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Brouns F, Geisslitz S, Guzman C, Ikeda TM, Arzani A, Latella G, Simsek S, Colomba M, Gregorini A, Zevallos V, Lullien‐Pellerin V, Jonkers D, Shewry PR. Do ancient wheats contain less gluten than modern bread wheat, in favour of better health? NUTR BULL 2022; 47:157-167. [PMID: 35915783 PMCID: PMC9322029 DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Popular media messaging has led to increased public perception that gluten‐containing foods are bad for health. In parallel, ‘ancient grains’ have been promoted with claims that they contain less gluten. There appears to be no clear definition of ‘ancient grains’ but the term usually includes einkorn, emmer, spelt and Khorasan wheat. Gluten is present in all wheat grains and all can induce coeliac disease (CD) in genetically susceptible individuals. Analyses of ‘ancient’ and ‘modern’ wheats show that the protein content of modern bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) has decreased over time while the starch content increased. In addition, it was shown that, compared to bread wheat, ancient wheats contain more protein and gluten and greater contents of many CD‐active epitopes. Consequently, no single wheat type can be recommended as better for reducing the risks of or mitigating the severity of CD. An estimated 10% of the population of Western countries suffers from gastrointestinal symptoms that lack a clear organic cause and is often referred to as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Many of these patients consider themselves gluten sensitive, but in most cases this is not confirmed when tested in a medical setting. Instead, it may be caused by gas formation due to fermentation of fructans present in wheat or, in some patients, effects of non‐gluten proteins. A significant overlap of symptoms with those of CD, IBS and inflammatory bowel disease makes a medical diagnosis a priority. This critical narrative review examines the suggestion that ‘ancient’ wheat types are preferred for health and better tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Brouns
- NUTRIM‐School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Geisslitz
- Institute of Applied Biosciences Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Carlos Guzman
- ETSIAM Edificio Gregor Mendel Universidad de Córdoba Córdoba Spain
| | - Tatsuya M. Ikeda
- Western Region Agricultural Research Centre National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NAR0) Hiroshima Japan
| | - Ahmad Arzani
- College of Agriculture Isfahan University of Technology Isfahan Iran
| | - Giovanni Latella
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Division University of L’Aquila L’Aquila Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daisy Jonkers
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
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2
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Geisslitz S, Weegels P, Shewry P, Zevallos V, Masci S, Sorrells M, Gregorini A, Colomba M, Jonkers D, Huang X, De Giorgio R, Caio GP, D'Amico S, Larré C, Brouns F. Wheat amylase/trypsin inhibitors (ATIs): occurrence, function and health aspects. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:2873-2880. [PMID: 35235033 PMCID: PMC9363355 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02841-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Amylase/trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) are widely consumed in cereal-based foods and have been implicated in adverse reactions to wheat exposure, such as respiratory and food allergy, and intestinal responses associated with coeliac disease and non-coeliac wheat sensitivity. ATIs occur in multiple isoforms which differ in the amounts present in different types of wheat (including ancient and modern ones). Measuring ATIs and their isoforms is an analytical challenge as is their isolation for use in studies addressing their potential effects on the human body. ATI isoforms differ in their spectrum of bioactive effects in the human gastrointestinal (GI), which may include enzyme inhibition, inflammation and immune responses and of which much is not known. Similarly, although modifications during food processing (exposure to heat, moisture, salt, acid, fermentation) may affect their structure and activity as shown in vitro, it is important to relate these changes to effects that may present in the GI tract. Finally, much of our knowledge of their potential biological effects is based on studies in vitro and in animal models. Validation by human studies using processed foods as commonly consumed is warranted. We conclude that more detailed understanding of these factors may allow the effects of ATIs on human health to be better understood and when possible, to be ameliorated, for example by innovative food processing. We therefore review in short our current knowledge of these proteins, focusing on features which relate to their biological activity and identifying gaps in our knowledge and research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Weegels
- Netherlands and European Bakery Innovation Centre, Sonneveld Group BV, Papendrecht, and Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Peter Shewry
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Victor Zevallos
- Nutrition and Food Research Group, Department of Applied and Health Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Stefania Masci
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, University of Tuscia, Tuscia, Italy
| | - Mark Sorrells
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Armando Gregorini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Mariastella Colomba
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Daisy Jonkers
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department Internal Medicine, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Department of Translational Medicine, St. Anna Hospital, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giacomo P Caio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano D'Amico
- Institute for Animal Nutrition and Feed, AGES - Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Vienna, Austria
| | - Colette Larré
- INRAE UR1268 BIA, Impasse Thérèse Bertrand-Fontaine, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Fred Brouns
- Department of Human Biology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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CAMINERO FERNANDEZ A, McCarville J, Zevallos V, Pigrau M, Xuechen Y, Jury J, Galipeau HJ, Casqueiro J, Murray JA, Collins SM, Alaedini A, Bercik P, Schuppan D, Verdu E. A49 LACTOBACILLI DEGRADE WHEAT AMYLASE TRYPSIN INHIBITORS (ATI) TO AMELIORATE GUT DYSFUNCTION INDUCED BY IMMUNOGENIC WHEAT PROTEINS. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwz006.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - V Zevallos
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - M Pigrau
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - J Jury
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - H J Galipeau
