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Desroys du Roure P, Lajoie L, Mallavialle A, Alcaraz LB, Mansouri H, Fenou L, Garambois V, Rubio L, David T, Coenon L, Boissière-Michot F, Chateau MC, Ngo G, Jarlier M, Villalba M, Martineau P, Laurent-Matha V, Roger P, Guiu S, Chardès T, Gros L, Liaudet-Coopman E. A novel Fc-engineered cathepsin D-targeting antibody enhances ADCC, triggers tumor-infiltrating NK cell recruitment, and improves treatment with paclitaxel and enzalutamide in triple-negative breast cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e007135. [PMID: 38290768 PMCID: PMC10828871 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-007135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) prognosis is poor. Immunotherapies to enhance the antibody-induced natural killer (NK) cell antitumor activity are emerging for TNBC that is frequently immunogenic. The aspartic protease cathepsin D (cath-D), a tumor cell-associated extracellular protein with protumor activity and a poor prognosis marker in TNBC, is a prime target for antibody-based therapy to induce NK cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). This study investigated whether Fc-engineered anti-cath-D antibodies trigger ADCC, their impact on antitumor efficacy and tumor-infiltrating NK cells, and their relevance for combinatory therapy in TNBC. METHODS Cath-D expression and localization in TNBC samples were evaluated by western blotting, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. The binding of human anti-cath-D F1M1 and Fc-engineered antibody variants, which enhance (F1M1-Fc+) or prevent (F1M1-Fc-) affinity for CD16a, to secreted human and murine cath-D was analyzed by ELISA, and to CD16a by surface plasmon resonance and flow cytometry. NK cell activation was investigated by flow cytometry, and ADCC by lactate dehydrogenase release. The antitumor efficacy of F1M1 Fc-variants was investigated using TNBC cell xenografts in nude mice. NK cell recruitment, activation, and cytotoxic activity were analyzed in MDA-MB-231 cell xenografts by immunophenotyping and RT-qPCR. NK cells were depleted using an anti-asialo GM1 antibody. F1M1-Fc+ antitumor effect was assessed in TNBC patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and TNBC SUM159 cell xenografts, and in combination with paclitaxel or enzalutamide. RESULTS Cath-D expression on the TNBC cell surface could be exploited to induce ADCC. F1M1 Fc-variants recognized human and mouse cath-D. F1M1-Fc+ activated NK cells in vitro and induced ADCC against TNBC cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts more efficiently than F1M1. F1M1-Fc- was ineffective. In the MDA-MB-231 cell xenograft model, F1M1-Fc+ displayed higher antitumor activity than F1M1, whereas F1M1-Fc- was less effective, reflecting the importance of Fc-dependent mechanisms in vivo. F1M1-Fc+ triggered tumor-infiltrating NK cell recruitment, activation and cytotoxic activity in MDA-MB-231 cell xenografts. NK cell depletion impaired F1M1-Fc+ antitumor activity, demonstrating their key role. F1M1-Fc+ inhibited growth of SUM159 cell xenografts and two TNBC PDXs. In combination therapy, F1M1-Fc+ improved paclitaxel and enzalutamide therapeutic efficacy without toxicity. CONCLUSIONS F1M1-Fc+ is a promising immunotherapy for TNBC that could be combined with conventional regimens, including chemotherapy or antiandrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurie Lajoie
- Université de Tours - INRAE, UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP), équipe BioMédicaments Anti-Parasitaires (BioMAP), Tours, France
| | - Aude Mallavialle
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Lindsay B Alcaraz
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Hanane Mansouri
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- RHEM, IRCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Lise Fenou
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Lucie Rubio
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Timothée David
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Loïs Coenon
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Giang Ngo
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Martin Villalba
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut du Cancer Avignon-Provence Sainte Catherine, Avignon, France
| | - Pierre Martineau
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Pascal Roger
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- Department of Pathology, CHU Nîmes, Nimes, France
| | - Séverine Guiu
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Chardès
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Centre national de la recherche Scientifique, Paris, F-75016, France
| | - Laurent Gros
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Centre national de la recherche Scientifique, Paris, F-75016, France
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David T, Mallavialle A, Faget J, Alcaraz LB, Lapierre M, du Roure PD, Laurent-Matha V, Mansouri H, Jarlier M, Martineau P, Roger P, Guiu S, Chardès T, Liaudet-Coopman E. Anti-cathepsin D immunotherapy triggers both innate and adaptive anti-tumour immunity in breast cancer. Br J Pharmacol 2023. [PMID: 38030588 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has poorer outcomes than other breast cancers (BC), including HER2+ BC. Cathepsin D (CathD) is a poor prognosis marker overproduced by BC cells, hypersecreted in the tumour microenvironment with tumour-promoting activity. Here, we characterized the immunomodulatory activity of the anti-CathD antibody F1 and its improved Fab-aglycosylated version (F1M1) in immunocompetent mouse models of TNBC (C57BL/6 mice harbouring E0771 cell grafts) and HER2-amplified BC (BALB/c mice harbouring TUBO cell grafts). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH CathD expression was evaluated by western blotting and immunofluorescence, and antibody binding to CathD by ELISA. Antibody anti-tumour efficacy was investigated in mouse models. Immune cell recruitment and activation were assessed by immunohistochemistry, immunophenotyping, and RT-qPCR. KEY RESULTS F1 and F1M1 antibodies remodelled the tumour immune landscape. Both antibodies promoted innate antitumour immunity by preventing the recruitment of immunosuppressive M2-polarized tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) and by activating natural killer cells in the tumour microenvironment of both models. This translated into a reduction of T-cell exhaustion markers in the tumour microenvironment that could be locally supported by enhanced activation of anti-tumour antigen-presenting cell (M1-polarized TAMs and cDC1 cells) functions. Both antibodies inhibited tumour growth in the highly-immunogenic E0771 model, but only marginally in the immune-excluded TUBO model, indicating that anti-CathD immunotherapy is more relevant for BC with a high immune cell infiltrate, as often observed in TNBC. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION Anti-CathD antibody-based therapy triggers the anti-tumour innate and adaptive immunity in preclinical models of BC and is a promising immunotherapy for immunogenic TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée David
