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Mogaji HO, Adekunle ON, Omitola OO, Yaro CA, Babalola AS, Odoemene SN, Adeaga DO, Adubi TO, Ekpo UF. Understanding the relationship between WASH and malnutrition: Analysis of anthropometric data of children attending WASH-supported schools in Ogun State, Nigeria. Nutr Health 2023:2601060231168007. [PMID: 37093799 DOI: 10.1177/02601060231168007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a growing interest in better understanding the association between water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and malnutrition. AIM We analysed anthropometric data of children attending WASH intervention schools and those from non-intervention schools in Ogun State, Nigeria. METHODS A total of 353 children across six schools (three interventions and three non-interventions) participated in this study. WASH conditions were assessed using WHO standardized tools and anthropometric data of children were analysed in WHO AnthroPlus and R Software. RESULTS The prevalence of stunting was 26.2% in the intervention group, and 29.4% in the control group (p = 0.045). Underweight was lower in the intervention group (3.9% vs. 10.1%) (p = 0.45). However, wasting was higher in the intervention group (32.3% vs. 8.2%) (p = 0.001). Of the variables included in our multivariate model (age, gender, and school category, i.e. intervention/control and class grade), only age was selected, and negatively associated with underweight, stunting and wasting (p = 0.000). CONCLUSION Regardless of WASH programming status, nutritional outcomes were significantly influenced by age of the children. Children are more likely to have lower z-scores as they grow older.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammed Oladeji Mogaji
- Parasitology and Epidemiology Unit, Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Oladunni Nimota Adekunle
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun, Nigeria
| | - Olaitan Olamide Omitola
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Clement Ameh Yaro
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
| | - Ayodele Samuel Babalola
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Uwem Friday Ekpo
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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Boddé M, Makunin A, Ayala D, Bouafou L, Diabaté A, Ekpo UF, Kientega M, Le Goff G, Makanga BK, Ngangue MF, Omitola OO, Rahola N, Tripet F, Durbin R, Lawniczak MKN. High-resolution species assignment of Anopheles mosquitoes using k-mer distances on targeted sequences. eLife 2022; 11:e78775. [PMID: 36222650 PMCID: PMC9648975 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ANOSPP amplicon panel is a genus-wide targeted sequencing panel to facilitate large-scale monitoring of Anopheles species diversity. Combining information from the 62 nuclear amplicons present in the ANOSPP panel allows for a more senstive and specific species assignment than single gene (e.g. COI) barcoding, which is desirable in the light of permeable species boundaries. Here, we present NNoVAE, a method using Nearest Neighbours (NN) and Variational Autoencoders (VAE), which we apply to k-mers resulting from the ANOSPP amplicon sequences in order to hierarchically assign species identity. The NN step assigns a sample to a species-group by comparing the k-mers arising from each haplotype's amplicon sequence to a reference database. The VAE step is required to distinguish between closely related species, and also has sufficient resolution to reveal population structure within species. In tests on independent samples with over 80% amplicon coverage, NNoVAE correctly classifies to species level 98% of samples within the An. gambiae complex and 89% of samples outside the complex. We apply NNoVAE to over two thousand new samples from Burkina Faso and Gabon, identifying unexpected species in Gabon. NNoVAE presents an approach that may be of value to other targeted sequencing panels, and is a method that will be used to survey Anopheles species diversity and Plasmodium transmission patterns through space and time on a large scale, with plans to analyse half a million mosquitoes in the next five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilou Boddé
- Department of Genetics, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Diego Ayala
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRDMontpellier,France
| | - Lemonde Bouafou
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRDMontpellier,France
| | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale de l'OuestBobo-DioulassoBurkina Faso
| | | | - Mahamadi Kientega
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale de l'OuestBobo-DioulassoBurkina Faso
| | - Gilbert Le Goff
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRDMontpellier,France
| | | | - Marc F Ngangue
- Centre International de Recherches Medicales de FrancevilleFrancevilleGabon
| | | | - Nil Rahola
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRDMontpellier,France
| | - Frederic Tripet
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, Keele UniversityNewcastleUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard Durbin
- Department of Genetics, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteHinxtonUnited Kingdom
