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Kasanga M, Shempela DM, Daka V, Mwikisa MJ, Sikalima J, Chanda D, Mudenda S. Antimicrobial resistance profiles of Escherichia coli isolated from clinical and environmental samples: findings and implications. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2024; 6:dlae061. [PMID: 38680604 PMCID: PMC11055401 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlae061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The overuse and misuse of antimicrobials has worsened the problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) globally. This study investigated the AMR profiles of Escherichia coli isolated from clinical and environmental samples in Lusaka, Zambia. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted from February 2023 to June 2023 using 450 samples. VITEK® 2 Compact was used to identify E. coli and perform antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Data analysis was done using WHONET 2022 and SPSS version 25.0. Results Of the 450 samples, 66.7% (n = 300) were clinical samples, whereas 33.3% (n = 150) were environmental samples. Overall, 47.8% (n = 215) (37.8% clinical and 10% environmental) tested positive for E. coli. Of the 215 E. coli isolates, 66.5% were MDR and 42.8% were ESBL-producers. Most isolates were resistant to ampicillin (81.4%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (70.7%), ciprofloxacin (67.9%), levofloxacin (64.6%), ceftriaxone (62.3%) and cefuroxime (62%). Intriguingly, E. coli isolates were highly susceptible to amikacin (100%), imipenem (99.5%), nitrofurantoin (89.3%), ceftolozane/tazobactam (82%) and gentamicin (72.1%). Conclusions This study found a high resistance of E. coli to some antibiotics that are commonly used in humans. The isolation of MDR and ESBL-producing E. coli is a public health concern and requires urgent action. Therefore, there is a need to instigate and strengthen interventional strategies including antimicrobial stewardship programmes to combat AMR in Zambia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisa Kasanga
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Doreen Mainza Shempela
- Laboratory Department, Churches Health Association of Zambia, CHAZ COMPLEX Meanwood Drive (off Great East Road), Plot No. 2882/B/5/10, P.O. Box 34511, JC9H+VFF, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Victor Daka
- Public Health Department, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Mark J Mwikisa
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Lusaka Trust Hospital, Plot 2191, H8CC+52F, Nsumbu Rd, Woodlands, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Jay Sikalima
- Laboratory Department, Churches Health Association of Zambia, CHAZ COMPLEX Meanwood Drive (off Great East Road), Plot No. 2882/B/5/10, P.O. Box 34511, JC9H+VFF, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Duncan Chanda
- Adult Centre of Excellence, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Steward Mudenda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
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Mudenda S, Chilimboyi R, Matafwali SK, Daka V, Mfune RL, Kemgne LAM, Bumbangi FN, Hangoma J, Chabalenge B, Mweetwa L, Godman B. Hospital prescribing patterns of antibiotics in Zambia using the WHO prescribing indicators post-COVID-19 pandemic: findings and implications. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2024; 6:dlae023. [PMID: 38389802 PMCID: PMC10883698 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlae023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health problem that is fuelled by the inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics, especially those from the 'watch' and 'reserve' antibiotic lists. The irrational prescribing of antibiotics is particularly prevalent in developing countries, including Zambia. Consequently, there is a need to better understand prescribing patterns across sectors in Zambia as a basis for future interventions. This study evaluated the prescribing patterns of antibiotics using the WHO prescribing indicators alongside the 'access, watch and reserve' (AWaRe) classification system post-COVID pandemic at a faith-based hospital in Zambia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2023 to October 2023 involving the review of medical records at St. Francis' Mission Hospital in Zambia. A WHO-validated tool was used to evaluate antibiotic prescribing patterns alongside the AWaRe classification tool. Results Out of 800 medical records reviewed, 2003 medicines were prescribed. Each patient received an average of 2.5 medicines per prescription. Antibiotics were prescribed in 72.3% of encounters, of which 28.4% were injectable. The most frequently prescribed antibiotics were amoxicillin (23.4%-access), metronidazole (17.1%-access), ciprofloxacin (8%-watch) and ceftriaxone (7.4%-watch), with 77.1% overall from the 'access' list. Encouragingly, 96.5% of the medicines were prescribed by their generic names and 98% were from the Zambia Essential Medicines List. Conclusions There were high rates of antibiotic prescribing, including injectable antibiotics, which needs addressing going forward. It is crucial to implement targeted measures, including antimicrobial stewardship programmes, to improve future antibiotic prescribing in Zambia and reduce the risk of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steward Mudenda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 50110, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Robert Chilimboyi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 50110, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Pharmacy, Saint Francis' Hospital, Private Bag 11, Katete, Zambia
| | - Scott Kaba Matafwali
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Victor Daka
- Department of Public Health, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, P.O. Box 71191, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Ruth Lindizyani Mfune
- Department of Public Health, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, P.O. Box 71191, Ndola, Zambia
| | | | - Flavien Nsoni Bumbangi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Eden University, P.O. Box 30226, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Jimmy Hangoma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Levy Mwanawasa Medical University, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Billy Chabalenge
- Department of Medicines Control, Zambia Medicines Regulatory Authority, P.O. Box 31890, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Larry Mweetwa
- Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Technology and Science, Maxwell House, Los Angeles Boulevard, P. O. Box 50464, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Brian Godman
- Department of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa 0208, South Africa
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
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Mudenda S, Daka V, Mufwambi W, Matafwali SK, Chabalenge B, Skosana P, Mfune RL, Kasanga M, Okonji OC, Mayoka G, Kampamba M, Hikaambo CN, Mukosha M, Kanaan MHG, Zikalala-Mabope LA, Sinkamba G, Okoro RN, Chulu M, Godman B, Fadare J. Student's perspectives, satisfaction and experiences with online and classroom learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: Findings and implications on blended learning. SAGE Open Med 2023; 11:20503121231218904. [PMID: 38146495 PMCID: PMC10749517 DOI: 10.1177/20503121231218904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic disrupted classroom-based learning, necessitating the adoption of online learning in most universities. However, there has been a lack of information on university students' perspectives regarding online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study assessed the perspectives, satisfaction and experiences with online and classroom learning among human health students at the University of Zambia. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among 737 students at the University of Zambia from October 2022 to April 2023. Data were analysed using Stata version 16.1. Results Of the 737 participants, 51.6% were female and 56.5% agreed that blended learning should continue even after the COVID-19 pandemic. However, 78.4% of the students believed that group discussions were more suitable in the classroom than online learning. Most students (67.1%) disagreed that they preferred online learning to classroom learning. Furthermore, 77.6% of the students disagreed that online learning gave more satisfaction than classroom learning. Conclusions This study found that most students recommended the continuation of blended learning after the pandemic. However, they believed that follow-up tutorials and assessments were better undertaken in physical classrooms than online learning. These findings are important in sensitising stakeholders in the education sector and governments to consider blended learning as a teaching strategy in the future. There is a need to develop and implement curricula that offer blended learning to students as well as ensure the students have the necessary facilities and equipment to support such learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steward Mudenda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Victor Daka
- Department of Public Health, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Webrod Mufwambi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Scott Kaba Matafwali
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Billy Chabalenge
- Department of Medicines Control, Zambia Medicines Regulatory Authority, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Phumzile Skosana
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ruth Lindizyani Mfune
- Department of Public Health, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Maisa Kasanga
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | - Godfrey Mayoka
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Martin Kampamba
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Moses Mukosha
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | | | - George Sinkamba
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Roland Nnaemeka Okoro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Martha Chulu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Levy Mwanawasa Medical University, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Brian Godman
- Department of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joseph Fadare
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ekiti State University College of Medicine, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
- Department of Medicine, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
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Mudenda S, Chisha P, Chabalenge B, Daka V, Mfune RL, Kasanga M, Kampamba M, Skosana P, Nsofu E, Hangoma J, Siachalinga L, Hikaambo CN, Chimombe T, Allabi AC, Boya B, Mufwambi W, Saleem Z, Matafwali SK. Antimicrobial stewardship: knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding antimicrobial use and resistance among non-healthcare students at the University of Zambia. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2023; 5:dlad116. [PMID: 37954639 PMCID: PMC10635582 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlad116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant threat to the world and could become humanity's next major challenge. This study assessed non-healthcare students' knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) towards antimicrobial use (AMU) and AMR at the University of Zambia. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among 443 non-healthcare students from August to October 2022 using a structured questionnaire. Data analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 24.0. Results Of the 433 participants, 55.2%, 63.5% and 45% had moderate KAP scores regarding AMU and AMR. The prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics was 76.7%. Male participants were less likely to have good knowledge (OR = 0.524, 95% CI: 0.347-0.792) and positive attitudes (OR = 0.585, 95% CI: 0.364-0.940) towards AMU and AMR compared with females. Students who were studying Engineering and Mining were more likely to have good knowledge of AMR (OR = 1.891, 95% CI: 1.197-2.987) compared with those in Social Sciences. Those who were in their fourth and fifth years were more likely to have positive attitudes towards AMU and AMR (OR = 1.851, 95% CI: 1.147-2.986) compared with those who were in the first, second and third years. Finally, students who practised self-medication were less likely to have good self-reported practice towards AMR (OR = 0.442, 95% CI: 0.278-0.702) compared with those who did not. Conclusions This study demonstrated that non-healthcare students had moderate KAP regarding AMU and AMR. All university students should be provided with education about AMU and AMR through free short courses, seminars, workshops, and AMR and antimicrobial stewardship awareness campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steward Mudenda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Surveillance and Research Technical Working Group, Antimicrobial Resistance, Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Patience Chisha