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Julien Faget
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Marion Lapierre
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Hanane Mansouri
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- RHEM, IRCM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Pascal Roger
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- Department of Pathology, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Séverine Guiu
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Chardès
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- Centre national de la recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Paris, France
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Alcaraz LB, Mallavialle A, Mollevi C, Boissière-Michot F, Mansouri H, Simony-Lafontaine J, Laurent-Matha V, Chardès T, Jacot W, Turtoi A, Roger P, Guiu S, Liaudet-Coopman E. SPARC in cancer-associated fibroblasts is an independent poor prognostic factor in non-metastatic triple-negative breast cancer and exhibits pro-tumor activity. Int J Cancer 2023; 152:1243-1258. [PMID: 36346290 PMCID: PMC10099777 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive breast cancer subtype and lacks specific targeted therapeutic agents. The current mechanistic evidence from cell-based studies suggests that the matricellular protein SPARC has a tumor-promoting role in TNBC; however, data on the clinical relevance of SPARC expression/secretion by tumor and stromal cells in TNBC are limited. Here, we analyzed by immunohistochemistry the prognostic value of tumor and stromal cell SPARC expression in 148 patients with non-metastatic TNBC and long follow-up (median: 5.4 years). We also quantified PD-L1 and PD-1 expression. We detected SPARC expression in tumor cells (42.4%), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs; 88.1%), tumor-associated macrophages (77.1%), endothelial cells (75.2%) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (9.8%). Recurrence-free survival was significantly lower in patients with SPARC-expressing CAFs. Multivariate analysis showed that SPARC expression in CAFs was an independent prognostic factor. We also detected tumor and stromal cell SPARC expression in TNBC cytosols, and in patient-derived xenografts and cell lines. Furthermore, we analyzed publicly available single-cell mRNA sequencing data and found that in TNBC, SPARC is expressed by different CAF subpopulations, including myofibroblasts and inflammatory fibroblasts that are involved in tumor-related processes. We then showed that fibroblast-secreted SPARC had a tumor-promoting role by inhibiting TNBC cell adhesion and stimulating their motility and invasiveness. Overall, our study demonstrates that SPARC expression in CAFs is an independent prognostic marker of poor outcome in TNBC. Patients with SPARC-expressing CAFs could be eligible for anti-SPARC targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Caroline Mollevi
- Biometry Unit, ICM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Desbrest Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Hanane Mansouri
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France.,RHEM, IRCM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Thierry Chardès
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - William Jacot
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France.,Translational Research Unit, ICM, Montpellier, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Andrei Turtoi
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal Roger
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France.,Department of Pathology, CHU, Nîmes, France
| | - Séverine Guiu
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, ICM, Montpellier, France
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Mansouri H, Alcaraz LB, Mollevi C, Mallavialle A, Jacot W, Boissière-Michot F, Simony-Lafontaine J, Laurent-Matha V, Roger P, Liaudet-Coopman E, Guiu S. Co-Expression of Androgen Receptor and Cathepsin D Defines a Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Subgroup with Poorer Overall Survival. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051244. [PMID: 32429078 PMCID: PMC7281089 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) group, the luminal androgen receptor subtype is characterized by expression of androgen receptor (AR) and lack of estrogen receptor and cytokeratin 5/6 expression. Cathepsin D (Cath-D) is overproduced and hypersecreted by breast cancer (BC) cells and is a poor prognostic marker. We recently showed that in TNBC, Cath-D is a potential target for antibody-based therapy. This study evaluated the frequency of AR/Cath-D co-expression and its prognostic value in a large series of patients with non-metastatic TNBC. Methods: AR and Cath-D expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 147 non-metastatic TNBC. The threshold for AR positivity (AR+) was set at ≥1% of stained cells, and the threshold for Cath-D positivity (Cath-D+) was moderate/strong staining intensity. Lymphocyte density, macrophage infiltration, PD-L1 and programmed cell death (PD-1) expression were assessed. Results: Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grade 1–2 and lymph node invasion were more frequent, while macrophage infiltration was less frequent in AR+/Cath-D+ tumors (62.7%). In multivariate analyses, higher tumor size, no adjuvant chemotherapy and AR/Cath-D co-expression were independent prognostic factors of worse overall survival. Conclusions: AR/Cath-D co-expression independently predicted overall survival. Patients with TNBC in which AR and Cath-D are co-expressed could be eligible for combinatory therapy with androgen antagonists and anti-Cath-D human antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanane Mansouri
- IRCM (Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier), INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), Univ Montpellier (University of Montpellier), ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (H.M.); (L.B.A.); (A.M.); (W.J.); (V.L.-M.); (P.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Lindsay B. Alcaraz
- IRCM (Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier), INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), Univ Montpellier (University of Montpellier), ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (H.M.); (L.B.A.); (A.M.); (W.J.); (V.L.-M.); (P.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Caroline Mollevi
- Biometry Department, ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France;
| | - Aude Mallavialle
- IRCM (Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier), INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), Univ Montpellier (University of Montpellier), ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (H.M.); (L.B.A.); (A.M.); (W.J.); (V.L.-M.); (P.R.); (S.G.)
