal genotoxicity and nitroso compound excretion, whereas the weight-matched consumption of mycoprotein decreased faecal genotoxicity and nitroso compounds. In addition, meat intake increased the abundance of Oscillobacter and Alistipes, whereas mycoprotein consumption increased Lactobacilli, Roseburia and Akkermansia, as well as the excretion of short chain fatty acids. CONCLUSION Replacing red and processed meat with the Fusarium-based meat alternative, mycoprotein, significantly reduces faecal genotoxicity and genotoxin excretion and increases the abundance of microbial genera with putative health benefits in the gut. This work demonstrates that mycoprotein may be a beneficial alternative to meat within the context of gut health and colorectal cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic N Farsi
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle, UK.
| | - Jose Lara Gallegos
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle, UK
| | - Georgios Koutsidis
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle, UK
| | - Andrew Nelson
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle, UK
| | | | - William Cheung
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle, UK
| | - Jose L Muñoz-Muñoz
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle, UK
| | - Daniel M Commane
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle, UK
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Monteyne AJ, Coelho MOC, Murton AJ, Abdelrahman DR, Blackwell JR, Koscien CP, Knapp KM, Fulford J, Finnigan TJA, Dirks ML, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Vegan and Omnivorous High Protein Diets Support Comparable Daily Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Rates and Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy in Young Adults. J Nutr 2023:S0022-3166(23)12680-0. [PMID: 36822394 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains unclear whether non-animal-derived dietary protein sources (and therefore vegan diets) can support resistance training-induced skeletal muscle remodeling to the same extent as animal-derived protein sources. METHODS In Phase 1, 16 healthy young adults (m = 8, f = 8; age: 23 ± 1 y; BMI: 23 ± 1 kg/m2) completed a 3-d dietary intervention (high protein, 1.8 g·kg bm-1·d-1) where protein was derived from omnivorous (OMNI1; n = 8) or exclusively non-animal (VEG1; n = 8) sources, alongside daily unilateral leg resistance exercise. Resting and exercised daily myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) rates were assessed using deuterium oxide. In Phase 2, 22 healthy young adults (m = 11, f = 11; age: 24 ± 1 y; BMI: 23 ± 0 kg/m2) completed a 10 wk, high-volume (5 d/wk), progressive resistance exercise program while consuming an omnivorous (OMNI2; n = 12) or non-animal-derived (VEG2; n = 10) high-protein diet (∼2 g·kg bm-1·d-1). Muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA), whole-body lean mass (via DXA), thigh muscle volume (via MRI), muscle strength, and muscle function were determined pre, after 2 and 5 wk, and postintervention. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether a high-protein, mycoprotein-rich, non-animal-derived diet can support resistance training-induced skeletal muscle remodeling to the same extent as an isonitrogenous omnivorous diet. RESULTS Daily MyoPS rates were ∼12% higher in the exercised than in the rested leg (2.46 ± 0.27%·d-1 compared with 2.20 ± 0.33%·d-1 and 2.62 ± 0.56%·d-1 compared with 2.36 ± 0.53%·d-1 in OMNI1 and VEG1, respectively; P < 0.001) and not different between groups (P > 0.05). Resistance training increased lean mass in both groups by a similar magnitude (OMNI2 2.6 ± 1.1 kg, VEG2 3.1 ± 2.5 kg; P > 0.05). Likewise, training comparably increased thigh muscle volume (OMNI2 8.3 ± 3.6%, VEG2 8.3 ± 4.1%; P > 0.05), and muscle fiber CSA (OMNI2 33 ± 24%, VEG2 32 ± 48%; P > 0.05). Both groups increased strength (1 repetition maximum) of multiple muscle groups, to comparable degrees. CONCLUSIONS Omnivorous and vegan diets can support comparable rested and exercised daily MyoPS rates in healthy young adults consuming a high-protein diet. This translates to similar skeletal muscle adaptive responses during prolonged high-volume resistance training, irrespective of dietary protein provenance. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03572127.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mariana O C Coelho
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Murton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States; Sealy Center of Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Doaa R Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States; Sealy Center of Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Jamie R Blackwell
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher P Koscien
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Karen M Knapp
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Fulford
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marlou L Dirks
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
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Colosimo R, Mulet-Cabero AI, Warren FJ, Edwards CH, Finnigan TJA, Wilde PJ. Mycoprotein ingredient structure reduces lipolysis and binds bile salts during simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Food Funct 2020; 11:10896-10906. [PMID: 33242053 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02002h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycoprotein is the fungal biomass obtained by the fermentation of Fusarium venenatum, whose intake has been shown to lower blood lipid levels. This in vitro study aimed to understand the mechanisms whereby mycoprotein can influence lipid digestion by reducing lipolysis and binding to bile salts. Mycoprotein at 30 mg mL-1 concentration significantly reduced lipolysis after 60 min of simulated intestinal digestion with oil-in-water emulsion (P < 0.001) or 10 min of incubation with tributyrin (P < 0.01). Furthermore, mycoprotein effectively bound bile salts during simulated small intestinal digestion, but only after being exposed to the acidic environment of the preceding gastric phase. However, the extent of bile salts sequestered by mycoprotein was decreased by pepsin and lipase-colipase activity. Besides, extracted mycoprotein proteins showed bile salt binding activity, and proteins with a molecular weight of ∼37 kDa showed resistance to trypsin hydrolysis. Thus, eleven extracted mycoprotein proteins (> 37 kDa) were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, the viscosity of mycoprotein digesta appeared to have no impact on bile salt binding since no statistically significant differences were detected between samples exposed or not to the previous gastric step. This study has identified mechanisms by which mycoprotein can reduce blood lipid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Colosimo
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK.
