1
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Eisa NH, Crowley VM, Elahi A, Kommalapati VK, Serwetnyk MA, Llbiyi T, Lu S, Kainth K, Jilani Y, Marasco D, El Andaloussi A, Lee S, Tsai FT, Rodriguez PC, Munn D, Celis E, Korkaya H, Debbab A, Blagg B, Chadli A. Enniatin A inhibits the chaperone Hsp90 and unleashes the immune system against triple-negative breast cancer. iScience 2023; 26:108308. [PMID: 38025772 PMCID: PMC10663837 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Low response rates and immune-related adverse events limit the remarkable impact of cancer immunotherapy. To improve clinical outcomes, preclinical studies have shown that combining immunotherapies with N-terminal Hsp90 inhibitors resulted in improved efficacy, even though induction of an extensive heat shock response (HSR) and less than optimal dosing of these inhibitors limited their clinical efficacy as monotherapies. We discovered that the natural product Enniatin A (EnnA) targets Hsp90 and destabilizes its client oncoproteins without inducing an HSR. EnnA triggers immunogenic cell death in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) syngeneic mouse models and exhibits superior antitumor activity compared to Hsp90 N-terminal inhibitors. EnnA reprograms the tumor microenvironment (TME) to promote CD8+ T cell-dependent antitumor immunity by reducing PD-L1 levels and activating the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 pathway. These findings provide strong evidence for transforming the immunosuppressive TME into a more tumor-hostile milieu by engaging Hsp90 with therapeutic agents involving novel mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada H. Eisa
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Boulevard, CN-3329, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Vincent M. Crowley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Notre Dame, 305 McCourtney Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Asif Elahi
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Boulevard, CN-3329, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Vamsi Krishna Kommalapati
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Boulevard, CN-3329, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Michael A. Serwetnyk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Notre Dame, 305 McCourtney Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Taoufik Llbiyi
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Boulevard, CN-3329, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Sumin Lu
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Boulevard, CN-3329, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Kashish Kainth
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Boulevard, CN-3329, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yasmeen Jilani
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Boulevard, CN-3329, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Daniela Marasco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Abdeljabar El Andaloussi
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Boulevard, CN-3329, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Sukyeong Lee
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Francis T.F. Tsai
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Paulo C. Rodriguez
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - David Munn
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Boulevard, CN-3329, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Esteban Celis
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Boulevard, CN-3329, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Hasan Korkaya
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Boulevard, CN-3329, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Abdessamad Debbab
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Building 26.23, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Brian Blagg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Notre Dame, 305 McCourtney Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Ahmed Chadli
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Boulevard, CN-3329, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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2
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Serwetnyk M, Crowley VM, Brackett CM, Carter TR, Elahi A, Kommalapati VK, Chadli A, Blagg BSJ. Enniatin A Analogues as Novel Hsp90 Inhibitors that Modulate Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:1785-1790. [PMID: 38116437 PMCID: PMC10726464 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The 90 kilo-Dalton heat shock protein (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone that facilitates the maturation of nascent polypeptides into their biologically active conformation. Because many of the >400 known client protein substrates are implicated in the development/progression of cancer, it is hypothesized that Hsp90 inhibition will simultaneously shut down numerous oncogenic pathways. Unfortunately, most of the small molecule Hsp90 inhibitors that have undergone clinical evaluation thus far have failed due to various toxicities. Therefore, the disruption of Hsp90 protein-protein interactions with cochaperones and/or client substrates has been proposed as an alternative way to achieve Hsp90 inhibition without such adverse events. The hexadepsipeptide Enniatin A (EnnA) has recently been reported to be one such inhibitor that also manifests immunogenic activity. Herein, we report preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies to determine the structural features that confer this unprecedented activity for an Hsp90 inhibitor. Our studies find that EnnA's branching moieties are necessary for its activity, but some structural modifications are tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