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Billy Chabalenge
- Department of Medicines Control, Zambia Medicines Regulatory Authority, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Victor Daka
- Department of Public Health, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Ruth Lindizyani Mfune
- Department of Public Health, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Maisa Kasanga
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Martin Kampamba
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Phumzile Skosana
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Eustus Nsofu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Jimmy Hangoma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Levy Mwanawasa Medical University, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Linda Siachalinga
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Levy Mwanawasa Medical University, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Tadious Chimombe
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Aurel Constant Allabi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Abomey-Calavi and Teaching Hospital of Abomey-Calavi/Sô-Ava, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Bawa Boya
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Webrod Mufwambi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Zikria Saleem
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Scott Kaba Matafwali
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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Mudenda S, Matafwali SK, Mukosha M, Daka V, Chabalenge B, Chizimu J, Yamba K, Mufwambi W, Banda P, Chisha P, Mulenga F, Phiri M, Mfune RL, Kasanga M, Sartelli M, Saleem Z, Godman B. Antifungal resistance and stewardship: a knowledge, attitudes and practices survey among pharmacy students at the University of Zambia; findings and implications. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2023; 5:dlad141. [PMID: 38130703 PMCID: PMC10733812 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlad141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antifungal resistance (AFR) is a growing global public health concern. Little is currently known about knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding AFR and antifungal stewardship (AFS) in Zambia, and across the globe. To address this evidence gap, we conducted a study through a questionnaire design starting with pharmacy students as they include the next generation of healthcare professionals. Methods A cross-sectional study among 412 pharmacy students from June 2023 to July 2023 using a structured questionnaire. Multivariable analysis was used to determine key factors of influence. Results Of the 412 participants, 55.8% were female, with 81.6% aged between 18 and 25 years. Most students had good knowledge (85.9%) and positive attitudes (86.7%) but sub-optimal practices (65.8%) towards AFR and AFS. Overall, 30.2% of students accessed antifungals without a prescription. Male students were less likely to report a good knowledge of AFR (adjusted OR, AOR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.31-0.98). Similarly, students residing in urban areas were less likely to report a positive attitude (AOR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.13-0.91). Fourth-year students were also less likely to report good practices compared with second-year students (AOR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.27-0.85). Conclusions Good knowledge and positive attitudes must translate into good practices toward AFR and AFS going forward. Consequently, there is a need to provide educational interventions where students have low scores regarding AFR and AFS. In addition, there is a need to implement strategies to reduce inappropriate dispensing of antifungals, especially without a prescription, to reduce AFR in Zambia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steward Mudenda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka PO Box 50110, Zambia
- Antimicrobial Resistance Coordinating Committee, Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Scott Kaba Matafwali
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Moses Mukosha
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka PO Box 50110, Zambia
| | - Victor Daka
- Department of Public Health, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola PO Box 71191, Zambia
| | - Billy Chabalenge
- Department of Medicines Control, Zambia Medicines Regulatory Authority, Lusaka PO Box 31890, Zambia
| | - Joseph Chizimu
- Antimicrobial Resistance Coordinating Committee, Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Kaunda Yamba
- Antimicrobial Resistance Coordinating Committee, Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Webrod Mufwambi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka PO Box 50110, Zambia
| | - Patrick Banda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka PO Box 50110, Zambia
| | - Patience Chisha
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka PO Box 50110, Zambia
| | - Florence Mulenga
- Conservation Department, World Wide Fund For Nature (WWF Zambia Country Office), Lusaka PO Box 50551, Zambia
| | - McLawrence Phiri
- Department of Pharmacy, Maina Soko Medical Center, Woodlands, Lusaka PO Box 320091, Zambia
| | - Ruth Lindizyani Mfune
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Maisa Kasanga
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhengzhou University, College of Public Health, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | | | - Zikria Saleem
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Brian Godman
- School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria 0208, South Africa
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Strathclyde University, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates
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Mudenda S, Meyer JC, Fadare JO, Ogunleye OO, Saleem Z, Matafwali SK, Daka V, Chabalenge B, Chama J, Mukosha M, Skosana P, Witika BA, Kalungia AC, Hamachila A, Mufwambi W, Godman B. COVID-19 vaccine uptake and associated factors among adolescents and youths: Findings and implications for future vaccination programmes. PLOS Glob Public Health 2023; 3:e0002385. [PMID: 37729153 PMCID: PMC10511127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents and youths are a key part of the population that needs to be protected against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This is because they are more likely to spread the virus to vulnerable individuals. In view of these concerns, this study investigated the uptake of COVID-19 vaccines and associated factors among adolescents and youths attending secondary schools in Zambia. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 1500 school-going adolescents in Lusaka from September 2022 to November 2022. Overall, 1409 participants took part giving a response rate of 94%. Only 29.2% (n = 411) of the participants were vaccinated against COVID-19 at the time of the study. Compared to their unvaccinated counterparts, vaccinated adolescents and youths scored higher for knowledge (66.2% vs 57.8%) and attitudes (76.7% vs 39.4%) regarding COVID-19 vaccines. Healthcare workers, family/friends and social media were key sources of information regarding the vaccine. Factors associated with increased vaccine uptake were positive attitudes (AOR = 33.62, 95% CI: 19.92-56.73), indicating it was stressful to follow COVID-19 preventive measures (AOR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.09-1.99), participants in Grade 12 (AOR = 3.39, 95% CI: 1.94-5.91), Grade 11 (AOR = 2.59, 95% CI: 1.94-5.91), Grade 10 (AOR = 3.48, 95% CI: 1.98-6.11) and Grade 9 (AOR = 3.04, 95% CI: 1.74-5.32) compared to Grade 8. This study found a relatively low uptake of COVID-19 vaccines among adolescents and youths in Zambia. There is a need to provide adequate strategies to address knowledge and attitude gaps regarding COVID-19 vaccines to improve uptake and reduce future morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steward Mudenda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Johanna C. Meyer
- Department of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
- South African Vaccination and Immunisation Centre, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Joseph O. Fadare
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
- Department of Medicine, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Olayinka O. Ogunleye
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Medicine, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Zikria Saleem
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Scott K. Matafwali
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene &Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Daka
- Department of Public Health, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Billy Chabalenge
- Department of Medicines Control, Zambia Medicines Regulatory Authority, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Jacob Chama
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Moses Mukosha
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- HIV and Women’s Health Research Group, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Phumzile Skosana
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Bwalya A. Witika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Aubrey C. Kalungia
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Audrey Hamachila
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Webrod Mufwambi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Brian Godman
- Department of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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7
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Mudenda S, Chizimu J, Chabalenge B, Kasanga M, Matafwali SK, Daka V, Yamba K, Mulomba M, Mufwambi W, Katowa-Mukwato P, Godman B. Knowledge, attitude, and practices toward infection prevention and control among undergraduate pharmacy students in Zambia: findings and implications. Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol 2023; 3:e154. [PMID: 37771733 PMCID: PMC10523556 DOI: 10.1017/ash.2023.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Background Infection prevention and control (IPC) measures are critical in preventing the risk of acquiring and transmitting nosocomial infections. In Zambia, there is little information concerning IPC practices among pharmacy students who are exposed to potentially infectious areas both in public and private healthcare settings. Therefore, this study assessed the knowledge, attitude, and practices of undergraduate pharmacy students toward infection prevention and control at the University of Zambia. Materials and methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among 290 undergraduate pharmacy students at the University of Zambia using a structured questionnaire from August 2022 to October 2022. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.0, and statistical significance was set at a 95% confidence level. Results Of the 290 participants, 166(57.2%) were female and the majority were aged between 18 and 23 years. Overall, 252(86.9%) had good knowledge, 167(57.6%) had positive attitudes, and 248(85.5%) had good practices toward IPC measures. These results indicate lower attitude scores compared to knowledge and practices. Having good knowledge of IPC was associated with being a Christian by religion compared to other religions (OR = 5.314, 95% CI: 1.141-24.745). There was no association between sociodemographics and attitude and practice concerning IPC. Conclusion This study found that pharmacy students had good knowledge, positive attitudes, and good practices toward IPC measures. Consequently, more emphasis is needed to improve the student's knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward IPC, especially in areas where gaps were identified. Additionally, there is a need to improve curricula on IPC measures in the training of pharmacy programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steward Mudenda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Antimicrobial Resistance Coordinating Committee (AMRCC), Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Joseph Chizimu
