1
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Silva JG, Pais Ferreira D, Dumez A, Wyss T, Veber R, Danilo M, Pinschewer DD, Charmoy M, Held W. Emergence and fate of stem cell-like Tcf7+ CD8 + T cells during a primary immune response to viral infection. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadh3113. [PMID: 37976346 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adh3113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
In response to infection, naïve CD8+ T (TN) cells yield a large pool of short-lived terminal effector (TTE) cells that eliminate infected host cells. In parallel, a minor population of stem cell-like central memory (TCM) cells forms, which has the capacity to maintain immunity after pathogen clearance. It has remained uncertain whether stem-like TCM cells arise by dedifferentiation from a subset of cytolytic TTE cells or whether priming generates stem-like cells capable of seeding the TCM compartment and, if so, when cytolytic TTE cells branch off. Here, we show that CD8+ T cells with stem-like properties, which are identified by the expression of TCF1 (encoded by Tcf7), are present across the primary response to infection. Priming programs TN cells to undergo multiple cell divisions, over the course of which TCF1 expression is maintained. These TCF1+ cells further expand relatively independently of systemic inflammation, antigen dose, or affinity, and they quantitatively yield TCF1+ TCM cells after pathogen clearance. Inflammatory signals suppress TCF1 expression in early divided TCF1+ cells. TCF1 down-regulation is associated with the irreversible loss of self-renewal capacity and the silencing of stem/memory genes, which precedes the stable acquisition of a TTE state. TCF1 expression restrains cell cycling, explaining in part the limited expansion of TCF1+ relative to TCF1- cells during the primary response. Thus, our data are consistent with terminal differentiation of effector cells being a step-wise process that is initiated by inflammation in primed stem-like cells, which would otherwise become central memory cells by default.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Gomes Silva
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Alexandre Dumez
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tania Wyss
- Translational Data Science Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Romain Veber
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Danilo
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mélanie Charmoy
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Werner Held
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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2
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Tillé L, Cropp D, Charmoy M, Reichenbach P, Andreatta M, Wyss T, Bodley G, Crespo I, Nassiri S, Lourenco J, Leblond MM, Lopez-Rodriguez C, Speiser DE, Coukos G, Irving M, Carmona SJ, Held W, Verdeil G. Activation of the transcription factor NFAT5 in the tumor microenvironment enforces CD8 + T cell exhaustion. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1645-1653. [PMID: 37709986 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01614-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Persistent exposure to antigen during chronic infection or cancer renders T cells dysfunctional. The molecular mechanisms regulating this state of exhaustion are thought to be common in infection and cancer, despite obvious differences in their microenvironments. Here we found that NFAT5, an NFAT family transcription factor that lacks an AP-1 docking site, was highly expressed in exhausted CD8+ T cells in the context of chronic infections and tumors but was selectively required in tumor-induced CD8+ T cell exhaustion. Overexpression of NFAT5 in CD8+ T cells reduced tumor control, while deletion of NFAT5 improved tumor control by promoting the accumulation of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells that had reduced expression of the exhaustion-associated proteins TOX and PD-1 and produced more cytokines, such as IFNɣ and TNF, than cells with wild-type levels of NFAT5, specifically in the precursor exhausted PD-1+TCF1+TIM-3-CD8+ T cell population. NFAT5 did not promote T cell exhaustion during chronic infection with clone 13 of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Expression of NFAT5 was induced by TCR triggering, but its transcriptional activity was specific to the tumor microenvironment and required hyperosmolarity. Thus, NFAT5 promoted the exhaustion of CD8+ T cells in a tumor-selective fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Tillé
- Department of Oncology, UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Cropp
- Department of Oncology, UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mélanie Charmoy
- Department of Oncology, UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Reichenbach
- Department of Oncology, UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Andreatta
- Department of Oncology, UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tania Wyss
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabrielle Bodley
- Department of Oncology, UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Isaac Crespo
- Department of Oncology, UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sina Nassiri
- Department of Oncology, UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joao Lourenco
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marine M Leblond
- Department of Oncology, UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Lopez-Rodriguez
- Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Department of Oncology, UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Department of Oncology, UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melita Irving
- Department of Oncology, UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Santiago J Carmona
- Department of Oncology, UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Werner Held
- Department of Oncology, UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégory Verdeil
- Department of Oncology, UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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3
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Girotra M, Chiang YH, Charmoy M, Ginefra P, Hope HC, Bataclan C, Yu YR, Schyrr F, Franco F, Geiger H, Cherix S, Ho PC, Naveiras O, Auwerx J, Held W, Vannini N. Induction of mitochondrial recycling reverts age-associated decline of the hematopoietic and immune systems. Nat Aging 2023; 3:1057-1066. [PMID: 37653255 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-023-00473-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Aging compromises hematopoietic and immune system functions, making older adults especially susceptible to hematopoietic failure, infections and tumor development, and thus representing an important medical target for a broad range of diseases. During aging, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) lose their blood reconstitution capability and commit preferentially toward the myeloid lineage (myeloid bias)1,2. These processes are accompanied by an aberrant accumulation of mitochondria in HSCs3. The administration of the mitochondrial modulator urolithin A corrects mitochondrial function in HSCs and completely restores the blood reconstitution capability of 'old' HSCs. Moreover, urolithin A-supplemented food restores lymphoid compartments, boosts HSC function and improves the immune response against viral infection in old mice. Altogether our results demonstrate that boosting mitochondrial recycling reverts the aging phenotype in the hematopoietic and immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Girotra
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Yi-Hsuan Chiang
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Charmoy
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Pierpaolo Ginefra
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Helen Carrasco Hope
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Charles Bataclan
- Laboratory of Regenerative Hematopoiesis, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne and ISREC, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yi-Ru Yu
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Frederica Schyrr
- Laboratory of Regenerative Hematopoiesis, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne and ISREC, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Franco
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Hartmut Geiger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephane Cherix
- Orthopedic and Traumatology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Olaia Naveiras
- Laboratory of Regenerative Hematopoiesis, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne and ISREC, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Hematology Service, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Werner Held
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Vannini
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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4
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Wilson A, Ferrero I, Speiser DE, Held W, Romero P. Hugh Robson MacDonald (1946-2023). Immunity 2023; 56:893-894. [PMID: 37163986 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Wilson
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel E Speiser
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Werner Held
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Romero
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland; Novigenix, Epalinges, Switzerland
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5
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Sacirbegovic F, Günther M, Greco A, Zhao D, Wang X, Zhou M, Rosenberger S, Oberbarnscheidt MH, Held W, McNiff J, Jain D, Höfer T, Shlomchik WD. Graft-versus-host disease is locally maintained in target tissues by resident progenitor-like T cells. Immunity 2023; 56:369-385.e6. [PMID: 36720219 PMCID: PMC10182785 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, donor αβ T cells attack recipient tissues, causing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a major cause of morbidity and mortality. A central question has been how GVHD is sustained despite T cell exhaustion from chronic antigen stimulation. The current model for GVHD holds that disease is maintained through the continued recruitment of alloreactive effectors from blood into affected tissues. Here, we show, using multiple approaches including parabiosis of mice with GVHD, that GVHD is instead primarily maintained locally within diseased tissues. By tracking 1,203 alloreactive T cell clones, we fitted a mathematical model predicting that within each tissue a small number of progenitor T cells maintain a larger effector pool. Consistent with this, we identified a tissue-resident TCF-1+ subpopulation that preferentially engrafted, expanded, and differentiated into effectors upon adoptive transfer. These results suggest that therapies targeting affected tissues and progenitor T cells within them would be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruk Sacirbegovic
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Matthias Günther
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; BioQuant Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alessandro Greco
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; BioQuant Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daqiang Zhao
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xi Wang