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10
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Monteyne AJ, Coelho MOC, Porter C, Abdelrahman DR, Jameson TSO, Finnigan TJA, Stephens FB, Dirks ML, Wall BT. Branched-Chain Amino Acid Fortification Does Not Restore Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates following Ingestion of Lower- Compared with Higher-Dose Mycoprotein. J Nutr 2020; 150:2931-2941. [PMID: 32886108 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have shown that ingesting a large bolus (70 g) of the fungal-derived, whole food mycoprotein robustly stimulates muscle protein synthesis (MPS) rates. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine if a lower dose (35 g) of mycoprotein enriched with branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) stimulates MPS to the same extent as 70 g of mycoprotein in resistance-trained young men. METHODS Nineteen men [aged 22 ± 1 y, BMI (kg/m2): 25 ± 1] took part in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study. Participants received primed, continuous infusions of l-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine and ingested either 70 g mycoprotein (31.5 g protein; MYCO; n = 10) or 35 g BCAA-enriched mycoprotein (18.7 g protein: matched on BCAA content; ENR; n = 9) following a bout of unilateral resistance exercise. Blood and bilateral quadriceps muscle samples were obtained before exercise and protein ingestion and during a 4-h postprandial period to assess MPS in rested and exercised muscle. Two- and 3-factor ANOVAs were used to detect differences in plasma amino acid kinetics and mixed muscle fractional synthetic rates, respectively. RESULTS Postprandial plasma BCAA concentrations increased more rapidly and to a larger degree in ENR compared with MYCO. MPS increased with protein ingestion (P ≤ 0.05) but to a greater extent following MYCO (from 0.025% ± 0.006% to 0.057% ± 0.004% · h-1 in rested muscle, and from 0.024% ± 0.007% to 0.072% ± 0.005% · h-1 in exercised muscle; P < 0.0001) compared with ENR (from 0.031% ± 0.003% to 0.043% ± 0.005% · h-1 in rested muscle, and 0.027% ± 0.005% to 0.052% ± 0.005% · h-1 in exercised muscle; P < 0.01) ingestion. Postprandial MPS rates were greater in MYCO compared with ENR (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The ingestion of lower-dose BCAA-enriched mycoprotein stimulates resting and postexercise MPS rates, but to a lesser extent compared with the ingestion of a BCAA-matched 70-g mycoprotein bolus in healthy young men. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as 660065600.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mariana O C Coelho
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Porter
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Doaa R Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas S O Jameson
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Marlou L Dirks
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Monteyne AJ, Coelho MOC, Porter C, Abdelrahman DR, Jameson TSO, Jackman SR, Blackwell JR, Finnigan TJA, Stephens FB, Dirks ML, Wall BT. Mycoprotein ingestion stimulates protein synthesis rates to a greater extent than milk protein in rested and exercised skeletal muscle of healthy young men: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112:318-333. [PMID: 32438401 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoprotein is a fungal-derived sustainable protein-rich food source, and its ingestion results in systemic amino acid and leucine concentrations similar to that following milk protein ingestion. OBJECTIVE We assessed the mixed skeletal muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of a single bolus of mycoprotein compared with a leucine-matched bolus of milk protein, in rested and exercised muscle of resistance-trained young men. METHODS Twenty resistance-trained healthy young males (age: 22 ± 1 y, body mass: 82 ± 2 kg, BMI: 25 ± 1 kg·m-2) took part in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study. Participants received primed, continuous infusions of L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine and ingested either 31 g (26.2 g protein: 2.5 g leucine) milk protein (MILK) or 70 g (31.5 g protein: 2.5 g leucine) mycoprotein (MYCO) following a bout of unilateral resistance-type exercise (contralateral leg acting as resting control). Blood and m. vastus lateralis muscle samples were collected before exercise and protein ingestion, and following a 4-h postprandial period to assess mixed muscle fractional protein synthetic rates (FSRs) and myocellular signaling in response to the protein beverages in resting and exercised muscle. RESULTS Mixed muscle FSRs increased following MILK ingestion (from 0.036 ± 0.008 to 0.052 ± 0.006%·h-1 in rested, and 0.035 ± 0.008 to 0.056 ± 0.005%·h-1 in exercised muscle; P <0.01) but to a greater extent following MYCO ingestion (from 0.025 ± 0.006 to 0.057 ± 0.004%·h-1 in rested, and 0.024 ± 0.007 to 0.072 ± 0.005%·h-1 in exercised muscle; P <0.0001) (treatment × time interaction effect; P <0.05). Postprandial FSRs trended to be greater in MYCO compared with MILK (0.065 ± 0.004 compared with 0.054 ± 0.004%·h-1, respectively; P = 0.093) and the postprandial rise in FSRs was greater in MYCO compared with MILK (Delta 0.040 ± 0.006 compared with Delta 0.018 ± 0.005%·h-1, respectively; P <0.01). CONCLUSIONS The ingestion of a single bolus of mycoprotein stimulates resting and postexercise muscle protein synthesis rates, and to a greater extent than a leucine-matched bolus of milk protein, in resistance-trained young men. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as 660065600.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Mariana O C Coelho