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Anagbogu IN, Saka YA, Surakat OA, Okoronkwo C, Davies E, Oyale P, Ekpo UF, Amazigo UV, Barbre K, Igbe M, Nyior A, Jacob SM, Gideon Nteun U, Abubakar Umar Z. Integrated transmission assessment surveys (iTAS) of lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis in Cross River, Taraba and Yobe States, Nigeria. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:201. [PMID: 35698164 PMCID: PMC9195314 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05302-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Integrated transmission assessment surveys (iTAS) have been recommended for evaluation of the transmission of both lymphatic filariasis (LF) and onchocerciasis as the prevalence of both diseases moves toward their respective elimination targets in Nigeria. Therefore, we conducted an iTAS between May and December 2017 in five local government areas (LGAs), also known as implementation units (IUs), in states of Cross River, Taraba and Yobe in Nigeria. Methods The TAS comprised two phases: the Pre-iTAS and the iTAS itself. Three states (Cross River, Taraba and Yobe), comprising five LGAs and 20 communities that have completed five rounds of combined treatment with ivermectin and albendazole for LF and 12 total rounds of ivermectin, were selected for inclusion in the study. All participants were tested with the Filariasis Test Strip (FTS; Alere Inc.) and the Biplex rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT; identifying filaria antigens Ov16/Wb123; Abbott diagnosctics Korea Inc.). Pre iTAS included 100 children ages 5-9 in each 4 communities and 300 individuals ages 10 and older in a subset of two communities. For the iTAS, only LGAs where antigenemia prevalence in all sampled communities during the Pre-iTAS was < 2% for LF were selected. Results Of the five LGAs included in the study, four met the cutoff of the Pre-iTAS and were included in the iTAS; the Ikom LGA was excluded from the iTAS due to antigenemia prevalence. A total of 11,531 school-aged children from 148 schools were tested for LF and onchocerciasis across these four LGAs, including 2873 children in Bade, 2622 children in Bekwara, 3026 children in Gashaka and 3010 children in Karim Lamido. Using the FTS, all samples from Bade and Karim Lamido were negative, whereas 0.2% of the samples from Bekwara and Gashaka were positive. Using the Biplex RDT, LF prevalence in Bade, Bekwara, Gashaka and Karim Lamido was < 0.1%, 0.5%, 0.4% and < 0.1%, respectively. Moreover, all samples from Bade and Karim Lamido were negative for onchocerciasis, whereas 3.1% and 1.8% of the samples from Bekwara and Gashaka were positive, respectively. Conclusion This study has provided additional information on the current burden of onchocerciasis and LF in the four IUs sampled where mass drug administration (MDA) for both infections has been ongoing for years. The study identifies that LF-MDA can be safely stopped in all four of the IUs studied, but that MDA for onchocerciasis needs to continue, even though this may pose a challenge for LF surveillance. Based on the preliminary results from all four sites, this study has fulfilled the primary objective of determining the programmatic feasibility of an iTAS as a tool to simultaneously assess onchocerciasis and LF prevalence in areas co-endemic for the two infections that have completed the recommended treatment for one or both infections, and to make decisions on how to proceed. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olabanji Ahmed Surakat
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria.
| | | | | | | | - Uwem Friday Ekpo
- Department of Pure & Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Uche V Amazigo
- African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Kira Barbre
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, The Task Force for Global Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Arowosegbe AO, Ojo DA, Shittu OB, Iwaloye O, Ekpo UF. Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities and infection control/prevention practices in traditional birth homes in Southwest Nigeria. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:912. [PMID: 34479549 PMCID: PMC8417956 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-06911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poor environmental conditions and hygiene practices at the time of childbirth is linked to life-threatening infections and death in mothers and babies. Improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) have been identified as a means through which the lives of mothers and babies could be saved. This study was carried out to explore WASH conditions and infection prevention and control (IPC) practices in traditional birth homes/centers in Abeokuta, Southwest Nigeria. A total of 50 traditional birth centers and attendants (TBAs) were enrolled in the study. Sociodemographic characteristics of the TBAs and features of the birth centers were obtained using a semi-structured questionnaire. Assessment of WASH conditions and IPC practices was based on established protocols. Results Findings revealed that majority of the centers operated under poor WASH conditions and IPC practices; none met with the WHO minimum standards for environmental health. Conclusions Adequate WASH facilities and IPC practices remain a critical component of maternal and child health even in non-facility birth. As the transition to facility births continues in many countries, the large number of non-facility births demands their inclusion in WASH-related strategies, if global goals of reducing deaths of newborns and women deaths will be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Ajiboye Ojo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Olufunke Bolatito Shittu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Opeoluwa Iwaloye