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; BioQuant Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Meng Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sarah Rosenberger
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Martin H Oberbarnscheidt
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Werner Held
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer McNiff
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dhanpat Jain
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Thomas Höfer
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; BioQuant Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Warren D Shlomchik
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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6
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Marx AF, Kallert SM, Brunner TM, Villegas JA, Geier F, Fixemer J, Abreu-Mota T, Reuther P, Bonilla WV, Fadejeva J, Kreutzfeldt M, Wagner I, Aparicio-Domingo P, Scarpellino L, Charmoy M, Utzschneider DT, Hagedorn C, Lu M, Cornille K, Stauffer K, Kreppel F, Merkler D, Zehn D, Held W, Luther SA, Löhning M, Pinschewer DD. The alarmin interleukin-33 promotes the expansion and preserves the stemness of Tcf-1 + CD8 + T cells in chronic viral infection. Immunity 2023; 56:813-828.e10. [PMID: 36809763 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
T cell factor 1 (Tcf-1) expressing CD8+ T cells exhibit stem-like self-renewing capacity, rendering them key for immune defense against chronic viral infection and cancer. Yet, the signals that promote the formation and maintenance of these stem-like CD8+ T cells (CD8+SL) remain poorly defined. Studying CD8+ T cell differentiation in mice with chronic viral infection, we identified the alarmin interleukin-33 (IL-33) as pivotal for the expansion and stem-like functioning of CD8+SL as well as for virus control. IL-33 receptor (ST2)-deficient CD8+ T cells exhibited biased end differentiation and premature loss of Tcf-1. ST2-deficient CD8+SL responses were restored by blockade of type I interferon signaling, suggesting that IL-33 balances IFN-I effects to control CD8+SL formation in chronic infection. IL-33 signals broadly augmented chromatin accessibility in CD8+SL and determined these cells' re-expansion potential. Our study identifies the IL-33-ST2 axis as an important CD8+SL-promoting pathway in the context of chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Friederike Marx
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Sandra M Kallert
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias M Brunner
- Experimental Immunology and Osteoarthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - José A Villegas
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Florian Geier
- Department of Biomedicine, Bioinformatics Core Facility, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Fixemer
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tiago Abreu-Mota
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Reuther
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Weldy V Bonilla
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jelizaveta Fadejeva
- Experimental Immunology and Osteoarthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Leo Scarpellino
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mélanie Charmoy
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Daniel T Utzschneider
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Claudia Hagedorn
- Witten/Herdecke University (UW/H), Faculty of Health/School of Medicine, Stockumer Str. 10, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karen Cornille
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karsten Stauffer
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Kreppel
- Witten/Herdecke University (UW/H), Faculty of Health/School of Medicine, Stockumer Str. 10, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Werner Held
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Sanjiv A Luther
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Max Löhning
- Experimental Immunology and Osteoarthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
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7
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Abstract
Tumor-infiltrated T cells with stem-cell-like properties are important for determining the immunotherapy response. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Asrir and colleagues show that their entry requires specialized tumor-associated endothelial cells that resemble immature and inflamed lymph node vessels and that immunotherapy enhances the recruitment capacity of these endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Held
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Sanjiv A Luther
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Charmoy M, Wyss T, Delorenzi M, Held W. PD-1 + Tcf1 + CD8 + T cells from established chronic infection can form memory while retaining a stableimprint of persistent antigen exposure. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109672. [PMID: 34496259 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-specific PD1+ Tcf1+ memory-like CD8+ T cells (TMLs) maintain the CD8+ T cell response during chronic viral infection. However, the fate of these cells following cessation of persistent antigen exposure has been unclear. Here, we find that TMLs persist upon transfer into antigen-free hosts and form memory following recall stimulation. Phenotypic, functional, and transcriptome analyses show that TML-derived memory cells resemble those arising in response to acute, resolved infection, but they retain features of chronically stimulated cells, including elevated PD-1 and Tox and reduced cytokine expression. This chronic infection imprint is largely accounted for by constitutive Tox expression. Virus-specific Tcf1+ CD8+ T cells that persist after clearance of systemic infection also display a chronic infection imprint. Notwithstanding, renewed virus exposure induces a recall response, which controls virus infection in part. Thus, cessation of chronic antigen exposure yields a memory CD8+ T cell compartment that reflects prior stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Charmoy
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tania Wyss
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Core Facility, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Core Facility, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Werner Held
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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9
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Abstract
Adoptive cell immunotherapy using in vitro expanded autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes has the potential to mediate durable remission of certain types of cancer. A recent paper in Science shows that complete and durable control of metastatic melanoma requires the infusion of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells that have stem-cell-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Held
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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10
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Pais Ferreira D, Silva JG, Wyss T, Fuertes Marraco SA, Scarpellino L, Charmoy M, Maas R, Siddiqui I, Tang L, Joyce JA, Delorenzi M, Luther SA, Speiser DE, Held W. Central memory CD8+ T cells derive from stem-like Tcf7hi effector cells in the absence of cytotoxic differentiation. Immunity 2020; 53:985-1000.e11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Held W, Siddiqui I, Schaeuble K, Speiser DE. Intratumoral CD8 + T cells with stem cell-like properties: Implications for cancer immunotherapy. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/515/eaay6863. [PMID: 31645454 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay6863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intratumoral PD-1+ TCF1+ CD8+ T cells with stem cell-like properties mediate cellular expansion and tumor control in response to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Held
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, CH-1066 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Imran Siddiqui
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, CH-1066 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karin Schaeuble
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, CH-1066 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, CH-1066 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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12
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Carmona SJ, Siddiqui I, Bilous M, Held W, Gfeller D. Deciphering the transcriptomic landscape of tumor-infiltrating CD8 lymphocytes in B16 melanoma tumors with single-cell RNA-Seq. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1737369. [PMID: 32313720 PMCID: PMC7153840 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1737369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have proposed that tumor-specific tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T lymphocytes (CD8 TIL) can be classified into two main groups: "exhausted" TILs, characterized by high expression of the inhibitory receptors PD-1 and TIM-3 and lack of transcription factor 1 (Tcf1); and "memory-like" TILs, with self-renewal capacity and co-expressing Tcf1 and PD-1. However, a comprehensive definition of the heterogeneity existing within CD8 TILs has yet to be clearly established. To investigate this heterogeneity at the transcriptomic level, we performed paired single-cell RNA and TCR sequencing of CD8 T cells infiltrating B16 murine melanoma tumors, including cells of known tumor specificity. Unsupervised clustering and gene-signature analysis revealed four distinct CD8 TIL states - exhausted, memory-like, naïve and effector memory-like (EM-like) - and predicted novel markers, including Ly6C for the EM-like cells, that were validated by flow cytometry. Tumor-specific PMEL T cells were predominantly found within the exhausted and memory-like states but also within the EM-like state. Further, T cell receptor sequencing revealed a large clonal expansion of exhausted, memory-like and EM-like cells with partial clonal relatedness between them. Finally, meta-analyses of public bulk and single-cell RNA-seq data suggested that anti-PD-1 treatment induces the expansion of EM-like cells. Our reference map of the transcriptomic landscape of murine CD8 TILs will help interpreting future bulk and single-cell transcriptomic studies and may guide the analysis of CD8IL subpopulations in response to therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago J Carmona
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Imran Siddiqui
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mariia Bilous
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Werner Held
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - David Gfeller
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
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13