A. Serwetnyk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug
Discovery and Development, The University
of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Vincent M. Crowley
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of
Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Christopher M. Brackett
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug
Discovery and Development, The University
of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Trever R. Carter
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug
Discovery and Development, The University
of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Asif Elahi
- Georgia
Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia
at Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, Georgia 30912, United States
| | - Vamsi Krishna Kommalapati
- Georgia
Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia
at Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, Georgia 30912, United States
| | - Ahmed Chadli
- Georgia
Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia
at Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, Georgia 30912, United States
| | - Brian S. J. Blagg
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug
Discovery and Development, The University
of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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3
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Merfeld T, Peng S, Keegan BM, Crowley VM, Brackett CM, Gutierrez A, McCann NR, Reynolds TS, Rhodes MC, Byrd KM, Deng J, Matts RL, Blagg BSJ. Elucidation of novel TRAP1-Selective inhibitors that regulate mitochondrial processes. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115531. [PMID: 37307624 PMCID: PMC10529355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hsp90 isoform-selective inhibitors represent a new paradigm for novel anti-cancer drugs as each of the four isoforms have specific cellular localization, function, and client proteins. The mitochondrial isoform, TRAP1, is the least understood member of the Hsp90 family due to the lack of small molecule tools to study its biological function. Herein, we report novel TRAP1-selective inhibitors used to interrogate TRAP1's biological function along with co-crystal structures of such compounds bound to the N-terminus of TRAP1. Solution of the co-crystal structure allowed for a structure-based approach that resulted in compound 36, which is a 40 nM inhibitor with >250-fold TRAP1 selectivity over Grp94, the isoform with the highest structural similarity to TRAP1 within the N-terminal ATP binding site. Lead compounds 35 and 36 were found to selectively induce TRAP1 client protein degradation without inducing the heat shock response or disrupting Hsp90-cytosolic clients. They were also shown to inhibit OXPHOS, alter cellular metabolism towards glycolysis, disrupt TRAP1 tetramer stability, and disrupt the mitochondrial membrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Merfeld
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Shuxia Peng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, NRC 246 Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Bradley M Keegan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Vincent M Crowley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Christopher M Brackett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Andrew Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Nathan R McCann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Tyelor S Reynolds
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Matthew C Rhodes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Katherine M Byrd
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Junpeng Deng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, NRC 246 Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Robert L Matts
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, NRC 246 Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Brian S J Blagg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
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4
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Eisa N, Crowley VM, Elahi A, Kommalapati VK, Korkaya H, Debbab A, Blagg B, Chadli A. Abstract 2272: Targeting the chaperone Hsp90 to activate the immune system and eradicate the triple negative breast cancer. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-2272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Low response rates and immune-related adverse events limit the impact of cancer immunotherapy. To improve clinical outcomes, preclinical studies have shown that combining immunotherapies with N-terminal Hsp90 inhibitors resulted in improved efficacy, even though induction of an extensive heat shock response (HSR) with these inhibitors limited their clinical efficacy as monotherapies. We discovered that Enniatin A (EnnA) binds to the interface between the middle domains of the Hsp90 dimer and destabilizes Hsp90 client oncoproteins without inducing an HSR. EnnA induces cancer cell immunogenic cell death in aggressive breast cancer models and exhibits superior anti-tumor activity compared to Hsp90 N-terminal inhibitors. EnnA reprograms the tumor microenvironment in syngeneic mouse models to promote CD8+ T cell-dependent anti-tumor activity mediated through a reduced level of PD-L1 and activation of CX3CR1 pathway. We propose that EnnA is a promising anti-tumor agent with a mechanism of action involving immunogenic cancer cell toxicity and mobilization of CD8+ T cells into the tumor site.