- Antimicrobial Resistance Coordinating Committee (AMRCC), Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Billy Chabalenge
- Department of Medicines Control, Zambia Medicines Regulatory Authority, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Maisa Kasanga
- Zhengzhou University, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Scott Kaba Matafwali
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Victor Daka
- Department of Public Health, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Kaunda Yamba
- Antimicrobial Resistance Coordinating Committee (AMRCC), Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Margret Mulomba
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Webrod Mufwambi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Patricia Katowa-Mukwato
- Department of Basic and Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Brian Godman
- Department of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
- Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Mudenda S, Bumbangi FN, Yamba K, Munyeme M, Malama S, Mukosha M, Hadunka MA, Daka V, Matafwali SK, Siluchali G, Mainda G, Mukuma M, Hang’ombe BM, Muma JB. Drivers of antimicrobial resistance in layer poultry farming: Evidence from high prevalence of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and enterococci in Zambia. Vet World 2023; 16:1803-1814. [PMID: 37859964 PMCID: PMC10583887 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1803-1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Inappropriate use of antimicrobials exacerbates antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the poultry sector. Information on factors driving AMR in the layer poultry sector is scarce in Zambia. This study examined the drivers of AMR in the layer poultry sector in the Lusaka and Copperbelt Provinces of Zambia. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study employed a structured questionnaire in 77 layer poultry farms in the provinces of Lusaka and Copperbelt, Zambia, from September 2020 to April 2021. Data analysis was conducted using Stata version 16.1. Antimicrobial resistance was defined as the presence of multidrug resistance (MDR) isolates. Multivariable regression analysis was used to identify drivers of AMR. Results In total, 365 samples were collected, from which 339 (92.9%) Escherichia coli and 308 (84.4%) Enterococcus spp. were isolated. Multidrug resistance was identified in 39% of the E. coli and 86% of the Enterococcus spp. The overall prevalence of AMR in layer poultry farms was 51.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 40.3%-63.5%). Large-scale farmers (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.04%-0.99%) than small-scale and farmers who were aware of AMR than those who were unaware (AOR = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.08%-0.86%) were less likely to experience AMR problems. Conclusion This study found a high prevalence of AMR in layer poultry farming linked to the type of farm management practices and lack of AMR awareness. Evidence of high MDR in our study is of public health concern and requires urgent attention. Educational interventions must increase AMR awareness, especially among small- and medium-scale poultry farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steward Mudenda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Flavien Nsoni Bumbangi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Eden University, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Kaunda Yamba
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Musso Munyeme
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Sydney Malama
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology Laboratory, University Teaching Hospitals, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Moses Mukosha
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Victor Daka
- Department of Public Health, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Scott Kaba Matafwali
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Godfrey Siluchali
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiological Sciences, Institute of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Levy Mwanawasa Medical University, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Geoffrey Mainda
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, House No. 5 Chaholi, off Addis Ababa drive, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Mercy Mukuma
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Bernard Mudenda Hang’ombe
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - John Bwalya Muma
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
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Sandema C, Daka V, Syapiila P, Tembo M, Sikalima J, Patel S, Mudenda S, Mfune RL, Mutanekelwa I, Zyambo C, Mwanakasale V. Prevalence and correlates of Schistosoma haematobium infections among school going-children aged 5 to 17 years in Kawama, Ndola, Zambia. Pan Afr Med J 2023; 45:170. [PMID: 37900207 PMCID: PMC10611913 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2023.45.170.41193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease and remains a disease of public health concern. Despite its relative importance, paucity of information on schistosomiasis in urban settings such as Ndola remains. Here, we present findings on the prevalence and factors associated with Schistosoma haematobium (S. haematobium) infections among School-going children in the Kawama in Ndola district in Zambia, an urban area in the Copperbelt Province, Zambia. Methods we employed a cross-sectional study design among 354 school going-children between 5 and 17 years of age between November 2020 and February 2021. A Multivariate forward step-wise logistic regression model was used to determine the associations of risk factors. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals are reported. Results of the 354 school-going children included in the analysis, 13.3% had S. haematobium infection. Children who swam in the stream/dam were more likely to have S. haematobium infection as compared to those who did not (aOR 6.531, 95% CI: 2.90-14.69). Conclusion S. haematobium infection is endemic among school-going children in an urban setup of the Kawama area of Ndola City, Zambia. There is a need for targeted interventions to mitigate infections among this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chileshe Sandema
- Copperbelt University, Michael Chilufya School of Medicine, Public Health Department, P.O Box 71191, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Victor Daka
- Copperbelt University, Michael Chilufya School of Medicine, Public Health Department, P.O Box 71191, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Paul Syapiila
- Copperbelt University, Michael Chilufya School of Medicine, Public Health Department, P.O Box 71191, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Mathias Tembo
- Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Department, P.O Box 71769, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Jay Sikalima
- Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Department, P.O Box 71769, Ndola, Zambia
- Churches Health Association of Zambia, Molecular Laboratory Department, P.O.BOX 34511, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Shivangi Patel
- Copperbelt University, Michael Chilufya School of Medicine, Public Health Department, P.O Box 71191, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Steward Mudenda
- University of Zambia, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, P.O Box 50110, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ruth Lindizyani Mfune
- Copperbelt University, Michael Chilufya School of Medicine, Public Health Department, P.O Box 71191, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Imukusi Mutanekelwa
- Copperbelt University, Michael Chilufya School of Medicine, Public Health Department, P.O Box 71191, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Cosmas Zyambo
- University of Zambia, School of Public Health, Department of Community and Family Medicine, P.O. Box 50110, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Victor Mwanakasale
- Copperbelt University, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Basic Sciences Department, P.O Box 71191, Ndola, Zambia
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Mukanga B, Mwila N, Nyirenda HT, Daka V. Perspectives on the side effects of hormonal contraceptives among women of reproductive age in Kitwe district of Zambia: a qualitative explorative study. BMC Womens Health 2023; 23:436. [PMID: 37596577 PMCID: PMC10439553 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02561-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, hormonal contraceptives have proved to be effective in the prevention of unwanted pregnancies. However, despite evidence of the many benefits associated with the use of hormonal contraceptives, concerns related to their safety and side effects have been reported. We conducted a study to explore the perspectives on the side effects of hormonal contraceptives among women of reproductive age in Kitwe district of Zambia. METHODS An explorative qualitative study was done among 32 women of reproductive age (18-45 years). Participants were selected conveniently as they accessed family planning services at a designated reproductive, maternal, and child health facility. Data collection was done through in-depth interviews (IDIs). Recruitment of participants and data collection continued until the saturation point was reached. The interviews were recorded, translated, and transcribed verbatim. Data were imported into NVivo.x64 for coding and node generation after which categories and themes were developed manually. RESULTS Overall, participants demonstrated a considerable amount of knowledge of family planning, recounting the economic and health benefits as well as demerits of family planning use. The main reasons for discontinuing and switching hormonal contraceptive methods were the desire to get pregnant and the fear of unpleasant side effects, including excessive bleeding or prolonged menstruation, headache, dizziness, lower abdominal/back pain, and weight gain. Most importantly, participants cited concerns about the delay in the resumption of fertility after the termination of contraception and how the side effects disrupted their daily activities at home. CONCLUSION There is a need for family planning providers to offer family planning services that address the side effects of hormonal contraceptives during counselling and how women can manage them. Family planning services should adopt a patient-centred approach that takes into consideration the concerns regarding side effects and how this affects the quality of life among women. Also, there is a need to extend family planning services to include scheduled follow-ups and clinical management of contraceptive side effects among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bright Mukanga
- Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Public Health Department, The Copperbelt University, P.O Box 71769, Ndola, Zambia.