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Luong-Gardiol N, Siddiqui I, Pizzitola I, Jeevan-Raj B, Charmoy M, Huang Y, Irmisch A, Curtet S, Angelov GS, Danilo M, Juilland M, Bornhauser B, Thome M, Hantschel O, Chalandon Y, Cazzaniga G, Bourquin JP, Huelsken J, Held W. γ-Catenin-Dependent Signals Maintain BCR-ABL1 + B Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cancer Cell 2019; 35:649-663.e10. [PMID: 30991025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The BCR-ABL1 fusion protein is the cause of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and of a significant fraction of adult-onset B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) cases. Using mouse models and patient-derived samples, we identified an essential role for γ-catenin in the initiation and maintenance of BCR-ABL1+ B-ALL but not CML. The selectivity was explained by a partial γ-catenin dependence of MYC expression together with the susceptibility of B-ALL, but not CML, to reduced MYC levels. MYC and γ-catenin enabled B-ALL maintenance by augmenting BIRC5 and enforced BIRC5 expression overcame γ-catenin loss. Since γ-catenin was dispensable for normal hematopoiesis, these lineage- and disease-specific features of canonical Wnt signaling identified a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of BCR-ABL1+ B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemie Luong-Gardiol
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Imran Siddiqui
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Irene Pizzitola
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Beena Jeevan-Raj
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mélanie Charmoy
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Yun Huang
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Irmisch
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Federal University of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sara Curtet
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Georgi S Angelov
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Danilo
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mélanie Juilland
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Beat Bornhauser
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Margot Thome
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Hantschel
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Federal University of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yves Chalandon
- Service d'Hématologie, Hôpitaux Universitaire de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gianni Cazzaniga
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Pediatric Clinic University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Jean-Pierre Bourquin
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Huelsken
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Federal University of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Werner Held
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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14
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Niogret C, Miah SMS, Rota G, Fonta NP, Wang H, Held W, Birchmeier W, Sexl V, Yang W, Vivier E, Ho PC, Brossay L, Guarda G. Shp-2 is critical for ERK and metabolic engagement downstream of IL-15 receptor in NK cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1444. [PMID: 30926899 PMCID: PMC6441079 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatase Shp-2 was implicated in NK cell development and functions due to its interaction with NK inhibitory receptors, but its exact role in NK cells is still unclear. Here we show, using mice conditionally deficient for Shp-2 in the NK lineage, that NK cell development and responsiveness are largely unaffected. Instead, we find that Shp-2 serves mainly to enforce NK cell responses to activation by IL-15 and IL-2. Shp-2-deficient NK cells have reduced proliferation and survival when treated with high dose IL-15 or IL-2. Mechanistically, Shp-2 deficiency hampers acute IL-15 stimulation-induced raise in glycolytic and respiration rates, and causes a dramatic defect in ERK activation. Moreover, inhibition of the ERK and mTOR cascades largely phenocopies the defect observed in the absence of Shp-2. Together, our data reveal a critical function of Shp-2 as a molecular nexus bridging acute IL-15 signaling with downstream metabolic burst and NK cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Niogret
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - S M Shahjahan Miah
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Giorgia Rota
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas P Fonta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Haiping Wang
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Werner Held
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Walter Birchmeier
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Society, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Veronica Sexl
- Department for Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wentian Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University Alpert Medical School, 1 Hoppin Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Eric Vivier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, France.,Service d'Immunologie, Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13385, Marseille, France.,Innate Pharma Research Labs., Innate Pharma, 117 Avenue de Luminy, 13276, Marseille, France
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Brossay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
| | - Greta Guarda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland. .,Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
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15
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Siddiqui I, Schaeuble K, Chennupati V, Fuertes Marraco SA, Calderon-Copete S, Pais Ferreira D, Carmona SJ, Scarpellino L, Gfeller D, Pradervand S, Luther SA, Speiser DE, Held W. Intratumoral Tcf1 +PD-1 +CD8 + T Cells with Stem-like Properties Promote Tumor Control in Response to Vaccination and Checkpoint Blockade Immunotherapy. Immunity 2019; 50:195-211.e10. [PMID: 30635237 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 803] [Impact Index Per Article: 160.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoint blockade mediates a proliferative response of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T lymphocytes (TILs). The origin of this response has remained elusive because chronic activation promotes terminal differentiation or exhaustion of tumor-specific T cells. Here we identified a subset of tumor-reactive TILs bearing hallmarks of exhausted cells and central memory cells, including expression of the checkpoint protein PD-1 and the transcription factor Tcf1. Tcf1+PD-1+ TILs mediated the proliferative response to immunotherapy, generating both Tcf1+PD-1+ and differentiated Tcf1-PD-1+ cells. Ablation of Tcf1+PD-1+ TILs restricted responses to immunotherapy. Tcf1 was not required for the generation of Tcf1+PD-1+ TILs but was essential for the stem-like functions of these cells. Human TCF1+PD-1+ cells were detected among tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells in the blood of melanoma patients and among TILs of primary melanomas. Thus, immune checkpoint blockade relies not on reversal of T cell exhaustion programs, but on the proliferation of a stem-like TIL subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Siddiqui
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Karin Schaeuble
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Vijaykumar Chennupati
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Sandra Calderon-Copete
- Lausanne Genomic Technologies Facility (LGTF), University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Pais Ferreira
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Santiago J Carmona
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - David Gfeller
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Pradervand
- Lausanne Genomic Technologies Facility (LGTF), University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sanjiv A Luther
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Werner Held
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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16
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Jeevan-Raj B, Gehrig J, Charmoy M, Chennupati V, Grandclément C, Angelino P, Delorenzi M, Held W. The Transcription Factor Tcf1 Contributes to Normal NK Cell Development and Function by Limiting the Expression of Granzymes. Cell Rep 2018; 20:613-626. [PMID: 28723565 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Tcf1 is essential for the development of natural killer (NK) cells. However, its precise role has not been clarified. Our combined analysis of Tcf1-deficient and transgenic mice indicated that Tcf1 guides NK cells through three stages of development. Tcf1 expression directed bone marrow progenitors toward the NK cell lineage and ensured the survival of NK-committed cells, and its downregulation was needed for terminal maturation. Impaired survival of NK-committed cells was due to excessive expression of granzyme B (GzmB) and other granzyme family members, which induced NK cell self-destruction during maturation and following activation with cytokines or target cells. Mechanistically, Tcf1 binding reduced the activity of a Gzmb-associated regulatory element, and this accounted for the reduced Gzmb expression in Tcf1-expressing NK cells. These data identify an unexpected requirement to limit the expression of cytotoxic effector molecules for the normal expansion and function of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beena Jeevan-Raj
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Jasmine Gehrig
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mélanie Charmoy
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Vijaykumar Chennupati
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Camille Grandclément
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Angelino
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Core Facility, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Core Facility, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Werner Held
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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17
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Danilo M, Chennupati V, Silva JG, Siegert S, Held W. Suppression of Tcf1 by Inflammatory Cytokines Facilitates Effector CD8 T Cell Differentiation. Cell Rep 2018; 22:2107-2117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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18
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Abstract
The regulatory mechanisms governing T cell exhaustion remain incompletely understood. Man et al. (2017) and Wu et al. (2017) report that the T cell receptor responsive transcription factor Irf4 promotes T cell exhaustion in chronic viral infection but dampens exhaustion in response to tissue allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Werner Held
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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19
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Utzschneider DT, Charmoy M, Chennupati V, Pousse L, Ferreira DP, Calderon-Copete S, Danilo M, Alfei F, Hofmann M, Wieland D, Pradervand S, Thimme R, Zehn D, Held W. T Cell Factor 1-Expressing Memory-like CD8(+) T Cells Sustain the Immune Response to Chronic Viral Infections. Immunity 2017; 45:415-27. [PMID: 27533016 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 619] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic infections promote the terminal differentiation (or "exhaustion") of T cells and are thought to preclude the formation of memory T cells. In contrast, we discovered a small subpopulation of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells that sustained the T cell response during chronic infections. These cells were defined by, and depended on, the expression of the transcription factor Tcf1. Transcriptome analysis revealed that this population shared key characteristics of central memory cells but lacked an effector signature. Unlike conventional memory cells, Tcf1-expressing T cells displayed hallmarks of an "exhausted" phenotype, including the expression of inhibitory receptors such as PD-1 and Lag-3. This population was crucial for the T cell expansion that occurred in response to inhibitory receptor blockade during chronic infection. These findings identify a memory-like T cell population that sustains T cell responses and is a prime target for therapeutic interventions to improve the immune response in chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Utzschneider