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - J a Murray
- Gastroenterology, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | - P Bercik
- Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - D Schuppan
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - E Verdu
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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4
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Bellinghausen I, Weigmann B, Zevallos V, Maxeiner J, Reißig S, Waisman A, Schuppan D, Saloga J. Wheat amylase-trypsin inhibitors exacerbate intestinal and airway allergic immune responses in humanized mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:201-212.e4. [PMID: 29574077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amylase-trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) in wheat and related cereals are potent activators of myeloid innate immune cells via engagement of TLR4. Furthermore, ATIs have been shown to serve as adjuvants in experimental intestinal inflammatory diseases. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze whether ATIs are also modifiers of allergic inflammation. METHODS Therefore, CD4+ T cells from donors sensitized to grass or birch pollen were stimulated with autologous allergen-pulsed dendritic cells in the presence or absence of ATIs or the control storage protein zein from corn. To analyze allergen-induced gut and lung inflammation, immunodeficient mice were engrafted with PBMCs from these allergic donors plus the respective allergen, and fed with selected diets. Three weeks later, inflammation was induced by rectal or intranasal allergen challenge and monitored by mini endoscopy or airway hyperreactivity, respectively. RESULTS Allergen-specific T-cell proliferation and cytokine production was significantly exacerbated by ATIs and not by zein. In vivo, allergen-specific human IgE level was strongly elevated in sera of mice receiving an ATI-containing diet compared with mice that were fed gluten-free and thus ATI-free diet. Importantly, allergen-induced IgE-dependent colitis and airway hyperreactivity were also enhanced in ATI-fed mice. Gut inflammation was further increased in mice receiving an additional ATI injection and even detectable in the absence of the aeroallergen, whereas zein had no such effect. Injection of anti-human TLR4 mAbs or the anti-human IgE mAb omalizumab completely abolished ATI-induced allergic inflammation. CONCLUSIONS These results underline that wheat ATIs are important nutritional activators and adjuvants of allergy, which might be exploited for nutritional therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Bellinghausen
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Benno Weigmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Victor Zevallos
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joachim Maxeiner
- Asthma Core Facility, Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sonja Reißig
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ari Waisman
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joachim Saloga
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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McCarville J, Pigrau M, Zevallos V, Fernandez AC, Jury J, Bercik P, Schuppan D, Verdu E. A266 AMYLASE TRYPSIN INHIBITORS FROM WHEAT EXACERBATE GLUTEN-INDUCED PATHOLOGY AND ALTER GUT MICROBIOTA IN MICE. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwy008.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - M Pigrau
- Institut de Recerca Hospital Vall d, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - V Zevallos
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - J Jury
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - P Bercik
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - D Schuppan
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - E Verdu
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Calvente CJ, Sehgal A, Popov Y, Kim YO, Zevallos V, Sahin U, Diken M, Schuppan D. Specific hepatic delivery of procollagen α1(I) small interfering RNA in lipid-like nanoparticles resolves liver fibrosis. Hepatology 2015; 62:1285-97. [PMID: 26096209 PMCID: PMC4589454 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fibrosis accompanies the wound-healing response to chronic liver injury and is characterized by excessive hepatic collagen accumulation dominated by collagen type I. Fibrosis often progresses to cirrhosis. Here we present in vivo evidence of an up to 90% suppression of procollagen α1(I) expression, a reduction of septa formation, and a 40%-60% decrease of collagen deposition in mice with progressive and advanced liver fibrosis that received cationic lipid nanoparticles loaded with small interfering RNA to the procollagen α1(I) gene. After intravenous injection, up to 90% of lipid nanoparticles loaded with small interfering RNA to the procollagen α1(I) gene were retained in the liver of fibrotic mice and accumulated in nonparenchymal more than parenchymal cells for prolonged periods, significantly ameliorating progression and accelerating regression of fibrosis. CONCLUSION Our lipid nanoparticles loaded with small interfering RNA to the procollagen α1(I) gene specifically reduce total hepatic collagen content without detectable side effects, potentially qualifying as a therapy for fibrotic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Jiménez Calvente
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University of Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany,Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University of Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Yury Popov
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Yong Ook Kim
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University of Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany,Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University of Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Victor Zevallos
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University of Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany,Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University of Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ugur Sahin
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University of Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany,Center of Translational Oncology (TRON), Mainz, Germany
| | - Mustafa Diken
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University of Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany,Center of Translational Oncology (TRON), Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University of Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany,Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University of Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany,Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA,Corresponding author: Detlef Schuppan, Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstraβe 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany. Tel: +49-6131-177356, Fax: +49-6131-177357.