| | - Natasha Mwila
- Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Public Health Department, The Copperbelt University, P.O Box 71769, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Herbert Tato Nyirenda
- Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Public Health Department, The Copperbelt University, P.O Box 71769, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Victor Daka
- Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Public Health Department, The Copperbelt University, P.O Box 71769, Ndola, Zambia
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11
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Daka V, Mukosha M, Matafwali SK, Mudenda S, Phiri AM. Knowledge and practices of toxoplasmosis among healthcare workers at two large referral hospitals in Zambia: Implications on the One Health Approach. PLOS Glob Public Health 2023; 3:e0002235. [PMID: 37582063 PMCID: PMC10426967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Assessing the knowledge and practices of healthcare workers regarding Toxoplasma gondii infection, diagnosis, treatment, and control is crucial for developing an effective management strategy. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 175 healthcare workers at Ndola Teaching Hospital and Namwala District Hospital in Zambia from September 2021 to April 2022. RESULTS More than half (57.1%) of the respondents were males. Overall, 46(26.3%) and 68 (38.9%) respondents reported good knowledge and practices, respectively. Respondents with a higher number of years of experience (AOR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.77-0.97), who were nurses than clinicians (AOR = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.007-0.41) and working at Ndola teaching hospital than Namwala hospital (AOR = 0.34, 95% CI:0.13-0.89) were less likely to have good knowledge. Respondents with a degree qualification than a diploma (AOR = 3.04, 95% CI: 1.09-8.47) were more likely to have good knowledge. Respondents from Ndola teaching hospital than Namwala hospital (AOR = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.17-0.92) were less likely to have good practices. CONCLUSION Our study revealed that healthcare workers had low levels of knowledge and poor practices, which could have negative implications for the management of toxoplasmosis. To improve their knowledge and practices, continuous medical education in Toxoplasma related aspects is recommended for in-service healthcare workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Daka
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Public Health Department, School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
- Africa Center for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Moses Mukosha
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Scott K. Matafwali
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene &Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steward Mudenda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Andrew M. Phiri
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Africa Center for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
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Mudenda S, Daka V, Matafwali SK, Skosana P, Chabalenge B, Mukosha M, Fadare JO, Mfune RL, Witika BA, Alumeta MG, Mufwambi W, Godman B, Meyer JC, Bwalya AG. COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance and Hesitancy among Healthcare Workers in Lusaka, Zambia; Findings and Implications for the Future. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1350. [PMID: 37631918 PMCID: PMC10459437 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The uptake of COVID-19 vaccines is critical to address the severe consequences of the disease. Previous studies have suggested that many healthcare workers (HCWs) are hesitant to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, further enhancing hesitancy rates within countries. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy levels are currently unknown among HCWs in Zambia, which is a concern given the burden of infectious diseases in the country. Consequently, this study assessed COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy among HCWs in Lusaka, Zambia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 240 HCWs between August and September 2022, using a semi-structured questionnaire. Multivariable analysis was used to determine the key factors associated with vaccine hesitancy among HCWs. Of the 240 HCWs who participated, 54.2% were females. A total of 72.1% of the HCWs would accept being vaccinated, while 27.9% were hesitant. Moreover, 93.3% of HCWs had positive attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines, with medical doctors having the highest mean attitude score (82%). Encouragingly, HCWs with positive attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines had reduced odds of being hesitant (AOR = 0.02, 95% CI: 0.01-0.11, p < 0.001). Overall, acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine among HCWs in Lusaka, Zambia, was high, especially by those with positive attitudes. However, the current hesitancy among some HCWs is a concern. Consequently, there is a need to address this and encourage HCWs to fully promote vaccination programs going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steward Mudenda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (M.M.); (M.G.A.); (W.M.); (A.G.B.)
| | - Victor Daka
- Department of Public Health, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola 21692, Zambia; (V.D.); (R.L.M.)
| | - Scott K. Matafwali
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK;
| | - Phumzile Skosana
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0208, South Africa;
| | - Billy Chabalenge
- Department of Medicines Control, Zambia Medicines Regulatory Authority, Lusaka 31890, Zambia;
| | - Moses Mukosha
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (M.M.); (M.G.A.); (W.M.); (A.G.B.)
| | - Joseph O. Fadare
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ekiti State University College of Medicine, Ado-Ekiti 362103, Nigeria;
- Department of Medicine, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti 362103, Nigeria
| | - Ruth L. Mfune
- Department of Public Health, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola 21692, Zambia; (V.D.); (R.L.M.)
| | - Bwalya A. Witika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0208, South Africa;
| | - Mirriam G. Alumeta
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (M.M.); (M.G.A.); (W.M.); (A.G.B.)
| | - Webrod Mufwambi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (M.M.); (M.G.A.); (W.M.); (A.G.B.)
| | - Brian Godman
- Department of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0208, South Africa;
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Johanna C. Meyer
- Department of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0208, South Africa;
- South African Vaccination and Immunisation Centre, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Molotlegi Street, Garankuwa, Pretoria 0208, South Africa
| | - Angela G. Bwalya
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (M.M.); (M.G.A.); (W.M.); (A.G.B.)
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Mudenda S, Chabalenge B, Kasanga M, Mufwambi W, Mfune RL, Daka V, Matafwali SK. Antifungal resistance and stewardship: a call to action in Zambia. Pan Afr Med J 2023; 45:152. [PMID: 37869231 PMCID: PMC10589409 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2023.45.152.41232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Steward Mudenda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Billy Chabalenge
- Department of Medicines Control, Zambia Medicines Regulatory Authority, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Maisa Kasanga
- Zhengzhou University, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Webrod Mufwambi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ruth Lindizyani Mfune
- Department of Public Health, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Victor Daka
- Department of Public Health, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Scott Kaba Matafwali
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
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Gwasupika J, Daka V, Chileshe J, Mukosha M, Mudenda S, Mukanga B, Mfune RL, Chongwe G. COVID-19 positive cases among asymptomatic individuals during the second wave in Ndola, Zambia. Afr J Lab Med 2023; 12:2119. [PMID: 37293322 PMCID: PMC10244822 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v12i1.2119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a worldwide public health concern for healthcare workers. About 80% of cases appear to be asymptomatic, and about 3% may experience hospitalisation and later die. Less than 20% of studies have looked at the positivity rate of asymptomatic individuals. Objective This study investigated the COVID-19 positivity rates among asymptomatic individuals during the second COVID-19 wave at one of Zambia's largest testing centre. Methods This was a retrospective cross-sectional study conducted on routine surveillance and laboratory data at the Tropical Diseases Research Centre COVID-19 laboratory in Ndola, Zambia, from 01 December 2020 to 31 March 2021. The study population was made up of persons that had tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection as a requirement for travel. Microsoft Excel was used to come up with an epidemiological curve of daily COVID-19 positive cases; proportions for gender were described using frequencies and percentages. Results A total of 11 144 asymptomatic individuals tested for SARS-CoV-2 were sampled for the study and 1781 (16.0%) returned positive results. The median age among those tested was 36 years (interquartile range: 29-46). Testing for COVID-19 peaked in the month of January 2021 (37.4%) and declined in March 2021 (21.0%). The epidemiological curve showed a combination of continuous and propagated point-source transmission. Conclusion The positivity rate of 16.0% among asymptomatic individuals was high and could imply continued community transmission, especially during January 2021 and February 2021. We recommend heightened testing for SARS-CoV-2 among asymptomatic individuals. What this study adds This study adds critical knowledge to the transmission of COVID-19 among asymptomatic travellers who are usually a key population in driving community infection. This knowledge is critical in instituting evidence-based interventions in the screening and management of travellers, and its control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gwasupika
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Victor Daka
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Justin Chileshe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Moses Mukosha
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Steward Mudenda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Bright Mukanga
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Ruth L. Mfune
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
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15
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Nkonde H, Mukanga B, Daka V. Male partner influence on Women's choices and utilisation of family planning services in Mufulira district, Zambia. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14405. [PMID: 36950585 PMCID: PMC10025139 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Family planning services are essential in reducing maternal deaths as well as improving the reproductive and sexual health of women. Although family planning services are frequently focused on women, men are often the primary decision-makers. We conducted a study to explore male partner influence on women's choices and utilisation of family planning services in Mufulira district, Zambia. Methods A qualitative explorative study design that utilised two focus group discussions (n = 20) and in-depth interviews (n = 30) involving women of reproductive age was conducted. Convenient sampling was employed to select participants. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were recorded, translated, and transcribed verbatim. Content analysis was utilised through code classification and theme identification. Data were imported into NVivo.×64 for coding and node generation. Findings The study revealed key themes on male partner influence on contraception use such as fear of infidelity, fear of physical abuse, preference for a large family size , disruption of sexual pleasure, and perceived side effects of contraceptives. These themes highlight the influence of culturally driven gender and power dynamics on male partner attitudes towards contraception. Participants described how their male partners exhibited prenatal attitudes and control over them thereby limiting their decision-making power on contraception use. Undesirable contraception side effects such as reduced vaginal lubrication contributed to sexual pleasure disruption among men. Concerns that women's use of contraception can lead to infidelity also contributed to male partner disapproval of contraception use. Conclusions Understanding barriers to contraception utilisation presented by male partners is essential in preventing contraception discontinuation and can increase contraception uptake among women. Our findings highlight the influence of culturally driven gender and power dynamics on male partner attitudes towards contraception. Therefore, male partner education on family planning services is key. Also, men need to be incorporated as key stakeholders when planning and implementing family planning programmes.