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mélanie Charmoy
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Vijaykumar Chennupati
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Laurène Pousse
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Pais Ferreira
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Calderon-Copete
- Lausanne Genomic Technologies Facility (LGTF), University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Danilo
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Alfei
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maike Hofmann
- Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie, Endokrinologie und Infektiologie, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Wieland
- Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie, Endokrinologie und Infektiologie, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sylvain Pradervand
- Lausanne Genomic Technologies Facility (LGTF), University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robert Thimme
- Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie, Endokrinologie und Infektiologie, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Werner Held
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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20
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Wieland D, Kemming J, Schuch A, Emmerich F, Knolle P, Neumann-Haefelin C, Held W, Zehn D, Hofmann M, Thimme R. TCF1 + hepatitis C virus-specific CD8 + T cells are maintained after cessation of chronic antigen stimulation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15050. [PMID: 28466857 PMCID: PMC5418623 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation and fate of virus-specific CD8+ T cells after cessation of chronic antigen stimulation is unclear. Here we show that a TCF1+CD127+PD1+ hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific CD8+ T-cell subset exists in chronically infected patients with phenotypic features of T-cell exhaustion and memory, both before and after treatment with direct acting antiviral (DAA) agents. This subset is maintained during, and for a long duration after, HCV elimination. After antigen re-challenge the less differentiated TCF1+CD127+PD1+ population expands, which is accompanied by emergence of terminally exhausted TCF1-CD127-PD1hi HCV-specific CD8+ T cells. These results suggest the TCF1+CD127+PD1+ HCV-specific CD8+ T-cell subset has memory-like characteristics, including antigen-independent survival and recall proliferation. We thus provide evidence for the establishment of memory-like virus-specific CD8+ T cells in a clinically relevant setting of chronic viral infection and we uncover their fate after cessation of chronic antigen stimulation, implicating a potential strategy for antiviral immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Wieland
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg - Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, Freiburg 79106, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Janine Kemming
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg - Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, Freiburg 79106, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Anita Schuch
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg - Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, Freiburg 79106, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Florian Emmerich
- Institute for Cell and Gene Therapy, University Hospital Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Percy Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaningerstr. 22, München 81675, Germany
| | - Christoph Neumann-Haefelin
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg - Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Werner Held
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, 155, Ch. Des Boveresses, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Freising, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Maike Hofmann
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg - Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg - Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, Freiburg 79106, Germany
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21
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Diderich P, Bertoldo D, Dessen P, Khan MM, Pizzitola I, Held W, Huelsken J, Heinis C. Phage Selection of Chemically Stabilized α-Helical Peptide Ligands. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1422-7. [PMID: 26929989 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Short α-helical peptides stabilized by linkages between constituent amino acids offer an attractive format for ligand development. In recent years, a range of excellent ligands based on stabilized α-helices were generated by rational design using α-helical peptides of natural proteins as templates. Herein, we developed a method to engineer chemically stabilized α-helical ligands in a combinatorial fashion. In brief, peptides containing cysteines in position i and i + 4 are genetically encoded by phage display, the cysteines are modified with chemical bridges to impose α-helical conformations, and binders are isolated by affinity selection. We applied the strategy to affinity mature an α-helical peptide binding β-catenin. We succeeded in developing ligands with Kd's as low as 5.2 nM, having >200-fold improved affinity. The strategy is generally applicable for affinity maturation of any α-helical peptide. Compared to hydrocarbon stapled peptides, the herein evolved thioether-bridged peptide ligands can be synthesized more easily, as no unnatural amino acids are required and the cyclization reaction is more efficient and yields no stereoisomers. A further advantage of the thioether-bridged peptide ligands is that they can be expressed recombinantly as fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Diderich
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Davide Bertoldo
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Dessen
- Swiss
Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maola M. Khan
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Irene Pizzitola
- Ludwig
Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Werner Held
- Ludwig
Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Huelsken
- Swiss
Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Heinis
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Alari-Pahissa E, Grandclément C, Jeevan-Raj B, Leclercq G, Veillette A, Held W. Activation by SLAM Family Receptors Contributes to NK Cell Mediated "Missing-Self" Recognition. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153236. [PMID: 27054584 PMCID: PMC4824421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells attack normal hematopoietic cells that do not express inhibitory MHC class I (MHC-I) molecules, but the ligands that activate NK cells remain incompletely defined. Here we show that the expression of the Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule (SLAM) family members CD48 and Ly9 (CD229) by MHC-I-deficient tumor cells significantly contributes to NK cell activation. When NK cells develop in the presence of T cells or B cells that lack inhibitory MHC-I but express activating CD48 and Ly9 ligands, the NK cells’ ability to respond to MHC-I-deficient tumor cells is severely compromised. In this situation, NK cells express normal levels of the corresponding activation receptors 2B4 (CD244) and Ly9 but these receptors are non-functional. This provides a partial explanation for the tolerance of NK cells to MHC-I-deficient cells in vivo. Activating signaling via 2B4 is restored when MHC-I-deficient T cells are removed, indicating that interactions with MHC-I-deficient T cells dominantly, but not permanently, impair the function of the 2B4 NK cell activation receptor. These data identify an important role of SLAM family receptors for NK cell mediated “missing-self” reactivity and suggest that NK cell tolerance in MHC-I mosaic mice is in part explained by an acquired dysfunction of SLAM family receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Self Tolerance/immunology
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family Member 1
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisenda Alari-Pahissa
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Camille Grandclément
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Beena Jeevan-Raj
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Georges Leclercq
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - André Veillette
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Werner Held
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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23
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Grandclément C, Pick H, Vogel H, Held W. NK Cells Respond to Haptens by the Activation of Calcium Permeable Plasma Membrane Channels. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151031. [PMID: 26963818 PMCID: PMC4786276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells mediate innate immunity to infected and transformed cells. Yet, NK cells can also mount hapten-specific recall responses thereby contributing to contact hypersensitivity (CHS). However, since NK cells lack antigen receptors that are used by the adaptive immune system to recognize haptens, it is not clear if NK cells respond directly to haptens and, if so, what mediates these responses. Here we show that among four haptens the two that are known to induce NK cell-dependent CHS trigger the rapid influx of extracellular Ca2+ into NK cells and lymphocyte cell lines. Thus lymphocytes can respond to haptens independent of antigen presentation and antigen receptors. We identify the Ca2+-permeable cation channel TRPC3 as a component of the lymphocyte response to one of these haptens. These data suggest that the response to the second hapten is based on a distinct mechanism, consistent with the capacity of NK cells to discriminate haptens. These findings raise the possibility that antigen-receptor independent activation of immune cells contributes to CHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Grandclément
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Horst Pick
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Polymers and Membranes, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Horst Vogel
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Polymers and Membranes, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Werner Held
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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24