| | - William Jacot
- IRCM (Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier), INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), Univ Montpellier (University of Montpellier), ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (H.M.); (L.B.A.); (A.M.); (W.J.); (V.L.-M.); (P.R.); (S.G.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France
- Translational Research Unit, ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (F.B.-M.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Florence Boissière-Michot
- Translational Research Unit, ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (F.B.-M.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Joelle Simony-Lafontaine
- Translational Research Unit, ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (F.B.-M.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Valérie Laurent-Matha
- IRCM (Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier), INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), Univ Montpellier (University of Montpellier), ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (H.M.); (L.B.A.); (A.M.); (W.J.); (V.L.-M.); (P.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Pascal Roger
- IRCM (Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier), INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), Univ Montpellier (University of Montpellier), ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (H.M.); (L.B.A.); (A.M.); (W.J.); (V.L.-M.); (P.R.); (S.G.)
- Department of Pathology, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) Nîmes, 30029 Nîmes, France
| | - Emmanuelle Liaudet-Coopman
- IRCM (Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier), INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), Univ Montpellier (University of Montpellier), ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (H.M.); (L.B.A.); (A.M.); (W.J.); (V.L.-M.); (P.R.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Séverine Guiu
- IRCM (Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier), INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), Univ Montpellier (University of Montpellier), ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (H.M.); (L.B.A.); (A.M.); (W.J.); (V.L.-M.); (P.R.); (S.G.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France
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Mansouri H, Alcaraz L, Mollevi C, Mallavialle A, Jacot W, Boissière-Michot F, Simony-Lafontaine J, Laurent-Matha V, Roger P, Liaudet-Coopman E, Guiu S. Abstract P6-05-11: Prognostic value of androgen receptor and cathepsin D co-expression in non-metastatic triple-negative breast cancer and correlation with other biomarkers. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs19-p6-05-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Microarrays studies identified the subtype of luminal androgen receptor (LAR) among triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). This subgroup is distinct of basal-like tumors and is characterized by the lack of ER, CK5/6 expression but the expression of genes that are usually expressed by ER+ luminal tumors like androgen receptor (AR). Using immunohistochemistry (IHC) AR is expressed in 8-58% of TNBC and its prognostic value is controverted.
The aspartic protease cathepsin D (cath-D) is overproduced and hypersecreted by breast cancer (BC) cells and is often described as a marker of poor prognosis. We have already shown that cath-D is a tumor-specific extracellular target in TNBC suitable for antibody-based therapy.
We aimed at evaluating co-expression AR/cath-D-associated profiles and its prognostic value in a large retrospective series of patients with non-metastatic TNBC with a long follow-up.
Patients and methods: AR and cath-D expression were evaluated by IHC in tissue microarrays of 147 patients with non-metastatic TNBC treated in our center between 2002 and 2012. Positivity threshold was set at ≥1% nuclear staining for AR. In tumor epithelial BC with vesicular and peripheral membrane labeling, cath-D signal was scored as absent (0%), low (<20%), moderate (20-50%) or high (>50%). Tumors were defined as cath-D+ for staining ≥ 20%. Basal-like phenotype (CK5/6 and/or EGFR+), lymphocytic infiltration, PD-L1 expression and macrophages infiltration were also assessed.
Results: Median age was 61.6 years (range 30.2-98.6). 53.1% of tumors were classified pT1 and 61.2% pN0. We found 86.2% of ductal carcinomas, 6.9% of lobular carcinomas and 6.9% of other histological types. SBR grade 1-2 represented 11% of tumors. A basal-like phenotype was observed in 61.6% of cases. Adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) was delivered in 68% of patients.
72.8% of patients had AR+ tumors. Among the 142 patients with available AR/cath-D co-expression 62.7% had AR+ and cath-D+ tumors. AR+/cath-D+ tumors exhibited more frequently: lymph node invasion (p=0.04), less frequently macrophages infiltration (p=0.04) and a trend of lower nuclear grade (1/2) (p=0.06) than others TNBC. There was no significant difference regarding basal-like phenotype, lymphocytic infiltration or PD-L1 expression.
With a median follow-up of 5.4 years, there was a trend for a lower relapse-free survival (RFS) for patients with AR+/cath-D+ tumors (p=0.09): 3-years RFS were 67.4% (CI 95% [54.1-77.6]) and 81.9% (CI 95% [68.0-90.1]) for AR+/cath-D+ and the others TNBC, respectively. 5-years RFS were 57.6% (CI 95% [43.0-69.7]) and 71.4% (CI 95% [55.4-82.5]) for AR+/cath-D+ and the others TNBC, respectively. Tumor size, nodal status and ACT were also statistically correlated to RFS. In univariate analysis, age (p=0.01), tumor size (p=0.002), nodal status (p=0.004), ACT (p=0.004) were significantly associated with overall survival (OS). There was a trend for AR/cath-D co-expression (p=0.086). In multivariate analyses, tumor size (p=0.002), ACT (p<0.001) and AR/cath-D co-expression (p<0.001) were independent prognostic factors.