Citation Format: Nada Eisa, Vincent M. Crowley, Asif Elahi, Vamsi K. Kommalapati, Hasan Korkaya, Abdessamad Debbab, Brian Blagg, Ahmed Chadli. Targeting the chaperone Hsp90 to activate the immune system and eradicate the triple negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 2272.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Eisa
- 1Augusta University Medical Center, Augusta, GA
| | | | - Asif Elahi
- 1Augusta University Medical Center, Augusta, GA
| | | | | | | | - Brian Blagg
- 2The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
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5
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Crowley VM, Thielert M, Cravatt BF. Functionalized Scout Fragments for Site-Specific Covalent Ligand Discovery and Optimization. ACS Cent Sci 2021; 7:613-623. [PMID: 34056091 PMCID: PMC8155467 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Covalent ligands are a versatile class of chemical probes and drugs that can target noncanonical sites on proteins and display differentiated pharmacodynamic properties. Chemical proteomic methods have been introduced that leverage electrophilic fragments to globally profile the covalent ligandability of nucleophilic residues, such as cysteine and lysine, in native biological systems. Further optimization of these initial ligandability events without resorting to the time-consuming process of individualized protein purification and functional assay development, however, presents a persistent technical challenge. Here, we show that broadly reactive electrophilic fragments, or "scouts", can be converted into site-specific target engagement probes for screening small molecules against a wide array of proteins in convenient gel- and ELISA-based assay formats. We use these assays to expediently optimize a weak potency fragment hit into a sub-μM inhibitor that selectively engages an active-site cysteine in the retinaldehyde reductase AKR1B10. Our findings provide a road map to optimize covalent fragments into more advanced chemical probes without requiring protein purification or structural analysis.
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6
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Zhang X, Luukkonen LM, Eissler CL, Crowley VM, Yamashita Y, Schafroth MA, Kikuchi S, Weinstein DS, Symons KT, Nordin BE, Rodriguez JL, Wucherpfennig TG, Bauer LG, Dix MM, Stamos D, Kinsella TM, Simon GM, Baltgalvis KA, Cravatt BF. DCAF11 Supports Targeted Protein Degradation by Electrophilic Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5141-5149. [PMID: 33783207 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ligand-induced protein degradation has emerged as a compelling approach to promote the targeted elimination of proteins from cells by directing these proteins to the ubiquitin-proteasome machinery. So far, only a limited number of E3 ligases have been found to support ligand-induced protein degradation, reflecting a dearth of E3-binding compounds for proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) design. Here, we describe a functional screening strategy performed with a focused library of candidate electrophilic PROTACs to discover bifunctional compounds that degrade proteins in human cells by covalently engaging E3 ligases. Mechanistic studies revealed that the electrophilic PROTACs act through modifying specific cysteines in DCAF11, a poorly characterized E3 ligase substrate adaptor. We further show that DCAF11-directed electrophilic PROTACs can degrade multiple endogenous proteins, including FBKP12 and the androgen receptor, in human prostate cancer cells. Our findings designate DCAF11 as an E3 ligase capable of supporting ligand-induced protein degradation via electrophilic PROTACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- The Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92307, United States
| | - Lena M Luukkonen
- Vividion Therapeutics, 5820 Nancy Ridge Dr, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Christie L Eissler
- Vividion Therapeutics, 5820 Nancy Ridge Dr, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Vincent M Crowley
- The Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92307, United States
| | - Yu Yamashita
- The Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92307, United States.,Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Michael A Schafroth
- The Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92307, United States
| | - Shota Kikuchi
- Vividion Therapeutics, 5820 Nancy Ridge Dr, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - David S Weinstein
- Vividion Therapeutics, 5820 Nancy Ridge Dr, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kent T Symons
- Vividion Therapeutics, 5820 Nancy Ridge Dr, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Brian E Nordin
- Vividion Therapeutics, 5820 Nancy Ridge Dr, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Joe L Rodriguez
- Vividion Therapeutics, 5820 Nancy Ridge Dr, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Thomas G Wucherpfennig
- The Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92307, United States
| | - Ludwig G Bauer
- The Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92307, United States
| | - Melissa M Dix
- The Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92307, United States
| | - Dean Stamos
- Vividion Therapeutics, 5820 Nancy Ridge Dr, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Todd M Kinsella