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Key Words
- Contraception
- FGD, Focus group discussions
- FP, Family planning
- Family planning
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- IDI, Indepth Interviews
- IUD, Intra uterine devices
- LAM, Lactational Amenorrhea Method
- LMIC, Low middle income countries
- Male partner
- SSA, Subsaharan Africa
- STIs, Sexually transmitted Infections
- TDRC, Tropical Diseases Research Centre
- WHO, World Health Organisation
- Zambia
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16
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Mudenda S, Daka V, Matafwali SK. World Health Organization AWaRe framework for antibiotic stewardship: Where are we now and where do we need to go? An expert viewpoint. Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol 2023; 3:e84. [PMID: 37179758 PMCID: PMC10173285 DOI: 10.1017/ash.2023.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The AWaRe classification categorizes antibiotics and is a tool for antimicrobial stewardship. To combat antimicrobial resistance, prescribers must adhere to the AWaRe framework, which promotes the rational use of antibiotics. Therefore, increasing political will, dedicating resources, building capacity, and improving awareness and sensitization campaigns may promote adherence to the framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steward Mudenda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Author for correspondence: Steward Mudenda, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka PO Box 50110, Zambia. E-mail:
| | - Victor Daka
- Department of Public Health, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Scott K. Matafwali
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Mudenda S, Mukosha M, Godman B, Fadare JO, Ogunleye OO, Meyer JC, Skosana P, Chama J, Daka V, Matafwali SK, Chabalenge B, Witika BA. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccines among Secondary School Pupils in Zambia: Implications for Future Educational and Sensitisation Programmes. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:2141. [PMID: 36560551 PMCID: PMC9784903 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in the closure of schools to slow the spread of the virus across populations, and the administration of vaccines to protect people from severe disease, including school children and adolescents. In Zambia, there is currently little information on the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines among school-going children and adolescents despite their inclusion in the vaccination programme. This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines among secondary school pupils in Lusaka, Zambia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2022 to October 2022. Of the 998 participants, 646 (64.7%) were female, and 127 (12.7%) would accept to be vaccinated. Those who were willing to be vaccinated had better knowledge (68.5% vs. 56.3%) and a positive attitude (79.1% vs. 33.7%) compared to those who were hesitant. Overall, the odds of vaccine acceptance were higher among pupils who had higher knowledge scores (AOR = 11.75, 95% CI: 6.51-21.2), positive attitude scores (AOR = 9.85, 95% CI: 4.35-22.2), and those who knew a friend or relative who had died from COVID-19 (AOR = 3.27, 95% CI: 2.14-5.09). The low vaccine acceptance among pupils is of public health concern, emphasising the need for heightened sensitisation programmes that promote vaccine acceptance among pupils in Zambia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steward Mudenda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 50110, Zambia
| | - Moses Mukosha
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 50110, Zambia
| | - Brian Godman
- Department of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0208, South Africa
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Joseph O. Fadare
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ekiti State University College of Medicine, Ado-Ekiti 362103, Nigeria
- Department of Medicine, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti 362103, Nigeria
| | - Olayinka O. Ogunleye
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Lagos 100271, Nigeria
- Department of Medicine, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos 100271, Nigeria
| | - Johanna C. Meyer
- Department of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0208, South Africa
- South African Vaccination and Immunisation and Centre, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0208, South Africa
| | - Phumzile Skosana
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0208, South Africa
| | - Jacob Chama
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 50110, Zambia
| | - Victor Daka
- Department of Public Health, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola P.O. Box 71191, Zambia
| | - Scott K. Matafwali
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Billy Chabalenge
- Department of Medicines Control, Zambia Medicines Regulatory Authority, Lusaka P.O. Box 31890, Zambia
| | - Bwalya A. Witika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0208, South Africa
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18
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Mudenda S, Mukosha M, Hikaambo CN, Meyer JC, Fadare J, Kampamba M, Kalungia AC, Munsaka S, Okoro RN, Daka V, Chileshe M, Mfune RL, Mufwambi W, Witika BA, Godman B. Awareness and acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines and associated factors among pharmacy students in Zambia. Malawi Med J 2022; 34:273-280. [PMID: 38125782 PMCID: PMC10645825 DOI: 10.4314/mmj.v34i4.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to assess the awareness and acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines and associated factors among pharmacy students in Zambia. Materials and Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study among 326 undergraduate pharmacy students in Lusaka, Zambia, from February to April 2021. Data were analysed using Stata version 16.1. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine key factors influencing vaccine acceptance. Results Of the 326 participants, 98.8% were aware of the COVID-19 vaccines, but only 24.5% would accept vaccination. Compared to other religions, being of Christian faith was associated with reduced odds of awareness of the COVID-19 vaccine (aOR=0.01, 95% CI: 0.01-0.20). Conversely, factors associated with vaccine acceptance were being male, single and unemployed. Compared to females, male respondents were 86% more likely to accept the vaccine if it was made available (aOR=1.86, 95% CI: 1.10-3.14). In addition, unmarried respondents were 2.65 times as likely to accept vaccination than married respondents (aOR=2.65, 95% CI: 1.06-6.63). Conversely, unemployed respondents were less likely to accept vaccination than their employed counterparts (aOR=0.32, 95% CI: 0.16-0.46). Barriers to the acceptability of the vaccine were possible side effects (78.5%) and scepticism about its effectiveness (10.2%). Conclusion There was significant vaccine hesitancy toward COVID-19 vaccines among Zambian pharmacy students despite their awareness of the vaccines. Health authorities must work collaboratively with training institutions to mitigate vaccine hesitancy, especially with healthcare students being a key part of the future healthcare workforce overseeing disease prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steward Mudenda
- University of Zambia, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Moses Mukosha
- University of Zambia, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Johanna Catharina Meyer
- Division of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Joseph Fadare
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
- Department of Medicine, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Martin Kampamba
- University of Zambia, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Sody Munsaka
- University of Zambia, School of Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Roland Nnaemeka Okoro
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Victor Daka
- Copperbelt University, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Ndola, Zambia
| | | | | | - Webrod Mufwambi
- University of Zambia, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Bwalya Angel Witika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Brian Godman
- Division of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Centre of Medical and Bio allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, United Arab Emirates
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19
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Mudenda S, Ngalande N, Mukosha M, Hikaambo CN, Daka V, Matafwali SK, Banda M, Mfune RL, Mayoka G, Witika BA. Knowledge and practices toward COVID-19 among healthcare students: A cross-sectional study at the University of Zambia. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1028312. [PMID: 36530704 PMCID: PMC9748439 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1028312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to the disruption of physical classes for university students globally, as large gatherings fuelled the transmission of the virus. In the efforts to mitigate its transmission and return to normality, prevention measures, including vaccination, have been encouraged. Therefore, it is critical to understand the knowledge and practices of students regarding COVID-19. This study assessed the knowledge and practices toward COVID-19 among healthcare students at the University of Zambia. Materials and methods This questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was carried out from August 2021 to October 2021 among 478 healthcare students (pharmacy, physiotherapy, nursing, biomedical, medicine, and radiography). We used a previously validated questionnaire to measure knowledge and practice. The predictors of knowledge and practices were assessed using logistic regression with robust estimation of standard errors. Statistical analysis was conducted using Stata/BE version 17.0. Results Of the 478 respondents, 243 (50.8%) were females. A larger proportion, 175 (36.6%) were in Pharmacy training, and 156 (32.6%) were in their fifth year of study. The overall mean knowledge score of the participants was 87.9 (SD = 16.1), being higher at 89.6 (SD = 14.3) among medical students and the lowest at 86.7 (SD = 17.1) among Pharmacy students, although this was statistically non-significant (p = 0.488). The overall mean practice score was 60.0 (SD = 24.7), being significantly higher at 63.5 (23.4) among nursing, physiotherapy and environmental students compared to other students (p = 0.048). In multivariable analysis, the participant training program was non-significantly associated with knowledge and practice toward COVID-19. However, increased age (AOR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.01-1.117) and residing in urban areas (AOR = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.07-3.01) than in rural areas were associated with higher odds of good practice toward COVID-19. Conclusion The healthcare students generally showed good knowledge levels and poor practices toward COVID-19. Further, there was no evidence of a difference in knowledge of COVID-19 among healthcare students. These findings suggest the need for implementation strategies to be centered on improving the practices of students toward COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steward Mudenda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Nelly Ngalande
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Moses Mukosha
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Victor Daka
- Department of Public Health, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Scott Kaba Matafwali
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michelo Banda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ruth Lindizyani Mfune
- Department of Public Health, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Godfrey Mayoka
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bwalya Angel Witika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
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20