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Bertoldo D, Khan MMG, Dessen P, Held W, Huelsken J, Heinis C. Phage Selection of Peptide Macrocycles against β-Catenin To Interfere with Wnt Signaling. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:834-9. [PMID: 26812578 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Upregulation of β-catenin, the primary mediator of the Wnt signaling pathway, plays an important role in the tumorigenesis of several types of human cancer. Targeting β-catenin to interfere with its ability to serve as a translational co-activator is considered an attractive therapeutic approach. However, the development of inhibitors has been challenging because of the lack of obvious binding pockets for ligands, and because inhibitors should not interfere with other β-catenin functions. Only two ligands with known molecular interactions with β-catenin have been developed so far, and are based on stabilized α-helical peptides. In this study, we screened a large combinatorial library of bicyclic peptides by phage display. Binders to different surface regions of β-catenin were identified. The binding site of one group of ligands was mapped to the interaction region of the translational Wnt inhibitor ICAT (inhibitor of β-catenin and Tcf), which is a prime target site on β-catenin for therapeutic intervention, and to which no ligands could be developed before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bertoldo
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maola M G Khan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Dessen
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Werner Held
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Huelsken
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Christian Heinis
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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25
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are capable of directly recognizing pathogens, pathogen-infected cells, and transformed cells. NK cells recognize target cells using approximately 100 germ-line encoded receptors, which display activating or inhibitory function. NK cell activation usually requires the engagement of more than one receptor, and these may contribute distinct signaling inputs that are required for the firm adhesion of NK cells to target cells, polarization, and the release of cytotoxic granules, as well as the production of cytokines. In this article we discuss receptor-mediated mechanisms that counteract NK cell activation. The distinct intracellular inhibitory signaling pathways and how they can dominantly interfere with NK cell activation signaling events are discussed first. In addition, mechanisms by which inhibitory receptors modulate cellular activation at the level of receptor-ligand interactions are described. Receptor-mediated inhibition of NK cell function serves three main purposes: ensuring tolerance of NK cells to normal cells, enabling NK cell responses to aberrant host cells that have lost an inhibitory ligand, and, finally, allowing the recognition of certain pathogens that do not express inhibitory ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisenda Alari-Pahissa
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Camille Grandclément
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Beena Jeevan-Raj
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Werner Held
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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26
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Hurrell BP, Schuster S, Grün E, Coutaz M, Williams RA, Held W, Malissen B, Malissen M, Yousefi S, Simon HU, Müller AJ, Tacchini-Cottier F. Rapid Sequestration of Leishmania mexicana by Neutrophils Contributes to the Development of Chronic Lesion. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004929. [PMID: 26020515 PMCID: PMC4447405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan Leishmania mexicana parasite causes chronic non-healing cutaneous lesions in humans and mice with poor parasite control. The mechanisms preventing the development of a protective immune response against this parasite are unclear. Here we provide data demonstrating that parasite sequestration by neutrophils is responsible for disease progression in mice. Within hours of infection L. mexicana induced the local recruitment of neutrophils, which ingested parasites and formed extracellular traps without markedly impairing parasite survival. We further showed that the L. mexicana-induced recruitment of neutrophils impaired the early recruitment of dendritic cells at the site of infection as observed by intravital 2-photon microscopy and flow cytometry analysis. Indeed, infection of neutropenic Genista mice and of mice depleted of neutrophils at the onset of infection demonstrated a prominent role for neutrophils in this process. Furthermore, an increase in monocyte-derived dendritic cells was also observed in draining lymph nodes of neutropenic mice, correlating with subsequent increased frequency of IFNγ-secreting T helper cells, and better parasite control leading ultimately to complete healing of the lesion. Altogether, these findings show that L. mexicana exploits neutrophils to block the induction of a protective immune response and impairs the control of lesion development. Our data thus demonstrate an unanticipated negative role for these innate immune cells in host defense, suggesting that in certain forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis, regulating neutrophil recruitment could be a strategy to promote lesion healing. Infection with the protozoan Leishmania parasites causes a spectrum of diseases ranging from cutaneous to visceral forms that are fatal if left untreated. Among the different Leishmania species, Leishmania mexicana causes chronic cutaneous lesions in humans. To study this disease, we used a murine model. Following infection with Leishmania mexicana, most mouse species including C57BL/6 develop chronic non-healing lesion. Within hours of infection, neutrophils are recruited locally and they ingest the parasites. Although neutrophils are leukocytes that are able to rapidly kill pathogens using an arsenal of molecules, several microorganisms including some, but not all, Leishmania species are able to survive within these cells. Here, we show that L. mexicana elicits the rapid recruitment of neutrophils at the site of infection, survives within these cells and uses them to its advantage. Furthermore, transient parasite sequestration by neutrophils delays recruitment of other leukocytes such as monocytes, contributing to the impaired development of a protective immune response against the parasite and chronic lesion development. Thus, we describe a previously unanticipated pathogenic role for neutrophils in chronic lesion development. More importantly, our data suggest that in certain forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis, regulating neutrophil recruitment could be a strategy to promote lesion healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P. Hurrell
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO-Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Schuster
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO-Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Eva Grün
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO-Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Coutaz
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO-Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Roderick A. Williams
- School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Werner Held
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML) Aix Marseille Université, UM2, Marseille, France
- INSERM U1104, Marseille, France
- CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML) Aix Marseille Université, UM2, Marseille, France
- INSERM U1104, Marseille, France
- CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas J. Müller
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO-Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg and Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research- Braunschweig, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Fabienne Tacchini-Cottier
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO-Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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27
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Jaworski M, Marsland BJ, Gehrig J, Held W, Favre S, Luther SA, Perroud M, Golshayan D, Gaide O, Thome M. Malt1 protease inactivation efficiently dampens immune responses but causes spontaneous autoimmunity. EMBO J 2014; 33:2765-81. [PMID: 25319413 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201488987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The protease activity of the paracaspase Malt1 has recently gained interest as a drug target for immunomodulation and the treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. To address the consequences of Malt1 protease inactivation on the immune response in vivo, we generated knock-in mice expressing a catalytically inactive C472A mutant of Malt1 that conserves its scaffold function. Like Malt1-deficient mice, knock-in mice had strong defects in the activation of lymphocytes, NK and dendritic cells, and the development of B1 and marginal zone B cells and were completely protected against the induction of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Malt1 inactivation also protected the mice from experimental induction of colitis. However, Malt1 knock-in mice but not Malt1-deficient mice spontaneously developed signs of autoimmune gastritis that correlated with an absence of Treg cells, an accumulation of T cells with an activated phenotype and high serum levels of IgE and IgG1. Thus, removal of the enzymatic activity of Malt1 efficiently dampens the immune response, but favors autoimmunity through impaired Treg development, which could be relevant for therapeutic Malt1-targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Jaworski
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Immunity and Infection, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ben J Marsland
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Service de Pneumologie, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jasmine Gehrig
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Werner Held
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Favre
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Immunity and Infection, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Sanjiv A Luther
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Immunity and Infection, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mai Perroud
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Immunity and Infection, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Déla Golshayan
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Transplantation Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Gaide
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Service de Dermatologie et Vénéréologie, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Margot Thome
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Immunity and Infection, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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28