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7
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Schuppan D, Pickert G, Ashfaq-Khan M, Zevallos V. Non-celiac wheat sensitivity: differential diagnosis, triggers and implications. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2015; 29:469-76. [PMID: 26060111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Non allergy-non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS) has become a common and often overrated diagnosis. Skepticism mainly relates to patients with prominent intestinal symptoms in the absence of general or intestinal signs of inflammation. There is consensus that the major wheat sensitivities, celiac disease and wheat allergy, have to be ruled out which may be difficult for wheat allergy. The non-inflammatory intolerances to carbohydrates, mainly lactose and FODMAPs (fermentable oligi-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols), which cause bloating or diarrhoea, can usually be excluded clinically or by simple tests. Recent studies and experimental data strongly indicate that NCWS exists in a substantial proportion of the population, that it is an innate immune reaction to wheat and that patients often present with extraintestinal symptoms, such as worsening of an underlying inflammatory disease in clear association with wheat consumption. Wheat amylase-trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) have been identified as the most likely triggers of NCWS. They are highly protease resistant and activate the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) complex in monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells of the intestinal mucosa. Non-gluten containing cereals or staples display no or little TLR4 stimulating activity. Wheat ATIs are a family of up to 17 similar proteins of molecular weights around 15 kD and represent 2-4% of the wheat protein. With oral ingestion they costimulate antigen presenting cells and promote T cell activation in celiac disease, but also in other immune-mediated diseases within and outside the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlef Schuppan
- Institute for Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Celiac Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Celiac Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Geethanjali Pickert
- Institute for Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Muhammad Ashfaq-Khan
- Institute for Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Victor Zevallos
- Institute for Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Abstract
During the past decade there has been an impressive increase in popularity of the gluten-free diet (GFD)-now the most trendy alimentary habit in the United States and other countries. According to recent surveys, as many as 100 million Americans will consume gluten-free products within a year. Operating under the concept that the GFD benefits only individuals with celiac disease, health care professionals have struggled to separate the wheat from the chaff; there are claims that eliminating gluten from the diet increases health and helps with weight loss, or even that gluten can be harmful to every human being. However, apart from unfounded trends, a disorder related to ingestion of gluten or gluten-containing cereals, namely nonceliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), has resurfaced in the literature, fueling a debate on the appropriateness of the GFD for people without celiac disease. Although there is clearly a fad component to the popularity of the GFD, there is also undisputable and increasing evidence for NCGS. However, we require a better understanding of the clinical presentation of NCGS, as well as its pathogenesis, epidemiology, management, and role in conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, chronic fatigue, and autoimmunity. Before we can begin to identify and manage NCGS, there must be agreement on the nomenclature and definition of the disorder based on proper peer-reviewed scientific information. We review the most recent findings on NCGS and outline directions to dissipate some of the confusion related to this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Fasano
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center and Center for Celiac Research, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Anna Sapone
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center and Center for Celiac Research, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Victor Zevallos
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University of Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University of Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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9
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Abstract
While the central role of an adaptive, T cell-mediated immune response to certain gluten peptides in celiac disease is well established, the innate immune response to wheat proteins remains less well defined. We identified wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors (ATIs), but not gluten, as major stimulators of innate immune cells (dendritic cells>macrophages>monocytes), while intestinal epithelial cells were nonresponsive. ATIs bind to and activate the CD14-MD2 toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) complex. This activation occurs both in vitro and in vivo after oral ingestion of purified ATIs or gluten, which is usually enriched in ATIs. Wheat ATIs represent a family of up to 17 proteins with molecular weights of around 15 kDa and a variable primary but conserved secondary structure characterized by 5 intrachain disulfide bonds and alpha helices. They mostly form di- and tetramers that appear to equally activate TLR4. Relevant biological activity is confined to ATIs in gluten-containing cereals, while gluten-free cereals display no or minimal activities. ATIs represent up to 4% of total wheat protein and are highly resistant to intestinal proteases. In line with their dose-dependent function as co-stimulatory molecules in adaptive immunity of celiac disease, they appear to play a role in promoting other immune-mediated diseases within and outside the GI tract. Thus, ATIs may be prime candidates of severe forms of non-celiac gluten (wheat) sensitivity.