- Vividion Therapeutics, 5820 Nancy Ridge Dr, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Gabriel M Simon
- Vividion Therapeutics, 5820 Nancy Ridge Dr, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kristen A Baltgalvis
- Vividion Therapeutics, 5820 Nancy Ridge Dr, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- The Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92307, United States
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7
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Litwin K, Crowley VM, Suciu RM, Boger DL, Cravatt BF. Chemical proteomic identification of functional cysteines with atypical electrophile reactivities. Tetrahedron Lett 2021; 67. [PMID: 33776155 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.152861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine-directed covalent ligands have emerged as a versatile category of chemical probes and drugs that leverage thiol nucleophilicity to form permanent adducts with proteins of interest. Understanding the scope of cysteines that can be targeted by covalent ligands, as well as the types of electrophiles that engage these residues, represent important challenges for fully realizing the potential of cysteine-directed chemical probe discovery. Although chemical proteomic strategies have begun to address these important questions, only a limited number of electrophilic chemotypes have been explored to date. Here, we describe a diverse set of candidate electrophiles appended to a common core 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline fragment and evaluate their global cysteine reactivity profiles in human cancer cell proteomes. This work uncovered atypical reactivity patterns for a discrete set of cysteines, including residues involved in enzymatic catalysis and located in proximity to protein-protein interactions. These findings thus point to potentially preferred electrophilic groups for site-selectively targeting functional cysteines in the human proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Litwin
- The Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92307, United States
| | - Vincent M Crowley
- The Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92307, United States
| | - Radu M Suciu
- The Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92307, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- The Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92307, United States
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- The Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92307, United States
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8
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Vinogradova EV, Zhang X, Remillard D, Lazar DC, Suciu RM, Wang Y, Bianco G, Yamashita Y, Crowley VM, Schafroth MA, Yokoyama M, Konrad DB, Lum KM, Simon GM, Kemper EK, Lazear MR, Yin S, Blewett MM, Dix MM, Nguyen N, Shokhirev MN, Chin EN, Lairson LL, Melillo B, Schreiber SL, Forli S, Teijaro JR, Cravatt BF. An Activity-Guided Map of Electrophile-Cysteine Interactions in Primary Human T Cells. Cell 2020; 182:1009-1026.e29. [PMID: 32730809 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrophilic compounds originating from nature or chemical synthesis have profound effects on immune cells. These compounds are thought to act by cysteine modification to alter the functions of immune-relevant proteins; however, our understanding of electrophile-sensitive cysteines in the human immune proteome remains limited. Here, we present a global map of cysteines in primary human T cells that are susceptible to covalent modification by electrophilic small molecules. More than 3,000 covalently liganded cysteines were found on functionally and structurally diverse proteins, including many that play fundamental roles in immunology. We further show that electrophilic compounds can impair T cell activation by distinct mechanisms involving the direct functional perturbation and/or degradation of proteins. Our findings reveal a rich content of ligandable cysteines in human T cells and point to electrophilic small molecules as a fertile source for chemical probes and ultimately therapeutics that modulate immunological processes and their associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David Remillard
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniel C Lazar
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Radu M Suciu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Giulia Bianco
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yu Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0192, Japan
| | - Vincent M Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael A Schafroth
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Minoru Yokoyama
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David B Konrad
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kenneth M Lum
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gabriel M Simon
- Vividion Therapeutics, 5820 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Esther K Kemper
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael R Lazear
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sifei Yin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Megan M Blewett
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Melissa M Dix
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nhan Nguyen
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maxim N Shokhirev
- Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Emily N Chin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Luke L Lairson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bruno Melillo
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Stefano Forli
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John R Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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9
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Senkane K, Vinogradova EV, Suciu RM, Crowley VM, Zaro BW, Bradshaw JM, Brameld KA, Cravatt BF. The Proteome‐Wide Potential for Reversible Covalency at Cysteine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Senkane
- Department of ChemistryThe Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | | | - Radu M. Suciu
- Department of ChemistryThe Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Vincent M. Crowley
- Department of ChemistryThe Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Balyn W. Zaro
- Department of ChemistryThe Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | | | - Ken A. Brameld
- Principia Biopharma 220 E. Grand Avenue South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
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10
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Senkane K, Vinogradova EV, Suciu RM, Crowley VM, Zaro BW, Bradshaw JM, Brameld KA, Cravatt BF. The Proteome-Wide Potential for Reversible Covalency at Cysteine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11385-11389. [PMID: 31222866 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Reversible covalency, achieved with, for instance, highly electron-deficient olefins, offers a compelling strategy to design chemical probes and drugs that benefit from the sustained target engagement afforded by irreversible compounds, while avoiding permanent protein modification. Reversible covalency has mainly been evaluated for cysteine residues in individual kinases and the broader potential for this strategy to engage cysteines across the proteome remains unexplored. Herein, we describe a mass-spectrometry-based platform that integrates gel filtration with activity-based protein profiling to assess cysteine residues across the human proteome for both irreversible and reversible interactions with small-molecule electrophiles. Using this method, we identify numerous cysteine residues from diverse protein classes that are reversibly engaged by cyanoacrylamide fragment electrophiles, revealing the broad potential for reversible covalency as a strategy for chemical-probe discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Senkane
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | - Radu M Suciu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Vincent M Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Balyn W Zaro
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - J Michael Bradshaw
- Principia Biopharma, 220 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Ken A Brameld
- Principia Biopharma, 220 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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11
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Huard DJE, Crowley VM, Du Y, Cordova RA, Sun Z, Tomlin MO, Dickey CA, Koren J, Blair L, Fu H, Blagg BSJ, Lieberman RL. Trifunctional High-Throughput Screen Identifies Promising Scaffold To Inhibit Grp94 and Treat Myocilin-Associated Glaucoma. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:933-941. [PMID: 29402077 PMCID: PMC6195314 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations within the olfactomedin (OLF) domain of myocilin result in its toxic intracellular accumulation and hasten the onset of open-angle glaucoma. The absence of myocilin does not cause disease; therefore, strategies aimed at eliminating myocilin could lead to a successful glaucoma treatment. The endoplasmic reticulum Hsp90 paralog Grp94 accelerates OLF aggregation. Knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of Grp94 in cells facilitates clearance of mutant myocilin via a non-proteasomal pathway. Here, we expanded our support for targeting Grp94 over cytosolic paralogs Hsp90α and Hsp90β. We then developed a high-throughput screening assay to identify new chemical matter capable of disrupting the Grp94/OLF interaction. When applied to a blind, focused library of 17 Hsp90 inhibitors, our miniaturized single-read in vitro thioflavin T -based kinetics aggregation assay exclusively identified compounds that target the chaperone N-terminal nucleotide binding site. In follow up studies, one compound (2) decreased the extent of co-aggregation of Grp94 with OLF in a dose-dependent manner in vitro, and enabled clearance of the aggregation-prone full-length myocilin variant I477N in cells without inducing the heat shock response or causing cytotoxicity. Comparison of the co-crystal structure of compound 2 and another non-selective hit in complex with the N-terminal domain of Grp94 reveals a docking mode tailored to Grp94 and explains its selectivity. A new lead compound has been identified, supporting a targeted chemical biology assay approach to develop a protein degradation-based therapy for myocilin-associated glaucoma by selectively inhibiting Grp94.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincent M. Crowley
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Department of Pharmacology, Emory University