Conclusions: In this series, almost 63% of TNBC had an AR/cath-D co-expression with distinct clinicopathological characteristics. AR+/cath-D+ co-expression independently predicted OS. Patients with AR+/cath-D+ tumors tended to have higher risk of late recurrences than patients with others TNBC. These biomarkers could be useful to identify a specific subgroup of TNBC with worse prognosis and could have therapeutic implications: anti-androgens are under investigation; pre-clinical studies are ongoing with anti-cath-D antibodies.
Citation Format: Hanane Mansouri, Lindsay Alcaraz, Caroline Mollevi, Aude Mallavialle, William Jacot, Florence Boissière-Michot, Joelle Simony-Lafontaine, Valérie Laurent-Matha, Pascal Roger, Emmanuelle Liaudet-Coopman, Séverine Guiu. Prognostic value of androgen receptor and cathepsin D co-expression in non-metastatic triple-negative breast cancer and correlation with other biomarkers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-05-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanane Mansouri
- 1Institut de Recherche du Cancer de Montpellier UNSERM U1194, Montpellier, France
| | - Lindsay Alcaraz
- 2Institut de Recherche du Cancer de Montpellier INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Aude Mallavialle
- 2Institut de Recherche du Cancer de Montpellier INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France
| | - William Jacot
- 3Institut du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Séverine Guiu
- 3Institut du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Ashraf Y, Mansouri H, Laurent-Matha V, Alcaraz LB, Roger P, Guiu S, Derocq D, Robin G, Michaud HA, Delpech H, Jarlier M, Pugnière M, Robert B, Puel A, Martin L, Landomiel F, Bourquard T, Achour O, Fruitier-Arnaudin I, Pichard A, Deshayes E, Turtoi A, Poupon A, Simony-Lafontaine J, Boissière-Michot F, Pirot N, Bernex F, Jacot W, du Manoir S, Theillet C, Pouget JP, Navarro-Teulon I, Bonnefoy N, Pèlegrin A, Chardès T, Martineau P, Liaudet-Coopman E. Immunotherapy of triple-negative breast cancer with cathepsin D-targeting antibodies. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:29. [PMID: 30717773 PMCID: PMC6360707 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0498-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) treatment is currently restricted to chemotherapy. Hence, tumor-specific molecular targets and/or alternative therapeutic strategies for TNBC are urgently needed. Immunotherapy is emerging as an exciting treatment option for TNBC patients. The aspartic protease cathepsin D (cath-D), a marker of poor prognosis in breast cancer (BC), is overproduced and hypersecreted by human BC cells. This study explores whether cath-D is a tumor cell-associated extracellular biomarker and a potent target for antibody-based therapy in TNBC. METHODS Cath-D prognostic value and localization was evaluated by transcriptomics, proteomics and immunohistochemistry in TNBC. First-in-class anti-cath-D human scFv fragments binding to both human and mouse cath-D were generated using phage display and cloned in the human IgG1 λ format (F1 and E2). Anti-cath-D antibody biodistribution, antitumor efficacy and in vivo underlying mechanisms were investigated in TNBC MDA-MB-231 tumor xenografts in nude mice. Antitumor effect was further assessed in TNBC patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). RESULTS High CTSD mRNA levels correlated with shorter recurrence-free survival in TNBC, and extracellular cath-D was detected in the tumor microenvironment, but not in matched normal breast stroma. Anti-cath-D F1 and E2 antibodies accumulated in TNBC MDA-MB-231 tumor xenografts, inhibited tumor growth and improved mice survival without apparent toxicity. The Fc function of F1, the best antibody candidate, was essential for maximal tumor inhibition in the MDA-MB-231 model. Mechanistically, F1 antitumor response was triggered through natural killer cell activation via IL-15 upregulation, associated with granzyme B and perforin production, and the release of antitumor IFNγ cytokine. The F1 antibody also prevented the tumor recruitment of immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages M2 and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, a specific effect associated with a less immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment highlighted by TGFβ decrease. Finally, the antibody F1 inhibited tumor growth of two TNBC PDXs, isolated from patients resistant or not to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. CONCLUSION Cath-D is a tumor-specific extracellular target in TNBC suitable for antibody-based therapy. Immunomodulatory antibody-based strategy against cath-D is a promising immunotherapy to treat patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Ashraf
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Hanane Mansouri
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Valérie Laurent-Matha
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Lindsay B Alcaraz
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Pascal Roger
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
- Department of Pathology, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Séverine Guiu
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Danielle Derocq
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Gautier Robin
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Henri-Alexandre Michaud
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Helène Delpech
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | | | - Martine Pugnière
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Bruno Robert
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Anthony Puel
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Lucie Martin
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexandre Pichard
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Emmanuel Deshayes
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Andrei Turtoi
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | | | - Nelly Pirot
- Réseau d'Histologie Expérimentale de Montpellier, BioCampus, UMS3426 CNRS-US009 INSERM-UM, Montpellier, France
| | - Florence Bernex
- Réseau d'Histologie Expérimentale de Montpellier, BioCampus, UMS3426 CNRS-US009 INSERM-UM, Montpellier, France
| | - William Jacot
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, ICM, Montpellier, France
- Translational Research Unit, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Stanislas du Manoir
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Charles Theillet
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Pouget
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Isabelle Navarro-Teulon
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Nathalie Bonnefoy
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - André Pèlegrin
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Thierry Chardès
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Pierre Martineau
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Emmanuelle Liaudet-Coopman
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France.