- Department of Microbiology, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Uwem Friday Ekpo
- Department of Zoology, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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Ejike CU, Oluwole AS, Omitola OO, Bayegun AA, Shoneye IY, Akeredolu-Ale BI, Idowu OA, Mafiana CF, Ekpo UF. Schisto and Ladders version 2: a health educational board game to support compliance with school-based mass drug administration with praziquantel - a pilot study. Int Health 2021; 13:281-290. [PMID: 32918827 PMCID: PMC8079310 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihaa057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We redesigned the Schisto and Ladders health educational board game and evaluated its potential to encourage compliance to school-based mass drug administration with praziquantel. Methods Two hundred and seventy-five children from six schools who rejected praziquantel treatment were divided into intervention and control groups. Before the intervention, preassessment interviews were conducted on their knowledge about praziquantel treatment and schistosomiasis. The Schisto and Ladders version 2 game as an intervention, and the Snakes and Ladders game as a control, were played for 6 mo. Postassessment interviews, including focus group discussions, were conducted. Results At preassessment, 0/98 (0.0%) children in the intervention group had heard of praziquantel compared with 2/177 (1.1%) in the control group. Similarly, 0/98 (0.0%) children in the intervention group did not know that praziquantel does not kill compared with 4/177 (2.3%) in the control group. The postassessment showed that 53/78 (67.9%) in the intervention group were aware of praziquantel compared with 2/177 (1.1%) in the control group (p=0.000). Similarly, 53 (69.7%) in the intervention group knew about the safety of praziquantel compared with 0/177 (0.0%) in the control group (p=0.000). Sixty-four children (65.3%) from the intervention group sought praziquantel treatment after the trial. Conclusions Schisto and Ladders version 2 is a useful sensitisation tool with which to encourage compliance to praziquantel treatment in schools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akinola Stephen Oluwole
- COUNTDOWN implementation research Consortium, Ogun State.,Sightsavers Nigeria Country Office, 1 Golf Course Road, PO Box 503, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Olaitan Olamide Omitola
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | - Chiedu Felix Mafiana
- Research Administration and Advancement, National Open University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Uwem Friday Ekpo
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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Omitola OO, Umunnakwe CU, Bayegun AA, Anifowose SA, Mogaji HO, Oluwole AS, Odoemene SN, Awolola TS, Osipitan AA, Sam-Wobo SO, Ekpo UF. Impacts of ivermectin mass drug administration for onchocerciasis on mosquito populations of Ogun state, Nigeria. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:212. [PMID: 33879232 PMCID: PMC8056593 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04716-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of single-dose mass drug administration (MDA) of ivermectin for onchocerciasis on mosquito populations was investigated in Ogun State, Nigeria. METHODS Indoor and outdoor collection of mosquitoes was carried out in two intervention (IC) and two control communities (CC) at three different periods: pre-MDA (baseline), 2-3 days after MDA and 13-14 days after MDA. The density and parity rate of female Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes were determined and compared. Environmental and climatic data of study locations were obtained to perform generalized linear model analysis. RESULTS A total of 1399 female mosquitoes were collected, including 1227 Anopheles and 172 Culex mosquitoes. There was a similar magnitude of reduction in the indoor density of Anopheles by 29% in the IC and CC 2-3 days post-MDA but the reduction in indoor parity rate was significantly higher (p = 0.021) in the IC, reducing by more than 50%. In the IC, observation of a significant reduction at 2-3 days post-MDA was consistent for both the indoor density (1.43 to 1.02) and indoor parity rate (95.35% to 44.26%) of Anopheles mosquitoes. The indoor parity rate of Anopheles remained significantly reduced (75.86%) 13-14 post-MDA. On the other hand, the indoor density of Culex increased from 0.07 to 0.10 at 2-3 days post-MDA while the indoor parity rate of Culex did not change. The outdoor density of Anopheles in the IC increased (p = 0.394) from 0.58 to 0.90 at 2-3 days post-MDA; a similar observation was consistent for the outdoor density (2.83 to 3.90) and outdoor parity rate (70.59% to 97.44%) of Culex, while the outdoor parity rate of Anopheles reduced from 85.71 to 66.67% at 2-3 days post-MDA. A generalized linear model showed that ivermectin MDA significantly caused a reduction in both the indoor density (p < 0.001) and indoor parity rate (p = 0.003) of Anopheles in the IC. CONCLUSION Ivermectin MDA resulted in the reduction of both the survival and density of Anopheles mosquitoes. This has strong implications for malaria transmission, which depends strongly on vector survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaitan Olamide Omitola
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun, Nigeria.
