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Skeels A, Boschman LM, McFadden IR, Joyce EM, Hagen O, Jiménez Robles O, Bach W, Boussange V, Keggin T, Jetz W, Pellissier L. Paleoenvironments shaped the exchange of terrestrial vertebrates across Wallace's Line. Science 2023; 381:86-92. [PMID: 37410831 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf7122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Faunal turnover in Indo-Australia across Wallace's Line is one of the most recognizable patterns in biogeography and has catalyzed debate about the role of evolutionary and geoclimatic history in biotic interchanges. Here, analysis of more than 20,000 vertebrate species with a model of geoclimate and biological diversification shows that broad precipitation tolerance and dispersal ability were key for exchange across the deep-time precipitation gradient spanning the region. Sundanian (Southeast Asian) lineages evolved in a climate similar to the humid "stepping stones" of Wallacea, facilitating colonization of the Sahulian (Australian) continental shelf. By contrast, Sahulian lineages predominantly evolved in drier conditions, hampering establishment in Sunda and shaping faunal distinctiveness. We demonstrate how the history of adaptation to past environmental conditions shapes asymmetrical colonization and global biogeographic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Skeels
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Ecosystems and Landscape Evolution, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
| | - L M Boschman
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - I R McFadden
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Ecosystems and Landscape Evolution, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - E M Joyce
- Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80331 Munich, Germany
| | - O Hagen
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - O Jiménez Robles
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
- Institute of Biology, École Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
| | - W Bach
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Ecosystems and Landscape Evolution, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - V Boussange
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Ecosystems and Landscape Evolution, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - T Keggin
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Ecosystems and Landscape Evolution, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - W Jetz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - L Pellissier
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Ecosystems and Landscape Evolution, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Skeels A, Bach W, Hagen O, Jetz W, Pellissier L. Temperature-dependent evolutionary speed shapes the evolution of biodiversity patterns across tetrapod radiations. Syst Biol 2022:6637530. [PMID: 35809070 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syac048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity varies predictably with environmental energy around the globe, but the underlaying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. The evolutionary speed hypothesis predicts that environmental kinetic energy shapes variation in speciation rates through temperature- or life history-dependent rates of evolution. To test whether variation in evolutionary speed can explain the relationship between energy and biodiversity in birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles, we simulated diversification over 65 million years of geological and climatic change with a spatially explicit eco-evolutionary simulation model. We modelled four distinct evolutionary scenarios in which speciation-completion rates were dependent on temperature (M1), life history (M2), temperature and life history (M3), or were independent of temperature and life-history (M0). To assess the agreement between simulated and empirical data, we performed model selection by fitting supervised machine learning models to multidimensional biodiversity patterns. We show that a model with temperature-dependent rates of speciation (M1) consistently had the strongest support. In contrast to statistical inferences, which showed no general relationships between temperature and speciation rates in tetrapods, we demonstrate how process-based modelling can disentangle the causes behind empirical biodiversity patterns. Our study highlights how environmental energy has played a fundamental role in the evolution of biodiversity over deep time.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Skeels
- Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - W Bach
- Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - O Hagen
- Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - W Jetz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - L Pellissier
- Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
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Blome R, Bach W, Guli X, Porath K, Sellmann T, Bien CG, Köhling R, Kirschstein T. Differentially Altered NMDAR Dependent and Independent Long-Term Potentiation in the CA3 Subfield in a Model of Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2018; 10:26. [PMID: 30108497 PMCID: PMC6079239 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2018.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Autoantibodies against NMDA receptors (NMDAR) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients have been suggested to be pathogenic since in previous studies using patient CSF, NMDAR-dependent processes such as long-term potentiation (LTP) were compromised. However, autoantibodies may represent a family of antibodies targeted against different epitopes, and CSF may contain further autoantibodies. Here, we tested the specificity of the autoantibody by comparing NMDAR-dependent and NMDAR-independent LTP within the same hippocampal subfield, CA3, using CSF samples from four anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients and three control patients. Methods: We performed a stereotactic injection of patient-derived cell-free CSF with proven presence or absence of NMDAR-antibodies into the rat hippocampus in vivo. Hippocampal brain slices were prepared 1–8 days after intrahippocampal injection, and NMDAR-dependent LTP at the associational-commissural (A/C) fiber-CA3 synapse was compared to NMDAR-independent LTP at the mossy fiber (MF)-CA3 synapse. Results: The LTP magnitude at A/C fiber-CA3 synapses in slices from control-CSF-treated animals (168 ± 8% n = 54) was significantly higher than LTP in slices from NMDAR-CSF-treated animals (139 ± 9%, n = 40; P = 0.015), although there was some variation between the individual CSF samples. We found residual LTP in NMDAR-CSF-treated tissue which could be abolished by the NMDAR inhibitor