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Mudenda S, Chomba M, Mukosha M, Daka V, Chileshe M, Okoro RN, Fadare J, Al-Fayyadh S, Munsaka S, Kampamba M, Chali J, Mfune RL, Hikaambo CN. Psychological impact of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on health professions students at the University of Zambia: a cross-sectional study. Pan Afr Med J 2022; 42:237. [PMID: 36845241 PMCID: PMC9949304 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2022.42.237.34041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has negatively impacted the mental health of students across the globe. In Zambia, little is known about the psychological impacts of COVID-19 on healthcare students. This study assessed the psychological impact of COVID-19 on health professions students at the University of Zambia. Methods this cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2021 to October 2021. Anxiety and depression were measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify the factors associated with anxiety and depression among the participants. Data were analysed using Stata 16.1. Results of the 452 students, 57.5% were female, with the majority aged between 19 and 24 years. Overall, 65% (95% CI: 60.5-69.4) experienced anxiety, while 86% (95% CI: 82.7-89.3) experienced depression. Participants whose income was affected were more likely to experience anxiety (aOR; 2.09, 95% CI: 1.29-3.37) and depression (aOR; 2.87, 95% CI: 1.53-5.38). Anxiety was associated with difficulty in observing the COVID-19 preventive measures (aOR; 1.84, 95% CI: 1.21-2.81). Being depressed was associated with having a chronic condition (aOR; 3.98, 95% CI: 1.67-9.50) or a relative or friend who died from COVID-19 (aOR: 1.98, 95% CI: 1.06-3.70). Conclusion many students experienced anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 third wave of infections. This calls for mitigation measures because continued anxiety and depression can affect the academic performance of students. Fortunately, most of the associated factors are modifiable and can easily be targeted when formulating interventions to reduce anxiety and depression among students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steward Mudenda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Mukuka Chomba
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Moses Mukosha
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Victor Daka
- Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Misheck Chileshe
- Mary Begg Health Services, 56 Chintu Avenue, Northrise, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Roland Nnaemeka Okoro
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Joseph Fadare
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
- Department of Medicine, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Sadeq Al-Fayyadh
- Department of Adult Health Nursing, College of Nursing, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Sody Munsaka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Martin Kampamba
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Josephine Chali
- Faculty of Paediatrics and Child Health, Lusaka College of Nursing, Lusaka, Zambia
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21
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Mudenda S, Hikaambo CN, Daka V, Chileshe M, Mfune RL, Kampamba M, Kasanga M, Phiri M, Mufwambi W, Banda M, Phiri MN, Mukosha M. Prevalence and factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Zambia: a web-based cross-sectional study. Pan Afr Med J 2022; 41:112. [PMID: 35465376 PMCID: PMC8994469 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2022.41.112.31219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction vaccinations against COVID-19 have been instituted to contain the pandemic. However, information about the acceptability of COVID-19 vaccines in Zambia is lacking. Therefore, the study assessed the prevalence and factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among the general population in Zambia. Methods this was an online questionnaire-based cross-sectional study conducted from 13th April to 21st May 2021. We included adult Zambians who had access to Facebook and WhatsApp. A multivariable logistic regression model was fitted to determine factors influencing vaccine acceptability. Data were analysed using Stata version 16.1. Results of the 677 participants, only 33.4% (n = 226) would accept the vaccine if made available to them. In multivariable regression analysis, respondents who were older than 41 years compared to the 18 to 23 years age group (aOR: 2.77, 95% CI: 1.03-7.48), those who agreed (aOR; 22.85, 95% CI: 11.49-45.49) or did not know (aOR; 3.73, 95% CI: 2.29-6.07) compared to those who disagreed that the COVID-19 vaccine passed through all the necessary stages to ensure its safety and effectiveness, and those who were aware (aOR; 11.13, 95% CI: 5.31-23.35) compared to those who were not aware that the COVID-19 vaccine reduces virus transmission, were more likely to accept the vaccine. Conversely, entrepreneurs compared to government employees (aOR; 0.24, 95% CI: 0.07-0.79) were less likely to accept vaccination. Conclusion awareness of the COVID-19 vaccine was high despite low acceptability levels. These findings are significant as they highlight the need to develop strategies for improving vaccine acceptability in Zambia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steward Mudenda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 50110, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Victor Daka
- Department of Public Health, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, P.O Box 71191, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Misheck Chileshe
- MaryBegg Health Services, 56 Chintu Avenue, Northrise, P.O Box 72221, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Ruth Lindizyani Mfune
- Department of Public Health, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, P.O Box 71191, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Martin Kampamba
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 50110, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Maisa Kasanga
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Margaret Phiri
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, P.O Box 80415 Kabwe, Zambia
| | - Webrod Mufwambi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 50110, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Michelo Banda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 50110, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Maureen Nkandu Phiri
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 50110, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Moses Mukosha
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 50110, Lusaka, Zambia.,HIV and Women´s Health Research Group, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
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22
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Matafwali SK, Vlahakis PA, Daka V, Witika BA, Nyirenda HT, Chisompola NK, Mwila C. Assessment of the availability of snakebite antivenom in health facilities in Ndola District, Zambia: a cross-sectional study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 116:592-594. [PMID: 34850233 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite snakebite antivenom being included on the WHO list of essential medicines, many parts of the world, especially Africa, lack effective and safe antivenoms. METHODS A descriptive, field-based, cross-sectional study was undertaken from August to November 2020 in 40 out of 71 health facilities in Ndola district. Interviews and physical inspection were conducted at each facility. RESULTS The study revealed that only three (8%) of all the private health facilities had antivenom available at the time of the assessment. Factors significantly associated with antivenom supply included lack of central country supply (90%), lack of demand of the antivenom (55%) and no budget allocation for the antivenom (95%). CONCLUSIONS Despite the high number of notified snakebites within Ndola district, there remains poor availability of snakebite antivenom within the district.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Matafwali
- School of Medicine, Basic Sciences Department, Copperbelt University, Ndola, 10101, Zambia.,Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Pipina A Vlahakis
- School of Medicine, Basic Sciences Department, Copperbelt University, Ndola, 10101, Zambia
| | - Victor Daka
- School of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Copperbelt University, Ndola, 10101, Zambia
| | - Bwalya A Witika
- School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, 0208, South Africa
| | - Herbert T Nyirenda
- School of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Copperbelt University, Ndola, 10101, Zambia
| | - Namaunga K Chisompola
- School of Medicine, Basic Sciences Department, Copperbelt University, Ndola, 10101, Zambia
| | - Chiluba Mwila
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, The University of Zambia, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
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23
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Banda O, Vlahakis PA, Daka V, Matafwali SK. Self-medication among medical students at the Copperbelt University, Zambia: A cross-sectional study. Saudi Pharm J 2021; 29:1233-1237. [PMID: 34819784 PMCID: PMC8596156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-medication is a common practice and cause for concern globally. There is a paucity of information regarding students' self‑medication in Zambia. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the self‑medication practices among the medical students at Copperbelt University. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 334 students. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire, entered in excel, cleaned, and exported to SPSS version 21 for statistical analysis. Univariate analysis using Chi-Square or Fishers Exact test was performed. Independent predictors of self-medication practices were determined using logistic regression. Adjusted Odds ratios (AOR) and their 95% confidence intervals are reported. RESULTS A total of 334 medical students, with slightly more females (50.3%, n = 168), participated in the study. Of these 61.1% (n = 204) reported self-medicating. Reasons for self-medicating were the presence of long queues at health facilities and lack of time to visit the hospital. Only the year of study was independently associated with self-medicating with those in their 4th year of study being more likely to self-medicate [AOR:3.43, 95% CI: 1.52-7.73]. CONCLUSION Students should be educated on the consequences of self-medication practices especially the rational use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Banda
- School of Medicine, Public Health Department, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Pipina Anna Vlahakis
- School of Medicine, Basic Science Department, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Victor Daka
- School of Medicine, Public Health Department, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Scott Kaba Matafwali
- School of Medicine, Basic Science Department, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
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Mutanekelwa I, Siziya S, Daka V, Kabelenga E, Mfune RL, Chileshe M, Mulenga D, Nyirenda HT, Nyirenda C, Mudenda S, Mukanga B, Bowa K. Prevalence and correlates of voluntary medical male circumcision adverse events among adult males in the Copperbelt Province of Zambia: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256955. [PMID: 34478471 PMCID: PMC8415607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (VMMC) is a key intervention in HIV/AIDS. Improving VMMC program uptake in Zambia requires careful monitoring of adverse events (AE) to inform program quality and safety. We investigate the prevalence of VMMC AE and their associated factors among adult males in Ndola, Copperbelt Province, Zambia. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study using secondary clinical data collected in 2015 using two validated World Health Organisation/Ministry of Health reporting forms. We reviewed demographics and VMMC surgical details from 391 randomly sampled adult males aged ≥18 years at Ndola Teaching Hospital, a specialised VMMC fixed site in Zambia. Non-parametric tests (Fisher's exact test or Chi-square depending on assumptions being met) and logistic regression were conducted to determine the relationships between associated factors and VMMC AE. RESULTS The overall VMMC AE prevalence was 3.1% (95% CI 1.60%- 5.30%) and most AEs occurred postoperatively. In decreasing order, the commonly reported VMMC AE included; bleeding (47.1%), swelling (29.4%), haematoma (17.6%), and delayed wound healing (5.9%). There was an inversely proportional relationship between VMMC volume (as measured by the number of surgeries conducted per VMMC provider) and AEs. Compared to the highest VMMC volume of 63.2% (247/391) as reference, as VMMC volume reduced to 35.0% (137/391) and then 1.8% (7/391), the likelihood of AEs increased by five times (aOR 5.08; 95% CI 1.33-19.49; p = 0.018) and then sixteen times (aOR 16.13; 95% CI 1.42-183.30; p = 0.025) respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study found a low prevalence of VMMC AEs in Ndola city, Copperbelt Province of Zambia guaranteeing the safety of the VMMC program. We recommend more surgically proficient staff to continue rendering this service. There is a need to explore other high priority national/regional areas of VMMC program safety/quality, such as adherence to follow-up visits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imukusi Mutanekelwa
- Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Seter Siziya
- Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Victor Daka
- Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Ruth L. Mfune
- Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - David Mulenga
- Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | | | | | - Steward Mudenda
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Bright Mukanga
- Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