| | | | - Adedotun Ayodeji Bayegun
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun, Nigeria
| | | | - Hammed Oladeji Mogaji
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Federal University Oye Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Taiwo Sam Awolola
- Molecular Entomology and Vector Control Research Laboratory, Public Health Division, Nigeria Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Sammy Olufemi Sam-Wobo
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun, Nigeria
| | - Uwem Friday Ekpo
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun, Nigeria.
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Odoemene SN, Oluwole AS, Mogaji HO, Adegbola MV, Omitola OO, Bayegun AA, Ojo DA, Sam-Wobo SO, Ekpo UF. Polyparasitism with Malaria and Intestinal Parasite Infections among Infants and Preschool-Aged Children in Egbedore, Osun State, Nigeria. J Parasitol Res 2020; 2020:8810148. [PMID: 32774897 PMCID: PMC7396011 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8810148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyparasitism is widespread in many communities in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, there is paucity of data on polyparasitism in infants and preschool-aged children (IPSAC), to inform policy developments. Therefore, a survey of 1110 consented IPSAC was undertaken in Egbedore Local Government Area (LGA), Osun State, Nigeria, to determine the prevalence of polyparasitism in IPSAC in ten randomly selected rural communities. Fresh stool and blood samples were collected and processed for intestinal parasites and malaria infection. Mothers/caregivers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire to obtain demographic data of their IPSAC and to document knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) on parasitic infections. Data obtained through the questionnaire were analyzed using EpiData version 3.1, while parasitological data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (version 20.0). Descriptive statistics were computed for demographic data and association which were tested using bivariate analysis at a 95% confidence level while significance was set at p < 0.05. The results showed that 349 (46.29%) were infected with a single parasite. Infants and preschool-aged children infected with double, triple, and quadruple parasites are 268 (35.54%), 122 (16.18%), and 15 (1.99%), respectively. The prevalence of polyparasitism is 405 (53.71%). Although females (54.07%) were more infected than males (45.93%), there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) observed. Significantly (p < 0.05) more preschool children (65.93%) harbour more infections than the infants do (34.07%). Ara community (14.81%) had the highest cases of polyparasitized IPSAC, but no significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed across the communities. Double parasitic infection of Plasmodium falciparum and Ascaris lumbricoides (30.12%) and triple parasitic infection of P. falciparum, A. lumbricoides, and T. trichiura (14.81%) were the most common forms of polyparasitism encountered in the study. This study showed that polyparasitism is a burden in IPSAC and needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Odoemene
- Department of Basic Sciences, Adeleke University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - A S Oluwole
- The COUNTDOWN Project, Department of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Sightsavers, Nigeria Country Office, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - H O Mogaji
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - M V Adegbola
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnics Ede, Nigeria
| | - O O Omitola
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - A A Bayegun
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - D A Ojo
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - S O Sam-Wobo
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - U F Ekpo
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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Mogaji HO, Dedeke GA, Bada BS, Bankole S, Adeniji A, Fagbenro MT, Omitola OO, Oluwole AS, Odoemene NS, Abe EM, Mafiana CF, Ekpo UF. Distribution of ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm infections in Ogun State, Southwestern Nigeria. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233423. [PMID: 32511237 PMCID: PMC7279584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ascariasis, Trichuriasis and Hookworm infections poses a considerable public health burden in Sub-Saharan Africa, and a sound understanding of their spatial distribution facilitates to better target control interventions. This study, therefore, assessed the prevalence of the trio, and mapped their spatial distribution in the 20 administrative regions of Ogun State, Nigeria. METHODS Parasitological surveys were carried out in 1,499 households across 33 spatially selected communities. Fresh stool samples were collected from 1,027 consenting participants and processed using ether concentration method. The locations of the communities were georeferenced using a GPS device while demographic data were obtained using a standardized form. Data were analysed using SPSS software and visualizations and plotting maps were made in ArcGIS software. RESULTS Findings showed that 19 of the 20 regions were endemic for one or more kind of the three infections, with an aggregated prevalence of 17.2%. Ascariasis was the most frequently observed parasitic infection in 28 communities with a prevalence of 13.6%, followed by hookworm infections with a prevalence of 4.6% while Trichuriasis was the least encountered with a prevalence of 1.7%. The spatial distribution of infections ranges between 5.3-49.2% across the regions. The highest and lowest distribution of overall helminth infections was recorded in Egbado South and Egbado North respectively. Nine regions had infection status between 20.0%-49.2%, while 10 regions had infection status between 5.3%-15.8%. CONCLUSION This study provides epidemiological data on the prevalence and spatial distribution of ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm infections which will add to the baseline data and guide the public health officers in providing appropriate control strategies in the endemic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammed Oladeji Mogaji