| | - Yuhong Du
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas
| | - Ricardo A. Cordova
- Byrd Alzheimer Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida
| | - Zheying Sun
- Byrd Alzheimer Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida
| | - Moya O. Tomlin
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology
| | - Chad A. Dickey
- Byrd Alzheimer Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida
| | - John Koren
- Byrd Alzheimer Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida
| | - Laura Blair
- Byrd Alzheimer Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas
| | - Brian S. J. Blagg
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Department of Pharmacology, Emory University
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Notre Dame
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12
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Que NLS, Crowley VM, Duerfeldt AS, Zhao J, Kent CN, Blagg BSJ, Gewirth DT. Structure Based Design of a Grp94-Selective Inhibitor: Exploiting a Key Residue in Grp94 To Optimize Paralog-Selective Binding. J Med Chem 2018. [PMID: 29528635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Grp94 and Hsp90, the ER and cytoplasmic hsp90 paralogs, share a conserved ATP-binding pocket that has been targeted for therapeutics. Paralog-selective inhibitors may lead to drugs with fewer side effects. Here, we analyzed 1 (BnIm), a benzyl imidazole resorcinylic inhibitor, for its mode of binding. The structures of 1 bound to Hsp90 and Grp94 reveal large conformational changes in Grp94 but not Hsp90 that expose site 2, a binding pocket adjacent to the central ATP cavity that is ordinarily blocked. The Grp94:1 structure reveals a flipped pose of the resorcinylic scaffold that inserts into the exposed site 2. We exploited this flipped binding pose to develop a Grp94-selective derivative of 1. Our structural analysis shows that the ability of the ligand to insert its benzyl imidazole substituent into site 1, a different side pocket off the ATP binding cavity, is the key to exposing site 2 in Grp94.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanette L S Que
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute , Buffalo , New York 14203 , United States
| | - Vincent M Crowley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , The University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | - Adam S Duerfeldt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , The University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | - Jinbo Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , The University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | - Caitlin N Kent
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
| | - Brian S J Blagg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
| | - Daniel T Gewirth
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute , Buffalo , New York 14203 , United States.,Department of Structural Biology , University at Buffalo , Buffalo , New York 14203 , United States
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13
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Stothert AR, Suntharalingam A, Tang X, Crowley VM, Mishra SJ, Webster JM, Nordhues BA, Huard DJE, Passaglia CL, Lieberman RL, Blagg BSJ, Blair LJ, Koren J, Dickey CA. Isoform-selective Hsp90 inhibition rescues model of hereditary open-angle glaucoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17951. [PMID: 29263415 PMCID: PMC5738387 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) family of molecular chaperones regulates protein homeostasis, folding, and degradation. The ER-resident Hsp90 isoform, glucose-regulated protein 94 (Grp94), promotes the aggregation of mutant forms of myocilin, a protein associated with primary open-angle glaucoma. While inhibition of Grp94 promotes the degradation of mutant myocilin in vitro, to date no Grp94-selective inhibitors have been investigated in vivo. Here, a Grp94-selective inhibitor facilitated mutant myocilin degradation and rescued phenotypes in a transgenic mouse model of hereditary primary open-angle glaucoma. Ocular toxicities previously associated with pan-Hsp90 inhibitors were not evident with our Grp94-selective inhibitor, 4-Br-BnIm. Our study suggests that selective inhibition of a distinct Hsp90 family member holds translational promise for ocular and other diseases associated with cell stress and protein misfolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Stothert
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Amirthaa Suntharalingam
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Xiaolan Tang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.,Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Vincent M Crowley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Sanket J Mishra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Jack M Webster
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Bryce A Nordhues
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Dustin J E Huard
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Christopher L Passaglia
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Raquel L Lieberman
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Brian S J Blagg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Laura J Blair
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.
| | - John Koren
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.