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7
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Bach AS, Derocq D, Laurent-Matha V, Montcourrier P, Sebti S, Orsetti B, Theillet C, Gongora C, Pattingre S, Ibing E, Roger P, Linares LK, Reinheckel T, Meurice G, Kaiser FJ, Gespach C, Liaudet-Coopman E. Nuclear cathepsin D enhances TRPS1 transcriptional repressor function to regulate cell cycle progression and transformation in human breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:28084-103. [PMID: 26183398 PMCID: PMC4695046 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysosomal protease cathepsin D (Cath-D) is overproduced in breast cancer cells (BCC) and supports tumor growth and metastasis formation. Here, we describe the mechanism whereby Cath-D is accumulated in the nucleus of ERα-positive (ER+) BCC. We identified TRPS1 (tricho-rhino-phalangeal-syndrome 1), a repressor of GATA-mediated transcription, and BAT3 (Scythe/BAG6), a nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling chaperone protein, as new Cath-D-interacting nuclear proteins. Cath-D binds to BAT3 in ER+ BCC and they partially co-localize at the surface of lysosomes and in the nucleus. BAT3 silencing inhibits Cath-D accumulation in the nucleus, indicating that Cath-D nuclear targeting is controlled by BAT3. Fully mature Cath-D also binds to full-length TRPS1 and they co-localize in the nucleus of ER+ BCC where they are associated with chromatin. Using the LexA-VP16 fusion co-activator reporter assay, we then show that Cath-D acts as a transcriptional repressor, independently of its catalytic activity. Moreover, microarray analysis of BCC in which Cath-D and/or TRPS1 expression were silenced indicated that Cath-D enhances TRPS1-mediated repression of several TRPS1-regulated genes implicated in carcinogenesis, including PTHrP, a canonical TRPS1 gene target. In addition, co-silencing of TRPS1 and Cath-D in BCC affects the transcription of cell cycle, proliferation and transformation genes, and impairs cell cycle progression and soft agar colony formation. These findings indicate that Cath-D acts as a nuclear transcriptional cofactor of TRPS1 to regulate ER+ BCC proliferation and transformation in a non-proteolytic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Bach
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Danielle Derocq
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Laurent-Matha
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Montcourrier
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Salwa Sebti
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Béatrice Orsetti
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Charles Theillet
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Gongora
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Pattingre
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Eva Ibing
- Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Pascal Roger
- Department of Pathology, CHU Nimes, Nimes, France
| | - Laetitia K Linares
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Guillaume Meurice
- Functional Genomic Plateform, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Christian Gespach
- INSERM U938, Molecular and Clinical Oncology, Paris 6 University Pierre et Marie Curie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Liaudet-Coopman
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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8
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Maynadier M, Farnoud R, Lamy PJ, Laurent-Matha V, Garcia M, Rochefort H. Cathepsin D stimulates the activities of secreted plasminogen activators in the breast cancer acidic environment. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:1683-90. [PMID: 24026424 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Two proteases cathepsin D (cath D) and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) are tissue markers associated with an increased risk of metastasis in breast cancer. We investigated whether cath D, the major aspartyl protease overexpressed by breast cancer cells can trigger a proteolytic cascade via activation of plasminogens at the extracellular pH measured in hypoxic tumors. The effects of the aspartyl protease inhibitor pepstatin on the plasminogen activator (PA) system were analysed by conditioning media of human MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells at pH 6.6 and pH 7.4. Zymography analysis of culture media showed that pepstatin inhibited the secreted activity of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) but not that of uPA. tPA was identified on the basis of the molecular weight, the immunoreactivity with relevant antibodies and the resistance to amiloride, a specific uPA inhibitor. The secreted tPA activity measured by a chromogenic assay in the presence of amiloride was also inhibited by pepstatin at pH 6.6. Surprisingly, pepstatin did not affect secreted tPA protein concentration but markedly increased the amount of the secreted plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). We conclude that cath D overexpressed by these cells, stimulates at pH 6.6, but not at neutral pH, the extracellular PA proteolytic activity indirectly via PAI-1 proteolysis. This suggests that cath D at acidic pH close to the hypoxic regions of solid tumors, contributes to trigger a proteolytic cascade facilitating cancer cell invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Maynadier
- IBMM UMR 5247, University of Montpellier 1, University of Montpellier 2, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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9