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Craig Porter
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch & Shriners Hospital for Children, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Doaa R Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch & Shriners Hospital for Children, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas S O Jameson
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Sarah R Jackman
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Jamie R Blackwell
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Marlou L Dirks
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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12
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Coelho MOC, Monteyne AJ, Kamalanathan ID, Najdanovic-Visak V, Finnigan TJA, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Short-Communication: Ingestion of a Nucleotide-Rich Mixed Meal Increases Serum Uric Acid Concentrations but Does Not Affect Postprandial Blood Glucose or Serum Insulin Responses in Young Adults. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041115. [PMID: 32316391 PMCID: PMC7230981 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating uric acid concentrations have been linked to various metabolic diseases. Consumption of large boluses of nucleotides increases serum uric acid concentrations. We investigated the effect of a nucleotide-rich mixed meal on postprandial circulating uric acid, glucose, and insulin responses. Ten healthy adults participated in a randomised, controlled, double-blind, crossover trial in which they consumed a mixed-meal containing either nucleotide-depleted mycoprotein (L-NU) or high-nucleotide mycoprotein (H-NU) on two separate visits. Blood samples were collected in the postabsorptive state and throughout a 24 h postprandial period, and were used to determine circulating uric acid, glucose, and insulin concentrations. Mixed meal ingestion had divergent effects on serum uric acid concentrations across conditions (time x condition interaction; P < 0.001), with L-NU decreasing transiently (from 45 to 240 min postprandially) by ~7% (from 279 ± 16 to 257 ± 14 µmol·L-1) and H-NU resulting in a ~12% increase (from 284 ± 13 to 319 ± 12 µmol·L-1 after 210 min), remaining elevated for 12 h and returning to baseline concentrations after 24 h. There were no differences between conditions in blood glucose or serum insulin responses, nor in indices of insulin sensitivity. The ingestion of a nucleotide-rich mixed-meal increases serum uric acid concentrations for ~12 h, but does not influence postprandial blood glucose or serum insulin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana O. C. Coelho
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK; (M.O.C.C.); (A.J.M.); (F.B.S.)
| | - Alistair J. Monteyne
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK; (M.O.C.C.); (A.J.M.); (F.B.S.)
| | | | - Vesna Najdanovic-Visak
- Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry (CEAC), Energy and Bioproducts Research Institute (EBRI), Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK;
| | | | - Francis B. Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK; (M.O.C.C.); (A.J.M.); (F.B.S.)
| | - Benjamin T. Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK; (M.O.C.C.); (A.J.M.); (F.B.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-0-139-272-4774
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Finnigan TJA, Wall BT, Wilde PJ, Stephens FB, Taylor SL, Freedman MR. Mycoprotein: The Future of Nutritious Nonmeat Protein, a Symposium Review. Curr Dev Nutr 2019; 3:nzz021. [PMID: 31187084 PMCID: PMC6554455 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzz021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoprotein is an alternative, nutritious protein source with a meat-like texture made from Fusarium venenatum, a naturally occurring fungus. Its unique method of production yields a significantly reduced carbon and water footprint relative to beef and chicken. Mycoprotein, sold as Quorn, is consumed in 17 countries, including the United States. In line with current dietary guidelines, mycoprotein is high in protein and fiber, and low in fat, cholesterol, sodium, and sugar. Mycoprotein may help maintain healthy blood cholesterol levels, promote muscle synthesis, control glucose and insulin levels, and increase satiety. It is possible that some susceptible consumers will become sensitized, and subsequently develop a specific allergy. However, a systematic evidence review indicates that incidence of allergic reactions remains exceptionally low. Mycoprotein's nutritional, health, and environmental benefits affirms its role in a healthful diet. Future research that focuses on the long-term clinical benefits of consuming a diet containing mycoprotein is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Peter J Wilde
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Francis B Stephens
- College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Steve L Taylor
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science and Technology, Lincoln, NE
| | - Marjorie R Freedman
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Packaging, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA
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