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Gabriel Adewunmi Dedeke
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Babatunde Saheed Bada
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Samuel Bankole
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Adejuwon Adeniji
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Mariam Tobi Fagbenro
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Olaitan Olamide Omitola
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Eniola Micheal Abe
- National Institute of Parasitic Disease and Control, 14 China Centre for Disease Control, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chiedu Felix Mafiana
- Directorate for Research and Innovation, National Open University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Uwem Friday Ekpo
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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Abe EM, Guan W, Guo YH, Kassegne K, Qin ZQ, Xu J, Chen JH, Ekpo UF, Li SZ, Zhou XN. Differentiating snail intermediate hosts of Schistosoma spp. using molecular approaches: fundamental to successful integrated control mechanism in Africa. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:29. [PMID: 29615124 PMCID: PMC5883423 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0401-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Snail intermediate hosts play active roles in the transmission of snail-borne trematode infections in Africa. A good knowledge of snail-borne diseases epidemiology particularly snail intermediate host populations would provide the necessary impetus to complementing existing control strategy. Main body This review highlights the importance of molecular approaches in differentiating snail hosts population structure and the need to provide adequate information on snail host populations by updating snail hosts genome database for Africa, in order to equip different stakeholders with adequate information on the ecology of snail intermediate hosts and their roles in the transmission of different diseases. Also, we identify the gaps and areas where there is need for urgent intervention to facilitate effective integrated control of schistosomiasis and other snail-borne trematode infections. Conclusions Prioritizing snail studies, especially snail differentiation using molecular tools will boost disease surveillance and also enhance efficient schistosomaisis control programme in Africa. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-018-0401-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eniola Michael Abe
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH ; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200020, China.
| | - Wei Guan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH ; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200020, China
| | - Yun-Hai Guo
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH ; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200020, China
| | - Kokouvi Kassegne
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH ; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200020, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Qin
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH ; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200020, China
| | - Jing Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH ; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200020, China
| | - Jun-Hu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH ; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200020, China
| | - Uwem Friday Ekpo
- Department of Pure & Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Shi-Zhu Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH ; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200020, China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH ; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200020, China
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10
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Adeniran AA, Mogaji HO, Aladesida AA, Olayiwola IO, Oluwole AS, Abe EM, Olabinke DB, Alabi OM, Ekpo UF. Schistosomiasis, intestinal helminthiasis and nutritional status among preschool-aged children in sub-urban communities of Abeokuta, Southwest, Nigeria. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:637. [PMID: 29183397 PMCID: PMC5706406 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2973-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Schistosomiasis and intestinal helminthiasis are major public health problems with school-aged children considered the most at-risk group. Pre-school aged children (PSAC) are excluded from existing control programs because of limited evidence of infections burden among the group. We assessed the prevalence of infections and effect on nutritional status of preschool aged children in Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria. Results A community-based cross-sectional study involving 241 children aged 0–71 months was conducted in 4 sub-urban communities of Abeokuta. Urine and faecal samples were collected for laboratory diagnosis for parasites ova. Nutritional status determined using age and anthropometric parameters was computed based on World Health Organization 2006 growth standards. Data were subjected to descriptive statistics analysis, Chi square, t-test and ANOVA. Of 167 children with complete data, 8 (4.8%) were infected with Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosoma mansoni 6 (3.6%); Taenia species 84 (50.3%); Ascaris lumbricoides 81 (48.5%) and hookworm 63 (37.7%). Overall, 46.7% of the children were malnourished, 39.5% stunted, 22.8% underweight and 11.4% exhibiting wasting/thinness. Mean values of anthropometric indices were generally lower in children with co-infection than those with single infection. We observed low level of schistosomiasis but high prevalence of intestinal helminthiasis and poor nutritional status that calls for inclusion of PSAC in control programs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-017-2973-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hammed Oladeji Mogaji