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Masson O, Bach AS, Derocq D, Prébois C, Laurent-Matha V, Pattingre S, Liaudet-Coopman E. Pathophysiological functions of cathepsin D: Targeting its catalytic activity versus its protein binding activity? Biochimie 2010; 92:1635-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Beaujouin M, Prébois C, Derocq D, Laurent-Matha V, Masson O, Pattingre S, Coopman P, Bettache N, Grossfield J, Hollingsworth RE, Zhang H, Yao Z, Hyman BT, van der Geer P, Smith GK, Liaudet-Coopman E. Pro-cathepsin D interacts with the extracellular domain of the beta chain of LRP1 and promotes LRP1-dependent fibroblast outgrowth. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:3336-46. [PMID: 20826454 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.070938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between cancer cells and fibroblasts are crucial in cancer progression. We have previously shown that the aspartic protease cathepsin D (cath-D), a marker of poor prognosis in breast cancer that is overexpressed and highly secreted by breast cancer cells, triggers mouse embryonic fibroblast outgrowth via a paracrine loop. Here, we show the requirement of secreted cath-D for human mammary fibroblast outgrowth using a three-dimensional co-culture assay with breast cancer cells that do or do not secrete pro-cath-D. Interestingly, proteolytically-inactive pro-cath-D remains mitogenic, indicating a mechanism involving protein-protein interaction. We identify the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein-1, LRP1, as a novel binding partner for pro-cath-D in fibroblasts. Pro-cath-D binds to residues 349-394 of the β chain of LRP1, and is the first ligand of the extracellular domain of LRP1β to be identified. We show that pro-cath-D interacts with LRP1β in cellulo. Interaction occurs at the cell surface, and overexpressed LRP1β directs pro-cath-D to the lipid rafts. Our results reveal that the ability of secreted pro-cath-D to promote human mammary fibroblast outgrowth depends on LRP1 expression, suggesting that pro-cath-D-LRP1β interaction plays a functional role in the outgrowth of fibroblasts. Overall, our findings strongly suggest that pro-cath-D secreted by epithelial cancer cells promotes fibroblast outgrowth in a paracrine LRP1-dependent manner in the breast tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Beaujouin
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France
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11
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Laurent-Matha V, Derocq D, Prébois C, Katunuma N, Liaudet-Coopman E. Processing of human cathepsin D is independent of its catalytic function and auto-activation: involvement of cathepsins L and B. J Biochem 2007; 139:363-71. [PMID: 16567401 PMCID: PMC2376303 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvj037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The current mechanism proposed for the processing and activation of the 52 kDa lysosomal aspartic protease cathepsin D (cath-D) is a combination of partial auto-activation generating a 51 kDa pseudo-cath-D, followed by enzyme-assisted maturation involving cysteine and/or aspartic proteases and yielding successively a 48 kDa intermediate and then 34 + 14 kDa cath-D mature species. Here we have investigated the in vivo processing of human cath-D in a cath-D-deficient fibroblast cell line in order to determine whether its maturation occurs through already active cath-D and/or other proteases. We demonstrate that cellular cath-D is processed in a manner independent of its catalytic function and that auto-activation is not a required step. Moreover, the cysteine protease inhibitor E-64 partially blocks processing, leading to accumulation of 52-48 kDa cath-D intermediates. Furthermore, two inhibitors, CLICK148 and CA-074Met, specific for the lysosomal cath-L and cath-B cysteine proteases induce accumulation of 48 kDa intermediate cath-D. Finally, maturation of endocytosed pro-cath-D is also independent of its catalytic function and requires cysteine proteases. We therefore conclude that the mechanism of cath-D maturation involves a fully-assisted processing similar to that of pro-renin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Laurent-Matha
- Endocrinologie moléculaire et cellulaire des cancers
INSERM : U540Université Montpellier I60 rue de Navacelles
34090 Montpellier,FR
| | - Danielle Derocq
- Endocrinologie moléculaire et cellulaire des cancers
INSERM : U540Université Montpellier I60 rue de Navacelles
34090 Montpellier,FR
| | - Christine Prébois
- Endocrinologie moléculaire et cellulaire des cancers
INSERM : U540Université Montpellier I60 rue de Navacelles
34090 Montpellier,FR
| | - Nobuhiko Katunuma
- Institute of Health Sciences
Tokushima Bunri UniversityYamshiro-chi, Tokushima-city,770-8514,JP
| | - Emmanuelle Liaudet-Coopman
- Endocrinologie moléculaire et cellulaire des cancers
INSERM : U540Université Montpellier I60 rue de Navacelles
34090 Montpellier,FR
- * Correspondence should be adressed to: Emmanuelle Liaudet-Coopman
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Pieraut S, Laurent-Matha V, Sar C, Hubert T, Méchaly I, Hilaire C, Mersel M, Delpire E, Valmier J, Scamps F. NKCC1 phosphorylation stimulates neurite growth of injured adult sensory neurons. J Neurosci 2007; 27:6751-9. [PMID: 17581962 PMCID: PMC6672700 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1337-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve section promotes regenerative, elongated neuritic growth of adult sensory neurons. Although the role of chloride homeostasis, through the regulation of ionotropic GABA receptors, in the growth status of immature neurons in the CNS begins to emerge, nothing is known of its role in the regenerative growth of injured adult neurons. To analyze the intracellular Cl- variation after a sciatic nerve section in vivo, gramicidin perforated-patch recordings were used to study muscimol-induced currents in mice dorsal root ganglion neurons isolated from control and axotomized neurons. We show that the reversal potential of muscimol-induced current, E(GABA-A), was shifted toward depolarized potentials in axotomized neurons. This was attributable to Cl- influx because removal of extracellular Cl- prevented this shift. Application of bumetanide, an inhibitor of NKCC1 cotransporter and E(GABA-A) recordings in sensory neurons from NKCC1-/- mice, identified NKCC1 as being responsible for the increase in intracellular Cl- in axotomized neurons. In addition, we demonstrate with a phospho-NKCC1 antibody that nerve injury induces an increase in the phosphorylated form of NKCC1 in dorsal root ganglia that could account for intracellular Cl- accumulation. Time-lapse recordings of the neuritic growth of axotomized neurons show a faster growth velocity compared with control. Bumetanide, the intrathecal injection of NKCC1 small interfering RNA, and the use of NKCC1-/- mice demonstrated that NKCC1 is involved in determining the velocity of elongated growth of axotomized neurons. Our results clearly show that NKCC1-induced increase in intracellular chloride concentration is a major event accompanying peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Pieraut
