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Grosso G, Tognetti R, Domenech O, Marchesotti F, Patata V, Vezzosi T. Echocardiographic reference intervals of the dimensions of the main pulmonary artery and the right pulmonary artery: a prospective study in 269 healthy dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2023; 50:29-38. [PMID: 37918089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION No data are available on the echocardiographic reference intervals (RIs) for the main pulmonary artery (MPA) and right pulmonary artery (RPA) dimensions in a large sample of dogs. Therefore, we aimed to describe the echocardiographic RIs of the MPA and RPA dimensions in normal dogs. ANIMALS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS Two hundred and sixty nine healthy dogs of different breeds, age and body weight (BW) were prospectively enrolled in this multicenter, observational study. The MPA diameter, RPA maximum diameter (RPAmax), and RPA minimum diameter (RPAmin) were measured from the right parasternal short axis view. Prediction intervals (PIs) for MPA, RPAmax and RPAmin were generated using allometric scales. Reference intervals (RI) of MPA indexed to the ascending aorta (MPA/AO), and RPAmax and RPAmin indexed to the aortic annulus (RPAmax/Aod and RPAmin/Aod), were defined. RESULTS A positive linear relationship between MPA, RPAmax, RPAmin and BW was evident after logarithmic transformation (R2 = 0.859, R2 = 0.787 and R2 = 0.725, respectively; P<0.0001). According to allometric scales, the PI for the MPA normalized for BW (MPA_N) was between 5.50 and 8.07, the PI for the RPAmax normalized for BW (RPAmax_N) was between 3.23 and 5.62, while the PI for the RPAmin normalized for BW (RPAmin_N) was between 1.62 and 3.30. The median MPA/AO was 0.92 (RI, 0.78-1.01), the median RPAmax/Aod was 0.70 (RI, 0.53-0.98) and the median RPAmin/Aod was 0.40 (RI, 0.29-0.61). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The reported RIs of the MPA and RPA dimensions in normal dogs could increase the diagnostic accuracy of transthoracic echocardiography in the identification of pulmonary artery enlargement in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Grosso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy.
| | - R Tognetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - O Domenech
- Department of Cardiology, Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
| | - F Marchesotti
- Department of Cardiology, Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
| | - V Patata
- Department of Cardiology, Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
| | - T Vezzosi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
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Patata V, Vezzosi T, Marchesotti F, Domenech O. Echocardiographic parameters in 50 healthy English bulldogs: preliminary reference intervals. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 36:55-63. [PMID: 34111807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to provide echocardiographic reference intervals for English bulldogs (EBs) and to assess if age, sex, body weight (BW), and heart rate have an influence on echocardiographic variables. ANIMALS We prospectively enrolled client-owned EBs that were considered healthy based on unremarkable history, normal physical examination, six-lead electrocardiography, and transthoracic echocardiography. MATERIALS AND METHODS Breed-related reference intervals were provided, and associations between age, sex, BW, and heart rate and echocardiographic variables were tested using a multivariate analysis. Allometric scales were generated for echocardiographic variables showing correlation with BW. Moreover, echocardiographic variables obtained in our population of EBs and previous published reference ranges were compared. RESULTS Echocardiographic reference intervals were generated from 50 healthy adult EBs. As per the multivariate analysis, left atrial diameter (p = 0.015), left ventricular internal end diastolic diameter (p = 0.002), aortic valve annulus (p = 0.032), and pulmonary valve annulus (p = 0.017) resulted influenced by BW, and reference intervals were generated using allometric scales. Our study suggests that EBs tend to have a smaller aortic root and sphericity index than other breeds. In addition, EBs seem to have smaller indexed left ventricular volumes and higher left ventricular ejection fraction than boxers and Doberman. CONCLUSION Preliminary reference intervals in the EBs are reported, which might be helpful for accurate echocardiographic interpretation and screening purposes in this breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Patata
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, 28060, Italy
| | - T Vezzosi
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, 28060, Italy; Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, Pisa, 56122, Italy.