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Adeyinka A Aladesida
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Ibiyemi O Olayiwola
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Akinola Stephen Oluwole
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | | | - Dorcas B Olabinke
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Oladimeji Michael Alabi
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Uwem Friday Ekpo
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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11
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Ejike CU, Oluwole AS, Mogaji HO, Adeniran AA, Alabi OM, Ekpo UF. Development and testing of Schisto and Ladders™, an innovative health educational game for control of schistosomiasis in schoolchildren. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:236. [PMID: 28659195 PMCID: PMC5490240 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2545-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis remains a public health problem in many regions of the world, including Nigeria. Current control strategy involves mass drug administration with praziquantel to the endemic population. To complement and sustain on-going preventive chemotherapy, we developed a health educational game named Schisto and Ladders™ and tested its potential for the control of schistosomiasis among schoolchildren living in Imala-Odo, a highly endemic community near Abeokuta, Nigeria. Methods One hundred school children were randomly selected and divided into intervention and control groups through balloting. Their knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) concerning schistosomiasis transmission, control and prevention were assessed using structured questionnaires. Schisto and Ladders™ game were given to the intervention group and the popular Snake and Ladders™ game to the control group. Both games were played for 2 months under the supervision of their class teachers. A post-KAP assessment was carried out in both groups, including focus group discussions (FGDs) to investigate knowledge and the impact of the games. Results Knowledge about urinary schistosomiasis and its transmission significantly improved (P = 0.000) in the intervention group (68.0%) compared to the control group (8.0%). FGDs showed that the frequency of visits to dam water also significantly reduced (P = 0.048) in the intervention group (18.0%) compared to the control group (40.0%). There was a significant increase in knowledge regarding risk behaviours, prevention and control of schistosomiasis among the intervention group, but no new knowledge gained in the control group. Conclusions This study demonstrates the potential of the health education game Schisto and Ladders™ for teaching basic health education and promoting behavioural changes among schoolchildren in endemic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Uchechukwu Ejike
- Spatial Parasitology and Health GIS Group, Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Akinola Stephen Oluwole
- Spatial Parasitology and Health GIS Group, Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Hammed Oladeji Mogaji
- Spatial Parasitology and Health GIS Group, Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Adebiyi Abdulhakeem Adeniran
- Spatial Parasitology and Health GIS Group, Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Oladimeji Michael Alabi
- Spatial Parasitology and Health GIS Group, Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Uwem Friday Ekpo
- Spatial Parasitology and Health GIS Group, Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
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12
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Oluwole AS, Isiyaku S, Aliero AA, Nwosu C, William A, Elhassan E, Ekpo UF. Assessment of the burden of soil-transmitted helminthiasis after five years of mass drug administration for Onchocerciasis and Lymphatic filariasis in Kebbi State, Nigeria. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2017; 2:21-29. [PMID: 29774278 PMCID: PMC5952656 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a hypothesis that Mass drug administration (MDA) of ivermectin and albendazole for the treatment of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis could have an impact on the burden of soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) in MDA communities. We, therefore, assessed the burden of STH (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm) infections in nine communities from 3 LGAs (two MDA local government areas (LGAs) and one control LGA) in Kebbi State, Nigeria after 5-years (2010–2015) of MDA for onchocerciasis and/or lymphatic filariasis. We also administered questionnaire to obtain demographic information and history of MDA in the past five years. The three LGAs are Bagudo (Ivermectin MDA); Zuru (Ivermectin/Albendazole MDA) and Dandi (No MDA). The study was a cross sectional survey. The total number of people that complied with provision of stool samples and questionnaire were 1357 persons; stool samples collected were examined for STH infections in the three LGAs. Zuru LGA had the highest prevalence of STH (41.89, 95% CI: 37.08–46.81) followed by Dandi LGA (24.66, 95% CI: 20.69–28.97) and Bagudo LGA (3.36, 95% CI: 1.97–5.32). Prevalence of STH infection was not significantly different among age group and sex. Geometric mean intensity per gram of infection for both A. lumbricoides and Hookworm were highest in Zuru LGA with (1.16 GMI, 95% CI: 0.97–1.36) and (1.49 GMI, 95% CI: 1.29–1.70) respectively. Treatment coverage was less than 65% from 2010 to 2013 in the intervention LGAs. The study shows that STH is still a public health problem in Zuru LGA (IVM + ALB) and requires MDA of albendazole for STH control to continue, while Dandi LGA (No MDA history) requires MDA with albendazole to scale up treatment for STH control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunday Isiyaku