- Inserm, Unité 583, F-34000 Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier II, F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Laurent-Matha
- Inserm, Unité 583, F-34000 Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier II, F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Ilana Méchaly
- Inserm, Unité 583, F-34000 Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier II, F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Eric Delpire
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Jean Valmier
- Inserm, Unité 583, F-34000 Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier II, F-34000 Montpellier, France
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Liaudet-Coopman E, Beaujouin M, Derocq D, Garcia M, Glondu-Lassis M, Laurent-Matha V, Prébois C, Rochefort H, Vignon F. Cathepsin D: newly discovered functions of a long-standing aspartic protease in cancer and apoptosis. Cancer Lett 2005; 237:167-79. [PMID: 16046058 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The lysosomal aspartic protease cathepsin D (cath-D) is over-expressed and hyper-secreted by epithelial breast cancer cells. This protease is an independent marker of poor prognosis in breast cancer being correlated with the incidence of clinical metastasis. Cath-D over-expression stimulates tumorigenicity and metastasis. Indeed it plays an essential role in the multiple steps of tumor progression, in stimulating cancer cell proliferation, fibroblast outgrowth and angiogenesis, as well as in inhibiting tumor apoptosis. A mutated cath-D devoid of catalytic activity still proved mitogenic for cancer, endothelial and fibroblastic cells, suggesting an extra-cellular mode of action of cath-D involving a triggering, either directly or indirectly, of an as yet unidentified cell surface receptor. Cath-D is also a key mediator of induced-apoptosis and its proteolytic activity has been involved generally in this event. During apoptosis, mature lysosomal cath-D is translocated to the cytosol. Since cath-D is one of the lysosomal enzymes which requires a more acidic pH to be proteolytically-active relative to the cysteine lysosomal enzymes, such as cath-B and -L, it is open to question whether cytosolic cath-D might be able to cleave substrate(s) implicated in the apoptotic cascade. This review summarises our current knowledge on cath-D action in cancer progression and metastasis, as well as its dual function in apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Liaudet-Coopman
- INSERM U540 'Endocrinologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Cancers', Université de Montpellier 1, 60 rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France.
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Laurent-Matha V, Maruani-Herrmann S, Prébois C, Beaujouin M, Glondu M, Noël A, Alvarez-Gonzalez ML, Blacher S, Coopman P, Baghdiguian S, Gilles C, Loncarek J, Freiss G, Vignon F, Liaudet-Coopman E. Catalytically inactive human cathepsin D triggers fibroblast invasive growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 168:489-99. [PMID: 15668295 PMCID: PMC2171724 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200403078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aspartyl-protease cathepsin D (cath-D) is overexpressed and hypersecreted by epithelial breast cancer cells and stimulates their proliferation. As tumor epithelial-fibroblast cell interactions are important events in cancer progression, we investigated whether cath-D overexpression affects also fibroblast behavior. We demonstrate a requirement of cath-D for fibroblast invasive growth using a three-dimensional (3D) coculture assay with cancer cells secreting or not pro-cath-D. Ectopic expression of cath-D in cath-D-deficient fibroblasts stimulates 3D outgrowth that is associated with a significant increase in fibroblast proliferation, survival, motility, and invasive capacity, accompanied by activation of the ras-MAPK pathway. Interestingly, all these stimulatory effects on fibroblasts are independent of cath-D proteolytic activity. Finally, we show that pro-cath-D secreted by cancer cells is captured by fibroblasts and partially mimics effects of transfected cath-D. We conclude that cath-D is crucial for fibroblast invasive outgrowth and could act as a key paracrine communicator between cancer and stromal cells, independently of its catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Laurent-Matha
- INSERM U540 Endocrinologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Cancers, Université de Montpellier 1, 34090 Montpellier, France
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Laurent-Matha V, Lucas A, Huttler S, Sandhoff K, Garcia M, Rochefort H. Procathepsin D interacts with prosaposin in cancer cells but its internalization is not mediated by LDL receptor-related protein. Exp Cell Res 2002; 277:210-9. [PMID: 12083803 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2002.5556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cell surface binding, endocytosis, and lysosomal routing of procathepsin D (procath-D) in cancer cells are mostly independent of the mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) receptors. In an attempt to define the receptor involved, we intracellularly cross-linked procath-D with a 68-kDa protein that we identified with specific antibodies as prosaposin in human breast and ovarian cancer cell lines. In cancer cells, this protein-protein interaction was resistant to ammonium chloride or M6P treatment, indicating that it was independent of the M6P receptors. A similar interaction also occurred in the breast cancer cell culture medium between the secreted prosaposin and procath-D. Since these two precursors can be endocytosed, we then determined whether they were interacting with the same cell surface receptor. In fibroblasts, we confirmed that the endocytosis of these two proteins was different since it was generally mediated by the M6P receptors for procath-D and mostly by LRP (LDL receptor-related protein) for prosaposin. In breast cancer cells, prosaposin endocytosis was not detected, in contrast to procath-D endocytosis, suggesting that the majority of procath-D is not internalized as a complex with prosaposin. Moreover, RAP (receptor-associated protein), a ligand inhibiting LRP-mediated endocytosis, prevented internalization of prosaposin in 49-F rat fibroblasts, but did not affect procath-D M6P-independent internalization in MDA-MB231 cells. We conclude that in breast cancer cells, even though procath-D interacts intracellularly and extracellarly with prosaposin, it is endocytosed independent of prosaposin by a receptor different from the M6P receptors and the LRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Laurent-Matha