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Mukanga B, Nyirenda HT, Choka N, Mulenga D, Daka V. Experiences and drivers of verbal abuse among women during labour and delivery in Ndola and Kitwe districts of Zambia. Cogent Medicine 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2021.1924432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bright Mukanga
- Copperbelt University, School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Public Health Unit, P.O Box 71191, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Herbert Tato Nyirenda
- Copperbelt University, School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Public Health Unit, P.O Box 71191, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Nancy Choka
- The University of Zambia, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Population Studies, P.O Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - David Mulenga
- Copperbelt University, School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Public Health Unit, P.O Box 71191, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Victor Daka
- Copperbelt University, School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Public Health Unit, P.O Box 71191, Ndola, Zambia
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26
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Sikalima J, Schue JL, Hill SE, Mulenga M, Handema R, Daka V, Chileshe J, Kasongo W, Chaponda M, Bukasa Kabuya JB, Moss WJ, Ippolito MM. House Structure Is Associated with Malaria among Febrile Patients in a High-Transmission Region of Zambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:2131-2138. [PMID: 33844650 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the late nineteenth century, the importance of house structure as a determinant of malaria risk has been recognized. Few studies to date have examined the association of housing and malaria in clinical populations. We conducted a cross-sectional study of febrile patients (n = 282) at two rural health clinics in a high malaria-transmission area of northern Zambia. Participants underwent testing for Plasmodium falciparum infection by PCR. Demographic and other risk factors including house structure, indoor residual spraying (IRS), bed net use, education level, and household income were collected. Data were fitted to logistic regression models for relational and mediation analyses. Residing in a house with a thatch roof was associated with higher odds of malaria than residing in a house with corrugated metal (odds ratio: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.0-6.3, P = 0.04). Lower income and educational attainment were also associated with greater odds of malaria. Living under a thatch roof accounted for 24% (95% CI: 14-82) of the effect of household income on malaria risk, and income accounted for 11% (95% CI: 8-19) of the effect of education. Neither IRS nor bed net use was associated with malaria risk despite large, local investments in these vector control interventions. The findings testify to malaria as a disease of rural poverty and contribute further evidence to the utility of housing improvements in vector control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Sikalima
- 1Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Jessica L Schue
- 2Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,3Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah E Hill
- 4Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Modest Mulenga
- 5Department of Public Health, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Ray Handema
- 1Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Victor Daka
- 5Department of Public Health, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Kitwe, Zambia
| | | | | | | | | | - William J Moss
- 3Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Matthew M Ippolito
- 3Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Kafita D, Daka V, Nkhoma P, Zulu M, Zulu E, Tembo R, Ngwira Z, Mwaba F, Sinkala M, Munsaka S. High ELF4 expression in human cancers is associated with worse disease outcomes and increased resistance to anticancer drugs. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248984. [PMID: 33836003 PMCID: PMC8034723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The malignant phenotype of tumour cells is fuelled by changes in the expression of various transcription factors, including some of the well-studied proteins such as p53 and Myc. Despite significant progress made, little is known about several other transcription factors, including ELF4, and how they help shape the oncogenic processes in cancer cells. To this end, we performed a bioinformatics analysis to facilitate a detailed understanding of how the expression variations of ELF4 in human cancers are related to disease outcomes and the cancer cell drug responses. Here, using ELF4 mRNA expression data of 9,350 samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas pan-cancer project, we identify two groups of patient's tumours: those that expressed high ELF4 transcripts and those that expressed low ELF4 transcripts across 32 different human cancers. We uncover that patients segregated into these two groups are associated with different clinical outcomes. Further, we find that tumours that express high ELF4 mRNA levels tend to be of a higher-grade, afflict a significantly older patient population and have a significantly higher mutation burden. By analysing dose-response profiles to 397 anti-cancer drugs of 612 well-characterised human cancer cell lines, we discover that cell lines that expressed high ELF4 mRNA transcript are significantly less responsive to 129 anti-cancer drugs, and only significantly more response to three drugs: dasatinib, WH-4-023, and Ponatinib, all of which remarkably target the proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase SRC and tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1. Collectively our analyses have shown that, across the 32 different human cancers, the patients afflicted with tumours that overexpress ELF4 tended to have a more aggressive disease that is also is more likely more refractory to most anti-cancer drugs, a finding upon which we could devise novel categorisation of patient tumours, treatment, and prognostic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Kafita
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Victor Daka
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Panji Nkhoma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Mildred Zulu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Ephraim Zulu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Rabecca Tembo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Zifa Ngwira
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Florence Mwaba
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Musalula Sinkala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Sody Munsaka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
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28
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Daka V, Mubanga M, Mukanga B, Mfune RL, Chileshe M, Machiko A, Mudenda S, Chikwanda E, Mudenda T, Simusika P, Mwale S, Musalula S. Challenges that may impact achieving and maintaining accreditation in clinical laboratories in Zambia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 38:290. [PMID: 34122717 PMCID: PMC8179981 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.38.290.27836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Daka
- Public Health Department, School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia.,University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Mutale Mubanga
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Bright Mukanga
- Public Health Department, School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Ruth Lindizyani Mfune
- Public Health Department, School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia.,University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Alfred Machiko
- Public Health Department, School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Steward Mudenda
- University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia.,University of Zambia, School of Health Sciences, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | | | - Paul Simusika
- Public Health Department, School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Samson Mwale
- Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia
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29
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Chawe A, Mfune RL, Syapiila PM, Zimba SD, Vlahakis PA, Mwale S, Mwape K, Chirambo-Kalolekesha M, Chileshe M, Mutale J, Mudenda T, Manda G, Daka V. Knowledge, attitude and practices of COVID-19 among medical laboratory professionals in Zambia. Afr J Lab Med 2021; 10:1403. [PMID: 33821204 PMCID: PMC8007986 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v10i1.1403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel disease that has spread to nearly every country worldwide. Medical laboratory professionals are key in the fight against COVID-19 as they provide confirmatory diagnosis for subsequent management and mitigation of the disease. Objective This study investigated the knowledge, attitude and practices of COVID-19 and their predictors among medical laboratory personnel in Zambia. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study among medical laboratory professionals in Zambia from 10 to 29 June 2020. Data were collected using Google Forms and exported to Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23 for statistical analysis. Independent predictors of COVID-19 knowledge and practices were determined. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) are reported. Results A total of 208 medical laboratory professionals, 58.2% male, participated in the study. The majority of respondents had good knowledge (84.1%) and practice (75.0%) regarding COVID-19. Predictors of good knowledge included having a bachelor’s degree (AOR: 5.0, CI: 1.13–22.19) and having prior COVID-19 related training (AOR: 8.83, CI: 2.03–38.44). Predictors of good practice included having a master’s or Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) qualification (AOR: 5.23, CI: 1.15–23.87) and having prior COVID-19 related training (AOR: 14.01, CI: 6.47–30.36). Conclusion Our findings revealed that medical laboratory professionals in Zambia have good knowledge regarding COVID-19. There is need for continuous professional development to ensure that medical laboratory professionals are well informed and aware of best practices to aid in curbing the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adon Chawe
- Laboratory Department, St. Francis Mission Hospital, Katete, Zambia
| | - Ruth L Mfune
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Michael Chilufya School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Paul M Syapiila
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Michael Chilufya School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Sharon D Zimba
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chikankata College of Biomedical Sciences, Chikankata, Zambia
| | - Pipina A Vlahakis
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Michael Chilufya School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Samson Mwale
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Kapambwe Mwape
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Michael Chilufya School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Memory Chirambo-Kalolekesha
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Michael Chilufya School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | | | - Joseph Mutale
- Laboratory Department, Kabompo District Hospital, Kabompo, Zambia
| | - Tobela Mudenda
- Department of Pathology, Ndola Teaching Hospital, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Grace Manda
- Laboratory Department, Kalomo District Hospital, Kalomo, Zambia
| | - Victor Daka
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Michael Chilufya School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
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30
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Mudenda S, Witika BA, Sadiq MJ, Banda M, Mfune RL, Daka V, Kalui D, Phiri MN, Kasanga M, Mudenda F, Mufwambi W. Self-medication and its Consequences during & after the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic: A Global Health Problem. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.29333/ejeph/9308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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31
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Chileshe M, Mulenga D, Mfune RL, Nyirenda TH, Mwanza J, Mukanga B, Mudenda S, Daka V. Increased number of brought-in-dead cases with COVID-19: is it due to poor health-seeking behaviour among the Zambian population? Pan Afr Med J 2020; 37:136. [PMID: 33425169 PMCID: PMC7757280 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2020.37.136.25967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Misheck Chileshe
- Mary Begg Health Services, 56 Chintu Avenue, Northrise, P.O Box 72221, Ndola, Zambia
| | - David Mulenga
- Copperbelt University, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, P.O Box 71769, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Ruth Lindizyani Mfune