- Sightsavers Nigeria Country Office, 1 Golf Course Road, P.O Box 503, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | | | - Christian Nwosu
- Sightsavers Nigeria Country Office, 1 Golf Course Road, P.O Box 503, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Adamani William
- Sightsavers Nigeria Country Office, 1 Golf Course Road, P.O Box 503, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | | | - Uwem Friday Ekpo
- Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 110001, Ogun State, Nigeria
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13
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Etuketu IM, Mogaji HO, Alabi OM, Adeniran AA, Oluwole AS, Ekpo UF. Prevalence and risk factors of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among pregnant women receiving antenatal care in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Afr J Infect Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.4314/ajid.v9i2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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14
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Adie HA, Okon OE, Arong GA, Braide EI, Ekpo UF. Spatial distribution of urinary schistosomiasis in Cross River State, Nigeria using geographical information system and school based questionnaire. Pak J Biol Sci 2014; 16:1166-72. [PMID: 24506017 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2013.1166.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Urinary schistosomiasis is a serious disease in Cross River State, Nigeria. Dearth of information on its distribution has hampered the implementation of focused control of the disease. The availability of a rapid method for mapping the disease necessitated this research to provide data for control of Urinary schistosomiasis in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study used a rapid validated school-based questionnaire method in mapping schistosomiasis. Geographical information system (GIS) software tools were used to produce a spatial map for prevalence of infection and areas at risk for urinary schistosomiasis in Cross River State. Data analysis with SPSS package revealed that 9,993 (10.2%) female and 10,328 (10.0%) male pupils in 218 schools passed blood in urine in one month out of 199,794 pupils interviewed. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence between male and female pupils with infection (p < 0.005). The prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis using questionnaire method correlated positively with the filtration method used in determining the egg output (r = 0.71, p < 0.001). Endemic schools were distributed in thirteen Local Government Areas of Cross River State, Nigeria. Yala and Yakurr LGAs had the highest number of schools that reported schistosomiasis with 39 (59%) and 13 (59%), respectively. Odukpani LGA had the lowest prevalence of 1 (0.2%). The overall results showed a mean urinary schistosomiasis prevalence of 10.2% for Cross River State, Nigeria. The findings of this study would guide Government and other relevant agencies in the implementation of control strategies for the treatment of urinary schistosomiasis in Cross River State, Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Adie
- Ministry of Health Calabar, Nigeria
| | - O E Okon
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Calabar, Nigeria
| | - G A Arong
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Calabar, Nigeria
| | - E I Braide
- Federal University, Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
| | - U F Ekpo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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15
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Mafiana CF, Ekpo UF, Ojo DA. Urinary schistosomiasis in preschool children in settlements around Oyan Reservoir in Ogun State, Nigeria: implications for control. Trop Med Int Health 2003; 8:78-82. [PMID: 12535255 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.00988.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We determined the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in preschool children below the age of 5 years in three settlements around Oyan Reservoir in Ogun State, Nigeria. Of 209 children screened, 150 (71.8%) had an infection, with no significant difference between males and females; 42.9% of infants were infected. Both prevalence and intensity of infection increased significantly with age (P < 0.005). Most (62.7%) infections were light (<50 eggs/10 ml urine). A 17.7 percentage of the children had visible haematuria, which increased with age (P < 0.005). Focus group discussions (FGDs) with adult men and women revealed that infection in preschool children was primarily because of exposure occasioned by the mothers' domestic (washing and bathing) and occupational (fishing) activities, while older children could go swimming on their own. Although the participants claimed that using a different water supply may not be effective in combating the disease, as their entire existence was tied to the reservoir, we propose that health education geared towards changing behaviour and attitudes is necessary. As preschool children are a source of both contamination and transmission, control programmes must take them into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Mafiana
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
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