D-AP5. Moreover, the CA3 field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) was followed by epileptiform afterpotentials in 5% of slices (4/78) from control-CSF-treated animals, but in 26% of slices (12/46) from NMDAR-CSF-treated animals (P = 0.002). Application of the LTP-inducing paradigm increased the proportion of slices with epileptiform afterpotentials, but D-AP5 significantly reduced the occurrence of epileptiform afterpotentials only in NMDAR-CSF-treated, but not in control tissue. At the MF synapse, no significant difference in LTP values of control-CSF and in NMDAR-CSF-treated tissue was observed indicating that NMDAR-independent MF-LTP is intact in NMDAR-CSF-treated tissue. Conclusion: These findings indicate that anti-NMDAR containing CSF impairs LTP at the A/C fiber-CA3 synapse, although there is substantial variation among CSF samples suggesting different epitopes among patient-derived antibodies. The differential inhibition of LTP at this synapse in contrast to the MF-CA3 synapse suggests the specificity and underlines the pathophysiological role of the NMDAR-antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Blome
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Willi Bach
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Xiati Guli
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Katrin Porath
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tina Sellmann
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Rüdiger Köhling
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Timo Kirschstein
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Abstract
Middle Devonian (Givetian) pillow basalt and inter-pillow breccia from the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge in Germany were found to contain putative biogenic filaments that indicate that life once proliferated within these volcanic rocks. Mineralized filaments are found in carbonate amygdules (vesicles filled by carbonate cement) in the volcanic rock, where they started to form on the internal surface of the once water-filled vesicles. Biogenicity of the filaments is indicated by (1) their size and shape resembling modern microorganisms including a constant diameter along the length of curved filaments, (2) their independence of crystal faces or cleavage planes, (3) branching patterns reminiscent of modern microorganisms, and (4) their spatial clustering and preferential occurrence close to the margin of pillows and in the inter-pillow breccias. A time lag between the deposition of pillow basalt and the activity of endoliths is revealed by the sequence of carbonate cements filling the amygdules. The putative filamentous microorganisms thrived after the formation of early fibrous rim cement, but before later equant calcite spar filled most of the remaining porosity. Microbial clay authigenesis analogous to the encrustation of prokaryotes in modern iron-rich environments led to the preservation of filaments. The filaments predominantly consist of the clay minerals chamosite and illite. Having dwelled in water-filled vesicles, the Devonian basalt-hosted filaments apparently represent cryptoendoliths. This finding suggests that a previously unrecognized niche for life exists within volcanic rock.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Peckmann
- DFG-Forschungszentrum Ozeanränder, Universität Bremen, 28334 Bremen, Germany.
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Möller P, Weise SM, Althaus E, Bach W, Behr HJ, Borchardt R, Bräuer K, Drescher J, Erzinger J, Faber E, Hansen BT, Horn EE, Huenges E, Kämpf H, Kessels W, Kirsten T, Landwehr D, Lodemann M, Machon L, Pekdeger A, Pielow HU, Reutel C, Simon K, Walther J, Weinlich FH, Zimmer M. Paleofluids and Recent fluids in the upper continental crust: Results from the German Continental Deep Drilling Program (KTB). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jb02899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was detected in larvae of the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina, and in the nematode Haemonchus contortus. A specific inhibitor of the enzyme was shown to affect survival of both species of parasite in vitro. GST from both parasites has been purified and partially characterized. Antisera raised to the purified enzymes were shown to inhibit the enzyme activity in vitro. However, the antisera had no effect on the survival of either parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Sharp
- Biotech Australia Pty. Ltd, Roseville, New South Wales, Australia
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Linss G, Schuster G, Freier B, Schielinsky C, Bach W, Lenski K. [Investigation of the bioelements zinc, copper and magnesium in acne-patients. A therapeutic study with zinc sulfate in a double-blind trial (author's transl)]. Dermatol Monatsschr 1981; 167:228-33. [PMID: 6455311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Bach W, Bröhl H, Fischbach U, Goudriaan J, Hampicke U, Kohlmaier GH, Kratz G, Louwerse W, Marchetti C, Niehaus F, Oeschger H, Rotty RM, Schunck W, Siegenthaler U, van Keulen H, van Laar HH. The carbon dioxide problem. An interdisciplinary survey. Cell Mol Life Sci 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01978574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Root BD, Bach W, Daniels A. Spatial distribution of particulates from sugar cane fires in Hawaii: measurements and calculations. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 1975; 25:637-8. [PMID: 1141548 DOI: 10.1080/00022470.1975.10470123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Bach W, Dickinson L, Weiner B, Costello G. Some adverse health effects due to air pollution from fireworks. Hawaii Med J 1972; 31:459-65. [PMID: 4651637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Bach W, Lennon K. Air pollution and health at Ala Moana Shopping Center in Honolulu. Hawaii Med J 1972; 31:104-13. [PMID: 4113502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Bach A, Bach W. [School students and smoking]. Med Welt 1968; 1:83-90. [PMID: 5704122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Bach W. [Thromboembolio complications in gynecological and obstetric patients]. Zentralbl Gynakol 1967; 89:1695-700. [PMID: 5598393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Bach W. [Manual placenta removal and blood coagulation circumstances]. Zentralbl Gynakol 1967; 89:1537-43. [PMID: 4872293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Bach W, Günther J. [The influence of phenylpropylhydroxycumarine on the fetus (an animal experimental study)]. Zentralbl Gynakol 1967; 89:1548-53. [PMID: 4172958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Bach W. [Maternal blood coagulation during stilbirth]. Zentralbl Gynakol 1967; 89:1368-1370. [PMID: 5592855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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