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Boudousquié C, Danilo M, Pousse L, Jeevan-Raj B, Angelov GS, Chennupati V, Zehn D, Held W. Differences in the transduction of canonical Wnt signals demarcate effector and memory CD8 T cells with distinct recall proliferation capacity. J Immunol 2014; 193:2784-91. [PMID: 25127860 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protection against reinfection is mediated by Ag-specific memory CD8 T cells, which display stem cell-like function. Because canonical Wnt (Wingless/Int1) signals critically regulate renewal versus differentiation of adult stem cells, we evaluated Wnt signal transduction in CD8 T cells during an immune response to acute infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Whereas naive CD8 T cells efficiently transduced Wnt signals, at the peak of the primary response to infection only a fraction of effector T cells retained signal transduction and the majority displayed strongly reduced Wnt activity. Reduced Wnt signaling was in part due to the downregulation of Tcf-1, one of the nuclear effectors of the pathway, and coincided with progress toward terminal differentiation. However, the correlation between low and high Wnt levels with short-lived and memory precursor effector cells, respectively, was incomplete. Adoptive transfer studies showed that low and high Wnt signaling did not influence cell survival but that Wnt high effectors yielded memory cells with enhanced proliferative potential and stronger protective capacity. Likewise, following adoptive transfer and rechallenge, memory cells with high Wnt levels displayed increased recall expansion, compared with memory cells with low Wnt signaling, which were preferentially effector-like memory cells, including tissue-resident memory cells. Thus, canonical Wnt signaling identifies CD8 T cells with enhanced proliferative potential in part independent of commonly used cell surface markers to discriminate effector and memory T cell subpopulations. Interventions that maintain Wnt signaling may thus improve the formation of functional CD8 T cell memory during vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Boudousquié
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Danilo
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Laurène Pousse
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Beena Jeevan-Raj
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Georgi S Angelov
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Vijaykumar Chennupati
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; and Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; and Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Werner Held
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland;
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29
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Bessoles S, Grandclément C, Alari-Pahissa E, Gehrig J, Jeevan-Raj B, Held W. Adaptations of Natural Killer Cells to Self-MHC Class I. Front Immunol 2014; 5:349. [PMID: 25101089 PMCID: PMC4106420 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells use germ line encoded receptors to detect diseased host cells. Despite the invariant recognition structures, NK cells have a significant ability to adapt to their surroundings, such as the presence or absence of MHC class I molecules. It has been assumed that this adaptation occurs during NK cell development, but recent findings show that mature NK cells can also adapt to the presence or absence of MHC class I molecules. Here, we summarize how NK cells adjust to changes in the expression of MHC class I molecules. We propose an extension of existing models, in which MHC class I recognition during NK cell development sequentially instructs and maintains NK cell function. The elucidation of the molecular basis of the two effects may identify ways to improve the fitness of NK cells and to prevent the loss of NK cell function due to persistent alterations in their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Bessoles
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Camille Grandclément
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Elisenda Alari-Pahissa
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Jasmine Gehrig
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Beena Jeevan-Raj
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Werner Held
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
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30
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Bessoles S, Angelov GS, Back J, Leclercq G, Vivier E, Held W. Education of murine NK cells requires both cis and trans recognition of MHC class I molecules. J Immunol 2013; 191:5044-51. [PMID: 24098052 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Although NK cells use invariant receptors to identify diseased cells, they nevertheless adapt to their environment, including the presence of certain MHC class I (MHC-I) molecules. This NK cell education, which is mediated by inhibitory receptors specific for MHC-I molecules, changes the responsiveness of activating NK cell receptors (licensing) and modifies the repertoire of MHC-I receptors used by NK cells. The fact that certain MHC-I receptors have the unusual capacity to recognize MHC-I molecules expressed by other cells (trans) and by the NK cell itself (cis) has raised the question regarding possible contributions of the two types of interactions to NK cell education. Although the analysis of an MHC-I receptor variant suggested a role for cis interaction for NK cell licensing, adoptive NK cell transfer experiments supported a key role for trans recognition. To reconcile some of these findings, we have analyzed the impact of cell type-specific deletion of an MHC-I molecule and of a novel MHC-I receptor variant on the education of murine NK cells when these mature under steady-state conditions in vivo. We find that MHC-I expression by NK cells (cis) and by T cells (trans), and MHC-I recognition in cis and in trans, are both needed for NK cell licensing. Unexpectedly, modifications of the MHC-I receptor repertoire are chiefly dependent on cis binding, which provides additional support for an essential role for this unconventional type of interaction for NK cell education. These data suggest that two separate functions of MHC-I receptors are needed to adapt NK cells to self-MHC-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Bessoles
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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31
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Held W. Inhibitory receptors and their mode of action: key insights from NK cells. J Immunol 2013; 191:3489-90. [PMID: 24058191 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Werner Held
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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32
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Dudda JC, Salaun B, Ji Y, Palmer DC, Monnot GC, Merck E, Boudousquie C, Utzschneider DT, Escobar TM, Perret R, Muljo SA, Hebeisen M, Rufer N, Zehn D, Donda A, Restifo NP, Held W, Gattinoni L, Romero P. MicroRNA-155 is required for effector CD8+ T cell responses to virus infection and cancer. Immunity 2013; 38:742-53. [PMID: 23601686 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate the function of several immune cells, but their role in promoting CD8(+) T cell immunity remains unknown. Here we report that miRNA-155 is required for CD8(+) T cell responses to both virus and cancer. In the absence of miRNA-155, accumulation of effector CD8(+) T cells was severely reduced during acute and chronic viral infections and control of virus replication was impaired. Similarly, Mir155(-/-) CD8(+) T cells were ineffective at controlling tumor growth, whereas miRNA-155 overexpression enhanced the antitumor response. miRNA-155 deficiency resulted in accumulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS-1) causing defective cytokine signaling through STAT5. Consistently, enforced expression of SOCS-1 in CD8(+) T cells phenocopied the miRNA-155 deficiency, whereas SOCS-1 silencing augmented tumor destruction. These findings identify miRNA-155 and its target SOCS-1 as key regulators of effector CD8(+) T cells that can be modulated to potentiate immunotherapies for infectious diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan C Dudda
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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33
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Kijima M, Gardiol N, Held W. Natural killer cell mediated missing-self recognition can protect mice from primary chronic myeloid leukemia in vivo. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27639. [PMID: 22132120 PMCID: PMC3223190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Natural Killer (NK) cells are thought to protect from residual leukemic cells in patients receiving stem cell transplantation. However, multiple retrospective analyses of patient data have yielded conflicting conclusions regarding a putative role of NK cells and the essential NK cell recognition events mediating a protective effect against leukemia. Further, a NK cell mediated protective effect against primary leukemia in vivo has not been shown directly. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we addressed whether NK cells have the potential to control chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) arising based on the transplantation of BCR-ABL1 oncogene expressing primary bone marrow precursor cells into lethally irradiated recipient mice. These analyses identified missing-self recognition as the only NK cell-mediated recognition strategy, which is able to significantly protect from the development of CML disease in vivo. Conclusion Our data provide a proof of principle that NK cells can control primary leukemic cells in vivo. Since the presence of NK cells reduced the abundance of leukemia propagating cancer stem cells, the data raise the possibility that NK cell recognition has the potential to cure CML, which may be difficult using small molecule BCR-ABL1 inhibitors. Finally, our findings validate approaches to treat leukemia using antibody-based blockade of self-specific inhibitory MHC class I receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Kijima
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Noémie Gardiol
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Werner Held
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Back J, Angelov GS, Mariuzza RA, Held W. The interaction with H-2D(d) in cis is associated with a conformational change in the Ly49A NK cell receptor. Front Immunol 2011; 2:55. [PMID: 22566845 PMCID: PMC3342051 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse natural killer (NK) cells express Ly49 family receptors that recognize major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules. By interacting with MHC-I molecules expressed on other cells (in trans), inhibitory Ly49 receptors prevent the NK cell-mediated killing of normal cells. In addition, some Ly49 receptors have the unusual property to also interact with MHC-I molecules expressed by the NK cell itself (in cis). cis Binding sequesters a significant fraction of the NK cells' Ly49 receptors, reducing the number of receptors available for trans binding. This lowers the threshold at which NK cell activation exceeds inhibition rendering NK cells more sensitive. It is unclear how Ly49 receptors can bind MHC-I in trans and in cis using the same binding site. We have proposed that this is mediated by two distinct conformations of Ly49 receptors. Here we have tested this model by inferring the distance between the ligand-binding domain of Ly49A and the cell membrane using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Consistent with the concept, reducing the distance between the ligand-binding domain of Ly49A and the cell membrane, by shortening the Ly49A stalk, resulted in a substantially increased FRET. The co-expression of cognate MHC-I ligand reduced FRET derived from Ly49A variants with a shortened stalk, indicating that cis association alters FRET. Indeed, FRET improved when cis complexes were disrupted using acid-mediated destruction of MHC-I complexes. These data provide direct evidence that the interaction with MHC-I in cis is associated with a conformational change in the Ly49A receptor on the surface of live cells. The novel FRET based approach may be generally applicable to study conformational changes in cell surface receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Back