- Copperbelt University, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, P.O Box 71769, Ndola, Zambia
- University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Disease Control, P.O Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Tato Herbert Nyirenda
- Copperbelt University, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, P.O Box 71769, Ndola, Zambia
| | - James Mwanza
- University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Disease Control, P.O Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
- The University of Zambia, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, P.O Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Bright Mukanga
- Copperbelt University, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, P.O Box 71769, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Steward Mudenda
- University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Disease Control, P.O Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
- University of Zambia, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 50110, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Victor Daka
- Copperbelt University, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, P.O Box 71769, Ndola, Zambia
- University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Disease Control, P.O Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
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Chanda W, Manyepa M, Chikwanda E, Daka V, Chileshe J, Tembo M, Kasongo J, Chipipa A, Handema R, Mulemena JA. Evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility patterns of pathogens isolated from routine laboratory specimens at Ndola Teaching Hospital: A retrospective study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226676. [PMID: 31869354 PMCID: PMC6927611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodic monitoring of antibiotic susceptibility patterns in clinical settings is vital to ascertain the potency as well as re-establishing empirical therapy. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of pathogens isolated from routine laboratory specimens at Ndola Teaching Hospital. A retrospective study was conducted on routine specimens received between May 2016 and July 2018. Specimens were cultured on standard media and Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used for susceptibility testing in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute's recommendations. A total of 693 specimens were analyzed, of which 65.9% (457) specimens came from inpatient departments and 49.1% (340) came from female patients. The commonest specimens were urine (58.6%), blood (12.7%) and wound swabs (8.5%), and the most common microorganisms were coliform (29.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (15.4%), coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS, 13.4%), and Escherichia coli (13%). The highest percentage of resistance to any particular antibiotic was co-trimoxazole (91.7%, 33) followed by nalidixic acid (75.2%, 279), norfloxacin (69.0%, 100), ceftazidime (55.7%, 185), nitrofurantoin (46.6%, 191), chloramphenicol (43%, 111) and ciprofloxacin (8.6%, 271). Furthermore, patient location had resistance effect on coliform (p = 0.014), CoNS (p = 0.031), Streptococcus species (p = 0.024) and Klebsiella species (p = 0.004) to nitrofurantoin, ceftazidime, nitrofurantoin and chloramphenicol, respectively. Besides coliform, resistance of Enterobacter species to ceftazidime and Proteus species to nalidixic acid were more from female patients. Generally, the most effective antibiotics were chloramphenicol and nitrofurantoin with addition of ceftazidime on blood pathogens and ciprofloxacin on wound swab pathogens. The common isolates were coliform, S. aureus, coagulase negative Staphylococci and Escherichia coli. The resistance of most bacteria to ceftazidime and nitrofurantoin were influenced by both gender and location. Our study presents a broad overview of the resistance profiles of bacterial isolates. However, more nosocomial prevalence and antibiogram studies on individual routine specimens are required to provide a more detailed picture of resistance patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Chanda
- Mulungushi University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Livingstone, Zambia
- Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia
- * E-mail:
| | - Mespa Manyepa
- Copperbelt University, School of Medicine, Ndola, Zambia
| | | | - Victor Daka
- Copperbelt University, School of Medicine, Ndola, Zambia
| | | | | | - Joseph Kasongo
- Department Pathology, Ndola Teaching Hospital, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Allen Chipipa
- Department Pathology, Ndola Teaching Hospital, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Ray Handema
- Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia
| | - John A. Mulemena
- Mulungushi University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Livingstone, Zambia
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Kateule E, Kumar R, Mwakazanga D, Mulenga M, Daka V, Chongwe G. A cross-sectional study of the factors associated with male circumcision status among college youth in Ndola, Zambia, 2016. South Afr J HIV Med 2019. [DOI: 10.4102/sajhivmed.v20i1.952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Chirambo-Kalolekesha M, Kaile T, Mwaba F, Daka V, Simakando M, Kowa S. Seroprevalence of parvovirus B19 in blood donors: the risks and challenges of blood transfusion in Zambia in the era of HIV/AIDS at the Kitwe Central Hospital, blood bank. Afr Health Sci 2018; 18:496-502. [PMID: 30602980 PMCID: PMC6307010 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v18i3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human Parvovirus (B19V) is a small, single-stranded, non-enveloped DNA virus which is pathogenic to humans causing a wide array of clinical complications which include erythema infectiosum, aplastic crisis and hydrops foetalis. It is generally harmless in healthy individuals but may be life threatening in immunocompromised individuals such as patients with sickle cell disease, cancer, HIV and pregnant women. It has been shown to be transmissible by blood transfusion but donor screening for the virus is not yet mandatory in most sub-Saharan African countries including Zambia. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study undertaken at the Kitwe Central Hospital, blood bank and Tropical Diseases Research Centre at Ndola Central Hospital. A total of 192 blood samples were screened for Ig M antibodies against parvovirus B19 by ELISA. OBJECTIVES The general objective of the study was to determine the seroprevalence of parvovirus B19 infections among healthy blood donors at the Kitwe Central Hospital blood bank. Specific Objectives were to detect parvovirus B19 Ig M antibodies in donor blood using serology and to analyse the age and sex distribution of parvovirus among blood donors. RESULTS The prevalence of parvovirus B19 Ig M in this study was 15.6%. The majority of the positive cases were in the age group 15-22 years (17.8%) but there was no statistical significance between occurrence of parvovirus and age ( p value=0.703). Prevalence in males was higher than in females that is 16.4% and 13.8%, respectively. The relationship between gender and parvovirus B19 occurrence was however not significant either (p value=0.516). CONCLUSION This study showed a 15.6% prevalence rate of acute Parvovirus B19 infections in blood donors at the Kitwe Central Hospital, blood bank. Studies with larger sample sizes are needed to validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trevor Kaile
- University of Zambia, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Microbiology
| | - Florence Mwaba
- University of Zambia, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Microbiology
| | - Victor Daka
- University of Zambia, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Microbiology
| | - Marah Simakando
- University of Zambia, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Microbiology
| | - Sumbukeni Kowa
- University of Zambia, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Microbiology
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Chikwanda E, Daka V, Simakando M, Kowa S, Kaile T. Evaluation of hepcidin as a biomarker for the differential diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia and anaemia of chronic disease. Asian J Med Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.3126/ajms.v9i1.18505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Anaemia affects approximately 1.62 billion people globally corresponding to 24.8% of the world’s population. Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) and anaemia of chronic disease (ACD) are the most common forms of anaemia. A hormone produced by the liver, hepcidin, is the primary regulator of iron homeostasis and its production increases in ACD and decreases in IDA. Usually, ACD and IDA coexist and sometimes look identical on peripheral blood smears.Aims and Objectives: The current study aims to evaluate the diagnostic value of hepcidin to predict ACD from IDA as well as the diagnostic value of hepcidin to predict ACD from a combination of IDA and ACD.Materials and Methods: Specimens presenting with haematological indices suggestive of IDA and/or ACD following World Health Organisation (WHO) standard case definitions were identified among samples coming to the Haematology laboratory for routine investigations. Serum hepcidin, serum ferritin, serum iron and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were assessed. Demographic data was obtained from specimen requisition forms.Results: Of the 66 participants, 62.1% (n = 41) were females. IDA was more common among females (36.4%) than males (6.1%) while ACD was more common in males (19.7%) than females (12.1%). Iron Deficiency Anaemia participants had significantly lower hepcidin levels than ACD (p<0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between serum hepcidin and serum ferritin levels (p < 0.001).Conclusion: We found that IDA participants had significantly lower hepcidin levels than ACD and IDA/ACD combined. Therefore, serum hepcidin could be considered in diagnosing and distinguishing ACD from IDA or IDA/ACD as it also had high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity compared to other markers.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.9(1) 2018 15-20
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Kateule E, Kumar R, Mulenga M, Daka V, Banda K, Anderson R, McNall R, McGrew M, Baggett H, Kasongo W. Mumps outbreak in an unimmunized population – Luanshya District, Copperbelt Province, Zambia, 2015. Pan Afr Med J 2018. [DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2018.31.3.11720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Mwanakasale V, Songolo P, Daka V. Challenges in the control of human African trypanosomiasis in the Mpika district of Zambia. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:180. [PMID: 23642032 PMCID: PMC3648427 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human African Trypanosomiasis is one of the Neglected Tropical Diseases that is targeted for elimination by the World Health Organization. Strong health delivery system in endemic countries is required for a control program to eliminate this disease. In Zambia, Human African Trypanosomiasis is lowly endemic in the northeastern part of the country. Findings We conducted a cross-sectional survey of health institutions in Mpika district in Northern Province of Zambia from 9th to 23rd November 2011. The aim of this study was to assess current health delivery system in the management of Human African Trypanosomiasis cases in Mpika district, Northern Province of Zambia. Ten health institutions were covered in the survey. Two structured questionnaires targeting health workers were used to collect the data on general knowledge on HAT and state of health care facilities in relation to HAT management from the surveyed health institution. Only 46% of the 28 respondents scored more than 50% from the questionnaire on general knowledge about Human African Trypanosomiasis disease. None of the respondents knew how to differentiate the two clinical stages of Human African Trypanosomiasis disease. There were only three medical doctors to attend to all Human African Trypanosomiasis cases and other diseases at the only diagnostic and treatment hospital in Mpika district. The supply of antitrypanosomal drugs to the only treatment centre was erratic. Only one refresher course on Human African Trypanosomiasis case diagnosis and management for health staff in the district had been organized by the Ministry of Health in conjunction with the World Health Organization in the district in 2009. The referral system for suspected Human African Trypanosomiasis cases from Rural Health Centres (RHCs) to the diagnostic/treatment centre was inefficient. Conclusions There are a number of challenges that have been identified and need to be addressed if Human African Trypanosomiasis is to be eliminated in a lowly endemic country such as Zambia. These include shortage of trained health workers, inadequate diagnostic and treatment centres, lack of more sensitive laboratory diagnostic techniques, shortage of trypanosomicides among others discussed in detail here.
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