| | - Chad A Dickey
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
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14
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Abstract
Glucose regulated protein 94 (Grp94) is the endoplasmic reticulum resident of the 90 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp90) family and represents a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of several diseases. Grp94 is the most unique member of the 90 kDa heat shock protein family due to a five amino acid insertion into its primary sequence, which creates hydrophobic subpockets exclusive to Grp94 that can be utilized for selective inhibition. The first resorcinol-based Grp94-selective inhibitor to take advantage of the hydrophobic S2 subpocket has been developed and shown to manifest low nanomolar affinity and ∼10-fold selectivity for Grp94. Furthermore, these Grp94-selective inhibitors manifest low micromolar GI50 values against multiple myeloma cells, supporting Grp94 as an emerging target for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Khandelwal
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall
Drive, Malott Hall 4070, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Vincent M. Crowley
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall
Drive, Malott Hall 4070, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Brian S. J. Blagg
- Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 305 McCourtney Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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15
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Crowley VM, Huard DJE, Lieberman RL, Blagg BSJ. Second Generation Grp94-Selective Inhibitors Provide Opportunities for the Inhibition of Metastatic Cancer. Chemistry 2017; 23:15775-15782. [PMID: 28857290 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glucose regulated protein 94 (Grp94) is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident isoform of the 90 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp90) family and its inhibition represents a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of many diseases. Modification of the first generation cis-amide bioisostere imidazole to alter the angle between the resorcinol ring and the benzyl side chain via cis-amide replacements produced compounds with improved Grp94 affinity and selectivity. Structure-activity relationship studies led to the discovery of compound 30, which exhibits 540 nm affinity and 73-fold selectivity towards Grp94. Grp94 is responsible for the maturation and trafficking of proteins associated with cell signaling and motility, including select integrins. The Grp94-selective inhibitor 30 was shown to exhibit potent anti-migratory effects against multiple aggressive and metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent M Crowley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr. Malott 4070, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Dustin J E Huard
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Raquel L Lieberman
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Brian S J Blagg
- Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 305 McCourtney Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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16
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Crowley VM, Khandelwal A, Mishra S, Stothert AR, Huard DJE, Zhao J, Muth A, Duerfeldt AS, Kizziah JL, Lieberman RL, Dickey CA, Blagg BSJ. Development of Glucose Regulated Protein 94-Selective Inhibitors Based on the BnIm and Radamide Scaffold. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3471-88. [PMID: 27003516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucose regulated protein 94 (Grp94) is the endoplasmic reticulum resident of the heat shock protein 90 kDa (Hsp90) family of molecular chaperones. Grp94 associates with many proteins involved in cell adhesion and signaling, including integrins, Toll-like receptors, immunoglobulins, and mutant myocilin. Grp94 has been implicated as a target for several therapeutic areas including glaucoma, cancer metastasis, and multiple myeloma. While 85% identical to other Hsp90 isoforms, the N-terminal ATP-binding site of Grp94 possesses a unique hydrophobic pocket that was used to design isoform-selective inhibitors. Incorporation of a cis-amide bioisostere into the radamide scaffold led to development of the original Grp94-selective inhibitor, BnIm. Structure-activity relationship studies have now been performed on the aryl side chain of BnIm, which resulted in improved analogues that exhibit better potency and selectivity for Grp94. These analogues also manifest superior antimigratory activity in a metastasis model as well as enhanced mutant myocilin degradation in a glaucoma model compared to BnIm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent M Crowley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 4070, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7563, United States
| | - Anuj Khandelwal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 4070, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7563, United States
| | - Sanket Mishra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 4070, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7563, United States
| | - Andrew R Stothert
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida 33613, United States
| | - Dustin J E Huard
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332 United States
| | - Jinbo Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 4070, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7563, United States
| | - Aaron Muth
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 4070, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7563, United States
| | - Adam S Duerfeldt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 4070, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7563, United States
| | - James L Kizziah
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332 United States
| | - Raquel L Lieberman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332 United States
| | - Chad A Dickey
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida 33613, United States