- INSERM Endocrinologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Cancers (U540), University of Montpellier 1, 60, rue de Navacelles, France
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Glondu M, Coopman P, Laurent-Matha V, Garcia M, Rochefort H, Liaudet-Coopman E. A mutated cathepsin-D devoid of its catalytic activity stimulates the growth of cancer cells. Oncogene 2001; 20:6920-9. [PMID: 11687971 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2001] [Revised: 07/11/2001] [Accepted: 07/16/2001] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin-D, a lysosomal aspartyl proteinase, is highly secreted by breast cancer cells and its over-expression by transfection stimulates cancer cell proliferation. The mechanism by which this protease affects proliferation remains, however, unknown. In order to determine whether proteolytic activity is necessary, we abolished its enzymatic activity using site-directed mutagenesis followed by stable transfection in 3Y1-Ad12 cancer cells. Substitution of the aspartic acid residue 231 by an asparagine residue in its catalytic site abrogated the cathepsin-D proteolytic activity but did not affect its expression level, processing or secretion. However, like wild-type cathepsin-D, this mutated catalytically-inactive cathepsin-D retained its capacity to stimulate proliferation of cells embedded in Matrigel or collagen I matrices, colony formation in soft agar and tumor growth in athymic nude mice. Addition on the mock-transfected cells, of either conditioned media containing the wild-type or the mutated pro-cathepsin-D, or of the purified mutated pro-cathepsin-D, partially mimicked the mitogenic activity of the transfected cathepsin-D, indicating a role of the secreted pro-enzyme. Moreover, addition of two anti-cathepsin-D antibodies on the cathepsin-D transfected cells inhibited their proliferation, suggesting an action of the secreted pro-cathepsin-D via an autocrine loop. A synthetic peptide containing the 27-44 residue moiety of the cathepsin-D pro-fragment was, however, not mitogenic suggesting that a receptor for the pro-fragment was not involved. Furthermore, the cathepsin-D mitogenicity was not blocked by inhibiting the interaction of pro-cathepsin-D with the mannose-6-phosphate receptors. Our results altogether demonstrate that a mutated cathepsin-D devoid of catalytic activity is still mitogenic and suggest that it is acting extra-cellularly by triggering directly or indirectly a yet unidentified cell surface receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Glondu
- INSERM U540 Endocrinologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Cancers, Université de Montpellier 1, 60 rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France
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Laurent-Matha V, Farnoud MR, Lucas A, Rougeot C, Garcia M, Rochefort H. Endocytosis of pro-cathepsin D into breast cancer cells is mostly independent of mannose-6-phosphate receptors. J Cell Sci 1998; 111 ( Pt 17):2539-49. [PMID: 9701553 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.111.17.2539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin D trafficking is altered in cancer cells, leading to increased secretion of the pro-enzyme, which can be reinternalized by the same cancer cells and by stromal cells. We studied pro-cathepsin D endocytosis in two human breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB231, MCF-7) and in human normal fibroblasts. Pro-enzyme uptake was studied indirectly through immunofluorescence analysis of anti-pro-cathepsin D monoclonal antibodies internalized in living cells. Both cancer cell lines internalized the pro-cathepsin D-antibody complex into endosomal compartments in the presence of 10 mM mannose-6-phosphate. Non-malignant fibroblasts, which do not secrete pro-cathepsin D, only internalized anti-cathepsin D antibody when purified pro-cathepsin D was added and this endocytosis was totally inhibited by mannose-6-phosphate. Cathepsin D endocytosis in cancer cells was not mediated by lectins or another receptor binding the cathepsin profragment. It was not due to fluid endocytosis, since another protein pS2 secreted by MCF-7 was not endocytosed with its antibody in the same conditions. Double-immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy analyses revealed that antibodies specific to pro-cathepsin D (M2E8) and to the mannose-6-phosphate/IGFII receptor were co-internalized independently in non-permeabilized MDA-MB231 cells and MCF-7 cells, but not in fibroblasts. Moreover, when metabolically labelled pro-cathepsin D secreted by MCF-7 or MDA-MB231 cells was incubated with homologous or heterologous non-radioactive cells, the time-dependent uptake and maturation of the pro-enzyme into fibroblasts were totally inhibited by mannose-6-phosphate, whereas they were not in the two breast cancer cell lines. The percentage of mannose-6-phosphate-independent binding of radioactively labelled pro-cathepsin D to MDA-MB231 cells at 16 degrees C was higher (7–8%) at low pro-cathepsin D concentration than at high concentration (1.5%), indicating the presence of saturable binding site(s) at the cell surface that are different from the mannose-6-phosphate receptors. We conclude that, in contrast to fibroblasts, breast cancer cells can endocytose the secreted pro-cathepsin D by a cell surface receptor that is different from the mannose-6-phosphate receptors or other lectins. The nature of this alternative receptor and its significance in the action of secreted pro-cathepsin D remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Laurent-Matha
- INSERM Unité Hormones et Cancer (U 148), Université de Montpellier 1, 34090 Montpellier, France
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