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10
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Freitag TL, Loponen J, Messing M, Zevallos V, Andersson LC, Sontag-Strohm T, Saavalainen P, Schuppan D, Salovaara H, Meri S. Testing safety of germinated rye sourdough in a celiac disease model based on the adoptive transfer of prolamin-primed memory T cells into lymphopenic mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G526-34. [PMID: 24458020 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00136.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The current treatment for celiac disease is strict gluten-free diet. Technical processing may render gluten-containing foods safe for consumption by celiac patients, but so far in vivo safety testing can only be performed on patients. We modified a celiac disease mouse model to test antigenicity and inflammatory effects of germinated rye sourdough, a food product characterized by extensive prolamin hydrolysis. Lymphopenic Rag1-/- or nude mice were injected with splenic CD4+CD62L-CD44high-memory T cells from gliadin- or secalin-immunized wild-type donor mice. We found that: 1) Rag1-/- recipients challenged with wheat or rye gluten lost more body weight and developed more severe histological duodenitis than mice on gluten-free diet. This correlated with increased secretion of IFNγ, IL-2, and IL-17 by secalin-restimulated splenocytes. 2) In vitro gluten testing using competitive R5 ELISA demonstrated extensive degradation of the gluten R5 epitope in germinated rye sourdough. 3) However, in nude recipients challenged with germinated rye sourdough (vs. native rye sourdough), serum anti-secalin IgG/CD4+ T helper 1-associated IgG2c titers were only reduced, but not eliminated. In addition, there were no reductions in body weight loss, histological duodenitis, or T cell cytokine secretion in Rag1-/- recipients challenged accordingly. IN CONCLUSION 1) prolamin-primed CD4+CD62L-CD44high-memory T cells induce gluten-sensitive enteropathy in Rag1-/- mice. 2) Hydrolysis of secalins in germinated rye sourdough remains incomplete. Secalin peptides retain B and T cell stimulatory capacity and remain harmful to the intestinal mucosa in this celiac disease model. 3) Current antibody-based prolamin detection methods may fail to detect antigenic gluten fragments in processed cereal food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias L Freitag
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Catassi C, Bai JC, Bonaz B, Bouma G, Calabrò A, Carroccio A, Castillejo G, Ciacci C, Cristofori F, Dolinsek J, Francavilla R, Elli L, Green P, Holtmeier W, Koehler P, Koletzko S, Meinhold C, Sanders D, Schumann M, Schuppan D, Ullrich R, Vécsei A, Volta U, Zevallos V, Sapone A, Fasano A. Non-Celiac Gluten sensitivity: the new frontier of gluten related disorders. Nutrients 2013; 5:3839-53. [PMID: 24077239 PMCID: PMC3820047 DOI: 10.3390/nu5103839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non Celiac Gluten sensitivity (NCGS) was originally described in the 1980s and recently a “re-discovered” disorder characterized by intestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms related to the ingestion of gluten-containing food, in subjects that are not affected with either celiac disease (CD) or wheat allergy (WA). Although NCGS frequency is still unclear, epidemiological data have been generated that can help establishing the magnitude of the problem. Clinical studies further defined the identity of NCGS and its implications in human disease. An overlap between the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and NCGS has been detected, requiring even more stringent diagnostic criteria. Several studies suggested a relationship between NCGS and neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly autism and schizophrenia. The first case reports of NCGS in children have been described. Lack of biomarkers is still a major limitation of clinical studies, making it difficult to differentiate NCGS from other gluten related disorders. Recent studies raised the possibility that, beside gluten, wheat amylase-trypsin inhibitors and low-fermentable, poorly-absorbed, short-chain carbohydrates can contribute to symptoms (at least those related to IBS) experienced by NCGS patients. In this paper we report the major advances and current trends on NCGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Catassi
- Department of Pediatrics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60121, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Julio C. Bai
- Departamento de Medicina, Hospital de Gastroenterología “Dr. Carlos Bonorino Udaondo”, Buenos Aires 1264, Argentina; E-Mail:
| | - Bruno Bonaz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, CHU Grenoble 38043, France; E-Mail:
| | - Gerd Bouma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands; E-Mail:
| | - Antonio Calabrò
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Antonio Carroccio
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Giovanni Paolo II” Hospital, Sciacca (AG) and University of Palermo, Sciacca 92019, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Gemma Castillejo
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43204, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Carolina Ciacci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi Campus, Salerno 84081, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Fernanda Cristofori
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy; E-Mails: (F.C.); (R.F.)
| | - Jernej Dolinsek
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor 2000, Slovenia; E-Mail:
| | - Ruggiero Francavilla
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy; E-Mails: (F.C.); (R.F.)
| | - Luca Elli
- Centro Prevenzione e Diagnosi Malattia Celiaca Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Milan 20122, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Peter Green
- Department of Medicine, Celiac Disease Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Wolfgang Holtmeier
- Division of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Hospital Porz am Rhein, Köln 51149, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Peter Koehler
- German Research Center for Food Chemistry, Leibniz Institute, Freising 85354, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Sibylle Koletzko
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich 80337, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Christof Meinhold
- Practice of Nutrition Therapy Meinhold & Team, Köln 50674, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - David Sanders
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital and University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Michael Schumann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectiology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin 10203, Germany; E-Mails: (M.S.); (R.U.)
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany; E-Mails: (D.S.); (V.Z.)
- Division of Gastroenterology and Celiac Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Reiner Ullrich
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectiology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin 10203, Germany; E-Mails: (M.S.); (R.U.)
| | - Andreas Vécsei
- St. Anna Children’s Hospital, Vienna 1090, Austria; E-Mail:
| | - Umberto Volta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Victor Zevallos
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany; E-Mails: (D.S.); (V.Z.)
| | - Anna Sapone
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second University of Naples, Naples 80136, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-617-726-1450
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Junker Y, Zeissig S, Kim SJ, Barisani D, Wieser H, Leffler DA, Zevallos V, Libermann TA, Dillon S, Freitag TL, Kelly CP, Schuppan D. Wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors drive intestinal inflammation via activation of toll-like receptor 4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:2395-408. [PMID: 23209313 PMCID: PMC3526354 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20102660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pest resistance molecules, α-amylase/trypsin inhibitors from wheat, activate innate immune cells through engagement of TLR4 to elicit inflammatory responses in the intestine. Ingestion of wheat, barley, or rye triggers small intestinal inflammation in patients with celiac disease. Specifically, the storage proteins of these cereals (gluten) elicit an adaptive Th1-mediated immune response in individuals carrying HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 as major genetic predisposition. This well-defined role of adaptive immunity contrasts with an ill-defined component of innate immunity in celiac disease. We identify the α-amylase/trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) CM3 and 0.19, pest resistance molecules in wheat, as strong activators of innate immune responses in monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. ATIs engage the TLR4–MD2–CD14 complex and lead to up-regulation of maturation markers and elicit release of proinflammatory cytokines in cells from celiac and nonceliac patients and in celiac patients’ biopsies. Mice deficient in TLR4 or TLR4 signaling are protected from intestinal and systemic immune responses upon oral challenge with ATIs. These findings define cereal ATIs as novel contributors to celiac disease. Moreover, ATIs may fuel inflammation and immune reactions in other intestinal and nonintestinal immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Junker
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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