| | - Brian S J Blagg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 4070, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7563, United States
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17
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Khandelwal A, Crowley VM, Blagg BSJ. Natural Product Inspired N-Terminal Hsp90 Inhibitors: From Bench to Bedside? Med Res Rev 2015; 36:92-118. [PMID: 26010985 DOI: 10.1002/med.21351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The 90 kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp90) are responsible for the conformational maturation of nascent polypeptides and the rematuration of denatured proteins. Proteins dependent upon Hsp90 are associated with all six hallmarks of cancer. Upon Hsp90 inhibition, protein substrates are degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Consequentially, inhibition of Hsp90 offers a therapeutic opportunity for the treatment of cancer. Natural product inhibitors of Hsp90 have been identified in vitro, which have served as leads for the development of more efficacious inhibitors and analogs that have entered clinical trials. This review highlights the development of natural product analogs, as well as the development of clinically important inhibitors that arose from natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Khandelwal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, 4070 Malott Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Vincent M Crowley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, 4070 Malott Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Brian S J Blagg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, 4070 Malott Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045
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18
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Stothert AR, Suntharalingam A, Huard DJE, Fontaine SN, Crowley VM, Mishra S, Blagg BSJ, Lieberman RL, Dickey CA. Exploiting the interaction between Grp94 and aggregated myocilin to treat glaucoma. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6470-80. [PMID: 25027323 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in the olfactomedin domain of the MYOC gene facilitate the toxic accumulation of amyloid-containing myocilin aggregates, hastening the onset of the prevalent ocular disorder primary open-angle glaucoma. Aggregation of wild-type myocilin has been reported in other glaucoma subtypes, suggesting broader relevance of misfolded myocilin across the disease spectrum, but the absence of myocilin does not cause disease. Thus, strategies aimed at eliminating myocilin could be therapeutically relevant for glaucoma. Here, a novel and selective Grp94 inhibitor reduced the levels of several mutant myocilin proteins as well as wild-type myocilin when forced to misfold in cells. This inhibitor rescued mutant myocilin toxicity in primary human trabecular meshwork cells. Mechanistically, in vitro kinetics studies demonstrate that Grp94 recognizes on-pathway aggregates of the myocilin olfactomedin domain (myoc-OLF), accelerates rates of aggregation and co-precipitates with myoc-OLF. These results indicate that aberrant myocilin quaternary structure drives Grp94 recognition, rather than peptide motifs exposed by unfolded protein. Inhibition of Grp94 ameliorates the effects of Grp94-accelerated myoc-OLF aggregation, and Grp94 remains in solution. In cells, when wild-type myocilin is driven to misfold and aggregate, it becomes a client of Grp94 and sensitive to Grp94 inhibition. Taken together, the interaction of Grp94 with myocilin aggregates can be manipulated by cellular environment and genetics; this process can be exploited with Grp94 inhibitors to promote the clearance of toxic forms of myocilin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Stothert
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - Amirthaa Suntharalingam
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - Dustin J E Huard
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA and
| | - Sarah N Fontaine
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - Vincent M Crowley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA
| | - Sanket Mishra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA
| | - Brian S J Blagg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA
| | - Raquel L Lieberman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA and
| | - Chad A Dickey
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA,
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19
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Smith DD, Gallagher AT, Crowley VM, Gergens WM, Abel PW, Hulce M. An Efficient Synthesis of 4(5)-Benzyl-L-Histidines Employing Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenolysis at Elevated Temperatures. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2013; 46:515-521. [PMID: 29097824 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1340462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
An efficient two-step synthesis of 4(5)-benzyl-L-histidine from L-histidine was developed. A Pictet-Spengler reaction between L-histidine and benzaldehyde in the presence of excess strong base yielded 4-phenylspinacine within one hour. Catalytic transfer hydrogenolysis in methanol at reflux using ammonium formate rapidly converted 4-L-phenylspinacine to 4(5)-benzyl-L-histidine within five minutes. No racemization of the final product 4(5)-benzyl-L-histidine was observed using the Marfey reagent. To show the utility of this methodology, a series of fluorinated benzylhistidines is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- D David Smith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, U.S.A
| | - Audrey T Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, U.S.A
| | - Vincent M Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, U.S.A
| | - Wayne M Gergens
- Department of Chemistry, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, U.S.A
| | - Peter W Abel
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, U.S.A
| | - Martin Hulce
- Department of Chemistry, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, U.S.A
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