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne Epalinges, Switzerland
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35
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Merck E, Lees RK, Voyle RB, Held W, MacDonald HR. Ly49D-mediated ITAM signaling in immature thymocytes impairs development by bypassing the pre-TCR checkpoint. J Immunol 2011; 187:110-7. [PMID: 21632721 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activating and inhibitory NK receptors regulate the development and effector functions of NK cells via their ITAM and ITIM motifs, which recruit protein tyrosine kinases and phosphatases, respectively. In the T cell lineage, inhibitory Ly49 receptors are expressed by a subset of activated T cells and by CD1d-restricted NKT cells, but virtually no expression of activating Ly49 receptors is observed. Using mice transgenic for the activating receptor Ly49D and its associated ITAM signaling DAP12 chain, we show in this article that Ly49D-mediated ITAM signaling in immature thymocytes impairs development due to a block in maturation from the double negative (DN) to double positive (DP) stages. A large proportion of Ly49D/DAP12 transgenic thymocytes were able to bypass the pre-TCR checkpoint at the DN3 stage, leading to the appearance of unusual populations of DN4 and DP cells that lacked expression of intracellular (ic) TCRβ-chain. High levels of CD5 were expressed on ic TCRβ(-) DN and DP thymocytes from Ly49D/DAP12 transgenic mice, further suggesting that Ly49D-mediated ITAM signaling mimics physiological ITAM signaling via the pre-TCR. We also observed unusual ic TCRβ(-) single positive thymocytes with an immature CD24(high) phenotype that were not found in the periphery. Importantly, thymocyte development was completely rescued by expression of an Ly49A transgene in Ly49D/DAP12 transgenic mice, indicating that Ly49A-mediated ITIM signaling can fully counteract ITAM signaling via Ly49D/DAP12. Collectively, our data indicate that inappropriate ITAM signaling by activating NK receptors on immature thymocytes can subvert T cell development by bypassing the pre-TCR checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Merck
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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36
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Held W, Kijima M, Angelov G, Bessoles S. The function of natural killer cells: education, reminders and some good memories. Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 23:228-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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Abstract
Certain receptors on natural killer (NK) cells, which are specific for MHC class I (MHC-I) molecules, do not only interact with ligand expressed on opposing cell membranes (in trans) but also interact with those on the same cell membrane (in cis). Cis interactions have been demonstrated for only a small number of cell surface receptors. However, this has not been tested systematically, raising the possibility that additional receptors may be able to bind ligand expressed in cis. Here we describe a number of approaches to evaluate trans and cis binding of the Ly49A NK cell receptor to its H-2D(d) ligand. These procedures should facilitate the investigation of cis/trans interactions of other receptor-ligand pairs and simplify the analysis of NK cell receptor variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Back
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., Lausanne Branch, and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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39
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Zhao DM, Yu S, Zhou X, Haring JS, Held W, Badovinac VP, Harty JT, Xue HH. Constitutive activation of Wnt signaling favors generation of memory CD8 T cells. J Immunol 2009; 184:1191-9. [PMID: 20026746 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
T cell factor-1 (TCF-1) and lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1, the effector transcription factors of the canonical Wnt pathway, are known to be critical for normal thymocyte development. However, it is largely unknown if it has a role in regulating mature T cell activation and T cell-mediated immune responses. In this study, we demonstrate that, like IL-7Ralpha and CD62L, TCF-1 and lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 exhibit dynamic expression changes during T cell responses, being highly expressed in naive T cells, downregulated in effector T cells, and upregulated again in memory T cells. Enforced expression of a p45 TCF-1 isoform limited the expansion of Ag-specific CD8 T cells in response to Listeria monocytogenes infection. However, when the p45 transgene was coupled with ectopic expression of stabilized beta-catenin, more Ag-specific memory CD8 T cells were generated, with enhanced ability to produce IL-2. Moreover, these memory CD8 T cells expanded to a larger number of secondary effectors and cleared bacteria faster when the immunized mice were rechallenged with virulent L. monocytogenes. Furthermore, in response to vaccinia virus or lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, more Ag-specific memory CD8 T cells were generated in the presence of p45 and stabilized beta-catenin transgenes. Although activated Wnt signaling also resulted in larger numbers of Ag-specific memory CD4 T cells, their functional attributes and expansion after the secondary infection were not improved. Thus, constitutive activation of the canonical Wnt pathway favors memory CD8 T cell formation during initial immunization, resulting in enhanced immunity upon second encounter with the same pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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40
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Abstract
The nature of the mysterious minor lymphocyte stimulating (Mls) antigens has recently been clarified. These molecules which were key elements for our current understanding of immune tolerance, have a strong influence on the mouse immune system and are encoded by the open reading frame (orf) of endogenous and exogenous mouse mammary tumor viruses (MMTV's). The knowledge that these antigens are encoded by cancerogenic retroviruses opens an interdisciplinary approach for understanding the mechanisms of immune responses and immune tolerance, retroviral carcinogenesis, and retroviral strategies for infection.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/immunology
- Minor Lymphocyte Stimulatory Antigens/genetics
- Minor Lymphocyte Stimulatory Antigens/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Open Reading Frames
- Proviruses/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- H Acha-Orbea
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Switzerland
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41
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Chalifour A, Scarpellino L, Back J, Brodin P, Devèvre E, Gros F, Lévy F, Leclercq G, Höglund P, Beermann F, Held W. A Role for cis Interaction between the Inhibitory Ly49A receptor and MHC class I for natural killer cell education. Immunity 2009; 30:337-47. [PMID: 19249231 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells show enhanced functional competence when they express inhibitory receptors specific for inherited major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules. Current models imply that NK cell education requires an interaction of inhibitory receptors with MHC-I expressed on other cells. However, the inhibitory Ly49A receptor can also bind MHC-I ligand on the NK cell itself (in cis). Here we describe a Ly49A variant, which can engage MHC-I expressed on other cells but not in cis. Even though this variant inhibited NK cell effector function, it failed to educate NK cells. The association with MHC-I in cis sequestered wild-type Ly49A, and this was found to relieve NK cells from a suppressive effect of unengaged Ly49A. These data explain how inhibitory MHC-I receptors can facilitate NK cell activation. They dissociate classical inhibitory from educating functions of Ly49A and suggest that cis interaction of Ly49A is necessary for NK cell education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anick Chalifour
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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42
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Abstract
NK cells can kill transformed, infected and stressed cells while most normal cells are spared. NK cells are activated by various endogenous self-ligands, some of which are actually expressed by normal cells. Thus, NK cells are inherently self-reactive and consequently, potentially auto-aggressive. How these cells are prevented from attacking normal cells while ensuring reactivity to diseased cells is a major unresolved question for NK-cell biologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Held
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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43
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Abstract
The conventional wisdom is that cell-surface receptors interact with ligands expressed on other cells to mediate cell-to-cell communication (trans interactions). Unexpectedly, it has recently been found that two classes of receptors specific for MHC class I molecules not only interact with MHC class I molecules expressed on opposing cells, but also with those on the same cell. These cis interactions are a feature of immunoreceptors that inhibit, rather than activate, cellular functions. Here, we review situations in which cis interactions have been observed, the characteristics of receptors that bind in trans and cis, and the biological roles of cis recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Held
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch and University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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44
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Jeannet G, Scheller M, Scarpellino L, Duboux S, Gardiol N, Back J, Kuttler F, Malanchi I, Birchmeier W, Leutz A, Huelsken J, Held W. Long-term, multilineage hematopoiesis occurs in the combined absence of β-catenin and γ-catenin. Blood 2008; 111:142-9. [PMID: 17906078 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-07-102558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical Wnt signaling pathway plays key roles in stem-cell maintenance, progenitor cell expansion, and lineage decisions. Transcriptional responses induced by Wnt depend on the association of either β-catenin or γ-catenin with lymphoid enhancer factor/T cell factor transcription factors. Here we show that hematopoiesis, including thymopoiesis, is normal in the combined absence of β- and γ-catenin. Double-deficient hematopoietic stem cells maintain long-term repopulation capacity and multilineage differentiation potential. Unexpectedly, 2 independent ex vivo reporter gene assays show that Wnt signal transmission is maintained in double-deficient hematopoietic stem cells, thymocytes, or peripheral T cells. In contrast, Wnt signaling is strongly reduced in thymocytes lacking TCF-1 or in nonhematopoietic cells devoid of β-catenin. These data provide the first evidence that hematopoietic cells can transduce canonical Wnt signals in the combined absence of β- and γ-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Jeannet