| | - F Marchesotti
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, 28060, Italy
| | - O Domenech
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, 28060, Italy
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Patata V, Scalise F, Sorropago G, Marchesotti F, Nicoli S, Auriemma E, Rondelli V, Pesaresi M, Glaus TM, Baron Toaldo M, Vezzosi T, Domenech O. Closure of an unusual morphology patent ductus arteriosus with a covered stent in a dog. J Vet Cardiol 2020; 32:7-15. [PMID: 33039928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) with unusual morphology was diagnosed in a 3-year-old German shepherd presented for exercise intolerance. Two interventional PDA closure procedures with various Amplatzer devices and one surgical ligation were attempted to close the PDA. However, PDA closure failed with both methods due to the unusual morphology and the severe enlarged ductus ampulla. Therefore, the patient underwent an aortic covered stent placement, and successful closure of the PDA was achieved. Eight months after the procedure, the dog was free of clinical signs and no residual flow was identified through the PDA on transthoracic echocardiography. Moreover, computed tomography angiography demonstrated correct stent positioning, with no evidence of thrombus formation, damage to the stent, nor any aortic wall abnormalities. Aortic covered stent placement is a viable option in dogs with unusual PDA morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Patata
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, strada provinciale, 9, 28060, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy.
| | - F Scalise
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Policlinico di Monza, via Carlo Amati, 111, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - G Sorropago
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Policlinico di Monza, via Carlo Amati, 111, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - F Marchesotti
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, strada provinciale, 9, 28060, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
| | - S Nicoli
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, strada provinciale, 9, 28060, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
| | - E Auriemma
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, strada provinciale, 9, 28060, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
| | - V Rondelli
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, strada provinciale, 9, 28060, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
| | - M Pesaresi
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, strada provinciale, 9, 28060, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
| | - T M Glaus
- Division of Cardiology, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Baron Toaldo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - T Vezzosi
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, strada provinciale, 9, 28060, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - O Domenech
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, strada provinciale, 9, 28060, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
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Caivano D, Rishniw M, Birettoni F, Patata V, Giorgi M, Dei K, Porciello F. Right ventricular outflow tract fractional shortening: an echocardiographic index of right ventricular systolic function in dogs with pulmonary hypertension. J Vet Cardiol 2018; 20:354-363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Caivano D, Rishniw M, Birettoni F, Patata V, Giorgi M, Porciello F. Left atrial deformation and phasic function determined by two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. J Vet Cardiol 2018; 20:102-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Birettoni F, Caivano D, Patata V, Moïse NS, Guglielmini C, Rishniw M, Porciello F. Canine pulmonary vein-to-pulmonary artery ratio: echocardiographic technique and reference intervals. J Vet Cardiol 2016; 18:326-335. [PMID: 27670068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The size of the pulmonary veins (PVs) and pulmonary arteries (PAs) changes in response to hemodynamic alterations caused by physiological events and disease. We sought to create standardized echocardiographic methods for imaging the right ostium of the pulmonary veins (RPVs) and the right pulmonary artery (RPA) using specific landmarks and timing to quantify vessel diameters and phasic changes during the cardiac cycle. ANIMALS Fifty client-owned healthy dogs prospectively recruited. METHODS M-mode and 2-dimensional images were obtained from modified right parasternal long and short axis views. Right ostium of the pulmonary veins and RPA measurements were timed with electrical [peak of the QRS complex (RPVQRS and RPAQRS) and end of T wave (RPVT and RPAT)] or mechanical events [RPV and RPA vessels at their respective maximal (RPVMAX; RPAMAX) and minimal (RPVMIN; RPAMIN) diameters]. Right ostium of the pulmonary veins and RPA measurements were also indexed to the aorta. RESULTS In normal dogs regardless of the echocardiographic view or time in the cardiac cycle, the RPV/RPA ratio approximated 1.0. Mechanically timed fractional changes (distensibility indices) in RPV and RPA diameters did not differ (p=0.99; 36.9% and 36.8%, respectively). ECG-timed fractional changes (distensibility indices) in RPV and RPA diameter were at least 50% smaller than mechanically timed changes (p<0.05). RPV:Ao and RPA:Ao ranged between 0.3 and 0.6, with lower values obtained in diastole and larger values in systole (p<0.0001). Multiple positive and negative deflections were identified on the RPV and RPA M-mode tracings. CONCLUSION This study provides detailed methodology and 2D and M-mode reference intervals for the RPV and RPA dimensions and the phasic changes during the cardiac cycle of the dog using echocardiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Birettoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - D Caivano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - V Patata
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - N S Moïse
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - C Guglielmini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - M Rishniw
- Veterinary Information Network, Davis, CA, USA
| | - F Porciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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Caivano D, Rishniw M, Patata V, Giorgi M, Birettoni F, Porciello F. Left atrial deformation and phasic function determined by 2-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in healthy dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2016; 18:146-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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