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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45
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Scarpellino L, Oeschger F, Guillaume P, Coudert JD, Lévy F, Leclercq G, Held W. Interactions of Ly49 family receptors with MHC class I ligands in trans and cis. J Immunol 2007; 178:1277-84. [PMID: 17237373 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.3.1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Ly49A NK cell receptor interacts with MHC class I (MHC-I) molecules on target cells and negatively regulates NK cell-mediated target cell lysis. We have recently shown that the MHC-I ligand-binding capacity of the Ly49A NK cell receptor is controlled by the NK cells' own MHC-I. To see whether this property was unique to Ly49A, we have investigated the binding of soluble MHC-I multimers to the Ly49 family receptors expressed in MHC-I-deficient and -sufficient C57BL/6 mice. In this study, we confirm the binding of classical MHC-I to the inhibitory Ly49A, C and I receptors, and demonstrate that detectable MHC-I binding to MHC-I-deficient NK cells is exclusively mediated by these three receptors. We did not detect significant multimer binding to stably transfected or NK cell-expressed Ly49D, E, F, G, and H receptors. Yet, we identified the more distantly related Ly49B and Ly49Q, which are not expressed by NK cells, as two novel MHC-I receptors in mice. Furthermore, we show using MHC-I-sufficient mice that the NK cells' own MHC-I significantly masks the Ly49A and Ly49C, but not the Ly49I receptor. Nevertheless, Ly49I was partly masked on transfected tumor cells, suggesting that the structure of Ly49I is compatible in principal with cis binding of MHC-I. Finally, masking of Ly49Q by cis MHC-I was minor, whereas masking of Ly49B was not detected. These data significantly extend the MHC-I specificity of Ly49 family receptors and show that the accessibility of most, but not all, MHC-I-binding Ly49 receptors is modulated by the expression of MHC-I in cis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léonardo Scarpellino
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch; University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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46
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Back J, Chalifour A, Scarpellino L, Held W. Stable masking by H-2Dd cis ligand limits Ly49A relocalization to the site of NK cell/target cell contact. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:3978-83. [PMID: 17360463 PMCID: PMC1820694 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0607418104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ly49A is an inhibitory receptor, which counteracts natural killer (NK) cell activation on the engagement with H-2D(d) (D(d)) MHC class I molecules (MHC-I) on target cells. In addition to binding D(d) on apposed membranes, Ly49A interacts with D(d) ligand expressed in the plane of the NK cells' membrane. Indeed, multivalent, soluble MHC-I ligand binds inefficiently to Ly49A unless the NK cells' D(d) complexes are destroyed. However, it is not known whether masked Ly49A remains constitutively associated with cis D(d) also during target cell interaction. Alternatively, it is possible that Ly49A has to be unmasked to significantly interact with its ligand on target cells. These two scenarios suggest distinct roles of Ly49A/D(d) cis interaction for NK cell function. Here, we show that Ly49A contributes to target cell adhesion and efficiently accumulates at synapses with D(d)-expressing target cells when NK cells themselves lack D(d). When NK cells express D(d), Ly49A no longer contributes to adhesion, and ligand-driven recruitment to the cellular contact site is strongly reduced. The destruction of D(d) complexes on NK cells, which unmasks Ly49A, is necessary and sufficient to restore Ly49A adhesive function and recruitment to the synapse. Thus, cis D(d) continuously sequesters a considerable fraction of Ly49A receptors, preventing efficient Ly49A recruitment to the synapse with D(d)+ target cells. The reduced number of Ly49A receptors that can functionally interact with D(d) on target cells explains the modest inhibitory capacity of Ly49A in D(d) NK cells. This property renders Ly49A NK cells more sensitive to react to diseased host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Back
- Lausanne Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, and University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Anick Chalifour
- Lausanne Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, and University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Léonardo Scarpellino
- Lausanne Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, and University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Werner Held
- Lausanne Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, and University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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47
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Melichar HJ, Narayan K, Der SD, Hiraoka Y, Gardiol N, Jeannet G, Held W, Chambers CA, Kang J. Regulation of gammadelta versus alphabeta T lymphocyte differentiation by the transcription factor SOX13. Science 2007; 315:230-3. [PMID: 17218525 DOI: 10.1126/science.1135344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
alphabeta and gammadelta T cells originate from a common, multipotential precursor population in the thymus, but the molecular mechanisms regulating this lineage-fate decision are unknown. We have identified Sox13 as a gammadelta-specific gene in the immune system. Using Sox13 transgenic mice, we showed that this transcription factor promotes gammadelta T cell development while opposing alphabeta T cell differentiation. Conversely, mice deficient in Sox13 expression exhibited impaired development of gammadelta T cells but not alphabeta T cells. One mechanism of SOX13 function is the inhibition of signaling by the developmentally important Wnt/T cell factor (TCF) pathway. Our data thus reveal a dominant pathway regulating the developmental fate of these two lineages of T lymphocytes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantigens/genetics
- Autoantigens/metabolism
- CD4 Antigens/genetics
- Cell Line
- Cell Lineage
- Cell Proliferation
- Embryonic Development
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte
- High Mobility Group Proteins/genetics
- High Mobility Group Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Lymphopoiesis
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- T Cell Transcription Factor 1/physiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Wnt Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Melichar
- Department of Pathology, Graduate Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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48
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Abstract
There is growing evidence that lymphocytes impact the development and/or function of other lymphocyte populations. Based on such observations we have tested whether the NK cell compartment was phenotypically and functionally altered in the absence of B and/or T cells. Here we show that T cell deficiency significantly accelerates BM NK cell production and the subsequent seeding of splenic and liver NK cell compartments. In contrast, B cell deficiency reduces splenic NK cell survival. In the absence of T and B cells, the size of the NK cell compartments is determined by the combination of these positive and negative effects. Even though NK cell homeostasis is significantly altered, NK cells from T and/or B cell-deficient mice show a normal capacity to kill a susceptible target cell line and to produce IFN. Nevertheless, we noted that the usage of MHC class I-specific Ly49 family receptors was significantly altered in the absence of T and/or B cells. In general, B cell deficiency expanded Ly49 receptor usage, while T cell deficiency exerted both positive and negative effects. These findings show that B and T cells significantly and differentially influence the homeostasis and the phenotype of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Jeannet
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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49
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have originally been identified based on their capacity to kill transformed cells in a seemingly non-specific fashion. Over the last 15 years, knowledge on receptor ligand systems used by NK cells to specifically detect transformed cells has been accumulating rapidly. One of these receptor ligand systems, the NKG2D pathway, has received particular attention, and now serves as a paradigm for how the immune system is able to gather information about the health status of autologous host cells. In addition to its significance on NK cells, NKG2D, as well as other NK cell receptors, play significant roles on T cells. This review aims at summarizing recent insights into the regulation of NKG2D function, the control over NKG2D ligand expression and the role of NKG2D in tumor immunity. Finally, we will discuss first attempts to exploit NKG2D function to improve immunity to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme D Coudert
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch and University of Lausanne, Ch des Boveresses 155, Epalinges, Switzerland
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50
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Huang Z, Xie H, Ioannidis V, Held W, Clevers H, Sadim MS, Sun Z. Transcriptional regulation of CD4 gene expression by T cell factor-1/beta-catenin pathway. J Immunol 2006; 176:4880-7. [PMID: 16585583 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.8.4880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
By interacting with MHC class II molecules, CD4 facilitates lineage development as well as activation of Th cells. Expression of physiological levels of CD4 requires a proximal CD4 enhancer to stimulate basic CD4 promoter activity. T cell factor (TCF)-1/beta-catenin pathway has previously been shown to regulate thymocyte survival via up-regulating antiapoptotic molecule Bcl-xL. By both loss and gain of function studies, in this study we show additional function of TCF-1/beta-catenin pathway in the regulation of CD4 expression in vivo. Mice deficient in TCF-1 displayed significantly reduced protein and mRNA levels of CD4 in CD4+ CD8+ double-positive (DP) thymocytes. A transgene encoding Bcl-2 restored survival but not CD4 levels of TCF-1(-/-) DP cells. Thus, TCF-1-regulated survival and CD4 expression are two separate events. In contrast, CD4 levels were restored on DP TCF-1(-/-) cells by transgenic expression of a wild-type TCF-1, but not a truncated TCF-1 that lacks a domain required for interacting with beta-catenin. Furthermore, forced expression of a stabilized beta-catenin, a coactivator of TCF-1, resulted in up-regulation of CD4. TCF-1 or stabilized beta-catenin greatly stimulated activity of a CD4 reporter gene driven by a basic CD4 promoter and the CD4 enhancer. However, mutation of a potential TCF binding site located within the enhancer abrogated TCF-1 and beta-catenin-mediated activation of CD4 reporter. Finally, recruitment of TCF-1 to CD4 enhancer was detected in wild-type but not TCF-1 null mice by chromatin-immunoprecipitation analysis. Thus, our results demonstrated that TCF/beta-catenin pathway enhances CD4 expression in vivo by recruiting TCF-1 to stimulate CD4 enhancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofeng Huang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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